Ghana No-till Guide First Addition: Cover Crop Seed Manual

Photography and Technical Descriptions Contributed by Francis Akolbila

Table of ContentsIntroduction: The Brown Revolution3No-till Cover Crop Species6Crotalaria Jauncea7Crotalaria Spectabilis9Cajanus Cajan11Bush Mucuna13Black Mucuna15Cream Mucuna17Canavalia Ensiformis19Lablab Purpureus21Vigna Radiate (Green Gram)23Vigna Sp. (Cowpea Varieties)25Cover Crop Mixture27Agro-Ecological Tree and Shrub Species29Tithonia Diversifolia30Faidherbia Albida (Acacia)32Gliricidia Sepium34Moringa Oleifera36Azadirachta Indica (Neem)38

Introduction: The Brown Revolution

Over half of the population in Ghana practice farming as a means for income and to feed the household. Agriculture in Ghana is a crucial sector to focus on in the pursuit for development and poverty eradication. When you encounter a country like Ghana where the history, traditions, and livelihoods are so entwined in agriculture and land cultivation, one cannot disconnect the need for land conservation from the fight for food security and poverty alleviation. In order for agriculture to succeed, the rapidly decreasing arable land must be managed sustainably for future generations.

This is the first addition “No-till Guide Book.” It is meant to help support Peace Corps Volunteers in establishing no-till demonstration plots in order to help farmers transition from unsustainable farm practices like slash and burn and excessive tillage to more sustainable practices—no-till farming.

The North goes up in flames every year and the lands are degraded. The transition zone’s soils are becoming harder and more inputs are needed to produce crops. The south and all of Ghana is threated with droughts and extreme rain variation due to climate change. It is predicted that by 2050 the majority of West Africa’s land will be seen as agriculturally unusable due to drought and lack of rainfall[footnoteRef:1]. [1: 2016, How we Can Make Crops Survive Without Water, Jill Farrant. Ted Talk Feb 9th 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NWpMqD8Qyk]

Conservation Agriculture (CA), specifically no-till, is an agricultural method focusing on the conservation of the soil in attempts to produce a higher yielding, more nutritious crop with less labor and input costs. CA follows three fundamental rules: Crop diversification, minimal soil disturbance and soil cover. It has been proven through numerous studies that no-till methods combined with the use of cover crops and mulch out performs the use of chemical fertilizers, especially in harsh climate zones. “No-till practices have shown an average crop yield increase of 80% in 57 developing countries, with an average increase of 116% for all African projects”[footnoteRef:2] Project implementations have confirmed “doubling of crop yields over a period of 3-10 years”[footnoteRef:3]. Data is suggesting that Conservation Agriculture practices “can offset up to 1.8 tons of carbon emissions per hectare per year”[footnoteRef:4]. Studies from within Ghana have also submitted that: [2: Naomi Klein, “This Changes Everything”. Simon and Schuster, 2014. Page 134. ] [3: Ibid, 135.] [4: Howard G. Buffet, “Forty Chances; Finding Hope in a Hungry World”. 2013. Page 357.]

“In normal rain fall years, no-till farmers obtained maize yields 45% higher than those farmers who did not use no-till. Average family labor was reduced by 31%, land preparation labor was reduced by 22%, and labor for weed control was reduced by 51%“[footnoteRef:5]. [5: Ibid, 353. ]

These statistics show if you focus on the soil, the rest will follow. This is what is referred to as the ‘brown revolution’.

No-till benefits reach far beyond the alleviation of rural poverty. It is a way to educate farmers on climate change and encourage them to stop burning their fields— developing land steward behaviorism. These practices offer a solution to desertification through land restoration practices. It allows farmers to better mitigate climate change impacts by providing enhanced water retention and protection from high levels of erosion. No-till offers a way to compost small scale or large scale by demanding that farmers take their kitchen scrapes and animal manure to the fields as opposed to discarding them in areas close to home.

There are many positive benefits from conservation agricultural practices. Peace Corps has an opportunity to be a key player in showing farmers all over Ghana the benefits of a better, more sustainable land management practice; thereby helping them become the best farmers they can be. Peace Corps can help farmers take control of their soils, their farmlands and therefore their lives.

The following will be a brief field guide to cover crops and agroforestry shrubs and trees here in Ghana. Cover Crops are planted primarily to manage soil quality by preventing erosion, providing fertility, retaining water, preventing weed growth, managing pests and diseases, and boosting biodiversity and wildlife for an agro-ecosystem. Each cover crop species has individual traits and uses on the farm. All of them are legumes and therefore fix nitrogen in the soil. They provide protection from wind, sun, and rain. The following pages will help Peace Corps Volunteers and their counterparts introduce the use of cover crops into their communities through teaching/demonstration plots and seed banks.

The brown revolution is a shift in perspective. In the past developers, researchers, agriculture specialists, and scientists have focused on ways to improve food production through improved seed varieties, and synthetic inputs like fertilizers and pesticides. The brown revolution takes a step down and focuses on the soil. No-till provides measures to keep the soil alive, healthy and rich so that it can produce abundant, nutritious foods that sustain lives.

No-till Cover Crop Species

Crotalaria Jauncea

Plant Name: Crotalaria Jauncea

Plant Description: Crotalaria Jauncea is a tropical Asian plant of the legume family (Fabaceae). It is a semi-tall, yellow flowering, annual plant. It produces pods with 10-15 small seeds inside.

Plant Use: Crotalaria Jauncea is not edible therefore pests do not disturb it. It provides biodiversity by attracting pollinators with the yellow blooms. It is a leguminous nitrogen fixer like all leguminous plants. It has a deep taproot for breaking hardpan soils. Because of the deep taproot this cover crop is drought tolerant and recommended for northern regions.

Planting and Harvesting Directions: It is recommended to plant three to six seeds per hole at a measurement of 50 x 25cm. The pods are ready to harvest when they are dried and you can hear the seeds rattle inside, usually four months after planting

Note: After seed harvesting, slash the remaining plant material down and leave the dead plant material to rest as mulch on top of the soil. If the seeds are not sought after, you can slash the live jauncea before going to seed when the biomass is sufficient to make a dense soil cover. This plant is poisonous to cattle.

Crotalaria Spectabilis

Plant Name: Crotalaria Spectabilis

Plant Description: Crotalaria Spectabilis has a relatively smaller sized seed compared to Crotalaria Jauncea. Crotalaria Spectabilis, otherwise known as Showy Ratllebox, is a legume (Fabaceae).  C. Spectabilis lives two-three years as a shrub in tropical areas.  C. Spectabilis can be quite large ranging from 1.5 to 4 feet tall. Stems are green or purplish and may be ribbed. Leaves are alternately arranged on the stem, large, simple, and 2 to 6 inches long. The flowers are large and showy, produced in clusters, and yellow in color. Fruit are cylindrical pods (legumes) nearly two inches long, which look inflated and darken at maturity. When mature, the seeds break free inside the pods and create a rattling sound when shaken; hence the name rattlebox. Seeds are kidney shaped, small, and brown to black at maturity.

Plant Uses: Crotalaria Spectabilis is not edible therefore pests do not disturb it. It provides biodiversity for pollinators. It is a leguminous nitrogen fixer like all leguminous plants. It has a deep taproot for breaking hardpan soils. Because of the deep taproot this cover crop is drought tolerant and recommended for northern regions

Planting and Harvesting Directions: Seeds can be harvested in about four months from planting. Three to six seeds per hole at a measurement of 50 x 20cm are recommended for planting.

Notes: Crotalaria Spectabilis has a slow initial growth, so you may need to continue to weed during the beginning stages of emergence until it is big enough to compete with the incoming weeds. After harvesting, slash the remaining plant material down and leave the dead plant material to rest as mulch on top of the soil. If the seeds are not sought after, you can slash the live Spectabilis before it goes to seed when the biomass is sufficient to make a dense soil cover.

Cajanus Cajan

Plant Name: Cajanus Cajan

Plant Description: Cajanus Cajan, known as Pigeon Pea, is fast growing and grows very tall. Cajanus Cajan is a perennial woody shrub, mostly grown as an annual legume. The leaves are alternate, pinnately trifoliolate. The inflorescence (flowers) is formed in axillary racemes (clusters) in the upper branches of the bush. The flowers are multi-colored with yellow, red, purple, and orange occurring in streaks. The pods are compressed, 2–9 seeded. The seed shape is lenticular to ovoid.

Plant Uses: Cajanus Cajan has a deep tap root for breaking hardpan soils. This plant mines for phosphorous, absorbing it into its leaves making phosphorous available in the topsoil after slashing it down. It is also a nitrogen fixer. It takes about four months before going to seed from planting. The pods are edible and the leaves and pods can be used as fodder for animals. This plant does not need pest control but the seeds are edible.

Planting and Harvesting Directions: Planting is recommended with no more than three seeds per hole with 50 x 20cm spacing. Because this is a hardy perennial shrub you can plant it as a rotational cover cop or plant it as a continuous source of mulch. You can propagate it around your crop section as a bordering plant and cut back the foliage periodically to lie down on your soil.

Notes: Pigeon peas can be grown as a perennial, in which the crop can last three to five years (although the seed yield drops considerably after the first two years), or as an annual which is more suitable for seed production and acting as a rotational cover crop. It is extremely drought tolerant and therefore is great for northern regions. After seed harvesting slash the remaining plant material down and leave the dead plant material to rest as mulch on top of the soil. If the seeds are not sought after you can slash the live Cajan before it goes to seed when the biomass Is sufficient to make a dense soil cover.

Bush Mucuna

Plant Name: Bush Mucuna

Plant Description: Bush Mucuna is fast growing and has a relatively short life span compared to the other Mucunas. The plant is an annual, low growing legume. When the plant is young, it is almost completely covered with fuzzy hairs but when older it is almost completely free of hairs. The leaves are tripinnate or ovate. The sides of the leaves are often heavily grooved and the tips are pointy. The fruit is a 4 to 13 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, leguminous pod. There is a ridge along the length of the fruit. The husk is very hairy and carries up to seven seeds. The seeds are round and uniform white and black streaked.

Plant Uses: Bush Mucuna is drought tolerant and it is a nitrogen fixer. It can be used as an intercrop with maize, cassava and plantation crops such as plantain. It is not edible by humans, but can be used for fodder for animals. It is a great option for controlling weeds.

Planting and Harvesting Descriptions: Bush Mucuna takes about four months to go to seed from planting. It can be planted 50 x 25cm for ground cover or 75 x 25cm for intercropping with corn. Wait for the plant to die back before harvesting the seeds. The seeds will turn a dark brown and dry out considerably. After harvesting the pods, dry the pods further in the sun for a few days. Then remove the seeds by cracking open the pods through local methods such as beating them with a stick or any method you find useful.

Notes: Bush Mucuna can be used as a fallow cover crop but if your soils are heavily depleted the more aggressive Mucunas will provide a better biomass cover to help stimulate soil regeneration quicker. The plant is notorious for the extreme itchiness it produces on contact, particularly with the young foliage and the seedpods.

Black Mucuna

Plant Name: Black Mucuna

Plant Descriptions: Black Mucuna is an annual, climbing shrub with long vines that can reach over 15 m in length. The leaves are tripinnate, ovate. The sides of the leaves are often heavily grooved and the tips are pointy. The flower heads take the form of long inflorescence called a panicle. They are 15 to 32 cm long and have two, three, or many flowers. The flowers tend to be deep purple. The fruit is a 4 to 13 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide, leguminous pod. There is a ridge along the length of the fruit. The husk is very hairy and carries up to seven seeds. The seeds are flattened, uniform kidney shaped to ovule and black.

Plant Uses: Black Mucuna is a nitrogen fixer and drought tolerant. It is normally grown as a fallow cover crop but it can also be planted in between plantation crops but needs to be watched to ensure it does not climb and overtake the trees. It is never to be intercropped with corn. It has a high biomass production and it is very aggressive. It can be used as fodder.

Planting and Harvesting Directions: Black Mucuna takes more than six months to go to seed. The recommended planting distance is 75 x 25cm. When harvesting the seed wait for the plant to die back before first. The seeds will turn a dark brown and dry out considerably. After harvesting the pods, dry the pods further in the sun for a few days. Then remove the seeds by cracking open the pods through local methods such as beating them with a stick or any method you find useful.

Notes: Black Mucuna is very aggressive so the farmer must periodically trim it back or it will strangle the crops. Black Mucuna is more aggressive then Cream Mucuna but it is difficult to distinguish between the two.

Cream Mucuna

Plant Name: Cream Mucuna

Plant Description: The plant is an annual, climbing shrub with long vines that can reach over 15 m in length. The leaves are tripinnate, ovate. The sides of the leaves are often heavily grooved and the tips are pointy. The flower heads take the form of long inflorescence called a panicle. They are 15 to 32 cm long and have few to many flowers. The flowers tend to be deep purple. The fruit is a 4 to 13 cm-long, 1 to 2 cm-wide, leguminous pod. There is a ridge along the length of the fruit. The husk is very hairy and carries up to seven seeds. The seeds are flattened uniform kidney shaped to ovule and cream colored.

Plant Uses: Cream mucuna is normally grown as a fallow cover crop but it can be planted between plantation crops. It is not to be intercropped with maize. It produces a heavy layer of biomass.

Planting and Harvest Descriptions: Cream mucuna takes more than five months to go to seed. The recommended planting distance is 75 x 25cm. Wait for the plant to die back before harvesting the seeds. The seeds will turn a dark brown/black and dry out considerably. After harvesting the pods dry the pods further in the sun for a few days. Then remove the seeds by cracking open the pods through local methods like beating them with a stick or any method you find useful.

Notes: You will need to trim it back if planted between plantation crops. It is very aggressive but not as aggressive as Black Mucuna. Cream Mucuna produces biomass faster than Black Mucuna. The seeds are edible but have a slight toxicity so you need to boil them well before consuming and should not consume a large amount.

Canavalia Ensiformis

Plants Name: Canavalia Ensiformis

Plant Description: Canavalia. Ensiformis has a varied growth pattern. CNTA distributes the species that are annual, short woody shrub. Other varieties can be found including herbaceous climbers. The flowers are pink-purple in color. The leaves are in three leaflets, ovate or ovate-elliptic. The pod is sword-shaped, elongate, 30 cm or longer, with two longitudinal ribs near the upper suture. The seeds are narrowly ellipsoid, white, and smooth.

Plant Uses: Canavalia can be used as an intercrop with Maize, Cashew, Plantain, Cocoa, and other plantation crops. It is a nitrogen fixer and it is shade tolerant. It is edible by humans and therefore impacted by pests. It can be used for fodder as well. Canavalia has a deep taproot, which helps to break hardpan soils and makes it drought resistant.

Planting and Harvesting Description: Canavalia starts going to seed after about three to four months. The recommended planting distance is 75 x 25cm. It needs to be sprayed with pesticide (Chloroperifos or Sunperifos) during minor rainy season more so than major rainy season. The pods will turn light brown and dry out considerably before ready to harvest. After harvesting the pods, dry them out further in the sun for a few days. Then remove the seeds from the pod.

Notes: The fruit and beans are edible if boiled well with several changes of water.

Lablab Purpureus

Plant Name: Lablab Purpureus

Plant Description: Lablab Purpureus is a short-lived, perennial leguminous crop (fabeacea). The wild species is perennial. The thick stems can reach six meters in length. The leaves are made up of three pointed leaflets. The inflorescence is made up of racemes of many flowers. The flowers tend to be white or purplish depending on the cultivation. The fruit is a legume pod variable in shape, size, and color. It is usually several centimeters long and bright purple to pale green. It contains up to four seeds. The seeds are white, brown, red, or black depending on the cultivar with a white hilum (stripe on the edge). The seed is about one centimeter long.

Plant Uses: Lablab has a slow initial growth but it flowers during the dry season, therefore it is great for bringing pollinators. It is edible but slightly toxic so it should be boiled well and not eaten in abundance. It is a fodder option.

Planting and Harvesting Descriptions: The recommended planting distance is 50 x 25cm. The seeds will turn a dark brown and dry out considerably. After harvesting the pods, dry the pods further in the sun for a few days. Then remove the seeds by cracking open the pods through local methods such as beating them with a stick or any method you find useful.

Notes: The fruit and beans are edible if boiled well with several changes of water. The leaves are eaten raw or cooked like spinach. The flowers can be eaten raw or steamed. The root can be boiled or baked for food. The seeds are used to make tofu and tempeh.

Vigna Radiate (Green Gram)

Plant Name: Vigna Radiate (Green Gram)

Plant description: Green Gram grows similar to Bush Mucuna. Green Gram can be considered one of the fastest growing cover crops. It is an annual legume ranging in height from 15 cm to 1 m. It is not heavily foliaged. Leaves, stems and pods are slightly hairy. The first flowers appear seven to eight weeks after planting and the crop reaches maturity in 12 to 14 weeks. Pods are borne at the top of the plant. The seeds are green and almost globular.

Plant Uses: It can be intercropped between maize and in plantations. It is a nitrogen fixer. It is edible and therefore will need pest control. It is a useful legume for early forage because it has such a fast growth rate. It is adapted to a wide range of well-drained soils.

Planting and Harvesting Description: Chloroperifos or Sunperifos can be used for pest control. It can be harvested in two months from planting. The recommended spacing is 50 x 20cm.

Vigna Sp. (Cowpea Varieties)

Plant Name: Vignia Sp. (Cowpeas)

Plant Description: Cowpeas are an annual legume that exhibits a wide range of growth habits. Varieties may be short and bushy, or tall and vine-like. Canopy heights can be 2–3 feet. The stems are hollow and hairless. The leaves are three-parted, egg-shaped. The two lateral leaves are asymmetrical, and the terminal leaf is symmetrical. The plant also has extra floral nectarines, small pores on its leaves and stems that release nectar and attract beneficial insects. The flowers can be purple or white. The seeds are born in 3 to 6-inch, long, slender, round, pods. There are roughly 6–13 seeds per pod.

Plant Uses: Cowpeas are commonly cultivated as a nutritious and highly palatable food source in Africa and throughout the world. They are drought-tolerant, a nitrogen fixer and shade tolerant; therefore they are compatible as an intercrop with maize, millet, sorghum, and plantation crops like plantain. They are one of the most important food crops in Ghana.

Planting and Harvesting Descriptions: Pests heavily affect them. Chloroperifos or Sunperifos can be used for pest control. The recommended planting distance is 75 X 25cm. Insect damage most often occurs during the seedling stage and if the soil is prone to other diseases. The seeds are best to harvest after they have dried and have turned a light brown.

Notes: Cowpeas are one of the most popular grain legumes in Africa as well as in some regions of America and Asia. Cowpeas are often called "black-eyed peas" due to the black- or brown-ringed hylum.

Cover Crop Mixture

Cover Crop Mixture is a way to add a large amount of nutrients to the soil and penetrate the hardpan soil while leaving a heavy biomass on top. It will provide you with rejuvenated soil for growing maize or other crops. Put all the seeds together in your pocket and plant two to three seeds in one hole. The recommended spacing is 50 x 25cm.

Agro-Ecological Tree and Shrub Species

Tithonia Diversifolia

Plant Name: Tithonia diversifolia 

Plant Description: Tithonia Diversifolia is a woody shrub. The large, showy flowers are yellow to orange colored. Leaves are sub-ovate, serrate, and slightly grayish beneath. The leaves of the plant alternate in sides they grow on, which is where the plant gets the name diversifolia. The seeds are achenes and are spread by wind.

Plant Uses: T. Diversifolia can be used as a green fertilizer. It can also be used as chicken feed, firewood, and soil erosion control. As a fertilizer it is used as mulch, which can be spread on top of the soil.  T. Diversifolia has the ability to restore phosphorus in high amounts to the soil.  As a fertilizer it contains N, P, and K. It has a deep taproot, which mines for nutrients from below.

Planting and Management: It is best to propagate T. Diversifolia by cuttings. The new growth is slashed at maturity and spread on the ground for soil coverage.

Notes: First, the plant is grown in hedges around the edges of harvested land. The green foliage can be cut back every 5 months or more. The biomass can also be used as mulch and can be left on top of the soil to decompose into the ground. A lot of foliage is needed to cover a small area of land because it has high water content.

Faidherbia Albida (Acacia)

Plant Name: Faidherbia Albida (Acacia)

Plant Description: Acacia is a leguminous tree that remains leafy during the dry season. It then sheds its leaves during the rains. It is a thorny tree growing 7–32 m tall. It has a deep-penetrating taproot that makes it highly resistant to drought. The bark is gray and fissured when old.

Plant Uses: With trees planted at the correct density, the nutrient-rich leaves can supply the equivalent of 300 kg of fertilizer per hectare.[footnoteRef:6] Acacia is a nitrogen fixer. [6: http://www.newag.info/en/developments/devItem.php?a=1036)]

Planting and Management Descriptions: It is best to propagate Acacia through cutting. If planted by seed it should be nursed for three to five months before transplanted. The recommended spacing is 10m x 10m spacing.

Gliricidia Sepium

Plant Name: Gliricidia Sepium

Plant Description: Gliricidia Sepium is a medium-sized tree that can grow from 10 to 12 meters high. The bark is smooth and its color can range from a whitish gray to deep red-brown. It has composite leaves the flowers are located on the end of branches that have no leaves. These flowers have a bright pink to lilac color that is tinged with white.

Plant Uses: This tree is used as a fodder option. It has high protein content. Cutting G. Sepium causes it to retain its leaves during the dry season. It is a nitrogen fixer. The foliage can be used as a green fertilizer; it tolerates being cut back to crop height year after year. The slashed growth can be used as ground cover to add nutrients. It is fast growing and can be used as live fencing. It also reduces erosion and acts as windbreaks.

Planting and Management Description: G. Sepium can be propagated by cuttings as well as planted by seed.

Notes: When the trees are cut back they enter a temporary dormant state during which the root system is not competing for nutrients, and the main crop is free to become established.

G. Sepium has been called the “Mother of Cocoa”. This tree allows mature Cocoa plantations to retain seasonal shade. During the rainy season farmers can cut back the G. Sepium in order to encourage adequate wind flow. The leaves are then used to cover the floor and the branches can be used for firewood. In the dry season G. Sepium retains its leaves and offers shade to the cocoa from the hot sun. It is recommended that you use approximately a quarter of the amount of G. Sepium to the number of Cocoa trees G. Sepium is recommended only for mature cocoa fields. At the nursing stages it is recommended to plant cocoa in succession with plantain.

Moringa Oleifera

Plant Name: Moringa Oleifera

Plant Description: Moringa Oleifera is a fast-growing, deciduous tree. It can reach a height of 10–12 m. The bark has a whitish-grey color and is surrounded by thick cork. Young shoots have purplish or greenish-white bark. The flowers are fragrant and bisexual, surrounded by five unequal, yellowish-white petals. Flowering begins within the first six months after planting. The fruit is a hanging, three-sided brown capsule, 20–45 cm long which holds dark brown, globular seeds. The seeds have three whitish papery wings and are dispersed by wind and water.

Plant Uses: Moringa can be used as animal feed, a highly nutritious food source, and four medicinal uses. It is a nitrogen fixer and the leaves can be used as a green fertilizer. Moringa trees can also be cultivated as natural fences and associated with other crops

Planting and Management Description: Moringa can be propagated by cuttings or planted by seeds. The seeds are planted an inch below the soil. The distance between Moringa is between 2 and 4 meters. Cuttings of 1 m length and a diameter of at least 4 cm can be also used for propagation. At least one third of the cutting must be buried in the soil. Moringa trees can also be cultivated in alleys, as natural fences and associated with other crops.

Notes: Peace Corps partners with Moringa Connect.

Azadirachta Indica (Neem)

Plant Name: Azadirachta Indica (Neem Tree)

Plant Description: Neem is a relatively fast growing tree that can reach a height of 15–20 meters. It keeps its leaves year round, but in severe drought it may shed most of its leaves. It has opposite, pinnate leaves with many dark green leaflets. It has white, fragrant flowers. Bisexual flowers and male flowers exist on the same individual tree. The fruit is a smooth, olive-like drupe. The fruit skin is thin and the bittersweet pulp is yellowish-white.

Plant Uses: Neem has many benefits in the Agro-ecological model. The leaves and seeds can be used as a natural pesticide. It has anti-parasitic properties and anti-bacterial properties. It can also be used as a green fertilizer. The leaves can provide organic soil nutrients and ground cover. It is high in Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Calcium, and Magnesium. Planting Neem can help reduce erosion and salinity. It can be used as windbreaks and as live fencing.

Planting and Management Description: The seeds should be as fresh as possible as older seeds often do not germinate. The seeds may be sown directly into the ground. Two to three seeds are placed together about one cm deep in loose soil. After germination, only the strongest plant should be retained.

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Peace Corps Ghana Food Security Task Force and the Center for No-Till Agriculture, 2016