Ghana 1

Ghana

Republic of Ghana

Motto: "Freedom and Justice"

Anthem: 

"God Bless Our Homeland Ghana"[1]

Capital(and largest city)

Accra5°33′N 0°15′W

Official language(s) English

Government-sponsoredlanguages

Akan, Ewe, Dagomba (Dagbani), Dangme, Dagaare, Ga, Nzema, Gonja, Kasem[2]

Demonym Ghanaian

Government Unitary presidential constitutional republic

 -  President John Atta Mills

 -  Vice-President John Dramani Mahama[3]

 -  Speaker of Parliament Joyce Bamford-Addo

 -  Chief Justice Georgina Theodora Wood

Legislature Parliament

Independence from the United Kingdom

 -  Declared 6 March 1957 

 -  Republic 1 July 1960 

 -  Current Constitution 28 April 1992 

Area

Ghana 2

 -  Total 238,535 km2 (81st)92,098 sq mi 

 -  Water (%) 3.5

Population

 -  2010 estimate 24,233,431[4]

 -  Density 101.5/km2 (103rd)258.8/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2012 estimate

 -  Total $82.571 billion[5]

 -  Per capita $3,312.706[5]

GDP (nominal) 2012 estimate

 -  Total $42.090 billion[5]

 -  Per capita $1,688.619[5]

HDI (2010) 0.541[6] (medium) (135th)

Currency Ghana cedi (GH₵) (GHS)

Time zone GMT (UTC0)

Drives on the right

ISO 3166 code GH

Internet TLD .gh

Calling code +233

Ghana i/ˈɡɑːnə/ is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the west,Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The word Ghana means "WarriorKing"[7] and is derived from the ancient Ghana Empire.Ghana was inhabited in pre-colonial times by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms, including theinland Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Akyem, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Fante among others.Non-Akan states created by the Ga also existed as did states by the Dagomba. Prior to contact with Europeans tradebetween the Akan and various African states flourished due to Akan's gold wealth. Trade with European states beganafter contact with the Portuguese in the 15th century, and the British established the Gold Coast Crown colony in1874 over parts but not all of the country.[8]

The Gold Coast achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1957,[9] becoming the First African nation todo so from European Colonialism.[10][11] The name Ghana was chosen for the new nation to reflect the ancientEmpire of Ghana, which once extended throughout much of west Africa.Ghana is a member of the South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone, the United Nations, the Commonwealth ofNations, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States, and an associate member of LaFrancophonie. Ghana is one of the largest cocoa producers in the world,[12] and is also home to Lake Volta, thelargest artificial lake in the world by surface area.[13]

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Etymology

Map of Ghana

The word Ghana means Warrior King and was the title accorded to the kings of themedieval West African Ghana Empire.[14]

Geographically, the Ghana Empire was approximately 500 miles (unknown operator:u'strong' km) north and west of modern Ghana, and it ruled territories in the area of theSénégal River and east towards the Niger River, in modern Senegal, Mauritania and Mali.

Ghana was adopted as the legal name for the Gold Coast combined with British Togolandupon gaining autonomy on 6 March 1957.[15]

History

16th – 17th century Akan Terracotta,Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

There is archaeological evidence showing that humans have lived inpresent-day Ghana since the Bronze Age.[16] However, until the 11th century,the majority of modern Ghana's area was largely unoccupied.[17] Although thearea of present-day Ghana has experienced many population movements, themajor ethnic groups in Ghana today were firmly settled by the 16thcentury.[18] By the early 11th century, the Akan were firmly established in astate called Bonoman, for which the Brong-Ahafo Region region is named.[19]

The Ga and Dagomba states were established by the 16th century.[18]

From the 13th century, numerous groups emerged from what is believed tohave been the Bonoman area, to create several Akan States, mainly based ongold trading. These states included Denkyira, Akwamu, and Akyem. By the19th century, most of modern Ghanaian territory was included in the Empireof Ashanti, one of the most influential states in sub-Saharan Africa prior tocolonial rule. The Ashanti government operated first as a loose network, andeventually as a centralized kingdom with an advanced, highly specializedbureaucracy centred in Kumasi. It is said that at its peak, the Asantehenecould field 500,000 troops, and it had some degree of military influence over

all of its neighbours.[20]

Early European contact by the Portuguese, who came to Ghana in the 15th century, focused on the extensiveavailability of gold. The Portuguese first landed at a coastal city inhabited by the Fante nation-state, and named theplace Elmina.[21] In 1481, King John II of Portugal commissioned Diogo d'Azambuja to build Elmina Castle, whichwas completed in 3 years.

By 1598, the Dutch had joined them, building forts at Komeda and Kormantsi.[22] In 1617, they captured the OlniniCastle from the Portuguese, and Axim in 1642 (Fort St Anthony). Other European traders had joined in by themid-17th century, largely English, Danes and Swedes. English merchants, impressed with the gold resources in thearea, named it the Gold Coast, while French merchants, impressed with the trinkets worn by the coastal people,named the area to the west "Côte d'Ivoire", or Ivory Coast.[23]

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Left: 1817, Picture of an Empire of Ashanti yam ceremony, by Thomas E. Bowdich; Right: 1817, Picture of traditional Empire of Ashantiarchitecture with two men playing Oware, a mancala game that is still popular in Ghana, by Thomas E. Bowdich

More than thirty forts and castles were built by the Portuguese, Dutch, British and Spanish merchants. The GoldCoast was known for centuries as 'The White Man's Grave', because many of the Europeans who went there died ofmalaria and other tropical diseases.[24] After the Dutch withdrew in 1874, Britain made the Gold Coast aprotectorate. Following conquest by the British in 1896 until independence in March 1957, the territory of modernGhana, excluding the Volta Region (British Togoland), was known as the Gold Coast.[23]

Many wars occurred between the colonial powers and the various nation-states in the area, including the 1806 Ashanti–Fante War, and the continuous struggle by the Ashanti against the British in many wars. The Ashanti defeated the British a few times, but eventually lost with the Ashanti-British War in the early 1900s.,[25][26][27][28]

Even under colonial rule, the chiefs and people often resisted the policies of the British; however, moves toward decolonization intensified after World War II. In 1947, the newly formed United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) called for "self-government within the shortest possible time."[29] After rioting increased in 1948, the members of the United Gold Coast Convention were arrested, including future prime minister and president Kwame Nkrumah. Later, Nkrumah formed his own party, the Convention People's Party (CPP) with the motto "self government now." He began a 'Positive Action' campaign and gained the support of rural and working-class people. He was again imprisoned for being the leader of a party that caused boycotts, strikes and other forms of civil disobedience. After winning a majority in the Legislative Assembly in 1952, Nkrumah was released and appointed leader of government

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business. After further negotiations with Britain, on 6 March 1957 at 12 a.m. Nkrumah declared Ghana "freeforever".

Cape Coast Castle

Independence Arch, Ghana

The Flag of Ghana, consisting of the colours red, gold, green, and the black star, became the new flag in 1957.Designed by, Theodosia Salome Okoh, the red represents the blood that was shed towards independence, the goldrepresents the mineral wealth of Ghana, the green symbolises the rich agriculture, and the black star is the symbol ofAfrican emancipation.[30] Formed from the merger of the Gold Coast and British (formerly German) Togoland by aUnited Nations sponsored plebiscite in 1956, Ghana became the first sub-Saharan African country to gain itsindependence in 1957, although Liberia became a Self-governing colony over a century before on 26 July 1847.Kwame Nkrumah, first prime minister, and then president of the modern Ghanaian state, as an anti-colonial leader,sought a united Africa that would not drift into neo-colonialism. He was the first African head of state to promotePan-Africanism, an idea he came into contact with during his studies at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania (UnitedStates), at the time when Marcus Garvey was becoming famous for his "Back to Africa Movement." He merged theteachings of Garvey and the African-American scholar W. E. B. Du Bois into the formation of the modern dayGhana. Ghana's principles of freedom and justice, equity and free education for all, irrespective of ethnicbackground, religion or creed, borrow from Nkrumah's implementation of Pan-Africanism.[23]

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1989: The Soviet Union's postage stamp marking the 80thanniversary of the birth of Dr.h.c. Kwame Nkrumah

(1909–1972). Nkrumah leader of Ghana and its predecessorstate, the Gold Coast, from 1952 to 1966 and overseeing the

nation's independence from British colonial rule in 1957,Nkrumah was the first President of Ghana and the first Prime

Minister of Ghana as well as founding and leading theConvention People's Party (CPP) in 1949.

Although his goal of African unity was never realised,Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, as he is now known, playedan instrumental part in the founding of the Organisation ofAfrican Unity, which was succeeded in 2002 by the AfricanUnion. His achievements were recognised by Ghanaiansduring his centenary birthday celebrations, and the day wasinstituted as a public holiday. Dr. Nkrumah's government wassubsequently overthrown by the military while he was abroadin February 1966. Former Central Intelligence Agencyemployee John Stockwell alleges that the CIA had aneffective hand in forcing the coup.[31]

A series of subsequent coups from 1966 to 1981 ended withthe ascension to power of Flight Lieutenant Jerry JohnRawlings in 1981. These changes resulted in the suspension ofthe constitution in 1981, and the banning of political parties.The economy suffered a severe decline soon after, and manyGhanaians migrated to other countries.[32]

Kwame Darko negotiated a structural adjustment plan withthe International Monetary Fund, changing many oldeconomic policies, and the economy began to recover. A newconstitution restoring multi-party politics was promulgated in1992; Rawlings was elected as president then, and again in1996. The Constitution of 1992 prohibited him from runningfor a third term, so his party, the National DemocraticCongress, chose his Vice President, John Atta Mills, to runagainst the opposition parties. Winning the 2000 elections,John Agyekum Kufuor of the New Patriotic Party was sworn into office as president in January 2001, and beat Millsagain in 2004, thus also serving two terms as president.

In 2009, John Atta Mills took office as President of Ghana with a difference of about 40,000 votes (0.46%) [33]

between his party, the National Democratic Congress and the New Patriotic Party, marking the second time thatpower had been transferred from one legitimately elected leader to another, and securing Ghana's status as a stabledemocracy.[34]

In 2011, John Atta Mills won the NDC congress when he ran against Nana Konadu Agyeman Rawlings for theNational Democratic Congress flagbearership. He won by 2,771 votes, representing 96.9% of the total votes cast.

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Regions and districts

Ghana is divided into 10 administrative regions,subdivided into a total of 170 districts. The regions are:

• Ashanti, capital Kumasi• Brong Ahafo, capital Sunyani• Central, capital Cape Coast• Eastern, capital Koforidua• Greater Accra, capital Accra

• Northern, capital Tamale• Upper East, capital Bolgatanga• Upper West, capital Wa• Volta, capital Ho• Western, capital Sekondi-Takoradi

Government and politics

The celebration of the 50th independence anniversary

According to the 2009 Failed States Index, Ghana is ranked the53rd least failed state in the world and the second least failed statein Africa after Mauritius. Ghana ranked 124th out of 177 countrieson the index.[35] Ghana also was placed 7th out of 48 sub-SaharanAfrican countries in the 2008 Ibrahim Index of AfricanGovernance which was based on data from 2006. The IbrahimIndex is a comprehensive measure of African government, basedon a number of different variables which reflect the success withwhich governments deliver essential political goods to itscitizens.[36]

Political corruption in Ghana is on the rise, jumping from 50 in2002 to 70 in 2003[37] and 63 to 69 in the 2011 Transparency International Corruption Perception Index.[38]

Ghana 8

Government

The seat of government in Ghana, Osu Castle today (left image) A contemporary drawing of the Danish colonial fort, Fort Christiansborg, now OsuCastle. The outpost to the right is Fort Prøvestenen (right image).

Ghana was created as a parliamentary democracy at independence in 1957, followed by alternating military andcivilian governments. In January 1993, military government gave way to the Fourth Republic after presidential andparliamentary elections in late 1992. The 1992 constitution divides powers among a president, parliament, cabinet,council of state, and an independent judiciary. The government is elected by universal suffrage; however, thelegislature is not proportionate, with low-population districts receiving more representatives per person than thosewith high populations.[39]

Administrative divisionsThere are ten administrative regions which are divided into 138 districts, each with its own district assembly. Belowdistricts are various types of councils, including 58 town or area councils, 108 zonal councils, and 626 area councils.Sixteen thousand unit committees exist on the lowest level.[39]

The Supreme Court Building, Accra

Judicial system

The legal system is based on British common law, customary(traditional) law, and the 1992 constitution. Court hierarchyconsists of Supreme Court of Ghana (highest court), courts ofappeal, and high courts of justice. Beneath these bodies are circuit,magisterial, and traditional courts. Extrajudicial institutionsinclude public tribunals.[39]

Since independence, courts are relatively independent; thisindependence continues under the Republic. Lower courts arebeing redefined and reorganized under the Republic.[39]

Politics

Relations between the People's Republic of China and Ghana date back to 1960 when the countries first established diplomatic relations. Since thenGhana has provided substantial diplomatic support to the PRC. In the 1960s President Kwame Nkrumah lobbied for the PRC's reinstatement in theUnited Nations. Nkrumah also supported the PRC during the Sino-Indian War in 1962. In the early 1990s Ghana once again provided substantialdiplomatic support to China during the Tiananmen Square protests in 1989.[]:4–5

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Political parties became legal in mid-1992 after a ten-year hiatus. There are many political parties under the FourthRepublic; the major ones are the National Democratic Congress which won presidential and parliamentary electionsin 1992, 1996 and 2008; the New Patriotic Party, the major opposition party which won elections in 2000 and 2004;the People's National Convention, and the Convention People's Party, successor to Kwame Nkrumah's original partyof the same name.[39]

Foreign relations and military

Kofi Annan

Since independence, Ghana has been devoted to ideals of nonalignment andPan-Africanism, both closely identified with Nkrumah. Ghana favours internationaland regional political and economic co-operation, and is an active member of theUnited Nations and the African Union.[40]

Many Ghanaian diplomats and politicians hold positions in internationalorganisations. These include Ghanaian diplomat and former Secretary-General ofthe United Nations Kofi Annan, International Criminal Court Judge AkuaKuenyehia, former President Jerry John Rawlings and former President JohnAgyekum Kuffour who have both been elected chairmen of the EconomicCommunity of West African States.[39]

In September 2010, Ghana's President John Atta Mills visited China on an officialvisit. Ghanaian President John Atta Mills and China's President Hu Jintao, markedthe 50th anniversary of diplomatic ties between the two nations, at the Great Hall of the People on 20 September2010.[41] China reciprocated with a visit in November 2011, by the Vice Chairman of the Standing Committee of theNational People's Congress of China, Zhou Tienong who visited Ghana and met with Ghana's Vice President JohnDramani Mahama.[42]

1918: RSM Alhaji Grunshi (DCM MM) of the Gold Coast Regiment, the first soldier in British service to fire a shot in the First World War

Ghanaian soldiers run to their positions while engaged in amphibious operations in southwest coast of Ghana, 15 October 2005

Ghana 10

GNS Anzone (P 30) and the GNS Achimota (in the background) conduct division tactics off the coast of Ghana, 20 October 2005

World War IAfter establishing supremacy in the Gold Coast, the British created the Gold Coast Regiment as a component of theWest African Frontier Force (WAFF), which kept peace throughout the territories of the Gold Coast, Nigeria, SierraLeone, and the Gambia.[43]

In 1928, the WAFF became the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF). British officers andnon-commissioned officers organized, trained, and equipped the Gold Coast Regiment. On 31 July 1914, four daysbefore the British declaration of war on Germany, Accra mobilized its military forces. The Gold Coast Regimentincluded thirty-eight British officers, eleven British warrant or non-commissioned officers, 1,584 Africans,(including 124 carriers for guns and machine guns), and about 300 reservists. Additionally, the four Volunteer Corps(Gold Coast Volunteers, Gold Coast Railway Volunteers, Gold Coast Mines Volunteers, and Ashanti MinesVolunteers) fielded about 900 men. The forces participated in the campaigns in Togo, Cameroon, and EastAfrica.[43]

World War IIThe Gold Coast also played a significant role in the Allied war effort during World War II. On 27 June 1942, theUnited States Army activated the Air Transport Command in Cairo under Brigadier General Shepler W. Fitzgerald.Ten days later, Fitzgerald moved his headquarters to Accra and organized the Africa-Middle East Wing.[43]

In late 1942, the United States Army expanded its presence in Accra by activating the Twelfth Ferrying GroupHeadquarters, the Forty-first Ferrying Squadron, and the Forty second Ferrying Squadron. The Twelfth FerryingGroup, which was part of a transportation network reaching from the United States, via Africa, to theChina-Burma-India theatre of operations, ensured the movement of men and materiel through Senegal, Ghana, andChad. Approximately 65,000 Ghanaian soldiers (Gold Coast Regiments) fought on the side of the Allies during theSecond World War.[43]

Ghana Armed ForcesIn 1957, the Ghana Army consisted of its headquarters, support services, three battalions of infantry and areconnaissance squadron with armoured cars. Total strength was approximately 5,700 men.[44] Ghanaian PrimeMinister Kwame Nkrumah wished to rapidly expand and Africanise the army in order to support his Pan-African andanti-colonial ambitions. Thus in 1961, 4th and 5th Battalions were established, and in 1964 6th Battalion wasestablished, from a parachute unit originally raised in 1963.[45]

Today the Ghana Armed Forces are in military alliance with the People's Republic of China's People's LiberationArmy.[46] Ghana has in the past contributed forces to numerous UN and ECOWAS operations, including in theDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Lebanon, and Liberia (ECOMOG and UNMIL).Ghana also contributed UN peacekeepers in UNAMIR during the Rwandan Genocide. In his book Shake Hands withthe Devil, Canadian Forces commander Roméo Dallaire gave the Ghanaian soldiers high credit for their work andeffort in the conflict.[44]

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Economy

Sunyani Cocoa House, August 2003

Ghana is a Middle Income Economy and is ranked as aLower–Middle Income Economy by the World Bank.[47][48][49]

27% of Ghana's population are living on less than $1.25 perday,[47][50] and a rate of 25% youth unemployment.[51]

Ghana has more than twice the per capita output of the poorercountries in West Africa.[52] Known for its gold in colonial times,Ghana remains one of the world's top gold producers.[53] Otherexports such as cocoa, crude oil, natural gas, timber, electricity,diamond, bauxite,[54] and manganese are major sources of foreignexchange, even though Ghana continues to experience electricityand gas shortages, and remains a developing nation after 55 years

of independence from the declining British rule.[55]

1st President of the Republic of Ghana, Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah with the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy in ThePentagon on 8 March 1961

1st President of the 4th Republic of Ghana, Jerry John Rawlings speaking at the Faculty of Law, University of Oxford on 18 May 2009

2nd President of the 4th Republic of Ghana, John Agyekum Kufuor with then-President of Brazil, Lula da Silva in Osu Castle on 12 April 2005

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3rd President of the 4th Republic of Ghana, John Atta Mills on a meeting with the Minister of Development of Brazil, Miguel Jorge in Osu Castle on8 June 2009

The Akosombo Dam, which was built on the Volta River in 1965 by Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah provideshydro-electricity for Ghana and its neighbouring countries.The Ghana Stock Exchange (GSE) is the third largest Stock exchange in Africa after the Johannesburg StockExchange (JSE) and the Nigerian Stock Exchange (NSE).[56]

At the end of December 2011, Ghana's – Total External debt has escalated to an all time high of $18 billion(GH¢ 23.4 billion) up from $8 billion (GH¢ 8.8 billion) at the end of December 2008. Ghana's debt totaled US$1billion in 1966 by an Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah led government and Ghana was among the wealthiest and mostsocially advanced areas in Africa, which in the 1960s Ghana had a per capita income comparable to SouthKorea’s,[57] then the debt significantly increased from US$1 billion to $7.5 billion during Jerry John Rawlings 20years rule of Ghana, which ended in 2001.[58] The escalation of borrowing from the International Monetary Fund(IMF) and creditors by successive governments have put a burden of debt on future generations of Ghanaians.[58]

Typical among these is the borrowing of $3 billion in December 2011 by John Atta Mills from China DevelopmentBank in exchange of oil from Ghana National Petroleum Corporation (GNPC) to the China crude oil Off-Takers foran undisclosed fee to offset the loan, despite objections from an overwhelmingly majority of the Parliament ofGhana and the IMF, as the loan would cause a net drain of Ghana's oil wealth to China and put Ghana at risk ofdefault.[59]

Ghana receives foreign aid from the United States and European nations. In January 2012, the EuropeanCommission donated €52 million (GH¢ 110 million) to reduce maternal mortality and achieve the MDG 5targets.[60]

Ghana’s labour force in 2008 totalled 11.5 million people.[61][61] The domestic economy revolves around services,which accounts for 48.5% of GDP and employs 28% of the work force. Manufacturing accounts for 25.9% of GDPand provides employment for 20% of the work force.[62] Ghana hires foreign companies for infrastructure projects,including basic needs such as housebuilding, such as a $1.5 billion housing contract to STX Corporation of SouthKorea.[63] These firms in turn sub-contract local firms. Agriculture accounts for 25.6% of GDP and providesemployment for 52% of the work force,[62] mainly small landholders.Ineffective economic policies of past military governments and regional peacekeeping commitments have led tocontinued inflationary deficit financing, depreciation of the cedi, and rising public discontent with Ghana's austeritymeasures. In July 2007, the Bank of Ghana embarked on a currency re-denomination exercise, from the cedi (₵) to anew currency, the Ghana Cedi (GH₵). The transfer rate was 1 Ghana Cedi for every 10,000 cedis. The Bank ofGhana employed aggressive media campaigns to educate the public about the re-denomination. The new Ghana Cediis relatively stable and in 2009 generally exchanged at a rate of US$1 = GH₵1.4 [61]

The value added tax is a consumption tax administered in Ghana. The tax regime which started in 1998 had a single rate but since September 2007 entered into a multiple rate regime. In 1998, the rate of tax was 10% and amended in 2000 to 12.5%. However with the passage of Act 734 of 2007, a 3% VAT Flat Rate Scheme (VFRS) began to operate for the retail distribution sector. This allows retailers of taxable goods under Act 546 to charge a marginal 3% on their sales and account on same to the VAT Service. It is aimed at simplifying the tax system and increasing

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compliance.[64]

The Portuguese-built Elmina Castle was purchased by Britain in1873. Also known as St. George Castle, it was the first trading

post built on the Gulf of Guinea, so is the oldest Europeanbuilding in existence below the Sahara. The castle is now

recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site

Tourism is a rapidly growing sector particularly amongEuropeans, Americans, and other internationals connectedto the Ghanaian Diaspora abroad. Ghana's political andeconomic stability, low crime rate, and wide use ofEnglish make the country an attractive entrypoint to WestAfrica for foreigners. UNESCO World Heritage Sitesincluding Cape Coast Castle and Elmina Castle, nationalparks such as Kakum National Park and Mole NationalPark, as well as cultural celebrations such as Panafest aremajor centers of tourist activity.[65]

Oil reserves in Ghana

Commercial quantities of offshore oil reserves in Ghanawere discovered in the 1970s. In 1983 the governmentestablished the Ghana National Petroleum Corporation(GNPC) to promote exploration and production, and thecompany reached agreements with a number of foreign firms. The most important of these permitted US-basedAmoco to prospect in ten offshore blocks between Ada and the western border with Togo. Petro-CanadaInternational had prospected in the Tano River Basin, and Diamond Shamrock in the Keta Basin. In 1989 threecompanies, two American and one Dutch, spent US$30 million drilling wells in the Tano basin. On 21 June 1992, anoffshore Tano basin well produced about 6900 barrels (unknown operator: u'strong' m3) of crude oil daily.[66]

In the early 1990s, GNPC reviewed all earlier crude oil and natural gas discoveries to determine whether apredominantly local operation might make exploitation more commercially viable. GNPC wanted to set up a floatingsystem for production, storage, off-loading, processing, and gas-turbine electricity generation, hoping to produce 22billion cubic feet (unknown operator: u'strong' m3) per day, from which 135 megawatts of power could begenerated and fed into the national and regional grid. GNPC also signed a contract in 1992 with Angola's state oilcompany, Sonangol Group, that provides for drilling and, ultimately, production at two of Sonangol's offshoreoilfields. GNPC was paid with a share of the crude oil.[66]

The country's Tema Oil Refinery underwent the first phase of a major rehabilitation in 1989. The second phasebegan in April 1990 at an estimated cost of US$36 million. Once rehabilitation was completed, distribution ofliquified petroleum gas was to be improved, and the quantity supplied was to rise from 28,000 to 34,000 barrels perday. Construction on the new Tema-Akosombo oil products pipeline, designed to improve the distribution systemfurther, began in January 1992. The pipeline was to carry refined products from Tema to Akosombo Port, where theywill be transported across Lake Volta to northern regions. Distribution continued to be uneven, however. Othermeasures to improve the situation included a US$28 million project to set up a national network of storage depots inall regions.[66]

The Tema Lube Oil Company commissioned its new oil blending plant, designed to produce 25,000 tons of oil peryear, in 1992. The plant was to satisfy all of Ghana's requirements for motor and gear lubricants and 60 percent ofthe country's need for industrial lubricants, or, in all, 90 percent of Ghana's demand for lubricant products.Shareholders included Mobil, Shell, and British Petroleum (together accounting for 48 percent of equity), GhanaNational Petroleum Corporation, and the Social Security and National Insurance Trust (SSNIT).[66]

An oilfield which is reported to contain up to 3 billion barrels (unknown operator: u'strong' m3) of light oil was discovered in 2007.[67] Oil and Gas exploration is ongoing, and the amount of both oil and gas continues to increase.[68] There is expected to be a tremendous inflow of capital into the economy beginning from the first quarter

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of 2011 when the country starts producing oil in commercial quantities. The oil is expected to account for 6% of therevenue for 2011.[69]

Ghana is believed to have up to 5 billion barrels (unknown operator: u'strong' m3) of oil in reserves,[70] which isthe 6th largest in Africa and the 25th largest proven reserves in the world.

Seaport

The US Navy ship Fort McHenry being unloaded atTema Port, November 2007.

Tema Port, officially opened in 1962, is the biggest of the twoseaports in Ghana, and is Africa's largest manmade harbour. It hasa water-enclosed area of 1.7 square kilometres (unknownoperator: u'strong' sq mi) and a total land area of 3.9 squarekilometres (unknown operator: u'strong' sq mi). Apart fromhandling goods for Ghana, it is also a traffic junction, where goodsare transhipped, and transit cargo destined for the landlockedcountries of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger.[71]

The port of Tema handles 80% of the nation’s import and exportcargo. Most of the country’s chief export, cacao, is shipped fromTema.

Container terminal at Tema Port, June 2008.

The port has 5 kilometres (unknown operator:u'strong' mi) of breakwaters, 12 deepwater berths, anoutsize oil tanker berth, a dockyard, warehouses, and transitsheds. The port has open and covered areas for the storageof cargo, including a 77,200-m² (7.72-hectare) paved areafor the storage of containers, steel products and otherconventional cargo. The port's container yard is capable ofholding over 8,000 TEUs at any given time. The closedstorage area, which is about 25,049 m² (2.51 hectares) inarea, consists of six sheds with a total storage capacity of50,000 tonnes of cargo. The port also includes a 100,000dwt dry dock and slipway facility.[72] The Tema andTakoradi harbours are operated by the Ghana Ports andHarbours Authority.

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Geography

Beach in Ghana

Kakum National Park

Elephants at Mole National Park

Ghana is a country located on the Gulf of Guinea, only a few degrees north of the Equator, therefore giving it awarm climate. The country spans an area of 238500 km2 (unknown operator: u'strong' sq mi). It is surrounded byTogo to the east, Côte d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north and the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to thesouth.Ghana lies between latitudes 4° and 12°N, and longitudes 4°W and 2°E. The Prime Meridian passes through thecountry, specifically through the industrial city of Tema. Ghana is geographically closer to the "centre" of the worldthan any other country even though the notional centre, (0°, 0°) is located in the Atlantic Ocean approximately614 km (unknown operator: u'strong' mi) south of Accra, Ghana, in the Gulf of Guinea.[73]

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Lake Volta in Ghana is the largest reservoir in theworld, extending from the Akosombo Dam in

southeastern Ghana to the town of Yapei, some400 kilometres (unknown operator:

u'strong' mi) to the north. The lake generateselectricity, provides inland transport, and is a

potentially valuable resource for irrigation andfish farming

The country encompasses flat plains, low hills and a few rivers. Ghanacan be divided into five different geographical regions. The coastline ismostly a low, sandy shore backed by plains and scrub and intersectedby several rivers and streams while the northern part of the countryfeatures high plains. Southwest and south central Ghana is made up ofa forested plateau region consisting of the Ashanti uplands and theKwahu Plateau; the hilly Akuapim-Togo ranges are found along thecountry's eastern border.

The Volta Basin also takes up most of central Ghana. Ghana's highestpoint is Mount Afadjato which is 885 m (unknown operator:u'strong' ft) and is found in the Akwapim-Togo Ranges. The climateis tropical. The eastern coastal belt is warm and comparatively dry, thesouthwest corner is hot and humid, and the north is hot and dry. LakeVolta, the world's largest artificial lake, extends through large portionsof eastern Ghana and many tributary rivers such as the Oti and Aframrivers flow into it.

There are two main seasons in Ghana: the wet and the dry seasons. Northern Ghana experiences its rainy seasonfrom March to November while the south, including the capital Accra, experiences the season from April tomid-November. Southern Ghana contains evergreen and semi deciduous forests consisting of trees such asmahogany, odum and ebony. It also contains much of Ghana's oil palms and mangroves. Shea trees, baobabs andacacias are usually found in the Volta region and the northern part of the country.

Demographics

Ethnicity in the Republic of Ghana[74]

Ethnicity Percentage

Akan[75] 45.3%

Moré–Dagbani[76] 15.2%

Ewe 11.7%

Ga–Adangbe 7.3%

Guan[77] 4.0%

Gurma 3.6%

Others 10.2%

Ghana 17

A High Street in Accra, August 2006

Ghana has a population of about 24 million people.Ghana's first post-independence population census, in1960, counted about 6.7 million inhabitants.[78] Thenative and largest ethnic group is Akan. 45% of thepopulation are Akan (which includes the Fante,Akyem, Ashanti, Kwahu, Akuapem, Nzema, Bono,Akwamu, Ahanta and others). About 28 million ethnicand Akan descendants are living outside of Ghana.[79]

Ghana is currently inhabited by 52 ethnic groups.[80]

Ghana has not seen the kind of ethnic conflict that hascreated civil wars in many other African countries.[81]

The official language is English; however, mostGhanaians also speak at least one local language.

The major minority ethnic groups in Ghana are: Ewe (Population: 2,200,000),[82] Ga-Adangbe (comprising the Ga,Adangbe, Ada, Krobo, and others) (Population: 1,022,144),[83][84] Gurma (Population: 702,000),[85] Dagaaba(Population: 657,973),[86] Frafra (Population: 635,866),[87] Dagomba (Population: 618,101),[88] Guang (Population:354,567),[89] Mossi (Population: 341,000),[90] Hausa (Population: 172,000),[91] Gurunsi (Population: 154,000),[92]

Bissa (Population: 126,000),[93] Fulani (Population: 12,000), Whites (of mostly Scottish, English, Scandinaviandescent, and others), Lebanese, and Sindhi-Indian. All other ethnic groups currently residing in Ghana account forapproximately 3.6% of the population.

According to the US Department of State (2007), religious division is 69% Christian, 16% Muslim, and 15%traditional and other religious groups.[94] The 2000 census listed 69% Christian, 16% Muslim, 8.5% traditional, 6%no religion, and 0.7% other.[74]

CitiesThis is a list of the largest cities, each region may include several cities, which are in very close proximity to eachother.

A view of the suburbs surrounding the central business district of Accra, the capital of Ghana, June 2008.

HealthAs of 2009, life expectancy at birth is about 63 years for males and females [47][96] with infant mortality at 51 per1000 live births.[96] The total fertility rate is about 4 children per woman. There are about 15 physicians and 93nurses per 100,000 persons.[97] 4.5% of the country's GDP was spent on health in 2003.[97] Attempts to improve thehealthcare system in Ghana are believed to have been hampered by a high rate of corruption within the GhanaMinistry of Health, Ghana Health Service and National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS).[98] The EuropeanCommission donated €52 million (GH¢ 110 million) in January 2012 to reduce maternal mortality and achieve theMDG 5 targets.[60]

Ghana 18

LanguagesEthnologue lists a total of 79 languages[99] for Ghana. English is the country's official language and predominates ingovernment and business affairs. It is also the standard language used for educational instruction. Native Ghanaianlanguages are divided into six families of the Niger–Congo languages. The Kwa family, which is spoken by about70% of the country's population, includes Akan and Ga–Dangme. They are spoken primarily in the southern half ofthe country and along the Volta river. The Gbe languages, once included in Kwa, are represented by Ewe, spoken inthe south east of the Volta. The Gur family includes Dagbani, Dagaare, and Frafra, and are found predominantly inthe north. Two Kulango languages, previously thought to be Gur, are spoken in the central west border region.Senufo, in the north, is represented by Nafaanra. There are also two Mande languages, Bissa, in the northeast corner,and Ligbi, spoken near Kulango.Nine languages have the status of government-sponsored languages: Akan, Ewe, Dagomba (Dagbane), Dangme,Dagaare, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, and Nzema.[2] Though not an official language, Hausa is the lingua-franca amongGhana's Muslims.Since 2007, all university and college institutions in Ghana provided Chinese language courses. This initiativereflected the People's Republic of China's growing role as a superpower and Ghana's close ties with China.[100] Inaddition, as an OIF associated-member, French is increasingly taught in Ghana's high schools.[101]

Religion

Religion in Ghana (2000 census)[74][94]

Religion Percent

Christianity 69.1%

Islam 15.6%

Traditional 8.5%

None 6.1%

Other religions 0.7%

Wesley Methodist Cathedral, Kumasi

Christianity is the country's largest religion, andpredominates in southern areas and parts of the northernregions, while Islam is more populous in parts of thenorthern regions.Christian–Muslim relations in Ghana are peaceful, tolerantand bilateral, without the sectarian violence of neighboringcountries with similar regional divides such as IvoryCoast.[102] A declining percentage of the populationpractice traditional African religions.[103]

Christianity is the largest religion in Ghana, practiced bysome 69 percent of the population, according to the 2000census.[104] Christianity was introduced by Europeans onthe coast of Ghana in the fourteenth century, and spread with them. Christian denominations include Catholicism,Methodism, Anglicanism, Presbyterianism, Lutheranism, Seventh-Day Adventism, Pentecostalism, and Baptists.[105]

Islam is the faith of 16% of the population. It was introduced northern Ghana by the Soninke and Dyula in the 15th century. There are four primary branches of Islam in the country: the largest group are Sunnis of the traditional Maliki school, followed by the Ahmadiyya (Ghana has the largest percentage of Ahmadis by single country in the world), and then by the Sufi Tijani-brotherhood, who are also Sunni Malikis, and a small number of Shia in urban

Ghana 19

areas in the south. Ghana has a unique syncretistic faith, Zetahil, which combines elements of Christianity andIslam.[104]

Traditional religion is practiced by 8.5%. There are also syncretistic groups which combine elements of Christianityor Islam with traditional beliefs.[104]

Hinduism is administered by Ghana's Hindu Monastery headed by Swami Ghananand Saraswati. Hindudenominations include Hare Krishna, Sat Sang, and Sri Sathya Sai Baba Sera. As of 2009 there were about 10,000African Hindus in Ghana.[106] Hinduism is the fastest growing religion followed by Buddhism.[107]

There are small numbers of other religions in Ghana, including Ninchiren Shoshu Sōka Gakkai, Shintoism, Bahá'íFaith, Jehovah's Witnesses, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Eckankar, the Divine Light Mission, theRastafari movement, and Judaism–House of Israel (Ghana) which is practiced by among the Sefwi, a subgroup ofthe Akan.[104]

Culture and mediaGhana is an ethnically diverse country that is predominantly influenced by the ancient Kingdoms of the Akan.Ghanaian culture is a mixture of the cultures of its peoples, predominantly Akan, Ewe, Ga-Adangbe, and Dagomba,with the Akan being dominant. Ghana's cultural diversity is most evident in cuisine, arts, and clothing.[108]

Sports

Kumasi Sports Stadium

Accra Sports Stadium

Sekondi-Takoradi Stadium

Football is the most popular sport. The national men's football team is known as the Black Stars, with the under-20team known as the Black Satellites. Ghana has participated in many championships including the African Cup ofNations, the FIFA World Cup and the FIFA U-20 World Cup. In the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Ghana became the thirdAfrican country to reach the quarter final stage of the World Cup after Cameroon in 1990 and Senegal in 2002.[109]

There are several club football teams in Ghana, which play in the Ghana Premier League and Division One League,both managed by the Ghana Football Association.The country has also produced quite a few quality boxers such as Azumah Nelson a three time world champion,Nana Yaw Konadu also a three time world champion, Ike Quartey, and Joshua Clottey.[108]

Ghana 20

Arts

AkanKente cloth

Textiles are very important in Ghanaian culture. These cloths are used to maketraditional and modern attire. Different symbols and different colours meandifferent things. Kente is probably the most famous of all the Ghanaian cloths.Kente is an Akan ceremonial cloth hand-woven on a horizontal treadle loom.Strips measuring about 4 inches wide are sewn together into larger pieces ofcloths. Cloths come in various colours, sizes and designs and are worn duringvery important social and religious occasions. In a cultural context, kente is moreimportant than just a cloth. It is a visual representation of history and also a formof written language through weaving. The term kente has its roots in the Twiword kɛntɛn which means a basket. The first kente weavers used raffia fibres toweave cloths that looked like kenten (a basket); and thus were referred to askenten ntoma; meaning basket cloth. The original Asante name of the cloth wasnsaduaso or nwontoma, meaning "a cloth hand-woven on a loom"; however,"kente" is the most frequently used term today. Variations of narrow-strip clothssimilar to kente are also woven by the ethnic group Ga. It is also popular among the African diaspora.

Ghana has been recognized on the international level through several artists, including the Kane Kwei CarpentryWorkshop and Eric Adjetey Anang who are creating the famous design coffins.

Music

A group of drummers performing in the capital city ofAccra

The music of Ghana is diverse and varies between different ethnicgroups and regions. Ghanaian music incorporates several distincttypes of musical instruments such as the talking drum ensembles,goje fiddle and koloko lute, court music, including the Akanatumpan, the Ga kpanlogo styles, and log xylophones used inasonko music. The most well known genres to have come fromGhana are Afro-jazz which was created by Ghanaian artist KofiGhanaba.[110] and its earliest form of secular music is calledhighlife. Highlife originated in the late 19th century and early 20thcentury and spread throughout West Africa. In the 1990s a newgenre of music was created by the youth incorporating theinfluences of Highlife Afro-reggae, dancehall and hiphop. This

hybrid was called Hiplife. Ghanaian artists such as R&B and soul singer Rhian Benson and highlife singer KojoAntwi have had international success.

DanceFurther information: Kpanlogo and Azonto Dance

Ghana 21

Ghana Cultural Dance Group performing.

Dancers performing in Ghana.

Ghanaian dance is as diverse as its music. Each ethnic group has their own traditional dances and there are differentdances for different occasions.There are dances for funerals, celebrations, storytelling, praise and worship etc. Some of these dances include adowa,kpanlogo (azonto), klama, and bamaya.

MediaThe media of Ghana is one of the most free in Africa. Chapter 12 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana guaranteesfreedom of the press and independence of the media, while Chapter 2 prohibits censorship.[111] Post independence,the government and media often had a tense relationship, with private outlets closed during the military coups andstrict media laws that prevent criticism of government.[112] The media freedoms were restored in 1992, and after theelection in 2000 of John Agyekum Kufuor the tensions between the private media and government decreased.Kufuor was a supporter of press freedom and repealed a libel law, though maintained that the media had to actresponsibly.[113] The Ghanaian media has been described as "one of the most unfettered" in Africa, operating withlittle restriction on private media. The private press often carries criticism of government policy.[114] The media werevigorous in their coverage of the 2008 Ghanaian presidential election, and the Ghanaian Journalists Association(GJA) praised John Atta Mills on his election, hoping to foster a good media-government relationship.[115]

Education

Ghanaian Elementary school children, March 2007

Ghana 22

Ghanaian High school students in a classroom, March 2008

Ghanaian College students, November 2011

The adult literacy rate in Ghana was 65% in 2007, with males at 71.7% and females at 58.3%.[116] Ghana has a6-year primary education system beginning at age six, and, under the educational reforms implemented in 1987 andreformed in 2007, they pass on to a 3-year junior high school system. At the end of the 3rd year of junior high, thereis a mandatory "Basic Education Certificate Examination". Those continuing must complete the 3-year senior highschool program and take an admission exam to enter any university or tertiary programme.Presently, Ghana has 21,530 primary schools, 8,850 junior secondary schools, 900 senior secondary schools, 52public training colleges, 5 private training colleges, 5 polytechnical institutions, 4 non-university public tertiaryinstitutions, 8 public universities and over 45 private tertiary institutions.[117] Most Ghanaians have relatively easyaccess to primary and secondary education. These numbers can be contrasted with the single university and handfulof secondary and primary schools that existed at the time of independence in 1957. Ghana's spending on educationhas varied between 28–40% of its annual budget in the past decade. All teaching is done in English, mostly byqualified Ghanaian educators.The courses taught at the primary or basic school level include English, Ghanaian language and culture,mathematics, environmental studies, social studies and French as a third language are added, integrated or generalscience, pre-vocational skills and pre-technical skills, religious and moral education, and physical activities such asmusic, dance and physical education. The senior high level school curriculum has core subjects and elective subjectsof which students must take four the core subjects of English language, mathematics, integrated science (includingscience, agriculture and environmental studies) and social studies (economics, geography, history andgovernment).[116]

The high school students also choose 3 elective subjects from 5 available programmes: agriculture programme,general programme (arts or science option), business programme, vocational programme and technicalprogramme.[118] Apart from most primary and secondary schools which choose the Ghanaian system of schooling,there are also international schools such as the Ghana International School [119], Takoradi International School,Tema International School, Galaxy International School, The Roman Ridge School, Lincoln Community School,Faith Montessori School, American International School, SOS Hermann Gmeiner International College andInternational Community School, which offer the International Baccalaureat, Advanced Level General Certificate ofEducation and the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (IGCSE).

Ghana 23

Main entrance to the University of Ghana's Balme Library in Accra

Side view of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) College of Architecture and Planning in Kumasi

With over 95% of its children in school, Ghana currently has one of the highest school enrollment rates in all ofAfrica.[120][121] The ratio of girls to boys in the total education system is 1:0.96, which for a West African country isa considerable achievement.[122] That said, some 470,000 children still remain out of school because of corruption,which has led to resource constraints in building schools, providing adequate textbooks and training newteachers.[123]

There are six national public universities in Ghana, the University of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah University of Scienceand Technology, University of Cape Coast, University of Education, University for Development Studies andUniversity of Mines and Technology.[124] Ghana also has a growing number of accredited private universitiesincluding Ashesi University College [125], Central University College [126], Catholic University College [127] andValley View University [128].[129]

The oldest university in Ghana, The University of Ghana, was founded in 1948. It had a total of about 29,754students in 2008. Its programmes in the Arts, Humanities, Business, and the Social Sciences, as well as Medicine arethe best in the country. The University has produced the bulk of lawyers and politicians in the country.

University students at the Kwame NkrumahUniversity of Science and Technology (KNUST),

February 2011

Unfortunately, the university's stiff opposition to the standard of a newsenior secondary school system have seen a shift of its traditionallybest students to the Kwame Nkrumah University.[130] Since Ghana'sindependence, the country has been one of the most educational insub-Saharan Africa. Former UN Secretary General Kofi Annan hasbeen chancellor of the University of Ghana since 2008.

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, the seconduniversity to be established in Ghana, is the premier university ofscience and technology in Ghana and West Africa.[116]

Further reading

• Arhin, Kwame, The Life and Work of Kwame Nkrumah, (Africa Research & Publications, 1995)

Ghana 24

• Babatope, Ebenezer, The Ghana Revolution: From Nkrumah to Jerry Rawlings, (Fourth Dimension Publishing,1982)

• Birmingham, David, Kwame Nkrumah: Father Of African Nationalism, (Ohio University Press, 1998)• Boafo-Arthur, Kwame, Ghana: One Decade of the Liberal State, (Zed Books Ltd, 2007)• Briggs, Philip, Ghana (Bradt Travel Guide), (Bradt Travel Guides, 2010)• Clark, Gracia, African Market Women: Seven Life Stories from Ghana, (Indiana University Press, 2010)• Cottrell, Anna, Once upon a Time in Ghana: Traditional Ewe Stories Retold in English, (Troubador Publishing

Ltd, 2007)• Davidson, Basil, Black Star: A View of the Life and Times of Kwame Nkrumah, (James Currey, 2007)• Falola, Toyin and Salm, Stephen J, Culture and Customs of Ghana, (Greenwood, 2002)• Gocking, Roger S, The History of Ghana, (Greenwood, 2005)• Grant, Richard, Globalizing City: The Urban and Economic Transformation of Accra, Ghana, (Syracuse

University Press, 2008)• Hadjor, Kofi Buenor, Nkrumah and Ghana (Africa Research & Publications, 2003)• Hasty, Jennifer, The Press and Political Culture in Ghana, (Indiana University Press, 2005)• Kuada, John and Chachah Yao, Ghana. Understanding the People and their Culture, (Woeli Publishing Services,

1999)• Miescher, Stephan F, Making Men in Ghana, (Indiana University Press, 2005)• Milne, June, Kwame Nkrumah, A Biography, (Panaf Books, 2006)• Nkrumah, Kwame, Ghana : The Autobiography of Kwame Nkrumah, (International Publishers, 1971)• Utley, Ian, Ghana – Culture Smart!: the essential guide to customs & culture, (Kuperard, 2009)• Various, Ghana: An African Portrait Revisited, (Peter E. Randall Publisher, 2007)• Younge, Paschal Yao, Music and Dance Traditions of Ghana: History, Performance and Teaching, (Mcfarland &

Co Inc., 2011)

Footnotes and references

Footnotesa. i/ˈɡɑːnə/, officially the Republic of Ghana

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of Ghana in Washington, D.C.. . Retrieved 9 April 2012.[3] Bartlett, Duncan (10 November 2010). "Korea uses G20 to nurture African links" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ news/ business-11730513). BBC

News. . Retrieved 20 March 2011.[4] 2010 Provisional Census Results Out (http:/ / www. ghana. gov. gh/ index. php?option=com_content& view=article&

id=4712:2010-provisional-census-results-out& catid=88:daily-news-summary& Itemid=236). 4 February 2011. Ghana Government. 2010. .Retrieved 7 February 2011.

[5] "Ghana" (http:/ / www. imf. org/ external/ pubs/ ft/ weo/ 2012/ 01/ weodata/ weorept. aspx?pr. x=67& pr. y=13& sy=2009& ey=2012&scsm=1& ssd=1& sort=country& ds=. & br=1& c=652& s=NGDPD,NGDPDPC,PPPGDP,PPPPC,LP& grp=0& a=). International MonetaryFund. . Retrieved 2012-April-18.

[6] "Human Development Report 2010" (http:/ / hdr. undp. org/ en/ media/ HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint. pdf). United Nations. 2010. .Retrieved 4 November 2010.

[7] Jackson, John G. Introduction to African Civilizations, 2001. Page 201.[8] MacLean, Iain. Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair, 2001. Page 76.[9] Video: A New Nation. Gold Coast becomes Ghana In Ceremony, 1957/03/07 (1957) (http:/ / www. archive. org/ details/

1957-03-07_A_New_Nation). Universal Newsreel. 1957. . Retrieved 20 February 2012.[10] "First For Sub-Saharan Africa" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ worldservice/ africa/ features/ storyofafrica/ 14chapter3. shtml). BBC. . Retrieved

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Ghana 25

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[12] "World Cocoa - WorldCrops.com" (http:/ / www. worldcrops. com/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2010/ 11/WORLD-COCOA-May-03-2011-WorldCrops. com_. pdf). worldcrops.com. . Retrieved 29 February 2012.

[13] "Geography.about.com" (http:/ / geography. about. com/ library/ cia/ blcghana. htm). Geography.about.com. . Retrieved 26 June 2010.[14] "Ghana – MSN Encarta" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5kwptUKKy). Ghana – MSN Encarta. Archived from the original (http:/ / encarta.

msn. com/ encyclopedia_761570799/ Ghana. html) on 31 October 2009. ., Encarta.msn.com[15] "Etymology of Ghana" (http:/ / www. etymonline. com/ index. php?term=Ghana). Douglas Harper. . Retrieved 12 May 2012.[16] "Ghana Museums & Monuments Board" (http:/ / www. ghanamuseums. org/ archaeo-sites-others. php). ghanamuseums.org. . Retrieved 15

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ei=E7F5TdnsEZPzrAHBxMjCBQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=5& ved=0CD0Q6AEwBA#v=onepage& q=Adansi&f=falseCristalization).books.google.com. Retrieved 13 December 2010.

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governance). Books.google.com. 2005. ISBN 978-0-313-31894-8. . Retrieved 26 June 2010.[30] "Ghana Flag" (http:/ / www. ghanaweb. com/ GhanaHomePage/ republic/ flag. php). Ghanaweb.com. . Retrieved 26 June 2010.[31] Adam Curtis (22 June 1992). "Interview with John Stockwell on "Black Power"". BBC Two series, "Pandora's Box":.[32] "Ghana – MSN Encarta" (http:/ / www. webcitation. org/ 5kwpu3n3T). Ghana – MSN Encarta. Archived from the original (http:/ / encarta.

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[41] "Hu Jintao Holds Talks with President of Ghana Mills" (http:/ / www. fmprc. gov. cn/ eng/ wjb/ zzjg/ fzs/ gjlb/ 2999/ 3001/ t755583. htm).Author: fmprc.gov.cn. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. 20 September 2010. . Retrieved 4 January 2012.

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[43] "Chapter 5. National Security" (http:/ / www. marines. mil/ news/ publications/ Documents/ Ghana Study_5. pdf). marines.mil. UnitedStates Marine Corps. . Retrieved 19 January 2012.:12–14

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[49] Charles Kenny & Andy Sumner (12 July 2011). "How 28 poor countries escaped the poverty trap" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/global-development/ poverty-matters/ 2011/ jul/ 12/ world-bank-reclassifies-28-poor-countries). The Guardian. . Retrieved 1 April 2012.

[50] Vincent Tay & Frank Odhiambo. "The Poverty Millennium Development Goal - What water, sanitation and hygiene can do in Ghana"(http:/ / www. lboro. ac. uk/ well/ resources/ Publications/ Country Notes/ CN1. 1 Ghana. htm). lboro.ac.uk. Loughborough University. .Retrieved 1 April 2012.

[51] "High Food Prices and Popular Uprisings – Is Ghana at Risk?" (http:/ / www. ghanaweb. com/ GhanaHomePage/ NewsArchive/ artikel.php?ID=204866). Ghanaweb.com. . Retrieved 19 February 2012.

[52] "Ghama Market Introduction" (http:/ / www. britishcouncil. org/ eumd-information-background-ghana. htm). britishcouncil.org. BritishCouncil. . Retrieved 8 March 2012.

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External links• List of books about Ghana (http:/ / www. bu. edu/ africa/ outreach/ materials/ handouts/ ghanares. html)• Proverbs from Ghana (http:/ / www. bu. edu/ africa/ outreach/ materials/ handouts/ gp. html)• Business Anti-Corruption Portal (http:/ / www. business-anti-corruption. dk/ normal. asp?pageid=82) Ghana

country profile• Rural poverty in Ghana (http:/ / www. ruralpovertyportal. org/ web/ guest/ country/ home/ tags/ ghana)Government• Ghana (http:/ / www. ghana. gov. gh/ ) official website• The Parliament of Ghana (http:/ / www. parliament. gh/ ) official site• National Commission on Culture (http:/ / www. ghanaculture. gov. gh/ ) official site

Ghana 29

• Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ world-leaders-1/world-leaders-g/ ghana. html)

General information• Country Profile (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 1/ hi/ world/ africa/ country_profiles/ 1023355. stm) from BBC News• Ghana (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ nations/ Ghana) from Encyclopaedia Britannica• Ghana (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ gh. html) entry at The World

Factbook• Ghana (http:/ / ucblibraries. colorado. edu/ govpubs/ for/ ghana. htm) from UCB Libraries GovPubs• Ghana (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Regional/ Africa/ Ghana/ ) at the Open Directory Project•• Wikimedia Atlas of Ghana• The African Activist Archive Project (http:/ / africanactivist. msu. edu/ ) website has photographs of the All

Africa People's Conference held in Accra, Ghana, 5–13 December 1958 including Kwame Nkrumah, PrimeMinister of Ghana (http:/ / africanactivist. msu. edu/ image. php?objectid=476), addressing the conference, theAmerican Committee on Africa delegation (http:/ / africanactivist. msu. edu/ image. php?objectid=85) meetingwith Nkrumah, and of Patrick Duncan and Alfred Hutchinson (http:/ / africanactivist. msu. edu/ image.php?objectid=470) of South Africa at the conference.

• Key Development Forecasts for Ghana (http:/ / www. ifs. du. edu/ ifs/ frm_CountryProfile. aspx?Country=GH)from International Futures

Health• Unite For Sight at Buduburam Refugee Camp, Ghana (http:/ / video. google. com/

videoplay?docid=-424538484738181565& hl=en)• Ghana Eye Foundation (http:/ / www. ghanaeyefoundation. org/ )Sport• 1st Online Ghana Sports Portal (http:/ / www. sportikaghana. com)

Article Sources and Contributors 30

Article Sources and ContributorsGhana  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=502923463  Contributors: -- April, 007Osprey, 03debauss12, 05john94, 149AFK, 172, 1exec1, 9258fahsflkh917fas, A Softer Answer,A Werewolf, A little insignificant, A12n, A8UDI, A930913, AJR, Aaker, Aaron north, Acemail1, Acntx, AdamSommerton, Adamnyc77, Adamshappy, Adashiel, Addshore, Adiay, AdjustShift,Aduboahensafo, Aecis, Africricket, Afro tall, AgentPeppermint, Ahbude, Ahetloi, Ahoerstemeier, Aims94, Aitias, Ajl772, Ajraddatz, Akanemoto, Akriasas, Akuamoah-Boateng, Alan Liefting,Alansohn, Ale jrb, AlefZet, Alex43223, Alexander Liptak, AlexiusHoratius, Alipug, Allen1112, Als242, Altenmann, Am86, Amakuru, Amdanish, Amekomedo, Ameys, Ammon86, Anak 1,Anaxial, Andonic, Andre Engels, Andrea105, Andres rojas22, Andy Marchbanks, Andycjp, Anime931, Anishno1, Ann Stouter, Another Believer, Antandrus, Aranel, Archsia, Ardonik, Arichnad,Arjun01, ArkinAardvark, Armbrust, Arwel Parry, Asedabruce, Astrotrain, Atomicnumber3, AtticusX, Atwum, Aude, Austingh, Auximines, Avala, Avicennasis, Avoided, AwamerT,Awesomedude900, AxG, Ayebea24, Ayiku, AzaToth, Azalea pomp, B, BD2412, Babayara, Babij, Bachrach44, Badagnani, Balastone, Baronnet, Basalisk, BashBrannigan, Battlekow,Bayerischermann, Bazonka, Bbbrown, Bcorr, Bejnar, Bellagio99, Belovedfreak, Ben Ben, Benoni, BertSen, Betty Kerner, Big Adamsky, Big Bird, Bigehn77, Bihco, Biker Biker, BillFlis,Billinghurst, Billystew, BinaryTed, Bisaya, Bjeversole, Bkell, Bkonrad, BlackOcelot, Blambloom, Bleff, Bletch, Blue520, Bluerasberry, Blurty123, Bnynms, Bobblewik, Bobicerox1356,Bobo192, Bobokine, Bobp199990, Bobrayner, Bogdangiusca, Boing! said Zebedee, Bolivian Unicyclist, Bonadea, Bongo-Ghana, Bongwarrior, Boongoman, Bornintheguz, Bourbeasly, Briaboru,Brian0918, Brion VIBBER, BritishWatcher, Brobby93, Brockle, Bsadowski1, Buaidh, Burlywood, Burningdwarf, Bushcarrot, CJ King, CO, Cabocentella, Cactus.man, CalJW, Calliopejen1,Caltas, Calvin 1998, Camillebear, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canderson7, Cantus, Capnvan, Caponer, CardinalDan, CarlKenner, CarterBoydBear, Cbdorsett, Cburnett, Ccirulli, Ceejayoz,Centerspot, Chadlupkes, CharlesMartel, CharlotteWebb, Chenzw, Cherry blossom tree, Chichiwill, Chickyfuzz123, Chinesedonkey, Chodorkovskiy, ChongDae, Chowbok, Chris 73,Chrishmt0423, Chrism, Chrisnavaro, Chriswiki, ChromeVan, Chuckiesdad, Chun-hian, Chunky-carlos, Cit helper, Civil Engineer III, Ckatz, Clucar05, Cmc0, Cntras, Cobaltbluetony, Codetiger,Cohesion, Collix, Collounsbury, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Complex (de), Conb123, Conte di Cavour, Conversion script, Cool Blue, Courcelles, CowboySpartan, Cpl Syx, Craigy144,Crebbin, Credema, Crimzonsol, CristoferDrewIngle, Crosstemplejay, Crowish, Curb Chain, Curiousjack, Curtbeckmann, CutOffTies, Cwmhiraeth, Cwolfsheep, D2brigaders, D6, DARTHSIDIOUS 2, DBaba, DD Ting, Dadofsam, Daf, Daisy1213, Daisy1995, Dale Arnett, Dan100, Danger, Daniel Dogman, Daniel024, Daniel32708, Daniel5127, Daniel563, Danny, Dark Shikari,Darkfight, Darwinek, David Kernow, Davidcannon, Davidley, Davokills, Dcmacnut, Ddodrehtse, DeadEyeArrow, DeborahFL, Deciiva, Deflective, Dekisugi, Delivernews, Delldot, Demicx,DerHexer, Desmondhanson, Dewan357, Dfrg.msc, Diannaa, Dina, Diop, Discospinster, DivineIntervention, Dlohcierekim, DmanCA, Dmporsche356, Dmyersturnbull, DobbyD, Doctor yellow,Docu, Doczilla, Doggydog1, Dogru144, Dom Kaos, Domaleixo, Dominic.sedghi, Dosai, Dotteywatson, Dputig07, Dr. Blofeld, Dr.crawboney, Dragonballz, Drbug, Drewvkamp, Drmies,Dsimcha, Dsp13, Dspradau, DuncanHill, Dungodung, Dureo, Dysepsion, EJF, EJavanainen, ENeville, ESkog, Easywiki, Ebenasare, Ed Poor, Edderso, Editit, Editorofthewiki, Edivorce,Edward321, Eeekmikel, El C, Elassint, Elayxar, Elcocinero, Electionworld, Elia baderman, Embee111, Emmanuel numapau, Emzzile, EncycloPetey, Epbr123, Epp, Eric Blatant, Error9900,Escape Orbit, Escottf, Esn, Esrever, Ethanz, Eu.stefan, EvelinaB, Everard Proudfoot, Everyking, Ewulp, Exaybachay, Excelsior Deo, Excirial, Extransit, Eyu100, FF2010, Faboba, Facts707,Falcon8765, Favonian, FayssalF, FelineAvenger, Fentener van Vlissingen, Ferkelparade, Fetchcomms, Feydey, Fieldday-sunday, Finngall, Flatterworld, Flowerpotman, Flowers102201, Fluri,Flyguy649, Fogster, Folic Acid, Fortismereschoolofsecondary, Foxj, Foxman95, Fraggle81, Fram, FrancoGG, Fratrep, Freakofnurture, Free25, FreedomisforALL, Fremsley, Fresh30,Fromgermany, Fry1989, Frymaster, Funandtrvl, Funnyhat, Fuser2016, Fuzzypeaches01, GHANYO-BI, GRUM75, Gabbe, Gailtb, GameGod, Ganymead, Gappiah, Gareth E Kegg, Garik, GarionMywaywood, Gasimabdel, Gaz, Gdritchie, Ged UK, Geni, GenuineMongol, Geoff Plourde, Geromes, Gggh, Ghana 4eva, Ghanadot, Ghepeu, Ghettodude, Ghgaf, Ghnprincess, Giffpoop, Gilliam,Ginsengbomb, Giraffedata, Girmitya, Glen, Glenn, Glenn L, Gliese876, Go Phightins!, Godtiger2990, Gogo Dodo, Golbez, Gonzonoir, Good Olfactory, Goodvac, Gopeople, GorillaWarfare,Gottago, Grafen, Grayfell, Green Giant, Greenshed, GregorB, Gregory Heffley, Grendelkhan, Grim23, GrouchyDan, Grunge6910, Grunners, Grutness, Gruvydhruvy, Gryffindor, Gscshoyru,Guanlongwucaii, Guijoe58, Gullucum, Gurch, Gurchzilla, Gurubrahma, Gwernol, Gznorneplatz, Gzornenplatz, Göhr, H, H0n0r, HJ Mitchell, HaeB, Haileo, HalfShadow, HamburgerRadio,Hanzatron, HappyCamper, HasperHunter, Haterdsdsgbhbd, Hazel77, Hbaker21, Hdt83, Hebrides, HeikoEvermann, Helpwiki25, Heroeswithmetaphors, Herostratus, Hiddekel, Hiswill78, Hmains,Hmmst, Hot200245, Hotcrocodile, Htonl, Hu, Hughcharlesparker, Husounde, Hyacinth, Hydeblake, I think 2 + 2 = 22., Ice Cold Beer, Icfgh, Ichabod, Idaltu, Ief, IkonicDeath, Ilikepastealot,Immunize, Indon, Insanity Incarnate, InspectorSands, Interlingua, Into The Fray, IronGargoyle, Ironcito, Isaiahcambron, Isthatyou, IstvanWolf, Ivirivi00, Ixfd64, J. 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Flag of Ghana.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Benchill, Fry1989, Henswick, Homo lupus,Indolences, Jarekt, Klemen Kocjancic, Magasjukur2, Neq00, OAlexander, SKopp, ThomasPusch, Threecharlie, Torstein, Zscout370, 5 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 31

File:Ghana COA.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ghana_COA.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Schnecke.eduFile:Ghana (orthographic projection).svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ghana_(orthographic_projection).svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Image source: Martin23230;* Derivative work:File:Increase2.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Increase2.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: SarangImage:Speakerlink.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speakerlink.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors: Woodstone. Original uploader wasWoodstone at en.wikipediaFile:Ghana rel 2007.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ghana_rel_2007.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: United States Central Intelligence AgencyFile:Akan face.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Akan_face.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: AlkaliSoaps (Mary & Jon)Image:Ashanti Yam Ceremony 1817.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ashanti_Yam_Ceremony_1817.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Thomas E.BowdichImage:Ashant architecture.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ashant_architecture.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Thomas Edward BowdichImage:Asantewaa.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Asantewaa.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: 21:56, 11. Dez 2002 . . Pandora (DiskussionImage:Prempeh I.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Prempeh_I.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: LubiczImage:Golden stool 31 January 1935.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Golden_stool_31_January_1935.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: UK govImage:Cape coast castle II.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cape_coast_castle_II.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: User:DavidLeyImage:Independence Arch - Accra, Ghana1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Independence_Arch_-_Accra,_Ghana1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 Contributors: George AppiahFile:1989 CPA 6101.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1989_CPA_6101.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Scanned and processed by MarilunaFile:Ghana regions named.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ghana_regions_named.png  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:User:GolbezFile:Ghana's 50th Independence Anniversary.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ghana's_50th_Independence_Anniversary.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution 2.0  Contributors: NiyyieImage:Osu castle.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Osu_castle.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Stig NygaardImage:Christiansborg Castle2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Christiansborg_Castle2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: FSII, Katharinaiv, M.K.,ValentinianFile:Supreme Court of Ghana.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Supreme_Court_of_Ghana.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:Guido Sohne from Accra, GhanaImage:Kwame Nkrumah (JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kwame_Nkrumah_(JFKWHP-AR6409-A).jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: Martin H.Image:China Ghana Locator.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:China_Ghana_Locator.png  License: Creative Commons Zero  Contributors: DiscottFile:Kofi Annan.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kofi_Annan.jpg  License: Agência Brasil  Contributors: Ricardo Stuckert/ABrImage:Alhaji Grunshi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alhaji_Grunshi.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: UncreditedImage:US Navy 051015-F-5789F-040 Ghanaian soldiers run to their positions while engaged in amphibious operations in southwest Ghana during the West African Training Cruise '06(WATC).jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Navy_051015-F-5789F-040_Ghanaian_soldiers_run_to_their_positions_while_engaged_in_amphibious_operations_in_southwest_Ghana_during_the_West_African_Training_Cruise_'06_(WATC).jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: MarkMysoe, TangopasoImage:Ghanaian Navy 035.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ghanaian_Navy_035.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: U.S. Air Force photo by Master Sgt.Steve Faulisi (RELEASED)File:Sunyani Cocoa House.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sunyani_Cocoa_House.jpg  License: Creative Commons world66  Contributors: DO11.10, Glenn,Katharinaiv, NesnadImage:President John F. Kennedy Meets with the President of the Republic of Ghana, Osagyefo Dr. Kwame Nkrumah (JFKWHP-AR6409-B).jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:President_John_F._Kennedy_Meets_with_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Ghana,_Osagyefo_Dr._Kwame_Nkrumah_(JFKWHP-AR6409-B).jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: Martin H.Image:Jerry Rawlings 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Jerry_Rawlings_1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:PruneauImage:LuladaSilvaeJohnKufuor.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:LuladaSilvaeJohnKufuor.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors: RicardoStuckert/PRImage:MiguelJorgeeJohnAttaMills.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MiguelJorgeeJohnAttaMills.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.5  Contributors:Roosewelt Pinheiro/ABrFile:Elmina slave castle.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Elmina_slave_castle.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:User:DavidLeyFile:US Navy 071118-N-0193M-829 Members of deck department use a crane to move vehicles and equipment off of the amphibious dock landing ship USS Fort McHenry (LSD43).jpg  Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:US_Navy_071118-N-0193M-829_Members_of_deck_department_use_a_crane_to_move_vehicles_and_equipment_off_of_the_amphibious_dock_landing_ship_USS_Fort_McHenry_(LSD_43).jpg License: Public Domain  Contributors: Katharinaiv, MarkMysoe, Martin H.File:Containerterminal in Tema, Ghana.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Containerterminal_in_Tema,_Ghana.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: SteKrueBeFile:Beach with palms Ghana.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Beach_with_palms_Ghana.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: ErikKristensenImage:Kakum National Park.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kakum_National_Park.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:Monocletophat123Image:Elefanten Mole National Park.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Elefanten_Mole_National_Park.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unported  Contributors: Joerg ScherbaumFile:VoltaRiverWithAdombeBridge183-1-.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:VoltaRiverWithAdombeBridge183-1-.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Originaluploader was Siyajkak at ja.wikipediaFile:Accra high street.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Accra_high_street.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Guido SohneFile:Accra Skyline - Wide view.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Accra_Skyline_-_Wide_view.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Armbrust, Martin H.File:Magnify-clip.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Magnify-clip.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Erasoft24File:Wesley Methodist Cathedral, Kumasi, Ghana.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wesley_Methodist_Cathedral,_Kumasi,_Ghana.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: ZSMImage:Baba Yara Sports Stadium in Kumasi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Baba_Yara_Sports_Stadium_in_Kumasi.jpg  License: Public domain  Contributors:Michael Schubert. Original uploader was Schubi-uetersen at de.wikipediaImage:Ohene Djan stadium, Accra.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ohene_Djan_stadium,_Accra.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: BenSutherland from Forest Hill, London, European UnionImage:Sekondi-Takoradi Stadium 2008.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sekondi-Takoradi_Stadium_2008.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike2.0  Contributors: User:Dj nix, User:KimseFile:Kent wove.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kent_wove.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Bkell, 1 anonymous editsFile:Dashiki and kufi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dashiki_and_kufi.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Emilio Labrador

Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 32

Image:Ghana dance.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ghana_dance.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Cirt, FlickreviewR, Foroa,Katharinaiv, OttawaAC, RosenzweigImage:Dance performance in Ghana.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dance_performance_in_Ghana.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: oneVillage InitiativeImage:Ghana students.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ghana_students.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Henry Akorsu (USAID)Image:Classroom in Ghana.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Classroom_in_Ghana.JPG  License: Creative Commons Zero  Contributors: MmanteImage:Academic site.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Academic_site.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: User:KobynkImage:Balme Library.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Balme_Library.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors:RtevelsImage:Side view of the College of Architecture and Planning.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Side_view_of_the_College_of_Architecture_and_Planning.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: KnustFile:College of Engineering, KNUST Auditorium.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:College_of_Engineering,_KNUST_Auditorium.JPG  License: CreativeCommons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: ZSM

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/