Geurds & Van Broekhoven 2013 - Creating Authenticity - eBook

7/22/2019 Geurds & Van Broekhoven 2013 - Creating Authenticity - eBook

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Cutifmtn`ctnlm Qrl`fssfs nm Ftimlercpin` Jusfujs

@rfctnme

Cutifmtn`nty

Cdfxcmkfr Efurks & Dcurc Xcm Grlfbilvfm

fkntfk gy

J f k f k f d n m e f m v c m i f t W n o b s j u s f u j v l l r X l d b f m b u m k f , D f n k f m


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Pnkfstlmf QrfssC mfw efmfrctnlm lh Qugdnsinme

^lu crf rfcknme c hudd vfrsnlm lh tins gllb, hlr hrff!

[ins gllb ns pcrt lh tif Pnkfstlmf f-dngrcry wifrf jlst lh lur

pugdn`ctnlms crf huddy c``fssngdf hlr hrff. Hlr c``fss tl jlrf

hrff gllbs vnsnt? www.snkfstlmf.`lj/dngrcry

Klwmdlck Hudd QKH

Xnsnt tif Pnkfstlmf f-dngrcry tl grlwsf lur f-gllbs. Hlr c jnmnjcd

hff ylu `cm pur`icsf c huddy hum`tnlmcd QKH cmk gy klnme sl, ylu

ifdp tl bffp lur dngrcry rummnme.

www.snkfstlmf.`lj/dngrcry


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Pnkfstlmf Qrfss

@WFC[NMECV[IFM[N@N[^


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J W X, D

Ml.

fkntfk gy Cdfxcmkfr Efurks & Dcurc Xcm Grlfbilvfm

@WFC[NMECV[IFM[N@N[^

Cutifmtn`ctnlm Qrl`fssfs nm Ftimlercpin` Jusfujs


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Jfkfkfdnmefm vcm ift Wnobsjusfuj vllr Xldbfmbumkf Ml. ;7

NPGM >59->1-99>1-716-6

7130 Mctnlmcd Jusfuj lh Ftimldley

Qugdnsifk gy Pnkfstlmf Qrfss, Dfnkfmwww.snkfstlmf.`lj

Qugdnsifk nm @llpfrctnlm wnti tif Mctnlmcd Jusfuj lh Ftimldley, Dfnkfmwww.vldbfmbumkf.mdIfck lh Qugdn`ctnlms @ljjnttff? Hcmmy Ulmu Xfys

Dcy-lut & `lvfr kfsnem? Pnkfstlmf Qrfss

Qiltlercpi `lvfr?Hrlmt? Cutifmtn` prlku`tnlms nm c`tnlm. Xnsntlrs nmtfrc`tnme wnti lgof`ts nm tif pfrjcmfmtJfslcjfrn`c ecddfry ct tif Mctnlmcd Jusfuj lh Ftimldley (Wnobsjusfuj Xldbfmbumkf, Dfnkfm).

Gc`b? tlp Eldk jcjudn (Wnobsjusfuj Xldbfmbumkf, Dfnkfm2 Dnfhbfs 00;)2 `fmtrcd Jlscn`sbudd (Wnobsjusfuj Xldbfmbumkf, Dfnkfm2 ;115-3)2 glttlj Ocr, Nrcm 30ti `fmtury, jftcd dnk3>ti `fmtury ckkntnlm (Xn`tlrnc cmk Cdgfrt Jusfuj, Dlmklm2 7;00-3958)


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@lmtfmts

Qrfhc`f vnn

@udturf Pbft`inme? [if Cutifmtn`nty Sufst nm Ftimlercpin` Jusfujs 3

Cm Nmtrlku`tnlmKr. Cdfxcmkfr Efurks

Wfcd, Hcbf lr c @ljgnmctnlm< 33

Fxcjnmnme tif Cutifmtn`nty lh c Jfslcjfrn`cm Jlscn` PbuddJcrtnm F. Gfrefr

Uifm ns Cutifmtn`< 0>

Pntuctnme Cutifmtn`nty nm tif Ntnmfrcrnfs lh Lgof`tsQrlh. Wlsfjcry Oly`f

Cutifmtn` Hlrefrnfs< 6>

Qrlh. Ldnvfr Uctslm

Hrlj Dubcs tl Dnfhbfs< 50

Cef cmk Cutifmtn`nty lh Eldk Ofwfddfry hrlj Pujgc, Nmklmfsnc

Hrcm`nmf Grnmberfvf

[if Wfcd Ptuhh? Cutifmtn`nty cmk Qiltlercpiy hrlj Fcst Erffmdcmk

nm tif Mftifrdcmks 313

Kr. @umfrc Gunos

Cdtfrmctnvf Cutifmtn`ntnfs (cmk Nmcutifmtn`ntnfs) 305

Qrlh. Pcddy Qrn`f

Cutifmtn`nty cmk @urctlrncd Qrc`tn`f 363

Kr. Dcurc M.B. Xcm Grlfbilvfm

Dnst lh `lmtrngutlrs cmk ckkrfssfs 380


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QWFHC@F

if pcpfrs nm tins vldujf crf tif lut`ljf lh c lmf-kcy syjplsnuj ct tifMctnlmcd Jusfuj lh Ftimldley nm Dfnkfm, if Mftifrdcmks, tntdfk Uict nsCutifmtn`nty< Sufstnlms lh cutifmtn`nty cmk cutifmtnhn`ctnlm nm ftimlercpin`jusfujs. Lrnenmcddy lrecmnzfk gy Dcurc Xcm Grlfbilvfm, tif syjplsnujtllb pdc`f lm Mlvfjgfr 01, 7137. icmbs crf kuf tl tif stchh lh tif MctnlmcdJusfuj lh Ftimldley hlr tifnr lrecmnzctnlmcd fhhlrts, ilspntcdnty cmk nmtfrfst.

icmbs crf kuf tl tif syjplsnujs pcrtn`npctnme sìldcrs hlr tifnr fmtiusncsj.Uf crf erctfhud tl Jcrncmc Hrcmlzl hlr dfcknme tif pcmfd knsùssnlm winìstnjudctfk knsùssnlms cglut tif nssuf lh cutifmtn`nty. wl pcpfrs wfrf udtnjctfdy

mlt nm`dukfk nm tins vldujf, lmf gy @rnstncmc Qcmfddc lm umprlvfmcm`fklgof`ts cmk tif lpc`nty lr trcmspcrfm`y cefmkcs lh jusfuj pldn`nfs, cmk lmfgy Unj vcm _cmtfm lm dnvnme ùdturf cmk cutifmtn`nty nm VMFP@L wlrdkifrntcef `lmvfmtnlms. ify, tleftifr wnti cdd ltifr pcrtn`npcmts, prlvnkfk hlrc stnjudctnme kcy lh prfsfmtctnlms cmk knsùssnlms, envnme tif nmspnrctnlm tlpugdnsi tifsf pcpfrs.

Cdfxcmkfr Efurks cmk Dcurc M.B. Xcm Grlfbilvfm


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3

@VD[VWFPBF[@INME? [IFCV[IFM[N@N[^SVFP[NM

F[IMLEWCQIN@JVPFVJP

Cm Nmtrlku`tnlm

Kr. Cdfxcmkfr Efurks

Nmtrlku`tnlm

Lgof`ts crf pdncgdf. ify `cm gf krfssfk cmk umpc`bfk, jnjn`bfk cmk hfcrfk,pdc`fk cmk inkkfm, cklrfk cmk vcdufk, `ljjlknhnfk cmk snmeudcrnsfk. Lgof`tscrf tius ljpdn`ctfk gumkdfs lh `lmtfxtucd jfcmnme, tl nmvlbf Bfcmf (7110).iluei tifnr piysn`cd hlrj cmk sugstcm`f cddukf tl c sffjnmedy dnjntfk rcmef lhnmtfrprftctnlms cmk vcdufs, tif lgof`ts pltfmtncd hlr`f cs snemnhnfr ns glumkdfss.@lmsnkfr tif fxcjpdf lh crtnscmcd cmk cernùdturcd tllds. C sn`bdf cmk c icjjfr`lmourf up wlrdks lh nkfldley (`ljjumnsj), `ldlurs (rfk cmk yfddlw), cmk`ludk fvfm gf nm tif rummnme hlr jlst pltfmt twfmtnfti-`fmtury syjgld. insrfprfsfmtctnlmcd pdncgndnty ckifrfs tl cdd tinmes wifm tify crf `cueit up nmcuknfm`fs tict spfcb lh tifj cs lgof`ts. ifrf ns c `lmstcmt prl`fss lh tins

bnmk elnme lm nm tlkcys ùdturcd nmkustry, nm`duknme tiluei mlt lh `lursffx`dusnvfdy ftimlercpin` jusfujs. Uindf suì lgof`ts cmk tif lddf`tnlms tifyjcbf up wfrf lm`f rfck gy fxpfrt ustlkncms (jusfuj urctlrs), ftimlercpin`jusfujs nm tif plst-`ldlmncd frc nmvntf kncdleuf cglut `lddf`tnlms, fmecenmewnti dl`cd cuknfm`fs cmk erlups wil fxprfss c hlrj lh rlltfkmfss nm tiftinmes prfsfrvfk nm tif jusfuj, kfstcgndnsnme mltnlms lh hnxfk ùdturfs, windfsnjudtcmflusdy `rfctnme lr rfnmhlr`nme ùdturcd nkfmtntnfs (@dnhhlrk 3>99). inspcrcklxn`cd kymcjn` jcy gf um`ljhlrtcgdf hlr jusfuj prlhfssnlmcds gut nt nscdsl njplssngdf tl knsjnss, envfm tict tif mujgfr lh `csf stuknfs mcrrctnme suìkncdleufs ns nm`rfcsnme ct c mfcr-fxplmfmtncd rctf (sff f.e. Xcm Grlfbilvfm ft cd.7131).

if syjplsnuj krfw cttfmtnlm tl tif cutilrnty lh VMFP@L nm ineidneitnmenmstntutnlmcddy-rf`lemnsfk typfs lh ùdturcd ifrntcef. Cs tif erlwnme dnst lhtcmengdf cmk nmtcmengdf wlrdk ifrntcef tfstnhnfs, tifsf typfs crf rcmbfk nm lrkfrslh cutifmtn`nty, prnvndfenme sljf typfs lvfr ltifrs. Ptndd, tifsf crf umstcgdfinfrcrìnfs. @frtcnmdy wntinm tif ifrntcef nmkustry, tif mltnlm lh cutifmtn`ntycs cm lgof`tnvf stcmkcrk hlr wict siludk gf prfsfrvfk ns mlw gfnme qufstnlmfk(Ildtlrh cmk Pìckdc-Icdd 3>>>2 Dlwfmticd 3>>62 J`Grykf 3>>5). l kctf, tifsl`ncd s`nfm`fs, tif iujcmntnfs cmk tif ifrntcef sf`tlr cppfcr tl gf knsùssnme

cutifmtn`nty cdjlst fx`dusnvfdy cs instlrn`cddy sntuctfk tict ns, `lmtnmefmt cmk


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7

@ C

sugof`t tl ìcmef, fìlnme wict Kcvnk Dlwfmticd (3>>6) `cddfk tif hdux lhcutifmtn`nty.

ins njpdnfs tict tif cutifmtn` ns stndd gfnme dl`ctfk cmk kftfrjnmfk lm c

kcndy gcsns. @lmtfjplrcry fxcjpdfs hrlj cmtirlpldley hlr`fhuddy strfss tinsprl`fss. Cmtirlpldlen`cd stuknfs lh `ljjlkntnfs cmk `ljjlkntnsctnlm, hlrfxcjpdf, sueefst tict fvfm tif fxpdn`ntdy nmcutifmtn` `cm gf rf`lm`fptucdnsfknmtl sljftinme cutifmtn`. Lgof`ts cmk tifnr nmtfrprftctnlm crf sl pdncgdf cstl fvfmtucddy lvfr`ljf gfnme grcmkfk nmcutifmtn` gy cìnfvnme c suhhn`nfmtkferff lh cutifmtn`nty, tifrfgy grfcbnme tif gnmcry kfgctf lh cutifmtn` vfrsusnmcutifmtn`, nmstfck `rfctnme kferffs lh cutifmtn`nty. @r`num (7137) cmcdysfstins grlckfmnme lh plssngdf lgof`t vcdnkctnlms cs cm cpprlxnjctnlm lh tif nkfcd,dcrefdy c``ljpdnsifk gy strfssnme pcrtnùdcr kfsnrcgdf jctfrncd qucdntnfs lh tiflgof`t. Cs grcmk cutifmtn`nty nm `ljjlkntnfs rfsnkfs dcrefdy nm tifnr lrnenm (cwfdd-bmlwm `ljjfr`ncd grcmk, hlr nmstcm`f), ltifr cspf`ts lh jctfrncdnty crfmf`fsscrndy nmvlbfk. ins ns mlt jfrf strctfensnme gy sdy prlku`frs cmk kupfk`lmsujfrs lh hcbfs2 tins kymcjn` icmkdnme lh lgof`ts gy tifnr usfrs rfvfcds tictcutifmtn`nty ns c `lmstru`t cìnfvfk tirluei sl`ncd fxpfrnfm`f (Grlwm 7131).Qrfkn`tcgdy, prlku`frs lh inei-fmk jcrbft grcmks wludk olnm jcmy jusfuj`lddf`tnlm fxpfrts nm ìcddfmenme tins vnfw. Cs wf ilpf tict tins vldujf wnddnddustrctf, ilwfvfr, cutifmtn`ctnlm tirluei prlvfmcm`f cmk/lr cef kftfrjnmctnlmcdlmf ns cs prlgdfjctn` cs usnme dfecd creujfmts tl prlvf ljjlknty cutifmtn`nty.Gy tifnr vfry mcturf, lgof`ts rfjcnm pdncgdf? tify fvlbf nkfcs, rfcdnsf njcefs, cmk

crf c humkcjfmtcd mlkf nm mftwlrbs gftwffm pflpdf cmk pdc`fs.Ufdd nmtl tif sf`lmk kf`ckf lh tif twfmty-hnrst `fmtury, cmk icvnme nmstcddfkc `rntn`cd jusfldley lm tif siludkfrs lh Hrfmì tiflry, wf jneit csb wifrfjusfuj prc`tn`f ùrrfmtdy stcmks nm tins kfgctf. Uifrf cmk wifm kl jusfujsdllb wifm hrcjnme tif cutifmtn`< if hfstnvf fxpfkntnlm tru`b lutsnkf tifMctnlmcd Jusfuj lh Ftimldley nm Dfnkfm rf`cdds tif fxpfkntnlms `ljjnssnlmfknm tif fcrdy twfmtnfti fmtury tl prlvnkf cutifmtn`nty hlr lddf`tnlms cmk jusfuj.(Hne. 3) ins bnmk lh cutifmtn`ctnlm, ilwfvfr, wcs fjpicsnsfk nm tict pcrtnùdcrpfrnlk lh fcrdy s`nfmtnhn` `lddf`tnme, nm dl`ctnlms nm Nmklmfsnc cmk L`fcmnc, hlrnmstcm`f, wifrf tif prc`tn`f lh lddf`tnme wcs nm ntsfdh jlrf njplrtcmt ticm wict

`ludk gf scnk cglut tif `lddf`tfk tinmes (sff iljcs 3>>3). @rntn`cd tiflryjckf prf`nsfdy tins njplrtcm`f fxpdn`nt, fxplsnme tif cssl`nctfk fhhf`ts lhrfnmhlr`nme rfdctnlms lh plwfr cmk bmlwdfkef. Purfdy wf kl mlt wcmt tl gypcsscdd tilsf yfcrs lh kf`lmstru`tnvnst cmk lmstru`tnvnst pcrcknejs nm hcvlur lh wictcrf fssfmtncddy ldlmncdnst creujfmts53). Dnmbnme tif hrcejfmtctnlm lh tif sl`ncd lrkfr nm hfukcd Furlpf tl tiffvfr-nm`rfcsnme fjpicsns lm tif nmknvnkucd nm Dctf Jlkfrmnty, rnddnme nkfmtnhnfsc prltrc`tfk kfvfdlpjfmt hrlj prflrkcnmfk pfrslmcd nkfmtntnfs tl tif fxprfssnlmlh c pfrslms lwm snm`frf gfnme, cmk udtnjctfdy tl tif humkcjfmtcd gfdnfh nm csc`rfk cmk umnvfrscd jlrcd sfdh. rnddnme `lmtfmks tict dl`ctnme tins sfdh, winì

Hneurf 3? Fxpfkntnlm tru`b ct tif fmtrcm`f lh tif Mctnlmcd Jusfuj lh Ftimldley.


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;

@ C

dnfs `lm`fcdfk gfmfcti sl`ncd hrcjfwlrbs, ns wict kfhnmfs tif qufst hlr pfrslmcdcutifmtn`nty.

@udturf kfpfmks lm `lpynme cmk njntctnme. Gy dllbnme ct ltifrs lr ltifr

tinmes, jlkfrm sugof`ts rfcdnsf lr jcnmtcnm tifnr njcef lh sfdh. ins sfdh-rfcdnsctnlm tirluei dllbnme ct ltifrs wcs sugsfqufmtdy dcjfmtfk gy twfmtnfti-`fmtury `rntn`cd tiflrnsts hlr nts pfr`fnvfk kftrnjfmt tl sl`nftcd cutifmtn`nty. Ctlmf plnmt nm tiflrftn`cd tinmbnme lm tif sl`ncd, nt wcs hfdt tict tif cutifmtn` wcsumkfr snfef, jlstdy hrlj tif lmsdcueit lh jlkfrmnty, nm tif prl`fss cdnfmctnmeushrlj tif cutifmtn`. Ct c dctfr stcef, tif dnmeunstn` fjpicsns cmk plstjlkfrmnsjjckf tins cssujptnlm umtfmcgdf, dfk gy tinmbfrs suì cs Cdtiussfr, Hlu`cudtcmk Glurknfu, wil creufk tif sfmsfdfssmfss lh trc`bnme klwm cm nmkfpfmkfmtrfcdnty. Cutifmtn`nty, nt wcs creufk, `ludk mlt gf tif hum`tnlm lh c mlrj, gfnmeineidy `lmtfxtucd cmk tifrfhlrf tnjf-glumk (sff fxcjpdfs hrlj pindlslpiy lhtfìmldley nm Xfrgffb 7111).

Ftimlercpin` jusfujs c`tucddy stcrtfk lut cs wnmklws lmtl tif cutifmtn`.ins ns pcrtdy wiy jctfrncdnst prltl`lds hlr tfìmn`cd cmk stydnstn` cutifmtn`ctnlmicvf cdwcys gffm sl njplrtcmt nm tifsf `lmtfxts. Puì prltl`lds fmsurfk tictsugof`tnvf vnfwfrs, nm stukynme tif lgof`ts lm fxingnt, ludk `lmtfjpdctf c trufvnfw lh tif knstcmt cmk fxltn`? tinmes prlku`fk gy sl`nftnfs jcrbfk gy Wlussfcuscjlur kf sln, rctifr ticm tif rferfttcgdf cjlur prlprfkljnmctnme jlkfrm dnhf(Dnmkildj 7119?9->). Nm vnfwnme tifsf knstcmt tinmes, vnsntlrs wfrf ct dngfrty tlcpprlprnctf pcrt lh tif curc lh tifsf lgof`ts.

Csnkf hrlj rfhdf`tnlms lm tif cutifmtn` sfdh, tif cutifmtn` cdsl nmvlbfsmcturcdmfss. Ftimlercpin` lgof`ts plssfss c hlr`f lh fjpnrnsìf Fnmjcdnebfnt,nkfmtnhnfk gy Ucdtfr Gfmocjnm (3>08) tif curc lh cm lrnenmcd crtwlrb. C frtcnmtfmsnlm fxnsts nm ftimldlen`cd jusfujs cs c rfsudt lh tif jnxfk `ljplsntnlmlh tif lgof`ts nm tifnr ildknmes, gfnme pcrt umnquf wlrbs lh crt, pcrt jcss-prlku`fk lgof`ts. Vmtnd quntf rf`fmtdy, ftimldley jusfujs tfmkfk tl knseunsftif dcttfr cs tif hlrjfr, sffbnme tl prfsfmt tifjsfdvfs cs eucrkncms lh tif tfjpdflh cutifmtn`nty (Icmkdfr 3>98). Cutifmtn`nty tfmks tl gf c gnmknme kl`trnmf,hnmknme nts fxprfssnlm nm `dlsfdy `lmtcnmfk ùdturf instlrnfs. Xnsntlrs cdsl `ljftl jusfujs cs cm fxprfssnlm lh nmknvnkucd ìln`f.

if mftwlrbs gftwffm pflpdf, pdc`fs cmk tinmes, jfmtnlmfk cglvf, ifdp tlknstrc`t cttfmtnlm hrlj jctfrncdnst vnfws nm tif lmtfxt lh kfgctfs lm rfcd vfrsushcbfs/`lpnfs/hlrefrnfs. Humkcjfmtcd cs suì jctfrncd s`rutnmy `lmtnmufs tl gfhlr jusfuj prc`tn`f, `lmstru`tnvnst pfrspf`tnvfs icvf cjpdy kfjlmstrctfk tictcutifmtn`nty ns c ùdturcd prlku`t2 c prlku`t tict ns `cpcgdf lh fxprfssnme kfsnrf,nkfmtnty, cmk udtnjctfdy, c hlrjudctnlm lh tif sfdh (f.e.Grumfr 71152 Icmkdfr3>982 Dnmkildj 7119). if fxingntnlm rlljs lh ftimlercpin` jusfujs, tifm,jcy gf sffm nm tif dneit lh hnfdk sntfs dl`ctnlms wifrf pflpdf prlku`f stlrnfstl hlrj pcrts lh tifnr dnvfs cmk jcbf sfmsf lh tif wlrdk crlumk tifj. ins jcycppdy fqucddy tl dl`cd vnsntlrs lr tl ùdturcd slur`f `ljjumntnfs glti lgof`tnhy

jctfrncd tinmes nm rfcdnsnme tifnr lwm cutifmtn` sugof`tnvnty.


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6

E

Nt sffjs tict ftimlercpin` jusfujs crf nm`rfcsnmedy dnstfmnme tl tifnr vnsntlrs,wil crf nmtfmt lm `ljnme tl cm umkfrstcmknme lh tif tinmes nm tifnr fxingntnlmcrfcs. Vdtnjctfdy, pflpdf icvf mujfrlus wcys nm winì tl rfcdnsf tifnr cutifmtn`

pfrslmcd lr erlup sfmsf lh rfcdnty tl `ljpdfjfmt tif sl`ncd `lmstru`tnlms tictkfhnmf tifnr kcndy dnvfs.

Nm vnfw lh tif cglvf lmsnkfrctnlms, wf icvf ljpndfk tins vldujf tl ineidneittif wcys nm winì cutifmtn`ntnfs crf prlku`fk, dnmefrnme dfss lm kftf`tnme tifsugof`tnvf mcturf lh ljjumntnfs cmk trckntnlms. Puì lmstru`tnvnst cpprlcìfscrf gy mlw hnrjdy cmìlrfk nm jctfrncd ùdturf stuknfs (Guìdn 71172 nddfyft cd. 71182 Ldnvfnrc Olref cmk iljcs 7118/71152 Oudnfm cmk Wlssfdnm711>2 In`bs cmk Gfcukry 7131), cmk ftimlercpin` jusfujs icvf gffm huddycwcrf lh tins ct dfcst snm`f tif ckvfmt lh tif jftilkldlen`cddy nm`dnmfk mfwjusfldley (Xfrel 3>9>) cmk tif sugsfqufmt `rntn`cd jusfldley, hlùsfkjlrf lm tif sl`nftcd purplsf cmk fhhf`t lh jusfujs (Pifdtlm 7113). Pnm`f tifycrf cttcìfk tl nmstntutnlms tict crf kffpdy rlltfk nm sl`nfty cmk crf gy mlwcùtfdy cwcrf lh tifsf tnfs, ftimlercpin` jusfuj prlhfssnlmcds icvf lpfmfkup tifnr rfsfcrì cefmkcs tl fstcgdnsi nmtfrkns`npdnmcry tnfs wntinm c`ckfjncspf`nhn`cddy, cmk jlrf wnkfdy wntinm dl`cd cmk edlgcd pdcthlrjs. Hlr tins rfcslm,tif syjplsnuj tict prljptfk tif prlku`tnlm lh tins gllb nm`dukfk pcpfrs gycutilrs hrlj prlhfssnlmcd fmvnrlmjfmts ltifr ticm ftimlercpin` jusfujs,nm`duknme crìcfldlensts, ftimlercpifrs cmk ùdturcd ifrntcef wlrbfrs. ilueigy ml jfcms `ljprfifmsnvf, tins grfckti jcbfs nt plssngdf tl `ljpcrf tif

wcys nm winì knhhfrfmt kns`npdnmcry kns`lursfs icvf nmvntfk tifnr cuknfm`fstl `lmsnkfr cutifmtn`nty cmk nmcutifmtn`nty, cmk tl sff tif tfmulusmfss lh cmysuì gnpldcr infrcrìy. Lpfmnme tif hdllr tl cdtfrmctnvf cutifmtn`ntnfs ns tcbnmec `lms`nlus stcmk nm tif pldntn`cd crfmc lh ftimlercpin` tinmes, wifrf tlkcysjusfujs icvf kfcdnmes wnti cm`fstrcd/ùdturcd stcbfildkfrs wil ct tnjfs cklptc strctfen` fssfmtncdnsj tl jcbf tifnr vln`fs ifcrk. Hrlj tif stcmkplnmt lh sl`ncdcrìcfldley, hlr nmstcm`f, tins ns c rf`lemnscgdf prl`fss lh ìcddfmenme jfcmnmenm jctfrncd tinmes. Cwcrknme lmtldlen`cd prnjc`y tl tif `rfctnvf sugof`t nmftimlercpin` jusfujs, wil `cm sugof`tnvfdy fxpfrnfm`f cmk nms`rngf lgof`tsfvfm windf if lr sif ns sicpfk gy tifj, jfcms rf`lemnsnme tif `lmtnmulus cmk

nmifrfmtdy nm`ljpdftf sl`ncd prl`fss wifrfgy jfcmnme ns prlku`fk c prl`fsstict wf hffd ns tif lmdy rfcd fssfm`f cglut ilw pflpdf fmecef wnti tif wlrdksurrlumknme tifj (Olmfs 7131).

Ptru`turf lh tins gllb

ins gllb ckkrfssfs tif prc`tn`f lh cutifmtn`ctnlm cs nt ics tcbfm sicpf nmftimlercpin` jusfujs, ntnme fxcjpdfs nm tif Mftifrdcmks cmk ltifr Furlpfcm`lumtrnfs, cmk nmkffk tif Ufst cs c wildf. Mlmf lh tif cutilrs wnsifs tl cgldnsitif `lm`fpt lh cutifmtn`nty. Nmstfck, fcì rfhdf`ts lm wcys nm winì nt jneit gf

rf`lmhneurfk cmk put tl gfttfr usf nm ftimlercpin` jusfujs. if icptfrs lvfr


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c wnkf rcmef lh tlpn`s, hrlj tif tfìmn`cd kftfrjnmctnlm lh tif cutifmtn`nty lhc kf`lrctfk iujcm sbudd hrlj Jfxn`l (Gfrefr) tl tif dlss lh cutifmtn`nty nmtif vnsucd rf`y`dnme lh Cglrnenmcd pcnmtnmes tirluei nm`lrplrctnlm nmtl jusfuj

crìntf`turf (Qrn`f)2 cmk hrlj trc`nme tif prlvfmcm`f lh cm Nsdcjn` `frcjn` ocrcmk sndvfr trcy nm lrkfr tl creuf hlr lr cecnmst tifj gfnme hlrefrnfs (Uctslm)tl tif qufstnlmnme lh tif jusfldlen`cd usf lh `lm`fpt lh prlvfmcm`f (Oly`f).Jlst cutilrs njpdn`ntdy cerff tict cutifmtn`nty rfjcnms c `fmtrcd `lm`frm hlrftimlercpin` jusfujs cmk tict tif cppdn`ctnlm lh tif tfrj ns sl wnkf-rcmenmecs tl kfhy jlmldntin` nmtfrprftctnlm. Ilwfvfr, nt cdsl gf`ljfs `dfcr tictlgsfrvctnlms hrlj tif `lmtfjplrcry wlrdk mffk tl gf nm`dukfk nm tif stlrnfsftimlercpin` jusfujs kf`nkf tl tfdd cglut tifnr `lddf`tnlms, cs Grnmberfvf(tins vldujf) creufs nm`duknme envnme vln`f tl nmknefmlus cefm`y winì nslpplrtumfdy pdcynme nmtl tif ftimlercpin` crt jcrbft.

Jcrtnm Gfrefr lpfms tif kfgctf gy rfvnfwnme tif `lddf`tnlm instlry lh cpcrtnùdcr lgof`t, c kf`lrctfk iujcm sbudd tict stydnstn`cddy nmvlbfs cm lrnenmtl dctf Qrf-Inspcmn` tnjfs nm Jfslcjfrn`c. Kf`lmstru`tnme glti nts piysn`cdìcrc`tfrnstn`s cmk tif jusfldlen`cd rfcslms hlr c`qunrnme tins jlscn` sbudd, ifcreufs, cddlws us tl rf`lmsnkfr tif `dcnjs tict icvf gffm jckf nkfmtnhynme ntcs cm lgof`t `rfctfk gfhlrf tif Ppcmnsi @lmqufst. Gfrefr plnmts lut tict tifnmntncd cssfssjfmt cs tl nts prlgcgdf cef wcs `crrnfk lut gy `ljpcrnme nt tl tifefmfrcd stydnstn` umkfrstcmknme lh wict dctf Qrf-Inspcmn` `frfjlmncd jctfrncdùdturf wcs kffjfk tl dllb dnbf. Nm ltifr wlrks, if creufs, suì cm cssfssjfmt

ns fssfmtncddy `nrùdcr cmk tifrfhlrf ineidy umrfdncgdf. Gfrefr cppdnfs Kuttlmsknstnm`tnlm gftwffm fxprfssnvf cmk mljnmcd cutifmtn`nty, winì if kfhnmfs cstif knhhfrfm`f gftwffm tif cgsfm`f cmk prfsfm`f lh `lmvnm`nme crìcfldlen`cd`lmtfxtucd prlvfmnfm`f kctc cmk/lr tfìmn`cd cef kftfrjnmctnlm. Glti crf hlrjslh nmku`tnvf rfcslmnme, gut tif hlrjfr ns dfcrdy jlrf dnbfdy tl prlku`f nm`lrrf`tlgof`t nkfmtnhn`ctnlms. Pfpcrctfdy hrlj Gfrefrs `lm`dusnlms, tif stlry lh tinsjlscn` sbudd fjfrefs cs c wcy lh rfhdf`tnme lm prf`lmhneurfk Wljcmtn` mltnlmslh crìcfldlen`cd lr ftimlercpin` ùdturfs, wnti Jfslcjfrn`cm ùdturf gfnmecssl`nctfk wnti iujcm glmf jctfrncds, turqulnsf jlscn`s, cmk iujcm sc`rnhn`f.Nm c snjndcr vfnm, dcssn`cd Jfkntfrrcmfcm udturf ns cssl`nctfk wnti jcrgdf, pnddcrs

cmk sl lm, cmk Feyptncm ùdturf ns jctfrncddy cssl`nctfk wnti scmkstlmf cmk tifnmfvntcgdf Qicrclmn` jlrtucry crìntf`turf.

Wlsfjcry Oly`f qufstnlms tif kfhnmntnlms lh lgof`t prlvfmnfm`f cmkprlvfmcm`f, cmk nm sl klnme jcbfs cm umsfttdnme lmtldlen`cd sinht nm mltineidneitnme tif `lmstru`tfk ìcrc`tfr lh pflpdfs sl`ncd wlrdks, cs ns icgntucddyklmf nm kns`lursfs lh cutifmtn`ctnlm. Nmstfck, sif turms tif cmcdytn`cd dfmslmtl tif ftimlercpin` jusfuj, cmk nmkffk lmtl us, gy crìcfldlen`cddyprlgdfjctnsnme tif mltnlm lh prlvfmcm`f tl creuf cutifmtn`nty. Puì mfgudlusmltnlms crf mlt suhhn`nfmtdy rf`lemnsfk nm ftimlercpin` jusfujs, nt sffjs tlus, cmk Oly`fs pcpfr ns c kftcndfk c``lumt lh tif pcrcddfd yft knssnjndcr usf lh

vl`cgudcrnfs lh jctfrncd ùdturf. Jlrf rfhdfxnvfdy, Oly`f cdsl kfstcgndnsfs tif


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mltnlm lh prlvfmcm`f gy usnme crìcfldlen`cd fx`cvctnlms cs tif stcrtnme plnmtnm cm lgof`ts gnlercpiy, nemlrnme jcmuhc`turnme lpfrctnlmcd icnms, sugsfqufmtusfs cmk fvfmtucd kfplsntnlm prl`fssfs tict jcy icvf chhf`tfk tif lgof`t gfhlrf

nt wcs fvfr cm crìcfldlen`cd lgof`t.if `ljpdfxntnfs lh prlvfmcm`f instlrnfs, knsùssfk gy Ldnvfr Uctslm, crf

mlt hcr rfjlvfk hrlj tif plnmt rcnsfk gy Oly`f. Qrlvfmcm`f ns nmtfmkfk cs cglky lh bmlwdfkef tict `ludk vcdnkctf cm lgof`ts efmunmfmfss lr umjcsb ntcs c hlrefry. Uctslm kfs`rngfs tif ùrctlr-instlrncm, wilsf fxpfrtnsf kfpfmkslm tif plssngndnty lh trc`nme tif instlry lh cm ftimlercpin` lgof`ts pfknerff.Uict umhldks ns cm nmtrneunme silw`csf lh ilw tif cs`rnptnlm lh cutifmtn`ntyns cìnfvfk gy cutilrnty lh creujfmt. Nt ns fjpicsnsfk tict suì cutilrnty icsc instlrn`cd tfmkfm`y tl sinht, cmk ct tnjfs tl gcsf ntsfdh jlrf lm plwfr ticmrfcslm. Cs tif `lmhnkfm`f nm cm cutilrntctnvf vln`f wcxfs cmk wcmfs, sl klfs tiflgof`ts rf`fptnlm gy nts cuknfm`f (@rfw cmk Pnjs 3>>3).

Eldk ofwfddfry (jcjudn) hrlj Pujgc nm Nmklmfsnc ns ineidneitfk nm tif`lmtrngutnlm gy Hrcm`nmf Grnmberfvf, cecnm tl qufstnlm prlvfmcm`f, gut cdsl tlrfhdf`t lm tif mltnlm lh vnfwnme cm lgof`ts cutifmtn`nty cs c hum`tnlm lh nts cef. Nmifr fxcjnmctnlm lh jcjudn, sif fm`lumtfrs tif `lmtfjplrcry prc`tn`f lh usnmewfdd-bmlwm spf`njfms lh tifsf eldk fcr lrmcjfmts cs c slur`f lh nmspnrctnlm nmlrkfr tl `rcht mfw lmfs. ins ineidneits tif `cpc`nty hlr lgof`t cutifmtn`ctnlm,nrlmn`cddy, cìnfvfk tirluei usnme kfpn`tnlms lh jcjudnnm jusfuj cmk cu`tnlm`ctcdleufs cs cm nmspnrctnlmcd slur`f. Grnmberfvfs creujfmt `ljfs `dlsfst lh cdd

tif lmtrngutnlms nm tins vldujf, pfricps, tl tif nkfc tict tif ru`ncd plnmt ns mltsl juì ilwsljftinme ics gffm prlku`fk, gut wiynt ns `lmsnkfrfk cutifmtn`.Pujgcmfsf eldksjntis crf cppcrfmtdy fmtnrfdy umhczfk gy njpfrhf`t infrcrìnfslh tif cutifmtn`2 tify kfvnsf stru`turfs lh jfcmnme tict jfref hdcwdfssdy nmtl tif`frfjlmncd fxìcmef rfdctnlms nm winì tifsf jcjudnpdcy c prljnmfmt rldf.

@umfrc Gunoss pcpfr knsùssfs tif dnmb gftwffm cutifmtn`nty cmk ùdturcdrfprfsfmtctnvfmfss, usnme cm fxcjpdf lh ftimlercpin` piltlercpiy hrlj FcstErffmdcmk. Uindf jusfuj vnsntlrs cssujf tict fxingntnlm rlljs silw cmc`ùrctf cmk nmtfercd ùdturcd rfprfsfmtctnlm lh c pcrtnùdcr rfenlm lr pfrnlk lhtnjf, Gunos rf`lemnsfs tict fcrdy `lddf`tlrs lh ftimlercpin` jctfrncds prnlrntnsfk

`frtcnm lgof`t `ctfelrnfs lvfr ltifrs nm tfrjs lh ilw fxltn` tify wfrf kffjfk tlgf. Qiltlercpis ludk icvf jlrf tl lmtrngutf nm tins rfspf`t, nt wcs lm`dukfk,ticm sljf lgof`ts. ify `ludk `cpturf c rfjltf rfenlm nm cdd nts rfjltfmfss cmk nmkffk nts cutifmtn`nty jlrf fhhf`tnvfdy ticm cm nsldctfk lgof`t knspdcyfk nmtif jusfuj. Pfdf`tnlm nmhdufm`fs nmtfrprftctnlm, Gunos stctfs, cmk suì sfdf`tnlm`rntfrnc crf sfdklj fjpicsnsfk nm jusfuj fxingnts. ins inkkfm sfdf`tnlm plnmtstl tif `lmstru`tnlm tict ns nmifrfmt nm plrtrcycds lh tif cutifmtn`, cmk tifrfhlrftif prfsfm`f lh prf-fxnstnme nkfcs cs tl wict wf fxpf`t tl sff cs cutifmtn`.

if cutilrnty tl kf`nkf lm cutifmtn`nty, cmk tl usf jctfrncd udturf c``lrknmedy,ns tif `fmtrcd tifjf nm Pcddy Qrn`fs `lmtrngutnlm. Pif tcbfs up Gunoss plnmt lm

tif rldf lh lgof`t sfdf`tnlm nm fxingnts cmk prfsfmts c `rntn`cd pfrspf`tnvf lm


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suì ùrctnme ìln`fs. Ifr jcnm lgsfrvctnlm ns tict nm lrkfr tl cìnfvf ùdturcdrfprfsfmtctnvfmfss, `frtcnm kns`lursfs crf jlgndnsfk nm `ctcdleufs cmk `csfdcgfddnme tl fmcgdf nmknvnkucd lgof`ts tl hnt nm. ins ns `dfcrdy cm um`ljhlrtcgdf

lgsfrvctnlm, lmf tict ns hurtifr strfssfk gy Qrn`fs cddusnlm tl tif vnldctnlm cmk`dfcmsnme lh cm lgof`ts ùdturcd cutifmtn`nty, nm tins `csf nts gnlercpiy. Qrn`ffjpictn`cddy umkfrs`lrfs tins plnmt gy usnme tif crìntf`turcd kfsnem lh tif Jusfku Sucn Grcmdy cs c sf`lmk `csf stuky. Hlr ifr, tif pdcmmnme pindlslpiy cmkfxtfrnlr n`lmlercpiy lh tins jusfuj fìlfs tif rldf lh fxprfssnvf cutifmtn`nty,rcnsfk fcrdnfr gy Gfrefr. Dllbnme spf`nhn`cddy ct tif jfrenme lh Cglrnenmcd crtwlrb,sif qufstnlms tif cutilrnty lh vln`f tict kftfrjnmfk wict tins jusfuj fmkfkup plrtrcynme cs nts fjgdfj, cmk `lm`dukfs tict gcrecnmnme gftwffm cfstiftn`scmk pldntn`s snemnhn`cmtdy nmhdufm`fs tif cutifmtn` nm jusfujs.

Hnmcddy, windf tins nmtrlku`tnlm ics lutdnmfk tif jctfrncdnst cmk `lmstru`tnvnstgc`berlumks umkfrdynme tinmbnme cglut tif cutifmtn`, cmk ics cttfjptfk tlstrfss tif njplrtcm`f lh stukynme ilw jusfuj vnsntlrs cmk jusfuj prlhfssnlmcdsùrrfmtdy stndd prlku`f rfcdntnfs wnti c suhhn`nfmt cjlumtlh cutifmtn`nty, Dcurc XcmGrlfbilvfm grnmes tins vldujf tl c `dlsf wnti c pcpfr hlùsnme lm tif prc`tn`fslh jusfuj ùrctlrsinp cmk tif fxpf`tctnlms lh jusfuj vnsntlrs. Krcwnme lmnkfcs hrlj tlurnsj stuknfs, Xcm Grlfbilvfm grnmes cttfmtnlm tl tif rfcdnty tictcutilrnty nm ftimlercpin` jctfrncd udturf efmfrctfs frtcnm fxpf`tctnlms cjlmejusfuj vnsntlrs. Puì fxpf`tctnlms rfvldvf crlumk c kfsnrf tl wntmfss tif rfcdcmk `lmsujf sljf lh tif curc jfmtnlmfk gy Ucdtfr Gfmocjnm. @lmtfjplrcry

jusfujs crf cwcrf lh suì sl`ncd prl`fssfs elnme lm nm tifnr fxingntnlm rlljs,cmk crf nm`rfcsnmedy rfhdf`tnvf cglut suì nmtfrmcd kymcjn`s.l `lm`dukf tifsf nmtrlku`tlry rfjcrbs, nt just gf fjpicsnsfk tict tif

cutifmtn`, nm tif jusfujs lh tif twfmty-hnrst fmtury, ns ml dlmefr prfkljnmcmtdycssl`nctfk wnti tif prfsujfk fssfm`f lh c ùdturf. @urrfmt tinmbnme lmcutifmtn`nty ns ìcrc`tfrnsfk gy c vnfw lh iujcm sl`nfty cs gfnme fmecefk wntifvfr-kfhf`tnvf stru`turfs lh jfcmnme. Kfspntf tins fssfmtncd nm`ljpdftfmfss,pflpdf stndd jcmcef tl `ljf up wnti cppcrfmtdy stcgdf cmk `lifrfmt nkfcscglut tifjsfdvfs cmk ltifrs nkfcs tict tify nmvcrncgdy `cdd cutifmtn`. Nm cmnm`rfcsnmedy edlgcdnsfk wlrdk, pflpdf strctfen`cddy sffb lut jusfujs tl sctnshy

tifnr kfsnrf hlr cm cutifmtn` fxpfrnfm`f. Pugof`tnvf cmk stcefk cs tify jcy gf,suì vnsnts crf fxpfrnfm`fs mlmftifdfss, cmk nt jneit gf creufk tict cm cmcdysnshrlj tif `lmstru`tnvnst pfrspf`tnvf cdlmf ns mlt hrunthud. Nt jcy gf jlrf usfhudtl stuky ilw tif cutifmtn` ns mfeltnctfk gftwffm lgof`ts cmk jusfuj vnsntlrs,windf c`bmlwdfkenme tict pflpdf nm jusfujs cmk fdsfwifrf `lmtnmuf tl cttcìvcduf tl cutifmtn`nty cs tify mcvnectf tif surrlumknme wlrdk.

Ftimlercpin` jusfuj prlhfssnlmcds prlvnkf tifnr cuknfm`fs wnti c rfcdwlrdk, cm fjpnrn`cd sbftì gc`bfk up gy tif stuky lh jctfrncd tinmes tirlueitifnr `dlsfst c`ckfjn` mfneiglurs? crìcfldley, cmtirlpldley, cmk crt instlry.Puì c sbftì ns gy kfhnmntnlm pcrtncd cmk pctìy, gut cdsl fjpnrn`cd, cmk tifrfgy

jftilkldlen`cddy `lmstrcnmfk cmk rfdncgdf.


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C`bmlwdfkefjfmts

ins pcpfr ics gfmfhnttfk hrlj knsùssnlms wnti Jneufd-Olim Xfrsduys, UlmuXfys, cmk Dcurc Xcm Grlfbilvfm. Xfrsduys ns ticmbfk hlr sueefstnme tif nkfc lhfssfmtncd jctfrncd qucdntnfs nm pcrtnùdcr ùdturf stydf cmk trcmshfrfm`f.

Wfhfrfm`fs

Grlwm, J. (7131), @icmenme cutifmtn` nkfmtntnfs? fvnkfm`f hrlj cnwcm cmk@inmc,Olurmcd lh tif Wlycd Cmtirlpldlen`cd Nmstntutf38? ;6>-;5>.

Grumfr, F.G. (7116), @udturf lm tlur. Ftimlercpinfs lh trcvfd. @in`cel? Vmnvfrsntylh @in`cel Qrfss.

Guìdn, X. (fk.) (711;), if jctfrncd ùdturf rfckfr. Lxhlrk? Gfre.@dnhhlrk, O. (3>99), if prfkn`cjfmt lh ùdturf? wfmtnfti-`fmtury ftimlercpiy,

dntfrcturf, cmk crt. @cjgrnkef, JC? Icrvcrk Vmnvfrsnty Qrfss.

@r`num, J. (7137) Wftinmbnme hcbfs, cutifmtn`ctnme sfdvfs,Olurmcd lh tif WlycdCmtirlpldlen`cd Nmstntutf39? 9;8-980.

@rfw, P.W. & O.F. Pnjs (3>>3), Dl`ctnme cutifmtn`nty? hrcejfmts lh c kncdleuf,nm N. Bcrp & P.K. Dcvnmf (fks.), Fxingntnme udturfs. if plftn`s cmk pldntn`s lhjusfuj knspdcy, 36>-356. Ucsinmetlm K@? Pjntislmncm Nmstntutnlm Qrfss.

Icmkdfr, W. (3>98), Cutifmtn`nty,Cmtirlpldley lkcy7(3)? 7-;.

In`bs, K. & J.@. Gfcukry (fks.) (7131), if Lxhlrk icmkgllb lh jctfrncdùdturf stuknfs. Lxhlrk? Vmnvfrsnty lh Lxhlrk Qrfss.

Ildtlrh, @. & . Pìckdc-Icdd (3>>>), Cef cs crtfhc`t? Lm crìcfldlen`cdcutifmtn`nty, Furlpfcm Olurmcd lh Crìcfldley7(7)? 77>-7;5.

Olmfs, P. (7131), Mfeltnctnme cutifmtn` lgof`ts cmk cutifmtn` sfdvfs. Gfylmktif kf`lmstru`tnlm lh cutifmtn`nty, nm Olurmcd lh Jctfrncd @udturf 36(7)?393-710.

Oudnfm, J. & @. Wlssfdnm (fks.) (711>), Df suoft `lmtrf dfs lgoftstlut `lmtrf.Ftimlercpinfs kf ùdturfs jctrnfddfs. Qcrns? @IP.

Bfcmf, U. (7110), Pfjnltn`s cmk tif sl`ncd cmcdysns lh jctfrncd tinmes, Dcmeucef& @ljjumn`ctnlm70(0-;)? ;1>-;76.

Dnmkildj, @. (7119), Nmtrlku`tnlm nm @. Dnmkildj (fk.), @udturf cmkcutifmtn`nty, 3-31. Jcdkfm? Gdc`bwfdd Qugdnsinme.

Dlwfmticd, K. (3>>6), @icmenme `rntfrnc lh cutifmtn`nty, nm B.F. Dcrsfm & M.

Jcrstfnm (fks.), Mcrc @lmhfrfm`f lm cutifmtn`nty. Qrl`ffknmes lh tif `lmhfrfm`fnm Mcrc, Ocpcm, 3-8 mlvfjgfr 3>>;, 373-306. rlmkifnj? cpnr.


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J`Grykf, N. (3>>5) if cjgneuntnfs lh cutifmtn`nty rl`b lh hcnti lr sinhtnmescmks0-311.

Ldnvfnrc Olref, X. & O. iljcs (fks.) (7118/7115), Lvfr`ljnme tif jlkfrmnmvfmtnlm lh jctfrncd ùdturf, nmOlurmcd lh Ngfrncm Crìcfldley>/31.

Pifdtlm, Cmtilmy (7113), Vmsfttdnme tif jfcmnme? @rntn`cd jusfldley, Crt cmkcmtirlpldlen`cd kns`lursf, nm J. Gluquft (fk.),C`ckfjn` Cmtirlpldley cmktif Jusfuj? Gc`b tl tif Huturf, 3;7-383. Dlmklm? Gfreicim Gllbs.

iljcs, M. (3>>3), Fmtcmedfk lgof`ts. Fxìcmef, jctfrncd udturf, cmk ldlmncdnsjnm tif Qc`nhn`.@cjgrnkef? Icrvcrk Vmnvfrsnty Qrfss.

nddfy, @., U. Bfcmf, P. Bìdfr, J. Wlwdcmks & Q. Ppyfr (fks.) (7118),Icmkgllb lh jctfrncd ùdturf. Dlmklm? Pcef.

rnddnme, D. (3>57), Pnm`frnty cmk cutifmtn`nty. Lxhlrk? Lxhlrk Vmnvfrsnty Qrfss.

Xcm Grlfbilvfm, D., @. Gunos & Q. Ilvfms (fks.) (7133) Picrnme bmlwdfkefcmk ùdturcd ifrntcef? Hnrst Mctnlms lh tif Cjfrn`cs. Ptuknfs nm `lddcglrctnlmwnti nmknefmlus pflpdfs hrlj Erffmdcmk, Mlrti cmk Pluti Cjfrn`c. Dfnkfm?Pnkfstlmf Qrfss.

Xfrgffb, Q. (7116), Uict tinmes kl. Qindlslpin`cd rfhdf`tnlms lm tfìmldley, cefm`y,cmk kfsnem. Ptctf @lddfef? Qfmmsydvcmnc Ptctf Vmnvfrsnty.

Xfrel, Q. (fk.) (3>9>), if Mfw Jusfldley. Dlmklm? Wfcbtnlm Gllbs.


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WFCD, HCBFLWC@LJGNMC[NLM87. Cs c rfsudt, sljf icvf qufstnlmfk nts prf-@ldujgncmlrnenm. Pnjndcr qufstnlms icvf gffm rcnsfk cglut umprlvfmcm`fk jlscn` sbudds nmltifr jusfuj `lddf`tnlms.

ins crtn`df prfsfmts tif hnmknmes lh rfsfcrì `crrnfk lut ct tif MJF cmk cttif @fmtrf kfs Wfìfrìf ft kf Wfstcurctnlm kfs Jusfs kf Hrcm`f (@7WJH),Qcrns nm 7133 cmk 7137, wnti c vnfw tl kftfrjnmnme wiftifr tif Dfnkfm jlscn`

sbudd ns cm cutifmtn` prf-@ldujgncm crtfhc`t, cm fmtnrfdy jlkfrm `rfctnlm, lrc jlkfrm `ljgnmctnlm lh cutifmtn` fdfjfmts. if crtn`df cdsl fxpdlrfs tifrfcslms hlr tif sbudds c`qunsntnlm nm tif 3>81s, nm tif cgsfm`f lh cmy gc`berlumknmhlrjctnlm, cmk knsùssfs tif snemnhn`cm`f lh tifsf rfsfcrì hnmknmes hlr tifprfsfmtctnlm cmk pfr`fptnlm lh tins pcrtnùdcr crtfhc`t.

Nmtrlku`tnlm

Nm 3>80, Kr Q.I. Qltt, wil wcs tifm knrf`tlr lh tif Mctnlmcd Jusfuj lhFtimldley (MJF) nm Dfnkfm, tif Mftifrdcmks, wcs lhhfrfk hlr scdf c iujcm

sbudd kf`lrctfk wnti turqulnsf jlscn`s gy tif Cjfrn`cm crt kfcdfr WlgfrtPtldpfr, wil cssfrtfk tict nt ick gffm hlumk nm c tljg ct cm crìcfldlen`cd sntfmfcr fltntdm kfd @cjnml, c tlwm lm tif glrkfr lh tif Jfxn`cm stctfs lh Lcxc`ccmk Qufgdc (sff hne. 3).

Gf`cusf lh tif stydf nm winì tif jlscn` wcs fxfùtfk, tif jlscn` sbudd wcsscnk tl gf c prlku`t lh tif Jnxtf` ùdturf, kctnme hrlj tif Dctf Qlst`dcssn`pfrnlk (CK 3011-3673). Nm c dfttfr tl tif ùrctlrs lh tif jusfuj, kctfk 03L`tlgfr 3>80, Kr Qltt kfs`rngfs nt cs cm lgof`t lh suì rcrnty cmk vcduftict N wludk hffd nt wrlme tl rfof`t tins lhhfr wntilut hnrst icvnme jckf tif


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@ C

utjlst fhhlrt tl lgtcnm tif rfslur`fs tl c`qunrf nt.3Ptcmkcrk prl`fkurf wludkicvf gffm hlr tif jusfujs glcrk lh ùrctlrs tl cpprlvf tif c`qunsntnlm lh cpnf`f, cmk hlr tif spf`ncdnsfk ùrctlr hlr tif rfenlm tl icvf gffm nmvldvfk nm tifc`qunsntnlm prl`fss. Nm tins `csf, ilwfvfr, Kr Qltt kf`nkfk nmkfpfmkfmtdy ticttif sbudd just gf c`qunrfk gy tif jusfuj. C``lrknme tl tif tifm ùrctlr hlr@fmtrcd cmk Pluti Cjfrn`c, tif knrf`tlr wcs lgsfssfk wnti tif jlscn` sbudd

(W.. _unkfjc, pfrslmcd `ljjumn`ctnlm 7133) (sff hne. 7).Mltwntistcmknme Jr Ptldpfrs `dcnjs cglut tif lrnenms lh tif jlscn` sbudd,

ml klùjfmtctnlm hlr tins hnmk wcs cvcndcgdf, cmk tif prlvfmcm`f lh tif jlscn`sbudd gfhlrf 3>8;,7wifm nt wcs sldk tl tif MJF, wcs (cmk rfjcnms) umbmlwm.if pllr qucdnty lh tifsf prlvfmcm`f kctc, `ljgnmfk wnti tif hc`t tict mlsuì sbudd ics fvfr gffm hlumk nm c klùjfmtfk crìcfldlen`cd `lmtfxt cmktict ml kfpn`tnlms crf bmlwm lh tins typf lh kf`lrctfk sbudd nm Qlst`dcssn`Jfslcjfrn`cm n`lmlercpiy, icvf dfk tl qufstnlms gfnme rcnsfk cglut tif jlscn`sbudds cutifmtn`nty. if Dfnkfm jlscn` sbudd ns pcrt lh c erlup lh cglut tfmsnjndcr crtfhc`ts, prfsfrvfk nm prnvctf cmk jusfuj lddf`tnlms nm Mlrti Cjfrn`c

cmk Furlpf. Dnbf tif Dfnkfm sbudd, cdd tifsf jlscn` sbudds dc`b cmy vfrnhncgdfprlvfmcm`f, cmk jcmy lh tifj icvf gffm `lmsnkfrfk spurnlus. Hlr sljf lhtifj, nt ics gffm sueefstfk tict, windf glti tif turqulnsf lm tif sbudd cmk tifsbudd ntsfdh crf lh prf-@ldujgncm lrnenm, tif `ljgnmctnlm lh tif prf-@ldujgncmfdfjfmts ns jlkfrm (Fbildj 3>902 Vr`nk 7131).

3 Lrne. ffm lgof`t kct kfrjctf zfdkzccj fm wccrkfvld ns, kct nb jno mnft efrfìtnek cìt kfzfccmgnfknme ch tf sdccm zlmkfr cddfs tf ifggfm gfprlfhk vllr kfzf ccmbllp jnkkfdfm tf vnmkfm.

7 C knsùssnlm lh tif knstnm`tnlm nm uscef gftwffm tif tfrjs prlvfmcm`f cmk prlvfmnfm`f ns gfylmk

tif s`lpf lh tins crtn`df. N usf tif tfrj prlvfmcm`f ifrf tl rfhfr tl tif instlry lh wifrf cm lgof`t icsgffm snm`f nt wcs `rfctfk.

Hne. 3? Jcp lh slutifrm Jfxn`l, sntfs jfmtnlmfk nm tif tfxt crf umkfrdnmfk.


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G

ins crtn`df rfplrts lm rfsfcrì `crrnfk lut ct tif MJF cmk ct tif @fmtrf kfsWfìfrìf ft kf Wfstcurctnlm kfs Jusfs kf Hrcm`f (@7WJH), Qcrns, nm 7133cmk 7137, wnti c vnfw tl fstcgdnsinme wiftifr tif Dfnkfm jlscn` sbudd ns cmcutifmtn` prf-@ldujgncm crtfhc`t, cm fmtnrfdy jlkfrm `rfctnlm, lr, cs ick gffmcreufk hlr ltifr jlscn` sbudds lh tins typf, c jlkfrm `ljgnmctnlm lh cutifmtn`

fdfjfmts. if crtn`df cdsl fxpdlrfs tif rfcslms hlr tif sbudds c`qunsntnlm nmtif 3>81s, nm tif cgsfm`f lh cmy gc`berlumk nmhlrjctnlm, cmk knsùssfs tifsnemnhn`cm`f lh tifsf rfsfcrì hnmknmes hlr tif prfsfmtctnlm cmk pfr`fptnlm lh tinspcrtnùdcr crtfhc`t.

@lmtfxt

Uifm tif MJF c`qunrfk tif jlscn` sbudd nm tif 3>81s, hfw jlscn` sbudds lhtins typf wfrf bmlwm. Nm ins dfttfr tl tif glcrk lh ùrctlrs nm 3>80, Kr Qlttstctfs tict if bmlws lh lmdy twl ltifr jlscn` sbudds lh tins typf nm c prnvctf`lddf`tnlm nm tif Vmntfk Ptctfs, winì crf nm c pllrfr `lmkntnlm ticm tif lmftict wcs lhhfrfk tl jf,0cs wfdd cs sfvfrcd turqulnsf jlscn` pnf`fs fxfùtfk nmtif scjf stydf nm tif Grntnsi Jusfuj (sff @crjnìcfd 3>512 J`Fwcm ft cd.71182 Pcvnddf 3>77). Nt ns mlt fmtnrfdy `dfcr tl winì jlscn` sbudds Qltt wcsrfhfrrnme nm tins dfttfr, gut nt sffjs prlgcgdf tict if wcs cdduknme tl tif lmfs nmtif Wlgfrt Ullks Gdnss `lddf`tnlm lh Qrf-@ldujgncm Crt ct Kujgcrtlm Lcbs nmUcsinmetlm, K@. Wlgfrt Ptldpfr, tif crt kfcdfr wil sldk tif jlscn` sbudd tl tifMJF, wcs cdsl nmvldvfk nm tif scdf lh tif jlscn` sbudds tl Kujgcrtlm Lcbs.

0 Lrne. Kccrmccst znom nm ffm Cjfrnbccmsf prnvvfrzcjfd nme mle twff sìfkfds cds kf jno ccmefglkfmf,klì nm ffm sdfìtfrf stcct vcm `lmsfrvfrnme vfrbfrfmkf, ccmwfzne.

Hne. 7? [if jlscn` sbudd nm tif

`lddf`tnlm lh tif Mctnlmcd Jusfuj lh

Ftimldley, nmv. ml. ;115-3.


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@ C

ins jcbfs nt dnbfdy tict Qltt wcs rfhfrrnme tl tifsf sbudds. Ilwfvfr, tifrf crftirffjlscn` sbudds nm tif Kujgcrtlm Lcbs `lddf`tnlm. Uiy Kr Qltt jfmtnlmslmdy twl ns um`dfcr.

Pnm`f tif scdf lh tif tirff jlscn` sbudds tl Kujgcrtlm Lcbs nm 3>6>/81,sfvfm ltifr jlscn` sbudds lh tins typf (fx`duknme tif Dfnkfm lmf) icvf surhc`fk.Hnvf lh tifsf crf ùrrfmtdy nm jusfuj `lddf`tnlms. Lmf ns ct tif Dls Cmefdfs@lumty Jusfuj lh Crts (Hnfdks, Qlid & Dycdd 7137? 711), lmf ns ct tif NmkncmcVmnvfrsnty Crt Jusfuj (@lf 3>98? 3;, 03), lmf ns ct tif Jusf kCrts Chrn`cnmfs,L`cmnfms ft Cjrn`cnms nm Jcrsfnddf (Plurrnfu 7133), lmf ns ct tif Kf^lumeJusfuj lh Hnmf Crts nm Pcm Hrcm`ns`l, cmk lmf ns nm tif Jusfl UnddncjPprctdnme nm cx`l (Nzfbn 7119?300). if ltifr twl crf ùrrfmtdy nm umbmlwmprnvctf `lddf`tnlms, lmf icvnme gffm sldk ct c Iltfd Krlult cu`tnlm nm 3>9;(Krlult 3>9;) cmk lmf icvnme surhc`fk lm tif jcrbft nm Qcrns nm 7137 (Cmlm.7137). Pnjndcr jlscn` sbudds crf prfsfrvfk nm c hfw ltifr jusfuj `lddf`tnlms(nm`duknme tif Pcmtc Gcrgcrc Crt Jusfuj nm tif VPC Rvlm Unmmnme 3>89Z, tifJusfl Mc`nlmcd kf Cmtrlpldlec nm Jfxn`l @nty RNzfbn 7119Z cmk tif JusflCrquflden`l kfd Pl`lmus`l nm cpcìudc, Jfxn`l RJnìcfd K. @lf, pfrslmcd`ljjumn`ctnlm 7130Z) gut N icvf kf`nkfk tl dfcvf tifsf lut lh `lmsnkfrctnlmifrf, snm`f tify crf jcrbfkdy knhhfrfmt nm sljf cspf`ts lh tifnr n`lmlercpiy.

Pnm`f tifrf ns ml rllj ifrf tl knsùss tif instlry cmk kfs`rnptnlm lh cdd lhtifsf sbudds, N sicdd hlùs lm tif jlscn` sbudds ct Kujgcrtlm Lcbs, Pcm Hrcm`ns`lcmk Jcrsfnddf, nm lrkfr tl `lmtfxtucdnsf tif rfsfcrì lm tif Dfnkfm jlscn` sbudd.

Hlr cdd tifsf jlscn` sbudds nt ics gffm creufk tict tify crf mlt cutifmtn` prf-@ldujgncm crtfhc`ts, gut rctifr jlkfrm `ljgnmctnlms lh cm`nfmt fdfjfmts.Dft jf stcrt gy envnme c grnfh kfs`rnptnlm lh tif jlscn` sbudd hlumk nm ljg 5

lh Jlmtf Cdgm. ins jlscn` sbudd `lmstntutfs fvnkfm`f hrlj c lmtrlddfk `lmtfxtlh tif fxnstfm`f lh Jfslcjfrn cm iujcm sbudds kf`lrctfk wnti turqulnsf jlscn`.Ilwfvfr, c grnfh lvfrvnfw wndd jcbf nt `dfcr tict tins jlscn` sbudd `cmmlt sfrvfcs prllh lh tif fxnstfm`f nm Jfslcjfrn`c lh tif typf lh umprlvfmcm`fk jlscn`sbudds tict ns umkfr knsùssnlm ifrf.

[ljg 5 lh Jlmtf Cdgm, Lcxc`c

if lmdy iujcm sbudd lvfrfk wnti turqulnsf jlscn` fvfr tl icvf gffm hlumk nmc lmtrlddfk crìcfldlen`cd lmtfxt nm Jfslcjfrn`c ns tif lmf hlumk gy Jfxn`cmcrìcfldlenst Kr Cdhlmsl @csl kurnme ins hcjlus fx`cvctnlm lh ljg 5 lh JlmtfCdgm (@csl 3>8>). ins jlscn` sbudd ns ùrrfmtdy prfsfrvfk nm tif Jusfl kf dcs@udturcs kf Lcxc`c, nm tif `nty lh Lcxc`c, Jfxn`l. Uindf tif ljg 5 jlscn`sbudd, winì ns tilueit tl gf Qlst`dcssn` Jnxtf`, dllbs sljfwict snjndcr tl tifumprlvfmcm`fk jlscn` sbudds, nt knhhfrs nm twl humkcjfmtcd wcys. Hnrst, wifrfcstif umprlvfmcm`fk sbudds crf kf`lrctfk lmdy ct tif hrlmt, tif ljg 5 sbudd wcsprlgcgdy kf`lrctfk cdd lvfr wnti turqulnsf jlscn`s. ins stctfjfmt ns jckf wnti

sljf rfsfrvctnlms, snm`f nt `cmmlt gf fstcgdnsifk wnti `frtcnmty winì pcrts wfrf


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G

kf`lrctfk cmk winì wfrf mlt lm tif gcsns lh @csls kfs`rnptnlm lh tif hnmk(@csl 3>8>? 87->). ins prlgdfj lh rf`lmstru`tnlm ns `ljplumkfk gy tif hc`ttict pcrts lh tif sbudd ick `lddcpsfk gfhlrf @csl fx`cvctfk ljg 5. Mlmftifdfss,tif sbudd, winì wcs rfstlrfk cmk ns lm knspdcy nm Lcxc`c, tlkcy ics jlscn`glti lm tif hc`f cmk lm tif snkf lh tif sbudd. Nm ckkntnlm, envfm tif mujgfr lhjlscn` pdcqufs tict wfrf hlumk cssl`nctfk wnti tif sbudd, nt sffjs prlgcgdf tictjuì lh tif sbudd wcs `lvfrfk. Cdsl, @csl jfmtnlms tict pcrts lh tif sbudd ickrfsts lh ckifsnvf lm tifj (@csl 3>8>? 80). N `lm`fkf tict cdd tifsf kftcnds hrlj@csls kfs`rnptnlm `lmstntutf lmdy nmknrf`t fvnkfm`f, mlt `lm`dusnvf prllh ticttif sbudd wcs lrnenmcddy `lvfrfk fmtnrfdy wnti jlscn`s. Ilwfvfr, tins ns mlt tifjlst njplrtcmt knhhfrfm`f gftwffm tif ljg 5 sbudd cmk tif umprlvfmcm`fkjlscn` sbudds. if sf`lmk, jlrf snemnhn`cmt, knhhfrfm`f ns tict windf cdd tifumprlvfmcm`fk lgof`ts crf fmtnrf sbudds tict icvf mlt gffm wlrbfk, fx`fpt hlr

tifnr kf`lrctnlm, tif ljg 5 sbudd ics tif tlp lh tif `rcmncd vcudt ùt cwcycmk cdd lpfmnmes lh tif sbudd sfcdfk. ifsf cdtfrctnlms tl tif `rcmnuj icvf dfksìldcrs tl sueefst tict tins sbudd jcy icvf gffm usfk cs c ùp (@csl 3>8>?88-5),c fmsfr (J`@chhfrty cmk J`@chhfrty 3>>;?3;;) lr c rfslmcm`f icjgfr (Vr`nk7131?3>1). Mcturcddy, snm`f tif umprlvfmcm`fk sbudds dc`b tifsf cdtfrctnlms,tify `cmmlt icvf sfrvfk cmy suì hum`tnlm (`h. Vr`nk 7131). ins jfcms tictwindf tif ljg 5 jlscn` sbudd prlvfs tict tif prc`tn`f lh kf`lrctnme iujcm`rcmnc wnti turqulnsf jlscn`s fxnstfk, nt cmmlt gf ntfk nm prllh lh tif fxnstfm`fnm prf-@ldujgncm Jfslcjfrn`c lh tif typf lh jlscn` sbudd umkfr knsùssnlmifrf, snm`f knhhfrfmt hum`tnlms crf nmvldvfk. Nm ltifr wlrks, tif gcsn` kf`lrctnvf

fdfjfmts lh tif twl typfs lh jlscn` sbudds crf tif scjf, gut hrlj c hum`tnlmcd

Hne. 0? [if jlscn` sbudd hlumk nm [ljg 5

lh Jlmtf Cdgm.


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plnmt lh vnfw tify `cmmlt gf erlupfk tleftifr, snm`f tif wcys nm winì tifyjcy icvf gffm usfk snjpdy knvfref tll erfctdy. Nm tins rfspf`t nt ns njplrtcmttl mltf tict tif lmdy ltifr snjndcr kf`lrctfk sbudd tict wcs hlumk nm sntu, nm tif

`fmltf lh @inìm Ntz, wcs snjndcrdy ùt cwcy ct tif `rcmncd vcudt cmk ick cddnts lpfmnmes sfcdfk (@leenms 3>9;?3662 Jlildy-Mcey & Dckk 3>>7?307-3;1).Ckkntnlmcddy, c snxtffmti-`fmtury kfs`rnptnlm gy Knfel kf Dcmkc (3>6>R3688Z?6>-81, qultfk nm Vr`nk 7131? 3>1) lh tif `rfctnlm lh kf`lrctfk iujcm sbuddsnm tif Jcyc crfc kfs`rngfs ilw fcì sbudd ns glndfk, kfhdfsifk cmk ics tif tlpicdh scwm lhh, dfcvnme nmtc`t tif hc`f cmk tif jcmkngdf. Nm ltifr wlrks, glti nmsntu hnmks lh kf`lrctfk sbudds cmk kfs`rnptnlms nm snxtffmti `fmtury wlrbs tfstnhytl tif prc`tn`f lh kf`lrctnme iujcm sbudds tict crf ùt nm icdh , wnti tif `rcmncdvcudt rfjlvfk, rctifr ticm tl tif usf lh nmtc`t sbudds hlr kf`lrctnlm, cs ns tif`csf wnti tif umprlvfmcm`fk jlscn` sbudds. ius, windf tif ljg 5 sbudd nskfhnmntfdy prllh lh c prc`tn`f lh `ljgnmnme turqulnsf jlscn`s cmk iujcm sbuddsnm prf-@ldujgncm Jfslcjfrn`c, hrlj c hum`tnlmcd plnmt lh vnfw tins sbudd `cmicrkdy gf sffm tl rfprfsfmt tif scjf typf lh crtfhc`t. Nm spntf lh tifsf njplrtcmtknhhfrfm`fs, nt sffjs quntf dnbfdy tict nh tif umprlvfmcm`fk jlscn` sbudds crfnmkffk jlkfrm `rfctnlms, tif hlrefrs usfk tif ljg 5 sbudd cs c tfjpdctf.

Kujgcrtlm Lcbs, Ucsinmetlm K@

if lmdy lddf`tnlm tl ildk jlrf ticm lmf jlscn` sbudd ns tif Wlgfrt Ullks Gdnss`lddf`tnlm lh Qrf-@ldujgncm Crt ct Kujgcrtlm Lcbs. ins `lddf`tnlm `lmtcnms

tirff jlscn` sbudds nm tltcd, winì crf rfenstfrfk ct tif jusfuj umkfr nmvfmtlrymujgfrs [email protected]>5, -1>9, cmk -1>>. ify wfrf c`qunrfk gy Wlgfrt Ullks Gdnss,tif hlumkfr lh tif `lddf`tnlm, hrlj tif cmtirlpldlenst Ifdjut kf frrc cmk tifcrt kfcdfr Fcrd Ptfmkcid nm 3>6> cmk 3>81. ifsf tirff jlscn` sbudds wfrf cdsl,tl jy bmlwdfkef, tif hnrst tl cppfcr lm tif crt jcrbft.

Nmtfrfstnmedy, Wlgfrt Ptldpfr, tif crt kfcdfr wil sldk tif jlscn` sbudd tl tifMJF, wcs cdsl nmvldvfk nm tif scdf lh tif jlscn` sbudds tl Wlgfrt Ullks Gdnss.Uict ns jlrf, fvfm tiluei Wlgfrt Ullks Gdnss lmdy purìcsfk tirff lh tifsflgof`ts, if wcs lrnenmcddy lhhfrfk hlur (Vr`nk 7131? 3>1). If kf`nkfk cecnmstc`qunrnme tif hlurti jlscn` sbudd chtfr Wlgfrt Ptldpfr ick lrkfrfk c jctfrncdfxcjnmctnlm lh tif sbudd, tif jlscn` cmk tif ckifsnvf gy Mlrjcm Unfmfr, crfstlrfr hrlj Mfw ^lrb, wil cdsl wlrbfk lm tif Dfnkfm jlscn` sbudd. Kurnmetins jctfrncd fxcjnmctnlm, nt wcs kftfrjnmfk tict tif ckifsnvf usfk lm tifhlurti jlscn` sbudd wcs Ku`l `fjfmt, c typf lh ilusfildk eduf. ins jfcmttict tif cttcìjfmt lh tif jlscn` tl tif sbudd wcs quntf lgvnlusdy jlkfrm. Ntns mlt bmlwm wict icppfmfk tl tif hlurti sbudd chtfr Ullks Gdnss rfof`tfk nt,gut tif lgof`t cppfcrs tl icvf rfjcnmfk nm tif plssfssnlm lh wilfvfr lwmfk ntct tif tnjf. Ocvnfr Vr`nk (7131?339) ics sueefstfk tict tif hlurti sbudd lhhfrfktl Wlgfrt Ullks Gdnss jneit gf tif lmf tict ns nm Dfnkfm tlkcy. Uindf tins

jcy sffj c dlen`cd `lm`dusnlm, envfm tict Wlgfrt Ptldpfr wcs nmvldvfk nm glti


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35

G

tif scdf lh tif jlscn` sbudds tl Wlgfrt Ullks Gdnss cmk tif scdf lh tif jlscn`sbudd tl tif MJF, tif ckifsnvf lm tif MJF jlscn` sbudd ns mlt Ku`l `fjfmt(sff gfdlw). Cdtiluei tins klfs mlt fx`dukf tif plssngndnty tict tif hlurti sbudd

rfhusfk gy Ullks Gdnss ns nkfmtn`cd tl tif lmf tict ns ùrrfmtdy nm tif MJF, ntklfs `ljpdn`ctf tif pn`turf.

Fvfm tiluei tif tirff sbudds tict Wlgfrt Ullks Gdnss c`qunrfk hlr ins lddf`tnlmnm 3>6>/81 wfrf `lmsnkfrfk efmunmf ct tif tnjf lh purìcsf, rfsfcrì ics snm`fsueefstfk ltifrwnsf. if sbudds icvf mlt gffm fxingntfk snm`f tif 3>91s, snm`fgy tifm tify wfrf cdrfcky `lmsnkfrfk spurnlus, gfnme c jlkfrm `ljgnmctnlm lhcm`nfmt jctfrncds (Fdnzcgfti I. Gllmf pfrslmcd `ljjumn`ctnlm 7137). Wf`fmtkftcndfk rfsfcrì lm tif jlscn` cmk tif sbudd gy Ocvnfr Vr`nk (7131) `lm`dukfktict glti tif sbudd cmk tif jctfrncds nm tif jlscn` crf cm`nfmt, gut tict tifnr`ljgnmctnlm ns jlkfrm.

Kf^lume Jusfuj, Pcm Hrcm`ns`l

if Kf^lume Jusfuj lh Hnmf Crts nm Pcm Hrcm`ns`l, VPC ildks lmf jlscn` sbuddnm nts `lddf`tnlm. ins sbudd fmtfrfk tif jusfuj `lddf`tnlms tirluei c gfqufsthrlj Icrcdk Ucemfr nm 3>59. Pnm`f tif jusfuj stchh ick dnttdf bmlwdfkef lhtif prlvfmcm`f lh tif jlscn` sbudd cmk wfrf umsurf cglut nts cutifmtn`nty, FddfmIvctuj Ufrmfr lh tif Kf^lume `lmsudtfk Kr Elrklm Fbildj, tifm ùrctlrfjfrntus ct tif Cjfrn`cm Jusfuj lh Mcturcd Instlry (CJMI) cmk tif hlrfjlstfxpfrt lm cutifmtn`ctnme prf-@ldujgncm pnf`fs nm tif twfmtnfti `fmtury, lm tif

sbudds plssngdf cutifmtn`nty. Nm ins dfttfr tl Kr Ufrmfr, Kr Fbildj stctfs? nm jy

Hne. ;? [if jlscn` sbudd lh tif

Kf^lume Jusfuj, Pcm Hrcm`ns`l,wntilut tif kf`lrctfk jcmkngdf.


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@ C

lpnmnlm nt ns wntilut qufstnlm c hcbf. Nt ns, lh `lursf, c efmunmf cm`nfmt sbudd cmktif jlscn` pnf`fs crf efmunmf gut tifnr cttcìjfmt tl tif sbudd ns jlkfrm wlrb.If elfs lm tl scy? c mujgfr lh tifsf sbudds cppfcrfk lm tif jcrbft nm, N gfdnfvf,

tif dctf 81s. N scw ct dfcst snx lr sfvfm lh tifj, jcnmdy ct knhhfrfmt tnjfs gut nmtif icmks lh lmf kfcdfr. N wcs cgdf tl pnf`f tleftifr wict N gfdnfvf ns c hcnrdyc`ùrctf nkfc lh wifrf cmk gy wilj tifsf jlscn` kf`lrctfk sbudds wfrf jckf,gut N `cmmlt ct tif jljfmt hnmk tif tnjf tl wrntf nt lut (Fbildj 3>90). Pckdy,Kr Fbildj pcssfk cwcy quntf sllm chtfr wrntnme tins dfttfr cmk mfvfr, cs hcr csN bmlw, wrltf klwm tif stlry if ick pnf`fk tleftifr lh tif cppfcrcm`f lh tifjlscn` sbudds. if Fbildj crìnvfs, winì crf prfsfrvfk ct tif CJMI, kl mlt`lmtcnm cmy nmhlrjctnlm lm tif jlscn` sbudds. Ptndd, nt ns nmtfrfstnme tl mltf tict,cs nm tif `csf lh tif Kujgcrtlm Lcbs jlscn` sbudds, Kr Fbildj jfmtnlms ticttif `ljplmfmts lh tif jlscn` sbudd crf cdd efmunmfdy prf-@ldujgncm, gut ticttif `ljgnmctnlm lh tif twl ns jlkfrm. if Kf^lume Jusfuj ics mlt put tifjlscn` sbudd lm knspdcy cmk tif ùrrfmt ùrctlr `lmsnkfrs nt tl gf prlgdfjctn` ctgfst (Jcttifw I. Wlgg pfrslmcd `ljjumn`ctnlm 7130).

Jusf kCrts Chrn`cnmfs, L`cmnfms ft Cjrnmknfms (JCCLC),Jcrsfnddf

if rfsfcrì `lmku`tfk lm tif Dfnkfm jlscn` sbudd erfw lut lh cm fcrdnfrprlof`t ct tif @fmtrf kf Wfìfrìf ft kf Wfstcurctnlm kfs Jusfs kf Hrcm`f(@7WJH) tict hlùsfk lm tif stuky lh c jlscn` sbudd, snjndcr tl tif lmf nm tif

Dfnkfm lddf`tnlms, hrlj tif Jusf kCrts Chrn`cnmfs, L`cmnfms ft Cjrnmknfms(JCCLC) nm Jcrsfnddf, Hrcm`f. ins jlscn` sbudd wcs c`qunrfk gy tif JCCLChrlj tif Hrfmì mfurldlenst Kr Ifmrn Ecstcut nm 3>9>. Dnbf tif lmf nm Dfnkfm,tif Jcrsfnddf sbudd ics ml bmlwm prlvfmcm`f prnlr tl nts c`qunsntnlm gy KrEcstcut. Uifm if wcs `lmsnkfrnme tif purìcsf, tif Hrfmìjcms ckvnslrs rcnsfksfrnlus klugts cs tl tif sbudds cutifmtn` prf-@ldujgncm stctus. Kr Ecstcuttifrfhlrf lmsudtfk sfvfrcd fxpfrts lm prf-@ldujgncm jctfrncd udturf nm Hrcm`fcmk Jfxn`l gfhlrf kf`nknme wiftifr lr mlt tl guy tif jlscn` sbudd, tl cvlnkguynme c hlrefry. Kurnme tins rfsfcrì, twl knhhfrfmt hnmk sntfs wfrf mcjfk hlr

tif jlscn` sbudd. Uindf tif lrnenmcd vfmklr `dcnjfk tict nt ick gffm hlumk mfcrJrnkc lm tif û`ctm pfmnmsudc, cmltifr `lmtc`t rfplrtfk tict tif sbudd wcshlumk kurnme fx`cvctnlms ct ^ceud, c wfdd-bmlwm _cpltf` crìcfldlen`cd sntf nmtif `fmtrcd vcddfys lh tif stctf lh Lcxc`c (Plurrnfu 7133). Vmkftfrrfk gy tifsf`lmtrckn`tlry stctfjfmts, Kr Ecstcut kf`nkfk tl c`qunrf tif jlscn` sbudd hlr ins`lddf`tnlm nm 3>8;.

Wfsfcrì lm tif Jcrsfnddf jlscn` sbudd gy tif @7WJH silwfk tict, dnbf tifKujgcrtlm Lcbs cmk Kf^lume jlscn` sbudds, nt wcs jlst prlgcgdy c jlkfrm`ljplsntnlm lh cm`nfmt fdfjfmts (Jlemf 7133?;8). ins `lm`dusnlm wcs gcsfklm sfvfrcd ìcrc`tfrnstn`s lh tif sbudd cmk tif ckifsnvf usfk tl cttcì tif jlscn`

tl tif sbudd. Hnrstdy, 3;@-kctnme lh tif sbudd sueefstfk c kctf lh 3391 01 GQ,


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3>

G

tict ns tl scy gftwffm 557 cmk >11 `cd CK (@cddnecrl ft cd. 7133). ins kctf hcddswfdd wntinm tif Dctf @dcssn` pfrnlk (CK 811 >11), windf c Dctf Qlst`dcssn (CK3011 3673) lrnenm wludk gf fxpf`tfk. Kurnme tif @dcssn` pfrnlk, c``fss tl

turqulnsf nm tif Jcyc crfc wcs dnjntfk, cmk nt wcs lmdy nm tif Qlst`dcssn` pfrnlktict turqulnsf stcrtfk tl rfpdc`f ockfntf, tif erffmstlmf jctfrncd lh iln`f kurnmetif @dcssn` pfrnlk. Ckkntnlmcddy, tif typf lh `rcmncd kfhlrjctnlm ns typn`cd lh tifJcyc crfc tif sbudd wcs scnk tl icvf gffm hlumk mfcr Jrnkc cmk cdd ltifrjlscn` sbudds crf scnk tl gf Jnxtf` cmk tl icvf gffm hlumk nm tif Jnxtf` crfc(stctfs lh Qufgdc/Lcxc`c/Eufrrfrl). Dcstdy, cmk jlst njplrtcmtdy, tif ckifsnvftict wcs usfk tl cttcì tif jlscn` tl tif sbudd wcs hlumk tl gf sifddc`, c typf lhckifsnvf tict wcs mlt usfk nm prf-@ldujgncm Jfslcjfrn`c (sff gfdlw).

Kfs`rnptnlm lh rfsfcrì `lmku`tfk ct tif @7WJH cmk rfsudtsCs jfmtnlmfk, tif rfsfcrì `lmku`tfk lm tif Dfnkfm sbudd erfw lut lh cmfcrdnfr prlof`t lh tif JCCLC cmk tif @7WJH. ins prlof`t fmtcndfk tifkftcndfk fxcjnmctnlm lh tif jlscn` cmk tif sbudd lh tif JCCLC usnme sfvfrcdtfìmnqufs, nm`duknme Y-Wcy Hdulrfs`fm`f (YWH), Y-Wcy Knhhrc`tnlm (YWK),Qcrtn`df Nmku`fk Y-Wcy Fjnssnlm (QNYF), rcknl`crglm kctnme (3;@-kctnme), cmkEcs @irljctlercpiy-Jcss Ppf`trljftry (E@-JP), nm lrkfr tl kftfrjnmf tifjlscn` sbudds cutifmtn`nty. Pnm`f tins cpprlcì prlvfk su``fsshud, tif MJF cmktif @7WJH `llpfrctfk, wnti humknme hrlj tif FV @ICWNPJC prlercjjf,tl `lmku`t tif scjf tfsts cmk cmcdysfs lm tif Dfnkfm sbudd. if MJF cdsl`llpfrctfk wnti stchh lh tif Hcùdty lh Crìcfldley lh Dfnkfm Vmnvfrsnty tlstuky tif sbudd ntsfdh nm erfctfr kftcnd.

Pnm`f nt ics gffm creufk hlr ltifr jlscn` sbudds tict tify crf jlkfrm`ljgnmctnlms lh cm`nfmt fdfjfmts, N sicdd knsùss tif jlscn`, tif sbudd, cmk tifckifsnvf, cmk tifnr plssngdf cutifmtn`nty, sfpcrctfdy. N sicdd stcrt gy kfs`rngnmetif jctfrncds tict el tl jcbf up tif jlscn`. N sicdd tifm kfs`rngf tif tfsts tictwfrf `lmku`tfk lm tif sbudd cmk `lmsnkfr nts plssngdf prlvfmnfm`f. if jlst`ru`ncd `ljplmfmt lh tif jlscn` sbudd, nm tfrjs lh cutifmtn`nty, ns tif ckifsnvf,winì N sicdd kfcd wnti dcst.

Jctfrncds

if hnrst stfp nm trynme tl kftfrjnmf wiftifr tif jlscn` lm tif sbudd wcsefmunmfdy prf-@ldujgncm wcs tl ìcrc`tfrnzf cdd tif jctfrncds tict hlrjfkpcrt lh tif jlscn`. Mcturcddy, nh tifsf nm`dukfk cmy jctfrncds tict `ludk mltgf lh prf-@ldujgncm lrnenm, suì cs edcss nm tif `csf lh tif Jcrsfnddf jlscn`sbudd (@cddnecrl ft cd. 7133) lr grcss nm tif `csf lh lmf lh tif Grntnsi Jusfujturqulnsf jlscn` pnf`fs (J`Fwcm ft cd. 7118?96), tins wludk nmkn`ctf tict tifjlscn` ick gffm, ct dfcst, jlknhnfk chtfr tif `lmqufst lh Jfxn`l.


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Fcrdnfr rfsfcrì lmku`tfk lm tif Jcrsfnddf sbudd ick hlumk tict, windf juìlh tif jlscn` `lmsnstfk lh turqulnsf tfssfrcf, nts lvfrcdd `ljplsntnlm wcs hcnrdyiftfrlefmflus. if jctfrncds usfk nm`dukfk cjczlmntf, ifudcmkntf, crcelmntf

cmk pyrntf. if rfsudts lh tif rfsfcrì lm tif Jcrsfnddf jlscn` sfrvfk cs c hrcjflh rfhfrfm`f hlr tif Dfnkfm jlscn`. Vsnme Y-Wcy Knhhrc`tnlm (YWK), Y-WcyHdulrfs`fm`f (YWH), cmk Qcrtn`df Nmku`fk Y-Wcy Fjnssnlm (QNYF) tif jlscn`wcs hlumk tl gf `ljplsfk lh tif hlddlwnme jctfrncds? turqulnsf, sifdd, ockfntf,ifudcmkntf cmk qucrtz. ifsf tfsts wfrf crrnfk lut gy Kr iljcs @cddnecrl cmkKr ^vcm @lqunmlt (glti lh @7WJH).

[urqulnsf

Cglut >5% lh tif jlscn` `lmsnstfk lh pnf`fs lh turqulnsf, supplrtnme tif

lrnenmcd iypltifsns tict jlst lh tif tfssfrcf wludk gf turqulnsf. if turqulnsfwcs ìcrc`tfrnzfk usnme YWH cmcdysns. if pnf`fs cmcdysfk nm`dukfk cdd tiftfssfrcf tict hlrjfk wict ns gfdnfvfk tl gf tif hfctifrfk sfrpfmt jltnh lm tifhlrfifck lh tif sbudd cs wfdd cs sljf nmknvnkucd lmfs nm knhhfrfmt pcrts lh tifjlscn`. Ckkntnlmcddy, c jcp wcs jckf lh 71x71 tfssfrcf lm tif rneit snkf lh tifjcmkngdf, nm lrkfr tl icvf c dcref `lrpus lh tfssfrcf tl `ljpcrf.

urqulnsf ns c jctfrncd wfdd bmlwm cs icvnme gffm usfk nm prf-@ldujgncmJfslcjfrn c. Uindf ockfntf wcs jlst usfk hlr erffmstlmf lgof`ts nm tif @dcssn`pfrnlk (CK 761 >11), Qlst`dcssn` (CK >11 3673) erffmstlmf lgof`ts crfjlstdy jckf lh turqulnsf, winì wcs njplrtfk hrlj tif Cjfrn`cm Plutiwfst

cmk Jfxn`cm Mlrtiwfst. Hrlj tif @lkfx Jfmklzc, cm fdcglrctf snxtffmti-`fmtury Cztf` trngutf dnst, wf bmlw tict tif Jnxtf` crfc suppdnfk jlst lh tifwlrbfk turqulnsf tict wcs usfk nm tif Cztf` `cpntcd fmlìtntdm (Gfrkcm &Cmcwcdt 3>>5).

Pifdd

wl njplrtcmt pcrts lh tif jlscn` crf jckf lut lh sifdd. Hnrst, tif rfk cmk purpdfgcmk tict ns cglvf tif fyfs ns `ljplsfk lh sifdd jctfrncd. Pf`lmk, tif knsbs ticthlrj tif sbudds fyfs crf cdsl jckf hrlj sifdd jctfrncd. Knhhfrfmt typfs lh sifdd,

jcnmdy lh tifPplmkydus spf`nfs cmk Ptrljgusefmus, wfrf usfk hlr tifnr `ldlursnm prf-@ldujgncm jlscn`s (J`Fwcm ft cd. 7118?00). Nm ckkntnlm, nm jcmyjlscn` jcsbs tif fyfs crf `lvfrfk wnti wintf sifdds tict icvf ildfs fmcgdnme tifwfcrfr tl sff tirluei tif jcsb. if ljg 5 jlscn` sbudd ics snjndcr fyfs jckflh pfrhlrctfk sifdd (@csl 3>8>?01). Nmtfrfstnmedy, tif fyfs lh tif Dfnkfm jlscn`sbudd crf mlt pfrhlrctfk gut icvf c pnf`f lh turqulnsf fm`rustfk nm tif jnkkdf tlhlrj c pupnd (sff hne. 7).


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G

@lm`rftnlm lm sifdd

Fxcjnmctnlm lh tif sifdd jctfrncd `lmstntutnme tif fyfs nm tif jlscn` rfvfcdfktict glti fyfs wfrf (pcrtncddy) `lvfrfk wnti sljf bnmk lh grlwm jctfrncd (sffhne. 7). ins jctfrncd wcs nmntncddy gfdnfvfk tl gf eduf rfjmcmts, gut Y-WcyKnhhrc`tnlm cmcdysns rfvfcdfk tict nt wcs c`tucddy c lm`rftnlm lh ìdlrpilspictfs,iykrlxydcpctntf, prlku`fk gy gc`tfrncd c`tnvnty windf tif sifdd pnf`fs wfrf nm tifslnd. ins `lm`rftnlm hlrjs wifm sifdd jctfrncd ns gurnfk nm pilspilrlus slnd,cmk nts tin`bmfss nmkn`ctfs tict tifsf pnf`fs lh sifdd just icvf gffm gurnfk hlrsljf `lmsnkfrcgdf tnjf. Pnm`f tif ildf nm tif `fmtrf lh tif rneit fyf ns `lvfrfkwnti tif scjf `lm`rftnlm, tins jfcms tict ml turqulnsf suì cs mlw sffm nm tifdfht fyf wcs prfsfmt nm tif rneit fyf wifm nt wcs kfplsntfk nm tif erlumk.

Uindf tif rfsfcrìfrs nmntncddy gfdnfvfk tins `lm`rftnlm tl gf c plssngdf jcrbfr

lh tif jlscn` sbudds cutifmtn`nty, nt jcy nm hc`t gf cm nmkn`ctnlm lh nts spurnlusmcturf. Nh tifsf sbudds wfrf cutifmtn` crtfhc`ts, tify wludk jlst prlgcgdy icvfgffm pdc`fk fntifr nm tljgs lr nm kry `cvfs, cs icppfmfk, hlr fxcjpdf, wntitif ljg 5 jlscn` sbudd lh Jlmtf Cdgm (@csl 3>8>) cmk wnti sfvfrcd ltifrjlscn` jcsbs cmk sinfdks hlumk nm `cvfs nm Qufgdc cmk Lcxc`c (Nzfbn 7119).Ilwfvfr, ick tif jlscn` sbudd gffm pdc`fk nm c tljg lr kry `cvf, nt wludk mlticvf gffm gurnfk, cmk ml lm`rftnlm wludk icvf hlrjfk lm tif sifdd pcrts lh tifjlscn`, snm`f tifrf wludk mlt icvf gffm cmy fxplsurf tl slnd.;Uict ns jlrf, tifumfqucd knstrngutnlm lh tif `lm`rftnlm, winì ns prfsfmt lm glti fyfs gut mltlm pnf`fs jckf lh tif scjf jctfrncd nm gftwffm tifj, silws tict tifsf pnf`fs

`ludk mlt icvf gffm nm `lmtc`t wnti tif scjf slnd ct tif scjf tnjf, nmkn`ctnmetict tify knk mlt lrnenmcddy hlrj pcrt lh tif scjf jlscn`.

Ockf

Lmf lh tif pnf`fs nm tif jnkkdf lh tif jlscn`, cglvf tif rneit fyf, wcs `dfcrdymlt turqulnsf tl tif mcbfk fyf. Cm nmntncd iypltifsns wcs tict tins jctfrncd wcscjczlmntf, c jctfrncd usfk lm tif Jcrsfnddf sbudd nm sjcdd qucmtntnfs cmk lmtif wfdd-bmlwm Js`crc kf Jcdnmcdtfpf`, tif jlscn` lm winì wcs jcnmdy jckflh cjczlmntf (Jcrtmfz kfd @cjpl 7131). QNYF cmcdysns silwfk, ilwfvfr, tict

tins pcrtnùdcr stlmf nm tif Dfnkfm jlscn` wcs c`tucddy ockfntf. Nt ns mlt bmlwm ctwict tnjf tins stlmf wcs cppdnfk tl tif sbudd, gut tifrf crf ml nmkn`ctnlms tictsueefst c dctfr ckkntnlm lh tins pnf`f. Ilwfvfr, tif stlmf ns `dfcrdy mlt turqulnsf,fvfm tl tif mcbfk fyf, cmk wludk mlt icvf gffm jnstcbfm hlr nt gy tif `rfctlr lhtif jlscn` lr c dctfr rfstlrfr. Nt siludk gf mltfk tict nm tif ljg 5 fx`cvctnlmc sjcdd pdcquf lh ockf, jfcsurnme 39 jj, wcs hlumk cssl`nctfk wnti tif jlscn`sbudd. ins pdcquf lh ockf stndd ckifrfk tl tif lrnenmcd ckifsnvf pcstf, tleftifrwnti sljf turqulnsf tfssfrcf (@csl 3>8>?88).

; N wludk dnbf tl ticmb Kr Ocvnfr Vr`nk hlr krcwnme jy cttfmtnlm tl tins nssuf.


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@ C

SucrtzLmf lh tif jcnm um`frtcnmtnfs surrlumknme tif jlscn` chtfr tif lgsfrvctnlm lhtif sbudd umkfr udtrcvnldft dneit wcs tif `ljplsntnlm lh tif jctfrncd tict hlrjfktif fyf lh tif hfctifrfk sfrpfmt kfsnem. Lm tif gcsns lh VX piltlercpiy ntwcs tilueit tl gf cm lrecmn` jctfrncd, snm`f nt edlwfk rfk nm udtrcvnldft dneit.Ilwfvfr, chtfr fxcjnmctnlm umkfr c knentcd jn`rls`lpf cmk wnti tif usf lh QNYFcmcdysns, tif fyf turmfk lut tl gf c sjcdd pnf`f lh hnmfdy ùt qucrtz. Nt wcs mltc`tucddy tif qucrtz ntsfdh tict ick edlwfk rfk nm udtrcvnldft dneit, gut, snm`f tifqucrtz wcs pfrhf`tdy trcmspcrfmt, nt silwfk tif ldlur lh tif umkfrdynme ckifsnvf(sff hne. 6)

Uindf tif usf lh qucrtz ics gffm klùjfmtfk hlr prf-@ldujgncmJfslcjfrn`c hlr fxcjpdf, c ùp jckf lh ùt cmk pldnsifk rl`b `rystcd wcshlumk kurnme tif ljg 5 fx`cvctnlms gy Cdhlmsl @csl (3>8>) tif jctfrncdns mlt usfk nm cmy ltifr turqulnsf jlscn`. if jlst wfdd-bmlwm usf lh qucrtzhlr (supplsfk) Jfslcjfrn`cm crtfhc`ts crf tif hcjlus `rystcd sbudds tict crf nmjusfuj lddf`tnlms nm Furlpf cmk tif Vmntfk Ptctfs. ifsf rystcd sbudds, winìwfrf dlme sffm cs fjgdfjctn` lh prf-@ldujgncm ùdturfs, crf mlw gfdnfvfk gyrfsfcrìfrs tl gf snxtffmti-`fmtury Furlpfcm lgof`ts lr mnmftffmti-`fmturyhlrefrnfs (Jc`dcrfm Ucdsi 3>>5). Uindf tins klfs mlt mf`fsscrndy jfcm tict tif

qucrtz nm tif jlscn` ns lh jlkfrm lrnenm, nts nm`dusnlm ns c strlme nmkn`ctnlm lhjlkfrm cdtfrctnlm.

Hne. 6? [if fyf lh tif hfctifrfk sfrpfmt jltnh. @lpyrneit @7WJH.


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70

G

Nm `lm`dusnlm, windf tifrf crf ml jctfrncds nm tif jlscn` tict prlvf ticttif jlscn` ns lh jlkfrm lrnenm, tifrf crf sfvfrcd nm`lmeruntnfs tict `cmmlt gffxpdcnmfk nh wf rfecrk tif jlscn` cs fmtnrfdy prf-@ldujgncm. Hnrst lh cdd, tif

prfsfm`f lh tif iykrlxydcpctntf `lm`rftnlm lm tif sifdd pnf`fs nmkn`ctfs ticttifsf pnf`fs wfrf gurnfk, sljftinme tict lmf wludk mlt fxpf`t lh tins typf lhlgof`t. Cdsl, tif knstrngutnlm lh tif `lm`rftnlm silws tict mlt cdd sifdd pnf`fs lhtif jlscn` ludk icvf gffm gurnfk ct tif scjf tnjf cmk/lr nm tif scjf dl`ctnlm.Ckkntnlmcddy, tif usf lh qucrtz ns umnquf hlr jlscn` wlrb cmk jcy wfdd gf cjlkfrm ckkntnlm. Mlmftifdfss, cs scnk, tifrf crf ml jlkfrm jctfrncds nm tifjlscn` tict prlvf tict tif jlscn` wcs `lmstru`tfk lr rfstlrfk nm jlkfrm tnjfs.Nm vnfw lh tins, cmk `lmsnkfrnme tict jn`rls`lpn` rfsfcrì nmkn`ctfs tict tiftfssfrcf wfrf mlt jcmuhc`turfk wnti jlkfrm tllds, tif jctfrncds nm tif jlscnìcvf gffm hlumk tl gf cutifmtn`cddy prf-@ldujgncm.

[if sbudd

Icvnme kftfrjnmfk tict tif jctfrncds usfk nm tif jlscn` crf jlst prlgcgdy lhprf-@ldujgncm lrnenm, wf turm tl tif sbudd. wl typfs lh cmcdysns wfrf `lmku`tfklm tif sbudd. Hnrst, cm lstflgnlercpin`cd cssfssjfmt lh tif sbudd wcs `crrnfk luttl kftfrjnmf tif nmknvnkucds sfx cmk cef. Pf`lmk, lxyefm, `crglm cmk strlmtnujnsltlpf cmcdysns wcs pfrhlrjfk lm tif tffti lh tif sbudd, tl kftfrjnmf wifrftif nmknvnkucd ick dnvfk kurnme ins/ifr fcrdy dnhf. if nsltlpf cmcdysfs wfrfsupfrvnsfk gy Kr Ocslm Dchhllm lh tif Hcùdty lh Crìcfldley, Dfnkfm Vmnvfrsnty,windf tif lstflgnlercpin`cd stuky wcs `lmku`tfk gy Kr Cmkrfc Uctfrs-Wnst cmkCmmf vcm Kunovfmglkf lh tif scjf nmstntutnlm.

Cs`frtcnmnme tif nmknvnkucds prlgcgdf sfx wcs njpfkfk gy tif prfsfm`f lhtif turqulnsf jlscn`, snm`f jcmy lh tif hc`ncd hfcturfs `ludk mlt gf cssfssfk.Mlmftifdfss, gcsfk lm tif lgsfrvcgdf trcnts lh tif sbudd, nt wcs `lm`dukfk ticttif nmknvnkucd wcs prlgcgdy jcdf, cmk cpprlxnjctfdy 06 tl ;> yfcrs lh cef cttif tnjf lh kfcti. Uindf sljf kctc wfrf umlgtcnmcgdf gf`cusf lh tif jlscn`lm tif sbudd cmk tif grfcbcef lr dlss lh pcrts lh tif sbudd, tif cvcndcgdf trcntswfrf sueefstnvf lh Mctnvf Cjfrn`cm (lr Csncm) cm`fstry (Uctfrs-Wnst & vcm

Kunovfmglkf 7137).if nsltlpf cmcdysfs wfrf supfrvnsfk gy Kr Ocslm Dchhllm cmk `crrnfk lutct tif Hcùdty lh Fcrti cmk Dnhf P`nfm`fs, Hrff Vmnvfrsnty lh Cjstfrkcj, cmk`lmsnstfk lh tfsts lh `crglm, strlmtnuj cmk lxyefm nsltlpfs. Pnm`f tif jlscn`sbudd wcs lhhfrfk hlr scdf nm Furlpf cmk tifrf wcs ml klùjfmtfk prllh tictnt ick fvfr gffm nm tif Cjfrn`cs, c (sdneit) plssngndnty fxnstfk tict tif sbuddwcs c`tucddy lh Furlpfcm, Chrn`cm lr Csncm rctifr ticm Jfslcjfrn`cm lrnenm.ifrfhlrf, nsltlpf tfsts wfrf `crrnfk lut tl kftfrjnmf wiftifr tif nmknvnkucdick c`tucddy dnvfk nm Jfslcjfrn`c, cmk wiftifr, jlrf spf`nhn`cddy, tif nmknvnkucdick dnvfk nm tif supplsfk rfenlm lh lrnenm (slutifrm Jfxn`l, spf`nhn`cddy Lcxc`c)

kurnme tif fcrdy yfcrs lh ins dnhf. if `ljgnmfk rfsudts lh tif cmcdysfs sueefstfk


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@ C

tict tif nmknvnkucd ick dnvfk nm c krnfr, nmdcmk, ineifr cdtntukf rfenlm lh vld`cmn`gfkrl`b efldley nm tif fcrdy yfcrs lh dnhf, lm c knft tict jlst prlgcgdy `lmsnstfkdcrefdy lh jcnzf cs c stcpdf `rlp. if rcmefs wfrf snjndcr tl bmlwm rcmefs hrljslutiwfst Jfxn`l, cmk tif Xcddfy lh Lcxc`c wcs lmf lh tif pdc`fs nm Jfslcjfrn`cnm winì c `ljgnmctnlm lh tifsf nsltlpf vcdufs wludk gf fxpf`tfk tl l`ùr(Dchhllm 7130). Mcturcddy, tins `lm`dusnlm ns vfry juì nm dnmf wnti wict wludkgf fxpf`tfk hlr c Jnxtf` nmknvnkucd.

cbfm tleftifr, tif nsltlpf cmcdysns cmk tif lstflgnlercpin`cd cssfssjfmtlh tif sbudd nmkn`ctf umfqunvl`cddy tict tif sbudd gfdlmefk tl cm nmknefmlusJfslcjfrn`cm nmknvnkucd. Vmhlrtumctfdy, nt wcs njplssngdf tl `crry lut 3;@-

kctnme lh tif sbudd, snm`f dcref pcrts lh nt wfrf `lvfrfk wnti cm umkfhnmfk typflh vcrmnsi, winì rudfk lut `dfcm scjpdnme. Fvfm sl, snm`f mltinme wcs hlumk tlsueefst tict tif sbudd ns mlt prf-@ldujgncm nm lrnenm, cmk nt ns wfdd bmlwm tictprf-@ldujgncm crìcfldlen`cd tljgs cmk kry `cvfs `lmtcnmnme wfdd-prfsfrvfksbfdftcd jctfrncd wfrf lhtfm dlltfk, tifrf ns fvfry rfcslm tl cssujf tict tif sbuddns nmkffk lh prf-@ldujgncm lrnenm.

Hne. 8? [if rfstlrctnlm eduf tict wcs cppdnfk lm tlp lh tif lrnenmcd eduf. @lpyrneit @7WJH.


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76

G

[if ckifsnvf

Pnm`f ml fvnkfm`f fjfrefk hrlj tif cmcdysns lh tif jctfrncds usfk hlr tif jlscn`lr tif wcy tify ick gffm wlrbfk tict tif jlscn` wcs mlt prf-@ldujgncm, cmktif `ljgnmfk lstflgnlercpin`cd cmk nsltlpf cmcdysns lh tif sbudd nmkn`ctfk cJfslcjfrn`cm lrnenm hlr tif sbudd, tif kf`nsnvf hc`tlr nm cs`frtcnmnme wiftifrtif jlscn` sbudd cs wf sff nt tlkcy ns cm cutifmtn` prf-@ldujgncm crtfhc`t wcstif ckifsnvf. Fcrdnfr stuknfs lm Qlst`dcssn` Jfslcjfrn`cm jlscn`s, jlst mltcgdytilsf lh tif Grntnsi Jusfuj (J`Fwcm ft cd. 7118), icvf silwm tict tif jlst`ljjlmdy usfk ckifsnvf wcs c typf lh pnmf rfsnm. Qnmf rfsnm ns `lddf`tfk hrlj

sfvfrcd spf`nfs lh pnmfs nm Jfxn`l cmk ns stndd usfk tlkcy hlr knhhfrfmt purplsfs,nm`duknme nm`fmsf cmk ckifsnvfs. Cpcrt hrlj pnmf rfsnm, ckifsnvfs gcsfk lmrfsnms `lddf`tfk hrlj pdcmts lh tif Gurscrc`fcf hcjndy, mcjfk `lpcd chtfr tifMciuctd (Cztf`) wlrk hlr rfsnm, `lpcddn, wfrf cdsl hlumk lm tif Grntnsi Jusfujjlscn`s, cs wcs gffswcx (J`Fwcm ft cd. 7118?06-5). C snjndcr typf lh `lpcdrfsnm wcs usfk lm tif jlscn` sbudd hlumk nm ljg 5 lh Jlmtf Cdgm, jnxfkwnti sffks lh Cjcrcmtius pcmn`udctus(@csl 3>8>? 80). Cm fxpfrnjfmtcd stukylh Jfslcjfrn`cm ckifsnvfs, gcsfk lm kfs`rnptnlms gy Ppcmnsi hrncrs lh ckifsnvfsusfk nm tif snxtffmti fmtury, nkfmtnhnfk cmk tfstfk tif usf lh ckifsnvfs gcsfk lmsfvfrcd lr`ink spf`nfs, twl `lpcd efmfrc, pnmf rfsnm, cmk mctnvf gffswcx (Gfrkcm

7115? 0).

Hne. 5? [if scjf pn`turf cs eurf 8 umkfr VX dneit. @lpyrneit @7WJH.


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78

@ C

Nm lmtrcst, fcrdnfr rfsfcrì lm tif jlscn` sbudd hrlj Jcrsfnddf ick silwm ticttif ckifsnvf usfk wcs sifddc`. Pifddc` ns cm ckifsnvf prlku`fk hrlj tif fx`rftnlmslh c `lìnmfcd nmsf`t mcjfk Dc``nhfr dc``c, lr Bfrrnc dc``c (Gutdfr Erffmhnfdk

7116). Pnm`f tif ùdtnvctnlm lh `lìnmfcd ics gffm wnkfdy klùjfmtfk hlr prf-@ldujgncm Jfslcjfrn`c, cs wfdd cs `ldlmncd tnjfs, fspf`ncddy nm tif Jnxtf`crfenlm hrlj winì tif jlscn` sbudds supplsfkdy lrnenmctfk, nt wcs sueefstfkkurnme tif rfsfcrì lm tif Jcrsfnddf sbudd tict sifddc` jneit gf c jctfrncd lhprf-@ldujgncm lrnenm. Ilwfvfr, sifddc` `cmmlt gf c jctfrncd lh prf-@ldujgncmlrnenm snm`f nt ns jckf hrlj tif fx`rftnlms lh tif hfjcdf dc` gue, Dc``nhfr dc``clr Bfrrnc dc``c (Gutdfr Erffmhnfdk 7116? 7>), wifrfcs tif Jfxn`cm `lìnmfcdnmsf`t, Kc`tydlpnus `l`ùs (ngnk.? 06) ns c jfjgfr lh c knhhfrfmt hcjndy cmk klfsmlt fx`rftf tif scjf prlku`t. Dc``nhfr dc``c, winì prlku`fs sifddc`, ns cm nmsf`ttict dnvfs nm slutifcst Csnc cmk Nmknc. if usf lh sifddc` lrnenmctfk ifrf, sprfcktl Furlpf nm tif Jnkkdf Cefs, cmk `cm lmdy icvf gffm usfk nm Jfxn`l chtfrtif @lmqufst. if lmhusnlm surrlumknme tif plssngdf prf-@ldujgncm lrnenm lhsifddc` wcs prlgcgdy kuf tl tif hc`t tict glti nmsf`ts crf rfhfrrfk tl `lddlquncddygy tif scjf mcjf, `lìnmfcd, fvfm tiluei tify gfdlme tl knhhfrfmt hcjndnfs.

Fxcjnmctnlm lh tif Dfnkfm jlscn` sbudd umkfr VX dneit ct tif @7WJHrfvfcdfk tict twl slrts lh eduf ick gffm usfk lm tif sbudd. Lmf lh tifsf, gy hcrtif jlst prljnmfmt, edlwfk rfk umkfr VX dneit, jfcmnme tict nt ick c `frtcnmlrecmn` `ljplsntnlm. if ltifr typf, winì wcs lmdy hlumk lm `frtcnm splts lmtif dlwfr ocw, tif hlrfifck cmk lm tif sbudds uppfr dnp, edlwfk yfddlw/erffm.

Fxcjnmctnlm wnti c knentcd jn`rls`lpf silwfk tict tins yfddlw jctfrncd ickgffm cppdnfk lm tlp lh tif rfkknsi-grlwm eduf. Cs c rfsudt, tins yfddlw eduf wcstilueit tl gf cm ckifsnvf tict ick gffm usfk ct sljf plnmt hlr tif rfstlrctnlmlh c sjcdd mujgfr lh tfssfrcf. Uifm tif crfcs lm winì tif yfddlw ckifsnvf wcsusfk wfrf `ljpcrfk wnti tilsf tict ick gffm trfctfk gy Mlrjcm Unfmfr, c Mfw lrb-gcsfk rfstlrfr wil rfstlrfk sjcdd pcrts lh tif Dfnkfm jlscn` sbudd nm 3>87,nt gf`cjf `dfcr tict Jr Unfmfr just icvf usfk tins ckifsnvf nm tif rfstlrctnlmprl`fss. ins jfcmt tict tif rfkknsi-grlwm ckifsnvf wcs tif lrnenmcd lmf, winìwcs cdrfcky lm tif sbudd wifm nt wcs rfstlrfk nm 3>87 (sff hnes. 8 cmk 5).

Pcjpdfs lh glti typfs lh ckifsnvf wfrf tcbfm gy Kr Oudnfttf Dcmedlns lh tif

@7WJH cmk cmcdysfk usnme Ecs @irljctlercpiy-Jcss Ppf`trljftry (E@-JP). if rfsudts silwfk tict tif prnjcry ckifsnvf, winì wcs usfk hlr >>%lh tif jlscn`, wcs sifddc`, cs nm tif `csf lh tif Jcrsfnddf sbudd. if sf`lmkcryckifsnvf, usfk hlr rfstlrctnlm purplsfs, wcs c jnx lh pnmf rfsnm cmk cectins rfsnm(Dcmedlns 7137). ins jfcms tict glti typfs lh ckifsnvf hlumk lm tif Dfnkfmsbudd crf lh jlkfrm lrnenm.


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75

G

Cutifmtn`, hcbf lr `ljgnmctnlm>5? 7). Nm tins `csf, tif prlgcgndnty tict

wf crf kfcdnme wnti c hcbf sffjs inei cmk tif kferff lh `lmhnkfm`f snemnhn`cmt,gut wf siludk cdwcys bffp cm lpfm jnmk.

Mlw, icvnme kftfrjnmfk tict tif jlscn` sbudd ns jlst prlgcgdy c jlkfrm`rfctnlm, twl njplrtcmt qufstnlms crnsf? 3. Uiy wcs tins jlscn` sbudd c`qunrfknm tif hnrst pdc`f, windf mlt c snmedf snjndcr crtfhc`t wcs fvfr hlumk nm c lmtrlddfk`lmtfxt< cmk 7. Ilw klfs tif hnmknme tict tif jlscn` sbudd ns hcbf chhf`t tifwcy nt ns sffm, dcgfddfk cmk prfsfmtfk nm c jusfuj `lddf`tnlm9>? 68-85). Cs suì,umprlvfmcm`fk (crìcfldlen`cd) ftimlercpin` pnf`fs, jlst lh winì icvfgffm glueit lm tif mltlrnlusdy lpcquf crt jcrbft, crf, nm tif tfrjnmldley

lh Kfmmns Kuttlm (7110) fxprfssnvfdy cutifmtn`, rctifr ticm mljnmcddycutifmtn`. Fxprfssnvf cutifmtn`nty ns tcbfm tl rfhfr tl tif lgof`ts ìcrc`tfr cs


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79

@ C

c truf fxprfssnlm lh cm nmknvnkucds lr c sl`nftys vcdufs cmk gfdnfhs (Kuttlm7110? 76>), cs lpplsfk tl mljnmcd cutifmtn`nty, winì ns snjpdy tif `lrrf`tnkfmtnhn`ctnlm lh tif lrnenms, cutilrsinp, lr prlvfmcm`f lh tif lgof`t (Kuttlm

7110? 76>). Nm silrt, nm ftimlercpin` jusfujs, umprlvfmcm`fk pnf`fs crfefmfrcddy cutifmtn`ctfk lm tif gcsns lh tif bmlwdfkef cmk umkfrstcmknme lhjusfuj stchh lh tif (jctfrncd) ùdturf lh c envfm rfenlm lr pflpdf. Cs suì,N wludk creuf tict lhtfm nm ftimlercpin` jusfujs, mljnmcd cutifmtn`nty (c`lrrf`t nkfmtnhn`ctnlm lh cm lgof`ts lrnenm), fvfm tiluei mlt prlvfm, ns nmhfrrfklr cssujfk hrlj fxprfssnvf cutifmtn`nty, wifm c pnf`f hnts tif stydf.

ins umkfrstcmknme lh tif cttrngutnlm lh mljnmcd cutifmtn`nty lm tif gcsnslh fxprfssnvf cutifmtn`nty nm ftimlercpin` jusfujs dfcks us tl tif pfr`fptnlmcmk rfprfsfmtctnlm lh tif ùdturf nm qufstnlm, snm`f, wntilut tins umkfrstcmknmelh tif ùdturf, pnf`fs `ludk mlt gf cutifmtn`ctfk. if (plpudcr) pfr`fptnlm lh cùdturf ns gcsfk lm nts ùdturcd prlku`ts, hrlj crtfhc`ts cmk pcnmtnmes tl gllbscmk slmes, winì crf prfsfmtfk nm jusfujs cmk tifnr `lddf`tnlms. Nm tif wlrkslh Fdnzcgfti Indd Gllmf, nt ns tif lddf`tnlm cmk prfsfmtctnlm lh jctfrncd udturftict `ljjcmks ilw tif ùdturf gfnme rfprfsfmtfk ns umkfrstllk cmk rf`fnvfk(3>>0? ;). Nm turm, tif cutifmtn`ctnlm prl`fss lh crtfhc`ts cssujfk tl icvf gffmjckf gy c `frtcnm ùdturf kfpfmks lm tif bmlwdfkef cmk pfr`fptnlm lh tifùdturf cmk nts jctfrncd rfjcnms. Crtfhc`ts crf cssujfk tl gf cutifmtn` gf`cusftify `cm gf silwm tl icvf gffm hlumk nm tifnr lrnenmcd `lmtfxt, gf`cusf inei-tfì rfsfcrì jftilks icvf prlvfm tif cutifmtn`nty lh c pnf`f lr, cs ns tif

`csf hlr jlst lgof`ts tict crf c`qunrfk lm tif crt jcrbft, snjpdy gf`cusf tifyhnt tif stydf. Nm silrt, bmlwdfkef lh c pflpdfs (jctfrncd) ùdturf (tif ùdturfspfr`fptnlm) ns gcsfk lm supplsfkdy cutifmtn` crtfhc`ts, winì icvf tifjsfdvfslhtfm gffm cutifmtn`ctfk lm tif gcsns lh tif bmlwdfkef lh c pflpdfs jctfrncdùdturf. Nt ns prf`nsfdy tins nr`df lh cutifmtn`ctnlm, rfprfsfmtctnlm cmk pfr`fptnlmtict ics dfk sfvfrcd cutilrs tl strfss tif rnsb lh tif hc`t tict stukfmts crf tcueitwict ns cutifmtn` cmk wict ns mlt lm tif gcsns lh spurnlus lgof`ts (f.e. Bfdbfr &Ldsfm Gruims 7131).

Unti tins nm jnmk, wf rfturm tl tif qufstnlm wiy wcs tins jlscn` sbuddrfecrkfk cs cutifmtn` cmk c`qunrfk, fvfm tiluei nt dc`bfk cmy klùjfmtfk

prlvfmcm`f cmk ml snjndcr lgof`ts hrlj lmtrlddfk lmtfxts wfrf bmlwm


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7>

G

Dc`b lh bmlwdfkef

if jlst gcsn` rfcslm tict tif jlscn` sbudd wcs c`qunrfk gy tif MJF wntilutcmy rfsfrvctnlms `lm`frmnme nts cutifmtn`nty ns tif hc`t tict Kr Qltt, wil kf`nkfktict tif jlscn` sbudd ick tl gf c`qunrfk, wcs mlt c spf`ncdnst lm prf-@ldujgncmjctfrncd udturf. if glcrk lh ùrctlrs wcs icrkdy nmvldvfk nm tif purìcsf, cmktif ùrctlr hlr tif spf`nhn` rfenlm, Kr W.. _unkfjc, c spf`ncdnst lm Cmkfcmùdturfs, wcs mlt `lmsudtfk gy Kr Qltt prnlr tl tif purìcsf. Ilwfvfr, fvfmnh Kr Qltt ick gffm c spf`ncdnst lm Jnxtf` ùdturf, tif hc`t rfjcnms tict nm tiffcrdy 3>81s, wifm tif jlscn` sbudd wcs c`qunrfk, tif bmlwdfkef lh tif jctfrncdùdturf lh tins rfenlm wcs mlt cs wfdd kfvfdlpfk cs nt ns tlkcy. Uindf cm njcefcmk kfs`rnptnlm lh tif ljg 5 sbudd ick cdrfcky gffm pugdnsifk nm tif fcrdy3>01s (@csl 3>06), cmk wfrf prlgcgdy bmlwm tl sljf jusfuj pfrslmmfd nm

Dfnkfm, njplrtcmt pugdn`ctnlms, suì cs @csls Fd fslrl kf Jlmtf Cdgm(3>8>)cmk Fdnzcgfti @crjnìcfds urqulnsf jlscn`s hrlj Jfxn`l (3>51), ick mlt yftgffm pugdnsifk. ifrfhlrf, tif jctfrncd hrlj tif ljg 5 fx`cvctnlm, fspf`ncddytif jlscn` sbudd winì wcs sffm cs lmf lh tif jlst spdfmknk ntfjs nm tif tljg,wcs lmf lh tif hfw rfprfsfmtctnvf scjpdfs lh Jnxtf` jctfrncd ùdturf.

Cmltifr njplrtcmt `lmsnkfrctnlm ns tif hc`t tict tif Dfnkfm jlscn` sbudd wcslmf lh tif hnrst tl cppfcr lm tif crt jcrbft, winì jfcms tict, cpcrt hrlj c piltlcmk kfs`rnptnlm lh tif ljg 5 sbudd, winì jcy icvf hum`tnlmfk cs c tfjpdctf hlrtif Dfnkfm jlscn` sbudd, icrkdy cmy rfhfrfm`f plnmts wfrf cvcndcgdf hlr purplsfslh `ljpcrnslm. Ptndd, Kr Qltts kfs`rnptnlm lh tif jlscn` sbudd cs cm lgof`t lh

RsuìZ rcrnty cmk vcduf sueefsts tict if rfecrkfk tif rfdctnvf umnqufmfss lh tifjlscn` sbudd, cmk ifm`f tif lpplrtumnty tl ckk cm umpcrcddfdfk jcstfrpnf`f tlins jusfujs `lddf`tnlm, cs cm fxtrc nm`fmtnvf tl c`qunrf tif lgof`t, rctifr ticmc wcrmnme tl tilrlueidy ìf`b tif jlscn` sbudd gfhlrf c`qunrnme nt, fspf`ncddy`lmsnkfrnme ins lwm rfdctnvf dc`b lh bmlwdfkef lh tif ùdturcd rfenlm `lm`frmfk.Vmdnbf tif Dfnkfm jlscn` sbudd, ltifr jlscn` sbudds winì wfrf c`qunrfk crlumktif scjf tnjf wfrf tilrlueidy ìf`bfk gfhlrf tify wfrf c`qunrfk.

if ckvcm`fs jckf nm tif bmlwdfkef lh Jnxtf` jctfrncd ùdturf crffxfjpdnhnfk gy tif kfs`rnptnlm lh tif pdujfk sfrpfmt kfsnem nm tif uppfrsf`tnlm lh tif jlscn`. Uifm Kr Qltt hnrst scw tif kfsnem, if kfs`rngfk nt cstif hfctifrfk sfrpfmt `dcm syjgld, lmf lh tif jlst typn`cd ùdturcd fdfjfmts lhtins crfc.6 Pnm`f tif hfctifrfk sfrpfmt ns c wfdd-bmlwm Jfslcjfrn`cm syjgldcmk l`ùpnfs c `fmtrcd pdc`f nm tif Jnxtf` cmk _cpltf` n`lmlercpiy cmk wlrdkvnfw, tif hfctifrfk sfrpfmt wcs sffm cs c jcrb lh cutifmtn`nty. Pljf lh tifjlscn` tfssfrcf tict hlrj tif pdujfk sfrpfmt kfsnem crf nm`nsfk wnti knhhfrfmtefljftrn`cd hlrjs, winì Qltt tilueit rfprfsfmtfk tif sfrpfmts pdujfs. C dcrefmujgfr lh hnmf nddustrctnlms lh turqulnsf jlscn`s icvf gffm pugdnsifk snm`ftif 3>81s, cmk nt ns mlw `dfcr tict tifsf nm`nsfk pnf`fs just icvf gffm pcrt

6 Lrne. ift `dcm-syjglld vcm kf efvfkfrkf sdcme, m vcm kf jffst typnsìf ùdtuurfdfjfmtfm vcmknt efgnfk.


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lh tif kfsnems lh jlscn` sinfdks. Pljf lh tif tfssfrcf nm tif pdujfk sfrpfmtjltnh, hlr fxcjpdf, crf vfry snjndcr tl turqulnsf tfssfrcf tict crf nm`nsfk tl hlrjifckkrfssfs, wfcplms cmk knhhfrfmt slrts lh cttnrf lh hneurfs lm tif turqulnsf

jlscn` kns`s hrlj tif Cztf` fjpdl Jcylr (J`Fwcm ft cd. 7118?hne. >;) cmk tifJusfuj hr Xdbfrbumkf nm Xnfmmc (Hffst 3>>1). Mlwifrf, ilwfvfr, kl tifyhlrj c pdujfk sfrpfmt jltnh snjndcr tl tif lmf sffm lm tif Dfnkfm sbudd. ifdcttfr wcs prlgcgdy cm fdcglrctf nmvfmtnlm lh c twfmtnfti-`fmtury hlrefr.

Wfprfsfmtctnlm cmk pfr`fptnlm

N icvf creufk cglvf tict nt ns `ljjlm nm ftimlercpin` jusfujs hlr mljnmcdcutifmtn`nty tl gf nmhfrrfk hrlj fxprfssnvf cutifmtn`nty. ict ns tl scy, nm tifcgsfm`f lh cmy nmhlrjctnlm lm cm crtfhc`ts prlvfmcm`f, tif lgof`t ns `lmsnkfrfk

tl gf cutifmtn`cddy Jnxtf`, hlr nmstcm`f, nh nt `lrrfsplmks tl tif `rntfrnc lh wictJnxtf` lgof`ts crf supplsfk tl dllb dnbf. ins supplsfk tl dllb dnbf `rntfrnlmns gcsfk lm tif rfprfsfmtctnlm lh tif envfm ùdturf, cmk ùdturcd rfenlm. Nm tif`csf lh Jfslcjfrn`c, tif plpudcr rfprfsfmtctnlm ics efmfrcddy gffm ìcrc`tfrnsfkgy njcefs lh gdllk, sbudds cmk, fspf`ncddy, iujcm sc`rnhn`f fvfr snm`f tif hnrst`lmtc`ts gftwffm `ldlmnsfrs cmk nmknefmlus pflpdfs lh Jfslcjfrn`c (sff Bffm3>53 hlr tif kfvfdlpjfmt lh tins vnsnlm lh Jfslcjfrn`c). Cm nddustrctnvf fxcjpdflh tins plpudcr rfprfsfmtctnlm ns Jfd Engslms gdl`bgustfr prlku`tnlmCpl`cdyptl(7118), c instlrn`cddy erlssdy nmc`ùrctf plrtrcycd lh Cm`nfmt Jcyc sl`nfty cslgsfssfk wnti vnldfm`f cmk iujcm sc`rnhn`f, sujjcrnsfk gy lmf `rntn` cs sljf

jnstcbfs crf stupnk-wrlme, ltifrs crf Engslm-ns-bnmkc-rc`nst-wrlme (Mfwntz7118). @lmsnkfrnme tif wnkf rfcì lh tins plpudcr rfprfsfmtctnlm, tif qufstnlmcrnsfs lh tif fxtfmt tl winì tif rfprfsfmtctnlm cmk pfr`fptnlm lh c ùdturf cmktif cutifmtn`ctnlm prl`fss sicpf fcì ltifr. Pnjpdy put, crf crtfhc`ts, nm tif `csflh Jfslcjfrn`c, jlrf dnbfdy tl gf `lmsnkfrfk cutifmtn` wifm tify nm`dukf njcefslh sbudds cmk glmfs, lr c`tucd sbfdftcd jctfrncd< Nm tif `csf lh tif jlscn` sbudds,tins jcy wfdd icvf gffm sl. ifsf crtfhc`ts ìnjfk wnti tif efmfrcd pfr`fptnlmlh prf-@ldujgncm Jfslcjfrn`cm (fspf`ncddy @fmtrcd Jfxn`cm) ùdturfs lutdnmfkcglvf cmk rfsplmkfk tl tif kfsnrf lh `lddf`tlrs hlr fxltn` cmk prnjntnvf crt. Nmtins `lmtfxt, tif jlscn` sbudds, glti cfstiftn`cddy pdfcsnme cmk, wnti tif ljg 5jlscn` sbudd nm jnmk, sffjnmedy udturcddy snemnhn`cmt, wfrf tif pfrhf`t crtfhc`ts.ify wfrf lmsnkfrfk fxprfssnvfdy cutifmtn , lmsnkfrnme wict wcs bmlwm cglutJnxtf` ùdturf cmk Jfslcjfrn`c nm efmfrcd. if ljg 5 jlscn` sbudd, winìwcs cs lmf lh tif jlst n`lmn` pnf`fs lh Jnxtf` jctfrncd udturf cmk wcs prlgcgdytif gfst-bmlwm Jnxtf` crtfhc`t tl `lddf`tlrs cmk jusfuj stchh wlrdkwnkf,pdcyfk cm njplrtcmt rldf nm tins. Mlt lmdy knk nt prlgcgdy hum`tnlm cs c tfjpdctfhlr tif `rfctlrs lh tif jlkfrm jlscn` sbudds, nt cdsl ifcvndy nmhdufm`fk tif vnfwcmk bmlwdfkef lh Jnxtf` jctfrncd ùdturf hlr sfvfrcd kf`ckfs. Suntf snjpdy,tifm, tif mfwdy `rfctfk jlscn` sbudds rfsplmkfk tl fxpf`tctnlms lh wict cm


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nkfcd Jfslcjfrn`cm crtfhc`t siludk dllb dnbf nm tif fyfs lh `lddf`tlrs (cmk sljfjusfuj stchh). Nm c wcy, tif cutifmtn` wcs rfpdc`fk gy wict wcs `lmsnkfrfkcpprlprnctf (Dlwfmticd 3>>7? 398-5).

Mcturcddy, tins vnsnlm lh wict Jfslcjfrn`c siludk dllb dnbf tl `lddf`tlrs cmkkfcdfrs wcs bmlwm tl (cmk plssngdy sicrfk gy) rfstlrfrs cmk hlrefrs, winì cdslpcrtncddy fxpdcnms wiy tif `lm`fpt lh tif jlscn` sbudd wcs nmvfmtfk cmk `rfctfk.Nm tif wlrks lh Jcrb Olmfs (3>>7? >), RhcbfsZ crf cdsl lh `lursf fvnkfm`f hlr tifinstlry lh tcstf2 juì jlrf sl ticm tif efmunmf pnf`fs Hlr tif hcbfs rfprfsfmtwict purìcsfrs jlst wcmtfk nm tif `dcss lh lgof`t `lm`frmfk.

Hrlj crtfhc`t tl crt

Wfdctfk tl qufstnlms lh tcstf cmk pfr`fptnlm (lr rf`fptnlm) jfmtnlmfk cglvf, lmf

hnmcd hc`tlr tict plssngdy `lmtrngutfk tl tif c`qunsntnlm lh tif jlscn` sbudd wcs csinht nm trfmk lm tif nmtfrmctnlmcd (cmk fspf`ncddy VP) crt jcrbft lh tif wcy prf-@ldujgncm pnf`fs wfrf cpprcnsfk. Uifrfcs umtnd tif hnmcd yfcrs lh tif mnmftffmti`fmtury prf-@ldujgncm crtfhc`ts wfrf vcdufk jlstdy hlr tifnr snemnhn`cm`f cslgof`ts lh s`nfmtnhn` stuky, tif fcrdy kf`ckfs lh tif twfmtnfti `fmtury jcrbfk csinht tlwcrks tif cpprf`nctnlm lh tifsf crtfhc`ts hlr tifnr cfstiftn` vcduf (InddGllmf 3>>0). if 3>01s cmk 3>;1s wfrf fspf`ncddy njplrtcmt pfrnlks nm tinsrfecrk nm tif Vmntfk Ptctfs (Gcrmft-Pcmìfz 3>>0). Hlr cm Cjfrn`cm pugdn`lh crt `lmmlnssfurs prf-Inspcmn` crt rfprfsfmtfk cm umfxpdlrfk efmrf lhiujcm fxprfssnlm tict wcs ct lmf prnjcd (n.f., dlsfr tl mcturf) cmk cfstiftn`cddy

knstnm`t (Grudlttf 7137? 80). @ljgnmfk wnti c sicrp nm`rfcsf nm tif ljjfr`ncdfxpdlntctnlm lh Jcyc crìcfldlen`cd sntfs cmk tif nmtrlku`tnlm lh hcvlurcgdf tcxdcws hlr crt klmctnlms tl jusfujs, tins kfvfdlpjfmt dfk tl cm fxpdlsnlm nm tifmujgfr lh prf-@ldujgncm pnf`fs tict wfrf cvcndcgdf lm tif jcrbft hrlj tif3>81s lmwcrks (@lf 3>>0).

Wlgfrt Ullks Gdnss, wil hlrjfk tif Kujgcrtlm Lcbs `lddf`tnlm lh prf-@ldujgncm crt cmk wil wcs tif hnrst tl c`qunrf c jlscn` sbudd lm tif crt jcrbft,wcs c dfcknme hneurf nm tins jlvfjfmt cmk ics gffm mcjfk cs lmf lh tif hnrst`lddf`tlrs tl `lddf`t prf-@ldujgncm crtfhc`ts cs crt (tict ns, hlr tifnr cfstiftn`vcduf) rctifr ticm cs lgof`ts lh stuky (Gfmslm 3>>0). Nt `ludk gf creufk tict nmtins vnfw lh crtfhc`ts cs crt, dfss vcduf ns cttcìfk tl cm lgof`ts cutifmtn`nty ticmtl nts cfstiftn` cmk fxprfssnvf qucdntnfs. ins jcy icvf gffm tif `csf hlr Kr Qlttwifm if c`qunrfk tif jlscn` sbudd hlr tif MJF. Pljf qultfs hrlj ins dfttfrtl tif glcrk lh ùrctlrs nm 3>80 sfrvf tl nddustrctf tins plnmt? if kfs`rngfs tiflgof`t cs plssfssnme rcrnty cmk vcduf, mltfs tict tif tfìmnquf usfk ns lmf tictns sfdklj fm`lumtfrfk cmk ns prllh lh c erfct `rchtsjcmsinp cmk lh tif gdc`b-cmk-wintf pn`turfs if cttcìfs tl ins dfttfr, if scys tict tify `cm icrkdy envfcm njprfssnlm lh tif gfcuty lh tins lgof`t, winì ns prnjcrndy fxprfssfk nm nts`ldlurs. Nm `lmtrcst, tif dfttfr klfs mlt scy c wlrk cglut tif prlvfmcm`f lh tins

jlscn` sbudd, lr cglut tif wcy nt fmkfk up nm tif icmks lh tif kfcdfr lr nmkffk


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cmy ltifr nmhlrjctnlm tict `ludk prlvf tif lgof`ts cutifmtn`nty. Nts gfcuty wcscppcrfmtdy suì tict nts cutifmtn`nty wcs fntifr sfdh-fvnkfmt lr mlt cm nssuf tlKr Qltt.

@lmsfqufm`fs

Uifm prfsfmtnme tins rfsfcrì ct tif 7137 Cutifmtn`nty `lmhfrfm`f ct tif MJFnm Dfnkfm, N usfk tif wlrk sckdy wifm `ljnme tl tif `lm`dusnlm tict tif Jnxtf`jlscn` sbudd lh tif MJF wcs jlst prlgcgdy mlt cutifmtn`cddy [email protected] N ick hnmnsifk jy tcdb, c hfddlw spfcbfr csbfk jf wiy N wcs sck tictrfsfcrì ick silwm tict wf wfrf prlgcgdy kfcdnme wnti c twfmtnfti-`fmturyhcbf. Ucs tins stlry cglut c hcbf mlt oust cs nmtfrfstnme cs nt wludk icvf gffm nhtif lgof`t ick gffm cutifmtn`< Cmk kl wf mlt dfcrm c erfct kfcd cglut tif pcst

gy stukynme spurnlus lgof`ts< Ct tif tnjf, N hlumk jysfdh umcgdf tl hlrjudctf csctnshc`tlry cmswfr tl tins qufstnlm.

Mlmftifdfss, nm spntf lh tif hc`t tict N erfctdy fmolyfk klnme tins rfsfcrì cmkgfdnfvf tict tif rfsudts crf wlrtiwindf, N wcs gfnme snm`frf wifm N scnk tict N wcssck tict tif jlscn` sbudd wcs mlt cutifmtn`cddy prf-@ldujgncm (lr siludk N scytict jy sckmfss wcs cutifmtn`89? 771). Qut snjpdy, tif ldkfr cm lgof`t, tif jlrf spf`ncd tif snjpdf hc`t lhnts fxnstfm`f. Nt ns fxtrfjfdy rcrf hlr cm cutifmtn` prf-@ldujgncm crtfhc`t lh tinstypf tl survnvf iumkrfks lh yfcrs cmk, wifm nt klfs, nts vcduf sffjs tl dnf jlrfnm nts umnqufmfss cmk survnvcd ticm nm tif cfstiftn` cspf`ts. Krcwnme lm tif wlrblh Pmklr Wckmtn (3>>>), Wlmkc Grudlttf mltfs, tif cssujfk instlrn`nty lhcfstiftn` lgof`ts (pcrtnùdcrdy tilsf kfsnemctfk cs cmtnquntnfs) ns cs njplrtcmt, nhmlt jlrf sl, ticm tifnr lutwcrk cppfcrcm`f (Grudlttf 7137?30;).

Ilwfvfr, nh tif crtfhc`t wcs jckf lmdy snxty yfcrs cel, tif snjpdf hc`t lhnts fxnstfm`f ns mcturcddy hcr dfss spf`tcùdcr. Nm c sfmsf, tif sinht nm dcgfddnmetif jlscn` hrlj prf-@ldujgncm tl twfmtnfti-`fmtury cdsl ìcmefs tif crtfhc`ts

nkfmtnty. Pnm`f nt ns ml dlmefr cutifmtn` (nm tif sfmsf lh cutifmtn`cddy prf-@ldujgncm), wf jneit scy tict wf crf c`tucddy `lmhrlmtfk wnti c knhhfrfmtcrtfhc`t cdtleftifr. Nm tif wlrks lh Kcvnk Qindnps (3>>5?6), cutifmtn`, usfk cscm cttrngutf, sffjs tl rfhfr tl prlpfrtnfs winì crf mlt jfrfdy kns`rnjnmctnme,dnbf gne lr gduf, gut winì nkfmtnhy tif sugof`t cs nm sljf wcy fxprfssnvf lhcm cgstrc`t, umnvfrscd truti.

Pl pfricps jy sckmfss crlsf hrlj c bnmk lh hffdnme lh dlss2 tif dlss lh cmcutifmtn` prf-@ldujgncm crtfhc`t, winì ick gffm rfvfcdfk tl icvf gffmjnsdcgfddfk cmk jnsnkfmtnhnfk hlr jcmy yfcrs cmk wcs mlw rfvfcdnme nts trufnkfmtnty. Gy klnme tins, wf dlst tif ldk jlscn` sbudd gut, nm rfturm, rf`fnvfk c

mfw lmf. Gut ilw siludk wf dcgfd tins mfw jlscn` sbudd


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C pugdn`ctnlm lm tif jlscn` sbudds lh tif Kujgcrtlm Lcbs `lddf`tnlm, nmwinì Ocvnfr Vr`nk (7131) `lmvnm`nmedy silws tict tif jlscn` sbudds just gfspurnlus, dcgfds tifj Dctf Qlst`dcssn` pfrnlk, CK 3011-3671, rfcssfjgdfk nm

jlkfrm tnjfs. ins dcgfd sueefsts, tl jf ct dfcst, tict, cdtiluei tif crtfhc`t jcyicvf gffm rfcssfjgdfk nm jlkfrm tnjfs, tif lgof`t ntsfdh ns c`tucddy Qlst`dcssn`nm lrnenm. @lmsnkfrnme tif hc`t tict tif jlscn` sbudds wfrf mfvfr c`tucddyjlscn` sbudds, gut sbudds cmk jlscn` sfpcrctfdy, umtnd tify fmtfrfk tif icmks lhc twfmtnfti-`fmtury rfstlrfr, tins dcgfd sffjs tl jf sljfwict lhh-tcreft. Cttif MJF, Kr Dcurc Xcm Grlfbilvfm cmk N `cjf tl tif `lm`dusnlm tict c kucddcgfd Dctf Qlst`dcssn` (CK 3011-3671), Jnxtf`/71ti-`fmtury, Jfxn`cm wludkgf jlst cpprlprnctf. ins dcgfd `lvfrs cdd tif cspf`ts lh tins crtfhc`ts hcs`nmctnmeinstlry. Nm tins ìcptfr, N ilpf tl icvf silwm tict wf `cm dfcrm cs juì hrljtins mfw jlscn` sbudd tict `cjf tl us tirluei tins rfsfcrì cs wf `ludk icvfklmf ick nt gffm cm`nfmt, cmk tict stlrnfs lh hlrefrnfs `cm gf oust cs nmtfrfstnmecs stlrnfs lh cutifmtn` lgof`ts.

C`bmlwdfkefjfmts

icmbs crf kuf nm tif hnrst pdc`f tl iljcs @cddnecrl cmk Jcrncmmf QlurtcdPlurrnfu hlr cpprlcìnme tif MJF cglut tifnr prlof`t cmk nts pltfmtncd hlrfxcjnmnme tif Dfnkfm jlscn` sbudd. Ct tif @7WJH, N siludk dnbf tl ticmb ^vcm@lqunmlt cmk Oudnfttf Dcmedlns hlr tifnr cssnstcm`f wnti tif rfsfcrì cmk @dcnrfQcìf`l hlr `llrknmctnme tif prlof`t. N cj erctfhud tl Cmmf vcm Kunovfmglkf,Cmkrfc Uctfrs-Wnst, cmk Ocslm Dchhllm lh Dfnkfm Vmnvfrsnty hlr cdd tif cssnstcm`ftify prlvnkfk nm tif rfsfcrì hlr tins prlof`t. N cdsl wcmt tl ticmb @irnstnmcIfddjnì cmk Dfsdfy Glmf hlr bnmkdy ercmtnme jf c``fss tl, cmk nmhlrjctnlmcglut, tif Kf^lume sbudd. Jcttifw I. Wlgg, cdsl lh tif Kf^lume, prlvnkfkusfhud `ljjfmts. N siludk dnbf tl ticmb Xn`tlrnc N. Dycdd cmk Dcurc Dfcpfr hlrtifnr bnmk ifdp ct tif DC@JC. N cj erctfhud tl Pcmtl Jn`cdn hlr cddlwnme jftl stuky tif jlscn` sbudd nm ins ecddfry nm 7137 cmk hlr prlvnknme gc`berlumknmhlrjctnlm lm tif crtfhc`t. Oucm Cmtlmnl Jurrl wcs ifdphud nm prlvnknmeklùjfmtctnlm lm tif c`qunsntnlm lh tif Kujgcrtlm Lcbs jlscn` sbudds. Ocvnfr

Vr`nk suppdnfk nmsneithud ljjfmts cmk sueefstnlms. Cjy @dcrb ct tif Pcnmt DlunsCrt Jusfuj prlvnkfk klùjfmtctnlm lh tif turqulnsf jlscn`s ct tif PDCJ,Wcìfd Jfmyub prlvnkfk klùjfmtctnlm hrlj tif MJCN crìnvfs, cmk BrnstfmJcgdf suppdnfk klùjfmts hrlj tif Fbildj crìnvfs. N cj erctfhud tl W. lj_unkfjc, Fdnzcgfti I. Gllmf cmk Jnìcfd K. @lf hlr tifnr ifdp wnti spf`nhn`fmqunrnfs. N siludk dnbf tl ticmb Dcurc Xcm Grlfbilvfm hlr ifr cssnstcm`f wntitins prlof`t ct tif MJF cmk Cdfxcmkfr Efurks hlr ins sueefstnlms cmk ljjfmtslm c rfsfcrì prlplscd rfdctfk tl tins crtn`df. N wnsi tl erctfhuddy c`bmlwdfkeftif hnmcm`ncd supplrt prlvnkfk gy tif C``fss tl Wfsfcrì Nmhrcstru`turfs c`tnvntynm tif 5ti Hrcjfwlrb Qrlercjjf lh tif FV (@ICWNPJC Ercmt Cerffjfmt

m. 779001).


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