Getting to the Bottom of Shallow Tillage
Transcript of Getting to the Bottom of Shallow Tillage
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Getting to the Bottom of Shallow Tillage
Jodi DeJong-Hughes Extension Educator Soils and Crops
320-235-0726 ext 2006 [email protected]
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Vertical vs. Horizontal Tillage
Horizontal tillage • Chisel • Cultivator • Strip tiller • Ripper
Vertical tillage
• Super coulter • Straight shank
swiderskiequipment.com, clarkagequipment.com
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Differences in Equipment
fxtimes.com
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Individual vs. Gang Mounted (down pressure and rocks)
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Straight vs. gangs
(mixing, aggressiveness and area covered)
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Harrows, Rolling Baskets,
…
beavervalleysupply.com
(Finishing and smoothing)
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Vertical Till
Classified as mulch till (shallow, full field tillage)
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Benefits of Vertical Tillage:
Can get into wet fields
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Chops and sizes residue
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Leaves some residue intact
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© 2011 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Speed - 7 to 10 mph
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Primary and secondary tillage
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Challenges for VT ~ Incorporation
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Weed pressure
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VT in Dry Soil Disk
Wavy Coulter
* 1 inch of rain in 3 months, late July to October, 2011
September, 2012
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Vertical Tillage Management
10 hp per foot More for hills, dry soil, …
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Get up to Speed! • Too slow won’t get enough mixing • Too fast – float up out of ground
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In Line VT?
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Field Cultivator
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3-4” Depth
Even mixing of soil
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Good fertilizer and weed
incorporation
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Challenges: 30% residue remaining
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FC in a wet soil
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Even mixing of soil and residue
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Chops and incorporates a lot of residue
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dot.ca.gov
Level and firms the seedbed
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Great at sizing residue and clods
Too good
deere.com
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Buries more residue than other 2o tillage tools
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Disks in dry soil
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• Fall of 2009 • Carlisle and Clarkfield, MN • Looking at varying residue levels
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Soybean Data - Clarkfield
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Corn Data - Clarkfield
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Corn Data - Carlisle 2 Year Average Residue Yield
Tillage Rotation (%) (bu/ac)
Field Cultivation (prev. tillage NT) 37.3 157.2
Strip Till (prev. tillage NT) 62.3 163.7
Salford at 3” Depth (prev. tillage VT) 60.0 145.3
Summers Super Coulter at 1” (prev. tillage VT)
73.7 134.5*
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Tillage too Shallow
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Soybean Data - Carlisle Residue Yield
Tillage Rotation (%) (bu/ac)
No Till (prev. tillage Field Cultivation) 81.0 57.7
No Till (prev. tillage Strip Till) 78.3 56.9
Salford VT (prev. tillage VT) 70.0 57.8
Summers Super Coulter (prev. tillage VT) 71.0 58.1
LSD (0.10) 7.2 NS
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Importance of Good Soil Structure
Soil structure is your #1 defense against future compaction
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Create Soil Structure by:
• Build or maintain organic matter
• Maintain >30% residue coverage
• Increase crop rotation
• Add organic inputs (compost, livestock and green manure, cover or companion crops)
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Destroy Soil Structure by:
• Tillage (recreational, aggressive)
• Tight crop rotation
• Compaction
• No carbon or residue input (ex. burning)
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KSU Pilot Study
VT at 2” depth - Case 330 Turbo Till NT field since the 1980’s (beautiful soil properties) No density increase below the depth of tillage (2”)
Pressley, KSU, 2009
Bulk Density Infiltration (mm/hr)
Corn Yield (bu/ac) 0 - 2” 2 - 4”
Vertical Till 1.13 1.29 21.4 167.1
No-Till 1.21 1.30 44.0 165.9 P Value/T test 0.08 NS 0.04 NS
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Where to Try Vertical Tillage
• Good at sizing residue and introducing air to a shallow depth
• Wet Spring or Fall
• Shallow tillage = works well with rotational tillage
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Where to Try Vertical Tillage
• Decrease residue build-up in reduce till systems
• 1 Pass leaves 50-60% of corn residue = good on slopes and all soil types
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Where to Avoid Vertical Tillage
• In very dry soils
• In long term No-till fields
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Questions?