Getting to know sago (palm and starch)
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The Story of Sago (Metroxylon sagu):
Unraveling the potentials
A. A. Karim Universi. Sains Malaysia
Penang, Malaysia
9th International Hydrocolloids Conference, June 15-19, 2008, Singapore
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Classification of commercial starch
Tubers/roots– potato, sweet potato, cassava
Cereals– corn, wheat, rice, oats, barley, sorghum
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Classification of commercial starch
Sago starch is the only example of commercial starch derived from the stem of palm
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Comparison of starch yield
Crop Yield (tons/ha) per year
Sago 24 Rice 6.6 Corn 5.5 Wheat 5 Potato 2.5
The produc.vity of sago per land area is the highest among the starch crops, i.e. 3-‐4 .mes > rice and ~17 .mes higher than cassava – tremendous poten.al for commercial produc.on
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} Sago is one of the unexploited crops (commercially), less understood and appreciated
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} Exploited as a staple food for people in certain parts of Asia and the Pacific Region.
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} Long matura.on period
} low produc.on volume, due to lack of modern farming and harves.ng methods
} low-‐quality starch produced (inefficient extrac.on and processing methods )
} lack of a comprehensive strategy to promote the sago palm
Challenges
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Let’s take a walk through the sago palm forest
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Sago palm in the wild
Photo credit: M. Okazaki, A.B. Loreto, M.T.P. Loreto, M.A. Quevedo (le]); Dulce Flores (right)
} Sago palm is found growing wild in the marshlands where other crops cannot thrive.
} Sago palm thrives in wetland, swampy area, and other areas where water is abundant.
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Sago palm – the robust crop
Photo credit: M. Okazaki, A.B. Loreto, M.T.P. Loreto, M.A. Quevedo (le]); Dulce Flores (right)
} Sago palm is tolerant of low pH, high levels of Al, Fe, and Mn in the soil, soil salinity, as well as heavy impervious clays
} Hence, it has a strong advantage for cul.va.on in underu.lized wet and peat swamp rain forests for increasing agricultural produc.on
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Geographical distribu.on of sago palms
Most of the 2.6 million ha of sago palm in the world is found in tropical Asia, mainly in PNG (41% of the global total) and Indonesia (47% of the global total)
~ 2.6 million ha of natural sago forests out of 20 million ha of total swamp area in Asia and the Pacific Region -‐ untapped/largely unexploited
PNG considered the centre of sago palm diversity
In Malaysia, sago palms are largely found in the State of Sarawak (East Malaysia)
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Aerial view of the vast sago palm in the Sepik area of Papua New Guinea
Photo credit: Prof. Toyoda, Tokyo University
Papua has been considered as one of the centers of sago diversity, due to the vast natural stands and the high gene.c varia.on of sago palm trees that have been found in these areas
Unfortunately, there is no significant development in establishing industries based on sago. In contrast, the sago industry in Malaysia (in the State of Sarawak) is well established and has become one of the important industries contribu.ng to export revenue.
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} Covers an area of 1.5 million ha (i.e., 12% of Sarawak’s total land area)
} In 2005, export of about 45.3 thousand tonnes of food grade sago starch earned about RM40.4 million
Photo credit: Abdullah Chek Sahamat, CRAUN Research Sdn. Bhd.
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SARAWAK: SAGO EXPORT VOLUME (1960-2004)
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YEAR
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SAGO INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT (Export Volume)
Abdullah Chek Sahamat, CRAUN Research Sdn. Bhd.
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Sago planta.on development by LCDA, Sarawak
Photo credit: Abdullah Chek Sahamat, CRAUN Research Sdn. Bhd.
Malaysia has been pioneering in the establishment of sago palm planta.on. This is the first sago plantaJon in the world (to achieve sustainable produc.on)
Started with 300 ha in 1989, then increase to 15, 740 ha in 1994
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Sago planta.on development by LCDA, Sarawak
Photo credit: Abdullah Chek Sahamat, CRAUN Research Sdn. Bhd.
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Sago planta.on in Mukah, Sarawak
Photo credit: Abdullah Chek Sahamat, CRAUN Research Sdn. Bhd.
SAGO INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT (Opportunities: Plantation Dev & Mgmt Tech)
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Sago planta.on in Mukah, Sarawak Photo credit: Abdullah Chek Sahamat, CRAUN Research Sdn. Bhd.
SAGO INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT (Opportunities: Plantation Dev & Mgmt Tech)
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Classifica.on of sago palm
Thorny (spiny)
Non-‐spiny Photo credit: M. Okazaki, A.B. Loreto, M.T.P. Loreto, M.A. Quevedo
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The Sago palm
Photo credit: M. Okazaki, A.B. Loreto, M.T.P. Loreto, M.A. Quevedo
In Sarawak, Metroxylon sagu is the preferred sago palm to be planted by the local farmers as the thornless nature of the palm makes it easier to manage.
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Sago trunks produces an erect trunk and may reach 7 to 15 m in length and akain an average girth of 120 cm at the base of the palm
Photo credit: M. Okazaki, A.B. Loreto, M.T.P. Loreto, M.A. Quevedo
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• The vegeta.ve phase lasts 7 – 15 years • The starch is found in the pith of the palm
• On average, each palm yields 150 – 175 kg of dry starch; a yield of > 20 tons of sago flour/hectar is possible under favourable growing condi.ons
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Growth stage Estimated age from planting
(year)
Palm description
Plawei 10 Palms that have reached maximum vegetative growth
Plawei Manit 11.5 Inflorescence emerging
Bubul 12 Inflorescence developing
Angau Muda 12.5 Flowering
Angau Tua 14 Fruiting
Different physiological growth stages of sago palm
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Sago palm at different growth stages
Angau Tua stage
Plawei stage
Angau Muda stage
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Inflorescence emerging (Plawei Manit stage)
Fruitless Inflorescence (from Angau Tua stage)
Inflorescence developing (Bubul stage)
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Sago palm (growth stages)
Photo credit: Dulces Flores
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Total starch content of sago pith from different growth stages
Growth stage Height Starch content (%)
Plawei Base Mid
24.9 20.1
Bubul Base Mid
33.4 35.2
Angau Muda Base Mid
41.3 41.4
Angau Tua Base Mid
39.4 31.3
Late Angau Tua Base Mid
31.6 21.8
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Photo credit: Dulce Flores
Cutting the palm tree
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Photo credit: Dulce Flores
Cutting the trunk into 60-100 cm sections
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Photo credit: Dulce Flores
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The small farmer brings his cut logs to the factory via the river.
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The cut logs are transported to the factory via the river (left) The logs in transit to the starch factory (right)
Photo credit: Dulce Flores
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Photo credit: Prof. Toyoda, Tokyo University
The tradi.onal method of extrac.on of sago starch
The pith is rasped by means of a chopper or a small hoe made from bamboo
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Photo credit: Prof. Toyoda, Tokyo University
Water is added to the rasped mixture of fiber and pith and kneaded by hand (or trampled by foot)
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Photo credit: Prof. Toyoda, Tokyo University
Collec.on of the wet starch
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Photo credit: Dulce Flores
Some other traditional practices of sago extraction
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Drying the thin strips/slices.
Photo credit: Dulce Flores
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Drying stripped pith
Photo credit: M. Okazaki, A.B. Loreto, M.T.P. Loreto, M.A. Quevedo
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Storage of pith chunks
Photo credit: M. Okazaki, A.B. Loreto, M.T.P. Loreto, M.A. Quevedo
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Pulverizing of the dried strips by mortar and pestle
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Use of grating machine
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Rasping of debarked sago log sec.ons to release starch granules from disintegrated fibers
Modern processing of sago starch
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Sago starch
Sago palm thrives in wetland, swampy area, and other areas where water is abundant.
Photo credit: M. Okazaki, A.B. Loreto, M.T.P. Loreto, M.A. Quevedo
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Sago granules under light microscope (x40) Iodine stained granules in sago fiber (x10)
Iodine stained sago granules in sac (x40) Iodine stained granules in sago fiber (x40)
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Sago starch
Native sago starch granules
Broad granule size distribu.on (10-‐65 µm; average 31 µm) Compare: Rice (3-‐10 µm) Corn (5-‐20 µm) Cassava (5-‐25 µm) Potato (15-‐85 µm)
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Comparison of some starch proper.es } Amylose content: 26 – 30% (sago); 28% (corn), 34% mung bean, 22% potato, 18-‐20% cassava
} X-‐ray pakern: C-‐type; corn (A-‐type); potato (B-‐type)
} Pas.ng: Similar gela.niza.on proper.es to that of potato starch
} Retrograda.on: resembles corn and mungbean
} Swelling power & solubility: higher than corn, close to sweet potato or cassava but lower than potato
} Whiteness: L=79 (sago); potato, corn, mungbean, cassava (90-‐93)
} Acid/enzyme suscep.bility: Sago is most resistant compared to other starches
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Comparison of some starch proper.es
S. Takahashi, Sago’85
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Pasting Profile of Sago Starch from Different Growth Stages
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Pasting Profile of Sago Starch
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Particle size distribution pattern of sago starch at base and mid
heights of different growth stages.
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0
LATM ATM
AMM BM
PM
LATB ATB AMB
BB PB
Particle size (µm)
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Amylose content of sago starch from different growth stages
Growth stage Height Starch content (%)
Plawei Base Mid
24.4 22.9
Bubul Base Mid
23.6 22.7
Angau Muda Base Mid
24.7 24.2
Angau Tua Base Mid
26.6 25.4
Late Angau Tua Base Mid
27.1 26.0
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Pasting Profile of Sago Starch from Different Growth Stages
0
30
60
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120
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100
120
0 3 6 9 12 15
Time, mins
Visc
osity
, RVU
Tem
pera
ture
, °C
BL
LAT
AM
PL
AT
Temperature profile
0
30
60
90
120
40
60
80
100
120
0 3 6 9 12 15
Time, mins
Visc
osity
, RVU
Tem
pera
ture
, °C
BL
LAT
AM
PL
AT
Temperature profile
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Visc
osity
, RV
U
Tem
pera
ture
, °C
PM
BM
AM
M
ATM
LATM
PB
BB
AM
B
ATB
LATB
70
72
74
76
78
80 Base height Mid height
Pasting tem Peak visc Breakdown Setback
Growth stages Growth stages
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Polymorphic form of sago starch
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Uses of Sago Starch
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Uses of Sago Starch
Sago pearls
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Uses of Sago Starch
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• Leaves as roofing material
Useful parts of sago palm
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• The bark as housing materials
Useful parts of sago palm
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Conclusion } In view of the significantly high yield and century-‐long economic life span of sago palm, sago starch should be in a very strong posi.on to compete with starch produced from annual crops
} If sufficient sago starch of suitable quan.ty were produced, it should be able to penetrate and compete favourably in the current world starch market.
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Acknowledgement } CRAUN Research Sdn. Bhd., Sarawak, Malaysia
} Ministry of Science, Technology & Innova.on
} Japan Sago Society
} Japan Society for Promo.on of Science (JSPS)
} Professor Toyoda, University of Tokyo, Japan
} Dr Dulce Flores, U.P. Mindanao, Philiphine
} Dr Okazaki et al., Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Japan
} Dr T. Noda, NARCH, Hokkaido, Japan
} Prof. Takeda, University of Kagoshima, Japan
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Thank you for your aken.on