532

Ecology and Behaviour of the Ladybird Beetles (Coccinellidae), First Edition. Edited by I. Hodek, H.F. van Emden, A. Honek.© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Published 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

subject INDEX

Note: Page numbers in bold face refer to tables, page numbers in italic face indicate fi gures and illustrations. Abbreviations used: LDT for lower development threshold; SET for sum of effective temperatures; SCP for super cooling point;

Acyrthosiphon pisum 57, 58–65,74–75, 78, 115, 118, 120, 145, 147, 152–154, 157, 158, 160, 161, 161–163,164, 168–9, 168, 170, 171, 172, 174, 182, 188–195,196, 206, 208, 218, 220, 222–224, 234, 236, 237,238, 240, 297, 345, 451, 457, 469, 534

ant attendance 236, 237consumption rates 160essential prey 158, 162, 172,

188–195larval period and pupal mass, effect

on 161nutritive value 196–197pea surface wax 217–218ratio between disturbed and

consumed 240visual ability 239

Adalia bipunctata 20, 21, 23–32, 23,30, 36, 37, 39, 55–57, 58, 68, 69, 72, 73, 77, 78, 79, 82–85, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 96, 113, 117, 119–123, 121, 126, 128, 129, 129–132, 144–146, 150, 151, 151–154, 153, 159, 162, 163–169, 165, 166, 172–174, 173,179–180, 205, 209, 211, 212, 215, 216–217, 224, 230, 231, 236, 291, 305, 306, 308, 309, 311, 318, 320–322, 324–326, 329,

332, 344, 356–358, 363, 376, 377, 378, 391, 392,398, 399, 407, 407, 408, 412, 413, 414, 416, 417, 417, 420, 422, 425, 449, 451, 454–458, 477, 498,504, 505, 508

adaptation ability 157aphid prey 153

capture of 238, 239development on different 145,

147rejected/problematic 165–168toxic, effects of 161, 162,

452augmentation 498Coccipolypus hippodamiae, infection

by 413colour pattern variation 21, 22,

23, 25assortative mating 27evolution of 26geographic variation 23–24

diapause regulation 290–291dormancy behaviour 313–314egg cannibalism 177–178, 233essential foods 188expansion in Japan 493–494inbreeding 40intraguild predation 350,

351–352, 361larval attachment ability 218larval food consumption 202,

203preference for 452–453

Aaron’s rod see Verbascum thapsusAbgrallaspis cyanophylli 60, 87, 91,

190, 204Abies balsamea 471abundance of coccinellids

absolute and relative 111and character of landscape 127on crops 129, 130and habitat fragmentation

126–127link to aphid abundance 117, 118methods of estimating 468–472reduced tillage 502, 503sampling methods 112–114transgenic crops 122–123on trees 131, 132

Abutilon theophrasti 227, 227Acacia 154, 183, 489Acalypha ostryaefolia 123, 126, 227,

227acarina

Coccipolipus 411–414phoretic mites 345, 411

accepted food/prey 143, 144, 145, 146

Aconitum 165Acraea encedon 425Acrocephalus schoenobaenus 379Acutaspis umbonifera 190Acyrthosiphon caraganae 58Acyrthosiphon ignotum 58Acyrthosiphon kondoi 476Acyrthosiphon nipponicum see

Neoaulacorthum nipponicum241

Subject index 533

Adalia bipunctata, (continued)male-killing bacteria, effect of

421, 422, 424, 424, 425, 425mtDNA and male-killing bacteria

30–31non-insect food 180, 185olfaction 225oviposition deterrence 228, 229

larval tracks, chemical composition 455

search patterns 215, 220sperm competition/paternity studies

42–43trophic egg laying 173, 177wing development 28

Adalia conglomerata 131Adalia decempunctata 21, 23, 25, 27,

30, 39, 42, 43, 45, 46, 48, 59, 79, 84, 85, 100, 129,131, 136, 151, 161, 166, 189, 196, 231, 233, 236, 238, 248, 309, 339, 347, 365, 376, 377, 378, 392,399, 407, 408, 412, 413, 420, 422, 440, 452, 454, 460

Adalia defi ciens 387, 391Adalia fasciatopunctata see Adalia

bipunctataAdalia fl avomaculata see Lioadalia

fl avomaculataAdalia tetraspilota 79additional prey, aggregative response

212–213Adelges cooleyi 189Adelges laricis 188Adelges nordmannianae 189Adelges nusslini see Adelges

nordmannianaeAdelges piceae 493Adelges tsugae 66, 153, 175,

193–196, 344, 471, 493adelgids

control of 493as prey 175

Adonia arctica see Hippodamia arcticaAdonia variegata see Hippodamia

variegataAdonis ladybird see Hippodamia

variegataadult(s) 76–91

defence of 357–358fecundity 88–90longevity 90–91mating 82–85

mean SCP 96ovarioles 78–82oviposition 85–88pre-oviposition period 77–78size 78, 95teneral development 76–77wings and fl ight 77

aestivation diapause 276–277Afi denta misera 79Afi ssula rana 79, 316Afi ssula sanscrita 79Aframomum melegueta 24–26age of coccinellids

growth curves 74hatching rate 68oviposition rates 86, 87at peak oviposition 86pupal, respiration rate 75and sexual activity 91and variation in defensive chemistry

447and willingness to mate 82

Agelastica coerulea 167aggregations

chemical implicated in 451, 453, 457

dormancy 302, 305–309monospecifi c 308

aggregative numerical response 211–213, 227

Agistemus longisetus 490Agonoscena pistaciae 195Agonum dorsale 474agricultural practices

changes in, effects of 126–127habitat management 500–502

Agropyron desertorum 207Aiolocaria hexaspilota 59, 79, 82,

90, 167, 189, 197, 197, 221, 225, 259, 308, 310, 311, 311, 321, 340, 420, 426, 428, 437

dormancy sites 311Aiolocaria mirabilis see Aiolocaria

hexaspilotaair-currents, use of 302alarm pheromone 225, 239, 451,

468Alauda arvensis 379Alcaligenes paradoxus 421alder leaf beetle see Agelastica coeruleaAleurodicus cocois 169Aleurodicus dispersus 490Aleurotuba jelinekii 190Aleyrodes proletella 191

alfalfa fi eldsalternative prey 170–172, 213nutritional value 196–197strip-harvesting 501

alfalfa weevil see Hypera posticaalkaloids 376

aphid toxicity 163–164, 165egg and pupae protection 76, 456enemies and competitors 449host plant 167larvae protection 357refl ex blood 376, 377, 445–449

alkanes, larval tracks 455Allantonematidae 414allelobiosis 458allelochemicals 151, 155, 196

and aphid toxicity 158, 160–161, 164–165

DIMBOA in wheat 164, 169evolution of adaptive resistance to

166and prey rejection 165–166

allelopathy 458Alloneda dodecaspilota 79allozymes

method of analysis 34population genetics 40sperm competition 42–43

Alnus japonica 167Alternaria 180–181, 183, 184alternative foods/prey 146,

170–174, 187, 302, 344biological control 490conservation 499–500pollen 180

altruistic behaviour 451Amaranthus hybridus 227, 227Amblyseius andersoni 353Amblyseius fallacis 490Ambrosia artemisiifolia 152American hickory see Carpinus

carolinianaAminellus see CowperiaAminellus sumatraensis see Cowperia

sumatraensisAmphitetranychus viennensis 67Amplifi ed Fragment Length

Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis 34

Anagasta kuehniella see Ephestiakuehniella

Anagyrus australiensis 384Anagyrus 353, 384, 386, 471, 496Anagyrus kamali 496Anagyrus lopezi 471

534 Subject index

Anagyrus pseudococci 353Anastatus 386Anatis halonis 174Anatis labiculata 20, 132Anatis mali 122, 185, 189, 208,

306, 471Anatis ocellata 23, 56, 59, 79, 80,

85, 102, 122, 128, 131, 146, 149, 151, 151, 189, 214, 221, 223, 256, 314, 355, 389, 392, 399, 406, 407,408

Anatis quindecimpunctata 130, 132anatomical state, diapause

fat body and digestive tract 316–317

fl ight muscles 323male gonads 321–323ovary and spermatheca 317–321

Anechura harmandi 426Anegleis cardoni 59, 68, 86, 87, 91Anethum graveolens 121Angoumois grain moth see Sitotroga

cerealellaAnisolemnia dilatata see Megalocaria

dilatataAnisolemnia tetrasticta 452Anisolobus indicus 420Anisosticta bitriangularis 167, 306,

308Anisosticta novemdecimpunctata 23,

56, 79, 129, 151, 151, 233,378, 399, 422, 442

Anisosticta sibirica 392Anisotylus Timberlake see Homalotylusannual mercury see Mercurialis annuaAnopheles quadrimaculatus 474antennae

chemoreceptors on 450, 453subfamily characteristics 5–10

Anthus campestris 379Anthus pratensis 379Anthus trivialis 379antibiosis in plants 504–505antibody-based analysis of predation

474–477antipodean ladybird see Harmonia

antipodaanti-predator defences

ladybirds 376–377of prey 117–118

antsattendance on honeydew producers

236, 237, 359, 362, 379–382, 502–503

interaction with ladybirds 236–238, 359–360

semiochemical repellence 449Aonidiella aurantii 60, 190Aonidiella orientalis 60, 189Aonidimytilus albus 60apex predators, coccinellids as

354–355Aphanogmus 387aphid abundance/density 116

and age of host plant 122and climatic changes 115–116link to coccinellid abundance

117, 118and oviposition 117, 119–120,

456simulation of timing of peak

116aphid alarm pheromone 225, 239,

451, 468Aphidecta obliterata 21, 45, 52, 57,

85, 95, 108, 120, 129, 131,151, 151, 154, 189, 205,229, 230, 263, 271, 273, 308, 314, 325, 327, 328, 329, 339, 370, 399, 408, 415, 431, 443, 458, 462, 463, 493, 509

aphid parasitoidsavoidance of plants with

coccinellids 353detection of footprint

semiochemicals 455–456aphid population cycle, phases of

466–467aphid population dynamics 472

demographic-based estimates 473–474

multi-species combinations 472–473

population decline, confounding factors 466

aphid resistant cropsBt toxins, effect on ladybirds

505–506synergism with coccinellids

504–505Aphidentula bisquadripunctata 316Aphidius colemani 171, 400, 456Aphidius eadyi 455Aphidius ervi 232, 450, 455, 472Aphidoletes aphidimyza 352, 361aphids

alarm pheromone 225, 239, 451, 468

ant attendance 236–238, 502–503

biological control of 492–493, 503–504

colony age and oviposition 227–228

defensive and escape behaviour 238–241

dropping behaviour 118reduced size, effect on predation

505reproduction 492social (soldier) 382suppression of 467, 472–473toxic 157–165

Aphis carduella 192Aphis cirsiiacanthoidis see Aphis fabae

cirsiiacanthoidisAphis craccivora cowpea aphid or

groundnut aphid 59–62,64–65, 68, 74, 78, 87, 117, 118, 147, 148, 160, 161,167, 189–195, 222, 236, 237, 238, 453, 504

Aphis cytisorum cytisorum 191Aphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis 58Aphis fabae 58, 157, 158, 158, 159,

160, 167–168Aphis farinosa 63–66, 87, 91,

117, 144, 190–195, 222, 223, 237, 361, 469, 480, 495

Aphis glycines 59Aphis gossypii 59–65, 73, 75, 88,

91, 148, 154, 161, 162, 164, 168, 178–179, 190–196,197, 205, 210, 236, 239, 345, 469

survival, and increased CO2 levels 197

Aphis hederae 188Aphis helianthi see Aphis carduellaAphis jacobaeae 163–165, 190,

446Aphis laburni see Aphis cytisorum

cytisorumAphis nerii 61, 68, 147, 148,

161–163, 179, 190–194,446

Aphis pomi 58–65, 153–154, 155,168, 188–195

Aphis punicae 191–193Aphis sambuci 144–146, 145, 153,

158, 158–159, 160, 160,163, 164, 166, 188, 196

Subject index 535

Aphis spiraecola 63, 66, 123, 146–147, 149, 163, 176, 183, 194, 228, 236, 361–362

Aphis spiraephaga 58Aphis spiraephila 61, 64–65Aphis urticata 190Apis mellifera 174, 179, 189, 193Apolinus lividigaster 79, 97, 183,

236, 241, 243, 266, 297, 324, 333, 381, 439

diapause 297aposematic colouration 445

anti-predator defence 376chemical compounds 445–449enemies and competitors, impact on

449pupae 75toxicity warning signal 358

apple see Malus pumilaapple powdery mildew see Podosphera

sphaera leucotrichaapple sucker see Psylla maliAprostocetus esurus 388Aprostocetus neglectus 384Aprostocetus 384, 388, 409Apus apus 379Araneus diadematus 449Arctia 164Argentine ant see Linepithema humileArgentipilosini tribe 5Arion ater 477Arion hortensis 477aromatic Apiaceae, conservation

501arresting responses, plant volatiles

inducing 450, 458Artemisia tridentata 225Artemisia vulgaris 117, 121, 126,

501artifi cial diets 161, 166, 185–187

and conservation 499–500artifi cial infestations, fi eld cages 470artifi cial substrates for pupation 75Ascomycota, fungal pathogens

415–418ash-gray lady beetle see Olla v-nigrumAsian citrus psyllid see Diaphorina citriAsian multi-colored ladybeetle see

Harmonia axyridisAspidimerini tribe 10Aspidiotus destructor 192, 236, 492Aspidiotus nerii 60, 91, 163, 189,

228assemblages of coccinellids,

mechanism of 116–117

associative learning 452–453assortative mating 27Asterolecanium sp. 163Atriplex sagittata 119Atritomellus see Dendrocerusattachment ability of larvae 218augmentation of coccinellids

495–496dietary requirements 497–498life stages for release 498mealybug destruction 496redistribution 496–497source material for 497

augmentative biocontrol 362Aulacaspis tegalensis 60Aulacaspis tubercularis 60Aulacorthum magnoliae see

Neoaulacorthum magnoliaeAulacorthum solani 78, 153, 188Austroterobia 386Aximopsis 388Axinoscymnus cardilobus 59, 75, 87,

88, 89, 90, 93, 96, 101, 189,254

Azteca instabilis 237, 360, 381Azya orbigera 189, 237, 360, 381,

384, 442, 503Azya trinitatis see Pseudoazya trinitatisAzyini tribe 7, 9

Bacillus thuringiensis 122, 123, 421, 505–506

bacteriageneral pathogenic 464male-killing 349, 421–425

evolution of 38, 39and failure of egg hatching 68molecular genetic studies

29–31balsam fi r see Abies balsameabalsam woolly adelgid see Adelges

piceaebanding, chromosomes 14‘barcode’ DNA, species identifi cation

29, 36bark crevices, dormancy sites 314barn swallow see Hirundo rusticabarred warbler see Sylvia nisoriaBaryscapus 386, 409Baryscapus thanasimi 386B-chromosomes and sex-ratio

15–16Beauveria bassiana 72, 359, 415,

445, 498, 500‘beetle banks’ 500

behaviour patterns in diapause 301dormancy phases 301–309individual species 309–316

Bemisia argentifolii see Bemisia tabaciBemisia tabaci 60, 87, 172, 189,

196, 202Benthamidia fl orida 201benzaldehyde 450Berberis vulgaris 120Beta vulgaris 121Betula populifolia 152, 182Betulaphis brevipilosa 239, 239Betulaphis quadrituberculata 188Bieri model, peak oviposition rate 86big-eyed bug see Geocoris punctipesbig-headed ant see Pheidole

megacephalabiological control 150, 154, 222,

489, 524–525ancillary factors 502–509

ant-attendance 502–503pesticides, selective use

506–509plant structure and chemistry

504–506seasonal cycles 503–504

ants, disruptive impact of 362and aphid population cycle 467augmentation of coccinellids

495–498coccinellid role 466, 489–491Coccipolipus species, use in

413–414Col. maculata 152conservation 498–502exotic introductions, targets of

491–495facilitation and 361–362intraguild interactions and 362intraguild predation and 361large-scale fi eld trials 477Pediobius foveolatus, use in

410–411biological invasion 360, 361bird cherry–oat aphid see

Rhopalosiphum padibird predators 377, 378, 379bitter melon see Momordica charantiabivoltinism

A. bipunctata 320C. novemnotata 289C. s. brucki 286–287, 287–288,

288, 320C. septempunctata 278, 279,

283

536 Subject index

bivoltinism, (continued)Har. axyridis 295Hip. tredecimpunctata 292

black ant or garden ant see Lasiusniger

black bean aphid see Aphis fabaeblack citrus aphid see Toxoptera

aurantiiblack nightshade see Solanum nigrumblack (or brown) mustard see Brassica

nigrablack peach aphid see Brachycaudus

persicaeblack redstart see Phoenicurus ochrurosblackcap see Sylvia atricapillablack lady beetle see Rhizobius ventralisblood-red lady beetle see Cycloneda

sanguineablue alfalfa aphid see Acyrthosiphon

kondoiblue-headed wagtail see Motacilla fl avablue tit see Cyanistes caeruleusbluethroat see Luscinia svecicabody length 78, 81body mass 73, 74, 81body size 78

defensive measure 356dietary generalists and specialists

151–152larva 73link to prey size & density

147–150niche partition 345sibling egg cannibalism 176and size of prey 119temperature affecting 95and winter survival 331–332‘body size-dietary breadth’

hypothesis 151–152body weight 78

and egg size 56and number of ovarioles 78,

79–81, 82Boettcheria latisterna 385Brachiacantha quadripunctata 380,

417, 418Brachiacantha ursina 130, 132, 306,

380, 396, 398Brachiacanthini tribe 10Brachycaudus helichrysi 153, 188,

195Brachycaudus persicae 188–189,

195, 236Brachycaudus prunicola 236Brachycaudus tragopogonis 188

Brachymeria carinatifrons 387brachypterous individuals 77Brassica campestris 207Brassica napus 58, 123, 165, 166,

225Brassica napus subsp. oleifera 58,

123, 165, 166, 225, 452Brassica nigra 166, 166, 452Brassica oleracea 217Brassica oleracea Italica group 121Brevicoryne brassicae 61–64, 88,

145, 148, 163, 165, 166, 165–166, 166, 168, 168,190, 193, 225, 451, 468, 490

aphid alarm pheromone 225control of 490release of toxic substance

451–452broad bean or faba bean see Vicia fababroccoli see Brassica oleracea Italica

groupbrown apple mite see Bryobia

rubrioculusbrown citrus aphid see Toxoptera

citricidusbrown mite see Bryobia rubrioculusbrown planthopper see Nilaparvata

lugensBrumoides septentrionis 225Brumoides suturalis 59, 99, 189,

251, 507, 508(= Scymnus suturalis 39, 81, 129,

308, 314)Brumus quadripustulatus see

Exochomus quadripustulatusBrumus suturalis see Brumoides

suturalisBrustiospora indicola 420Bryobia praetiosa Koch 167Bryobia rubrioculus 167bryony ladybird see Henosepilachna

argusBudapest slug see Tandonia

budapestensisBulaea lichatschovi 25, 142, 181,

200, 246, 313, 378bullrush see Typha latifoliabutternut see Juglans cinerea

cabbage aphid see Brevicoryne brassicaecabbage looper see Trichoplusia nicage inclusion 470–471Calandra lark see Melanocorypha

calandra

Calandrella cinerea 379California red scale see Aonidiella

aurantiiCallicaria superba 59, 71, 79Callipterinella calliptera 239Calocoris norvegicus 476Calotropis procera 163, 190Caltha palustris 313Calvia albida 79Calvia decemguttata 59, 79, 356Calvia duodecimmaculata 59Calvia muiri 174, 189, 392Calvia quatuordecimguttata 37, 79,

131, 313, 412, 455Calvia quindecimguttata 37, 39, 55,

59, 79, 93, 102, 107, 128, 131, 132, 143, 146, 151, 154, 189

essential prey 189Calvia shiva 79Calvia shiva pasupati 79Calvia shiva pinaki 79Calvia shiva trilochana 79Campylomma verbasci 350, 353,

532Cannabis sativa 152, 182cannibalism 175

non-sibling eggs 177–179sibling eggs 69, 175–177, 233,

356Capitophorus elaeagni 193carbon dioxide concentration see also

CO2 concentrationAphis gossypii survival 197and pupation timing 75

Carduus crispus 216, 217Carinodulini tribe 5Carpinus caroliniana 152, 182caryophyllene 451cassava mealybug see Phenacoccus

manihoticassava scale see Aonidimytilus albuscatch per unit effort, sampling 522Caternaultiella rugosa 452Catolaccus 388Caulophyllum robustum 199Cavariella konoi 58Centaurea jacea 216, 217Centistes scymni 384Centistes subsulcatus 384Centistina nipponicus 383, 384, 391Centrosema pubescens 198, 199Cephaloscymnini tribe 6Ceratomegilla barovskii kiritschenkoi

181

Subject index 537

Ceratomegilla notata 131, 181,181

food of 180–181Ceratomegilla undecimnotata 59, 79,

88, 90, 96, 101, 106, 117, 121, 131, 134, 146, 154, 161, 162, 168, 169, 170,174, 189, 220, 223, 229,230, 231, 249, 250, 255, 264, 266, 267, 268, 279, 292, 293, 294, 294, 295,298, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 326, 327, 329, 330, 335, 336, 338, 339, 341, 372, 378, 392,414, 415, 420, 453, 454, 455, 460, 461, 463, 500, 507, 516

confused with C. septempunctata311

diapause regulation 292–295migratory and aggregation

behaviour 309–310Ceratovacuna lanigera 241–242, 382,

498Cerchysiella 386Cervaphis quercus 205Cerylonid complex 2Chaetosiphon fragaefolii 117Chaitophorus capreae 145, 153, 153,

188–189Chaitophorus leucomelas 188Chaitophorus versicolor see

Chaitophorus leucomelasChamerion angustifolium 211Chartocerus subaeneus 389Cheilomenes lunata 189, 223, 233,

263, 389, 417Cheilomenes propinqua vicina

386Cheilomenes sexmaculata see

Menochilus sexmaculatusCheilomenes sulphurea 73, 392Cheilomenes vicina see Cheilomenes

propinqua vicinaCheiloneurus carinatus 387Cheiloneurus cyanonotus 387Cheiloneurus liorhipnusi 387Cheiloneurus orbitalis 387Cheiracanthium 478chemical cues, plants as source of

120

chemical defences 38, 76, 355, 356chemo-mechanical defences, aphids

241chemical markers, larvae 222, 226

and oviposition deterrence 228–233

chemicalssee also allelochemicals;

semiochemicalsstimulating feeding behaviour

199chemoreceptors on antennae 450,

453Chenopodium 121cherry blackfl y see Myzus cerasiChetogena claripennis 385Chilocorinae subfamily 5, 7–8, 9Chilocorini tribe 8Chilocorus baylei see Chilocorus

malasiaeChilocorus bijugus 79Chilocorus bipustulatus 60, 71, 73,

79, 93, 99, 108, 109, 122, 129, 131, 136, 138, 167, 168, 189, 220, 221, 254, 272, 273, 276, 287, 289, 298, 298, 299, 299, 300, 305, 314, 320, 322, 327, 328, 334, 336, 337, 339, 341, 386, 387, 388, 389,404, 416, 417, 421, 434, 443, 472, 485, 492, 513, 518

Chilocorus braeti 79Chilocorus cacti 384, 412Chilocorus circumdatus 189Chilocorus discoideus 384Chilocorus distigma 384Chilocorus geminus 299Chilocorus hauseri 79Chilocorus hexacyclus 14, 17Chilocorus infernalis 163Chilocorus inornatus 389Chilocorus kuwanae 180, 190, 202,

220, 258, 261, 266, 434, 486, 503, 516

Chilocorus malasiae 190Chilocorus nigripes 384Chilocorus nigritus 36, 60, 71, 78,

79, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 99, 103, 104, 105, 107, 156, 157, 157, 190, 203, 204, 224, 228, 249, 253, 265, 267, 492, 517

Chilocorus orbus 14

Chilocorus quadrimaculatus 385Chilocorus renipustulatus 129, 190,

298, 320, 324, 325, 326, 327, 339, 389, 417

Chilocorus rubidus 15, 79, 85, 105, 190, 264, 298, 298, 324, 325, 326, 327, 328, 329,339, 420

Chilocorus similis 386, 388Chilocorus spp., diapause

298–299Chilocorus stigma 15, 16, 17, 18, 51,

132, 168, 190, 261, 306,386, 412, 417, 421, 509

B-chromosomes 16chromosomal fusion

polymorphisms 16–17speciation and cytogenetic change

18Chilocorus tricyclus 14, 17Chinese jute see Abutilon theophrastiChinese lantern see Physalis alkekengiChinese white pine see Pinus armandiiChionaspis alnus 190Chionaspis salicis 190Chnootriba similis 384, 386, 427chorion, pores in 55Choristoneura pinus 221Chromaphis juglandicola 153, 188chromatographic analysis 145,

165–166, 225chromosomal fusions 16–18

geographic distribution 17chromosome numbers & banding 14chromosomes & cytology 14

B-chromosomes 15–16cytogenetic changes 16–18sex determination 14–15

chrysanthemum aphid see Macrosiphoniella sanborni

Chrysocharis johnsoni 384Chrysomela populi 189chrysomelids (leaf beetles)

as prey 154, 167, 170–171larval mortality/pupal weight

143tritrophic food chain 197

Chrysomphalus aonidum 60, 168, 189

Chrysomphalus bifasciculatus 190Chrysonotomyia appannai 384, 386Chrysopa 344, 379Chrysopa oculata 161, 352, 456Chrysopa perla 161, 252Chrysopa sinica 225

538 Subject index

Chrysoperla carnea 347, 356, 361, 480, 501

Chrysoperla plorabunda 352Chrysoperla rufi labris 75, 351, 353Chrysophtharta bimaculata 170, 495chrysopid larvae, attack by 358Chrysotachina slossonae 384–385Cinara palaestinensis 189, 195cinnabar moths see Tyriacircadian rhythms see rhythmicityCirsium arvense 120, 153, 211,

224, 236, 458Cirsium kagamontanum 198, 232Cirsium kamtschaticum 199cis-jasmone, plant volatile 447, 450citrus mealybug see Planococcus citricitrus mussel scale see Lepidosaphes

beckiiCitrus sinensis 66citrus snow scale see Unaspis citriCladosporium 180–181, 183, 184classifi cation, subfamilies

changes in 3–4future perspectives 10, 521morphologically based 3proposed 5, 6

Clematis 200Cleobora mellyi 170, 186, 392, 407,

489, 499climate

change, predictions 115–116and melanism 26microclimate, effects on host plants

124–125and voltinism 90

Clitostethus arcuatus 60, 93,103, 108, 154, 190, 244, 245

Clitostethus oculatus 56, 60, 71, 76, 77, 85, 86, 87, 89, 93, 96,102, 106, 190, 219, 258, 266, 484, 490

cloudberry beetle see Galerucella sagittariae

clover mite see Bryobia praetiosacluster size, eggs 56–57, 58–67CO2 concentration, effects of elevated

75, 197Coccidoctonus trinidadensis 387Coccidophilus citricola 385Coccidula rufa 129, 131, 378, 422,

424Coccidula scutellata 378Coccidulinae subfamily 4, 5, 8–9Coccidulini tribe 9

Coccinella algerica see Coccinellaseptempunctata algerica

Coccinella californica 130, 201, 202,209, 292, 420

Coccinella explanata 174Coccinella hieroglyphica 24, 79, 129,

143, 143, 154, 190, 253, 306, 313, 392, 399

Coccinella leonina transversalis 60,68, 69, 70, 70, 86, 117, 118, 118, 126, 146, 147, 163, 176, 178, 179, 191, 191,227, 228, 228, 229, 247, 249, 263, 297, 356, 371, 392, 405, 412, 414, 420,478, 485, 506, 510

diapause regulation 297dormancy behaviour 313

Coccinella luteopicta 79Coccinella magnifi ca 23, 38, 51, 79,

90, 151, 159, 190, 226, 269, 317, 318, 322, 367, 369, 373, 380, 392, 398, 399,408, 412, 413, 436, 441

Coccinella monticola 24Coccinella nigrovittata 183Coccinella novemnotata 24, 60, 90,

103, 152, 154, 185, 289, 289, 290, 307, 317, 318, 337, 392, 397, 420, 433, 519

diapause 289–290Coccinella quinquepunctata 16, 90,

129, 131, 151, 312, 318,378, 392, 398, 399, 420

dispersal 309hibernation sites 312testicular activity 318, 322

Coccinella reitteri 181Coccinella repanda see Coccinella leoninaCoccinella septempunctata 21, 30, 32,

39, 61, 69–70, 79, 93, 116,123, 125, 129–132, 143,147–149, 151, 155, 158,159, 160, 163, 164, 166, 166, 168, 172, 173, 180,186, 190–191, 197, 205,212, 215, 216, 217, 221,224, 225, 225, 230, 237,238, 240, 240, 276, 278, 279–282, 285–286, 287, 306, 308, 311–312, 318,321, 323, 330, 347–348,358, 376, 388–389, 392,397, 399, 407, 412, 417,

420, 422, 453, 477,507–508

aggregative numerical response 211–213

alternative prey 170, 171–172, 173, 174, 209

aphid preylarval development 158, 159,

163, 168larval survival 149, 159, 163,

166artifi cial diets 186consumption rates 160, 201,

202, 205diapause regulation 278–287dormancy behaviour 311–312essential foods 190–191exploitative competitors 348foraging behaviour 215–218

ant attendance 236, 237intensive search 220, 221sensory perception 222, 223,

224vagility 234, 235, 236

intraguild predation 210, 351–352

introduction to North America 493

larval development on aphid prey 158, 159, 163, 168

larval survival on aphid prey 149,159, 163, 166

life history as affected by aphid prey 148

non-insect food 180, 181, 184overall predator voracity 155oviposition and aphid density

226, 228oviposition deterrence 229, 230,

231, 232–233plant cues attracting 225prey capture 238, 239, 240substitute diets 185, 186, 187tritrophic studies 196–197voltinism 281, 286–287, 320

Coccinella septempunctata algerica392

Coccinella septempunctata brucki 191,221, 276, 287, 323, 392,395, 420, 422

autolysis of fl ight muscles 323bivoltine life cycle 286–287diapause regulation 287–289

Coccinella sinuatomarginata see Coccinula sinuatomarginata

Subject index 539

Coccinella transversalis see Coccinellaleonina transversalis

Coccinella transversoguttata 24, 61,122, 191, 344, 412

Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni24, 191

Coccinella trifasciata 61, 130, 306,392, 420

Coccinella undecimpunctata aegyptiacasee Coccinella undecimpunctata menetriesi

Coccinella undecimpunctata 39, 62,80, 130, 151, 154, 171, 191,205, 353, 389, 391, 392,397, 399, 412, 422,507–508

importation to New Zealand 492Coccinella undecimpunctata menetriesi

191Coccinellidae family

characteristics 3monophyly 2–3

Coccinellimermis see HexamermisCoccinellinae subfamily

characteristics of 6–7molecular analyses 4–5

coccinelline 446, 449Coccinellini tribe 6, 7Coccinula crotchi 174, 417, 422Coccinula quatuordecimpustulata 23,

25, 80, 167, 312, 378, 392,420

Coccinula redimita 80Coccinula sinensis 392, 417, 422Coccinula sinuatomarginata 25Coccipolipus 412Coccipolipus africanae 412Coccipolipus arturi 412Coccipolipus benoiti 412Coccipolipus bifasciatae 412Coccipolipus cacti 412Coccipolipus camerouni 412Coccipolipus chilocori 412Coccipolipus cooremani 412Coccipolipus epilachnae 412Coccipolipus hippodamiae 412Coccipolipus macfarlanei 412Coccipolipus micraspisi 412Coccipolipus oconnori 412Coccipolipus solanophilae 412Coccipolipus species (parasitic mite)

411in biological control 413–414hosts and distribution 412life cycle 412–413

negative effect on hosts 413prevalence 413

Coccus hesperidum 157, 190Coccus viridis 154, 189, 237, 360,

503coconut scale see Aspidiotus destructorCoelophora biplagiata 62, 74, 174,

192, 498Coelophora bissellata 56, 62, 80Coelophora duvaucelii 80Coelophora inaequalis 21, 62, 69,

149, 163, 392, 497Coelophora mulsanti 192Coelophora quadrivittata 21, 192Coelophora saucia 62, 68, 69, 82,

178, 192co-existence of intraguild prey

360–361cold-hardiness 328–332Coleomegilla maculata 62, 74, 152–

153, 173, 182, 313, 354, 388cannibalism, egg 177–178consumption

food deprivation and larval development 207

prey density effects on consumption 204, 207

dormancy behaviour 313egg prey 170, 173, 173essential foods 192

pollen as 152, 181–182, 233frequency of short fl ights 234laboratory diet for 185larval and adult diets 157nutrient requirements 186–187olfaction 224oviposition 227

deterrence 229, 231periodicity 218, 219

vagility 234, 235Coleomegilla maculata fuscilabris

149Coleomegilla maculata lengi 143,

182, 354, 532Coleomegilla quadrifasciata 391Colorado potato beetle see Leptinotarsa

decemlineatacolouration

aposematic 358, 376eggs 55, 56pupae 76

coloured cards, sampling 113colour pattern variation 18, 43–44

genetic determination 20–23geographic variation 23–25

nature of colour patterns 19–20signifi cance and origin 25–27temporal variation 25

colour vision 223–224commensalism 345, 347common Australian lady beetle see

Coelophora inaequaliscommon barberry see Berberis vulgariscommon chiffchaff see Phylloscopus

collybitacommon cuckoo see Cuculus canoruscommon cutworm see Spodoptera lituracommon damsel bug see Nabis

(Reduviolus) americoferuscommon froghopper see Philaenus

spumariuscommon redstart see Phoenicurus

phoenicuruscommon starling see Sturnus vulgariscommon stonechat see Saxicola

rubicolacommon swift see Apus apuscommon whitethroat see Sylvia

communiscommunity of coccinellid species

111composition of, factors determining

114dominance, diversity and niches

127–128local faunas 114–116locality determinants 116–127

habitat identifi cation 128–132competition 347–349

apparent 349exploitative 347

competitive displacement of native ladybirds 494–495

competitive IGP hypothesis 351complex communities, coccinellid

impact 472–474conditioning, colour vision 224,

226conidia (fungal spores) 183, 184conservation 360–361, 498–502,

524alternative or supplementary food

499–500biocontrol approach 362habitat management 500–502hibernation refuges 500

conspecifi c larval tracksegg clustering 454–455oviposition deterrence 222, 229–

233, 356, 456

540 Subject index

consumed food, conversion and utilization of 209–210

consumption quantity 201–202assays 467–468growth and reproduction

adult performance 208–209larval development 207–208

physical factorsdaily consumption rate 202total food consumption

202–204and prey density 204–207

Contarinia nasturtii 170, 497Conura 387Conura paranensis 387Conura petioliventris 387Conura porteri 387co-occurring prey 207Cooley spruce gall adelgid see Adelges

cooleyicoriander see Coriandrum sativumCoriandrum sativum 121corn earworm see Helicoverpa zeacorn leaf aphid see Rhopalosiphum

maidiscorpora allata (CA) 278, 327–328Cosmos 201Cotoneaster integerrima 120Cotoneaster tomentosus 120cotton aphid see Aphis gossypiicotton bollworm see Helicoverpa

armigeracottony cushion scale see Icerya

purchasiCoturnix coturnix 449Coturnix japonicus 445couch grass see Elytrigia repenscourtship behaviour, D. coccinellae

males 394Cowperia areolata 383–384, 386–

387, 399–400Cowperia indica 401Cowperia punctata 401Cowperia sp. (parasitoid) 383, 391,

399, 401, 401Cowperia subnigra 401Cowperia sumatraensis 401Cranophorini tribe 9cream-spot ladybird see Calvia

quatuordecimguttatacream-streaked ladybird see Harmonia

quadripunctatacreeping thistle see Cirsium arvenseCrematogaster lineolata 76, 456Crematogaster 76, 381, 456

crested wheatgrass see Agropyron desertorum

critical photoperiod 276, 284, 290, 291, 298, 299

cropssee also alfalfa fi eldsagricultural practices 127aphid resistant cultivars 164,

169, 504–505coccinellid abundance 130diversifi cation 126food spray substitutes 187ladybird habitats 128–129microclimate effects 124–125sampling from 112–113strip cutting 126timing of colonization 503–504weeds in, positive effects of 126

Crotalaria striata 183crowding

and egg viability 68, 83fecundity, adverse effect on 88of larvae, effect on adult size 78and ovarian dysfunction 82and pupal development 75and take-off 77

cryptically coloured pupae 75, 76cryptic species, delimiting 41–42Cryptochaetum iceryae 172Cryptognatha nodiceps 492Cryptognatha signata 383Cryptognatha simillima 384Cryptognathini tribe 9Cryptogonus ariasi 80Cryptogonus kapuri 391, 396,

401Cryptogonus orbiculus 80Cryptogonus postmedialis Kapur 80,

316, 527–530Cryptogonus quadriguttatus 80Cryptolaemus montrouzieri 36, 167,

169, 185, 192, 218, 222, 237, 353, 383, 385–386,391, 401, 492, 496, 505

control of mealybug and scale insects 496

Cucujoidea 2Cuculus canorus 379Cucurbita maxima 126Culex quinquefasciatus 479Curinus coeruleus 174, 192, 217,

223, 362, 493, 497, 507–508

cuticular cribriform plate, ductless glands 454

C-value, genome size 14Cyanistes caeruleus 376Cycloneda ancoralis 192, 330Cycloneda limbifer 192, 223, 229,

229, 230, 231, 232, 454, 455

Cycloneda munda 120, 129, 130,132, 152, 173, 192, 305, 392, 397, 417, 418

Cycloneda polita 130, 132Cycloneda sanguinea 15, 71, 119,

149, 161, 162, 163, 174, 175, 175, 179, 185, 192,210, 224, 357, 360–361, 377, 387, 392, 407, 412,417, 507–508

development time and survival rate 162

Cydonia vicina nilotica see Cheilomenespropinqua vicina

Cymbopogon citratus 181, 183Cynegetini tribe 7cytogenetic changes 16–18, 19

Dactylopius opuntiae 178, 192daily fecundity 58–67, 86, 87, 90damson–hop aphid see Phorodon

humuliDanaus plexippus 170, 205dandelion see Taraxacum offi cinaleDeclivitata spp. 412defence(s)

ant attendance 236–238aphid 238–241plant 200

defensive mechanisms, coccinellidsagainst ants 380against intraguild predation

355–358against parasitization 394against Phalacrotophora 408aposematic colouration 358,

376morphological adaptations 377refl ex bleeding 376–377

Degeeria luctuosa see Medina luctuosaDelichon urbica 377, 379Delphastus catalinae 62, 68, 89, 91,

93, 96, 96, 192, 202, 219, 348, 353, 495

Delphastus pusillus 56, 76, 85, 172, 175, 192, 205, 361

Delphiniobium junackianum 165Dendrocalamus giganteus 163Dendrocerus 388

Subject index 541

Dendrocerus ergensis 388Dendrocopos medius 379Deroceras reticulatum 477development

embryonic 56, 85larval 72–73pupal 75temperature effects 91–97teneral 76–77

development rate isomorphy 95development rate and temperature

75, 82, 92, 93–94, 96development time

effect of CO2 on pupation 75of larvae 72–73and temperature 92

Diabrotica virgifera 32diamondback moth see Plutella

xylostelladiapause/dormancy 276

see also individual speciesanatomical/physiological changes

anatomical state 316–323metabolic changes 323–327

behaviour patterns 301dormancy phases 277,

301–309individual species 309–316

endocrinological aspects 277–278hibernation and aestivation

276–277research activity 523termination/completion 277

Diaphorina citri 174, 469Diaspidiotus perniciosus 60Dibrachys cavus 383, 385–386,

388, 405Dicranolaius bellulus 478dietary complementation across life

stages 156–157dietary generalists and specialists

150–152diet(s)

see also foodcombination and mixed 155–157and egg cluster size 57, 58–67longevity, effect on 91and reproductive output 78substitute and sprays 185–187

digestionduring dormancy 316–317extra-intestinal 241

dill see Anethum graveolensdilution effect 350, 352, 353, 357DIMBOA in wheat 164, 169

Dinocampus coccinellae (parasitoid) 383–384, 391

development 394–395fl ight performance, effect on

303–304host preferences and parasitization

rates 396–399host range and host suitability

392–393, 396ladybird fertility, effect on 88ladybird ovaries, effect on 317larval nutrition 395–396life cycle 394reproduction, mode of 391, 394semiochemical attraction 449

Dinocampus 383–384, 391Dinocampus nipponicus see Centistina

nipponicusDinocampus terminatus see Dinocampus

coccinellaeDiomus austrinus 89, 93, 95, 192Diomus hennesseyi 143, 491Diomus pumilio 384Diomus seminulus 417Diomus thoracicus 449diploid chromosome numbers 14,

15dipterans, in IGP 352–353directional selection 28direct observation 468, 469, 474,

475disc equation, functional response

206Discotomini tribe 6dispersal fl ight, dormancy 302, 309distribution 110–117, 121–128,

132vertical on host plant 122, 125

Diuraphis noxia 63, 66, 123, 146, 190, 192–195, 205, 206, 466, 504

diversity, coccinellid 114and geographical latitude

114–115studies of 127–128tropical/subtropical areas 129

DNA-based gut content analysis 144–145, 478–481

DNA sequence-based studies 36, 37–38

Dolichoderus bidens 76dominant species 127–128dormancy phases 277

aggregations 305–309emergence 309

migration 302–305pre-diapause 301–302

dormancy sites 282, 309–316emergence from 309

Doryphorophaga doryphorae see Myiopharus doryphorae

Drepanosiphum platanoidis 145, 153, 153, 188–189, 238

drone honeybee powder, substitute food 174

dropping behaviouraphid escape response 118, 238,

239, 240, 468coccinellid escape mechanism

357, 358Drosophila melanogaster 28ductless glands, pheromones released

by 454duration

fl ight 77hatching 69larval development 72, 73mating 82–83, 84pupal stage 75

dusky lady beetle see Scymnus loewiiD-Vac, vacuum sampling by 112Dysaphis crataegi 64, 194Dysaphis devecta 192Dysaphis plantaginea 62, 192Dysmicoccus 194Dytiscus sp. 241

(E)-β-farnesene (EBF) 225, 447, 451early-season predation 477Echthroplectis see HomalotylusECI (effi ciency of conversion of

ingested material) 209–210ecologically relevant temperatures 92ecophysiological regulation of

diapause 278, 300–301Adalia bipunctata 290–291Apolinus lividigaster 297Ceratomegilla undecimnotata

292–295Chilocorus species 298–299Coccinella leonina 297Coccinella novemnotata 289–290Coccinella septempunctata 278

Central Europe 278–282Mediterranean region 284–285Nearctic region 285–286Northern Europe 283–284voltinism 286–287Western Europe: France

282–283

542 Subject index

ecophysiological regulation of diapause, (continued)

Coccinella septempunctata bruckiCentral Japan 287–288Northern Honshu (Japan) 289Sapporo, Hokkaido (Japan)

288–289Harmonia axyridis 295–297Harmonia sedecimnotata 297–298Hippodamia convergens 292Hippodamia tredecimpunctata 292Illeis galbula 297Propylea quatuordecimpunctata

291Stethorus punctum picipes

299–300edelweiss see Leontopodium alpinumegg cannibalism 68, 69, 175–179,

356egg-surface chemicals 455semiochemicals, role of 456

egg production 88–90effect of food restriction 209multiple matings 82–83and ovariole number 57rate of 86

egg protection behaviouroviposition on highly pubescent

plants 227species-specifi c semiochemicals

456egg retention 84egg(s) 55

cluster size 56–68defence of 356hatching rate 68–69mean SCP 96morphology 55–56nutrient content 233size 56trophic eggs 69

egg teeth 56eighteen spot ladybird see Myrrha

octodecimguttataElasmus 388Elatobium abietinum 189, 205elder aphid see Aphis sambucielder see Sambucus nigraelectroantennograms (EAG) 224,

225, 453electrophoretic methods 327–328eleven spot ladybird see Coccinella

undecimpunctataELISA technology 474, 475, 477,

478, 479

elm leaf beetle see Xanthogaleruca luteola

elytrahydrocarbons 454inheritance studies 21–22pattern, variation in 19–20red morphs, mating disadvantage

26–27Elytrigia repens 120, 224, 458embryonic development

and egg size 56optimum microclimate for 85

emergence from dormancy 309emigration 114, 211, 235, 357Encarsia sophia 353encounter with prey, effects of

220endocrinological pathways, diapause

277–278endosymbiotic bacteria 29–31, 38,

39, 41–42, 522enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

(ELISA) technology 474, 475, 477, 478, 479

Eocaria muiri see Calvia muiriEphestia kuehniella 57, 58, 73, 153,

156Epidinocarsus lopezi see Anagyrus lopeziEpilachna ‘chrysomelina’ see

Henosepilachna argus or Henosepilachna elaterii or Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata

Epilachna admirabilis 72, 90, 405,411, 452

Epilachna bisquadripunctata see Aphidentula bisquadripunctata

Epilachna boisduvali see Henosepilachna boisduvali

Epilachna borealis 76, 385Epilachna canina 400Epilachna cucurbitae see Henosepilachna

sumbanaEpilachna defecta 384Epilachna dregei 316, 384Epilachna dumerili 80Epilachna eckloni 384Epilachna enneasticta see

Henosepilachna enneastictaEpilachna eusema 385, 387Epilachna karisimbica 412Epilachna marginella 385Epilachna marginicollis 80Epilachna mexicana 384, 387Epilachna mystica 80

Epilachna nigrolimbata 412Epilachna niponica see Henosepilachna

niponicaEpilachna paenulata 76, 355, 447Epilachna philippinensis see

Henosepilachna vigintisexpunctata

Epilachna pusillanima see Henosepilachna pusillanima

Epilachna pustulosa see Henosepilachna pustulosa

Epilachna quadricollis 384Epilachna septima see Henosepilachna

septimaEpilachna sparsa orientalis

Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata

Epilachna varivestis 73–74, 76, 187, 198, 200, 224, 384–389,405, 410–411

Epilachna vigintioctomaculata see Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata

Epilachna vigintisexpunctata 62, 384,411

Epilachna yasutomii see Henosepilachna yasutomii

Epilachninae subfamily 5, 7feeding stimulants 452food of 198, 200pupal defence 76

Epilachnini tribe 7Episyrphus balteatus 347, 356, 358Epiverta chelonia 7Epivertini tribe 7Eremochilini tribe 7Eretmocerus mundus 353Eriococcus coriaceus 195, 241Eriopis connexa 126, 164, 164, 205,

224, 330, 391, 392, 417,505

Eriosoma lanigerum 193, 205,285

Erysiphe cichoracearum 66, 91Erysiphe polygoni 124Erythrina corallodendron 167essential foods/prey 146, 187, 196

list of 188–196psyllids 174

Eucallipterus tiliae 58, 153, 153,157, 177, 188–189, 195,238–239

eucalyptus leaf beetle see Chrysophtharta bimaculata

Euceraphis betulae 58, 238, 239

Subject index 543

Euceraphis punctipennis 153,188–189

eugregarines, protozoan pathogens 419–421

Eulecanium caraganae 190Euonymus japonicus 202Eupelmus 385–386, 388Eupelmus urozonus 386Eupelmus vermai 385Euphorbia 200Eupteromalus Kurdjumov see

Trichomalopsis CrawfordEurasian blackbird see Turdus merulaEuropean black slug see Arion aterEuropean corn borer see Ostrinia

nubilalisEuropean earwig see Forfi cula

auriculariaEuropean honey bee see Apis

melliferaEuropean red mite see Panonychus

ulmiEuropean red wood ant see Formica

polyctenaEurotia ceratoides 200euryphagous species see generalist

species 150–152Euthelyconychia epilachnae 384,

387–388evolutionary history studies

phylogenetics 37–38phylogeographic studies 38–42population genetics 38–41sequence evolution 29–33techniques 33–37

exclusion cages, predator impact study 469–470

Exochomus childreni 174, 192,361

Exochomus concavus see Parexochomus troberti concavus

Exochomus fl avipes 85, 178, 192,313, 384, 387, 389

Exochomus fl aviventris 143, 169, 169, 222, 384, 404

Exochomus fulvimanus 412Exochomus lituratus see Priscibrumus

lituratusExochomus melanocephalus see

Parexochomus melanocephalusExochomus nigromaculatus see

Parexochomus nigromaculatusExochomus quadripustulatus 16, 27,

32, 57, 62, 74, 80, 86, 87,87, 96, 131–132, 161, 164,

168, 192, 313–314, 329, 377, 389, 393, 420

Exochomus troberti see Parexochomus troberti

Exoplectrinae subfamily 7Exoplectrini tribe 7Exoristoides slossonae see Chrysotachina

slossonaeextinction 115extrafl oral nectaries 183, 499,

504eyed ladybird see Anatis ocellataeyespotted lady beetle see Anatis mali

facilitation, predator 361–362facultative diapause 276, 281, 292,

293, 316faeces, oviposition deterrence 231,

232fall webworm see Hyphantria cuneafat body

diapause 316–317site of synthesis of aposematic

substances 445fat reserves during diapause

323–325faunas of coccinellid communities

114climatic changes, effects of

115–116geographic differences 114–115invasion & extinction 115

fecundity 87, 88–90daily and lifetime 58–67diet affecting 88, 91oviposition rate 86temperature, effect of 96

feeding habits 2feeding studies, laboratory 467–468females

fi nding oviposition site 226–232food consumption, effect on

reproduction 208–209preference for melanic morphs

27, 83–85size/weight 75, 78

Ferrisia virgata 59, 189fertilization success 42–43fescue aphid see Metopolophium

festucaeFicedula parva 379fi eld cages, predator impact studies

469–470fi fteen spotted lady beetle see Anatis

labiculata

fi rebug see Pyrrhocoris apterusfi rethorn see Pyracantha coccineafi reweed see Chamerion angustifoliumfi rst ribosomal internal transcribed

spacer (ITS1) region 31–33fi tness 56, 86

adaptive food preferences 452–453

cannibalism 176fi tness compensation 424fi ve spot ladybird see Coccinella

quinquepunctataFlavobacterium 68, 176, 422–423fl ies, dipteran parasitoids 406–408fl ight 77

frequency of short 234habitat switching 127in the landscape 234–235migratory 303–305

fl ightlessness 77fl ightless mutants, release of 498

fl ight muscles, diapause 304, 321,323

fl oral nectar, sugar as substitute 187Florida red scale see Chrysomphalus

aonidumfl uorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)

techniques 15follicles, ovarioles 57, 78, 82food

egg cluster size 57, 58–67fecundity link 88larval instars 73longevity link 91and oviposition period 88preferences, evolution of 38and pre-oviposition period 78

food consumptionfunctional response 204–207growth and reproduction

207–209physical factors 202–204

food conversion 209–210food intake 241–242food range 142–144

methods for detection of 144–145food-related behaviour

food intake 241–242foraging behaviour 213–238prey capture 238–241

food-related semiochemicals 449–452

associative learning 452–453phagostimulants 452plant volatiles 449–451

544 Subject index

food-related semiochemicals,(continued)

prey alarm pheromones 451toxic substances in prey

451–452food relationships 142

food-related behaviour 213–242quantitative aspects 201–213summary 242

food specifi city 142–201, 146, 171,214, 242, 523

alternative food 146, 147, 150, 170–174, 171, 180, 187, 214, 242, 302, 344

cannibalism 175–179essential foods 187–196food range 142–145generalist vs. specialist species

150–155lower quality prey 157–169mixed and combined diet

155–157mycophagous Coccinellidae, food of

200–201non-aphid prey 169–175non-insect food 180–185nutritional suitability 145–147phytophagous Coccinellidae, food of

198–200prey size-density hypotheses

147–150substitute diets and supplements

185–187tritrophic studies 196–198

food sprays 187footprint semiochemicals, aphid

parasitoid response to 455–456

foraging behaviour 213–214ants, interaction with 236–238fi rst instars 233indirect factors 215–218

diurnal periodicity 218plant structure 215–217plant surface 217–218

larger scale 234–236oviposition site, fi nding 226–233research progress 520–525senses, role of 218–226

Forfi cula auricularia 472Formica 379Formica obscuripes 380Formica polyctena 221, 380, 449Formica rufa 449Formica rufi barbis 236

fourteen spot ladybird see Propylea quatuordecimpunctata

foxglove aphid see Aulacorthum solaniFrench bean see Phaseolus vulgarisfruit, damaged, food source 123fruit tree spider mite see

Amphitetranychus viennensisfunctional response 204–207,

471fungal pathogens

Hesperomyces species 308–309, 416–418

Hypocreales 415–416Nosematidae 418–419

fungal spores, food source 180–184

Galeruca interrupta arminiaca 167Galerucella lineola 195Galerucella pusilla 152garden pea see Pisum sativumgarden slug see Arion hortensisgarden warbler see Sylvia borinGalerucella sagittariae 143, 190Galleria mellonella 328gas chromatography-mass

spectrometry (GC-MS) 448, 456

gean or wild cherry see Prunus aviumgel electrophoresis 34, 145, 478, 480Gelis agilis 388Gelis instabilis see Gelis agilisGelis melanocephalus 388Gelis 388generalist (euryphagous) species

150–152Adalia bipunctata 153Coleomegilla maculata 152–153Harmonia axyridis 153Hippodamia species 154other generalists 154role in biological control 489, 490

genetically modifi ed (GM) crops 122–123, 505–506

genetic correlations between traits 28–29

genetic markers see molecular genetic markers 29

genetic studies 14, 43–44chromosomes & cytology 14–18colour pattern variation 18–27future research 521–522host plant use by phytophagous

species 198–199inheritance of other traits 27–29molecular genetics 29–43

Genista 167genome size 4, 14Geocoris punctipes 118geographic variation

in colour patterns 23–25diapause expression 332latitude and ladybird diversity

114–115giant bamboo see Dendrocalamus

giganteus‘gin traps’ 357, 377glacial lady beetle see Hippodamia

glacialisglasshouse potato aphid see

Aulacorthum solaniglasshouse whitefl y see Trialeurodes

vaporariorumglassy-winged sharpshooter see

Homalodisca vitripennisGlochidion ferdinandi 183glossy leaves, biocontrol 504glucosinolates 165–166, 451–452glycogen reserves, diapause

325–326glycosides 160, 162, 169, 241golden-eyed lacewing see Chrysopa

oculatagolden loosestrife beetle see Galerucella

pusillagonads, diapause/dormancy 317,

321–322gorse spider mite see Tetranychus

linteariusgrain aphid see Sitobion avenaegrains of paradise see Aframomum

meleguetagreen apple aphid see Aphis pomigreen citrus aphid see Aphis spiraecolagreen coffee scale see Coccus viridisgreen lacewing see Chrysoperla carneagreen shield scale see Pulvinaria psidiigreenbug see Schizaphis graminumGregarina barbarara 420, 421Gregarina californica 420Gregarina chilocori 420Gregarina coccinellae 420Gregarina dasguptai 420Gregarina 419, 420, 421Gregarina fragilis 420Gregarina hyashii 420Gregarina katherina 420Gregarina ruszkowskii 420Gregarina straeleni 420gregariousness, defensive mechanism

307–308, 357

Subject index 545

grey fi eld slug see Deroceras reticulatumgrey garden slug see Deroceras

reticulatumguilds 344

spatial 344, 352, 363temporal 344–345, 352, 361,

363thermal 344

gustatory sense 142, 226, 242gut content analysis 144–145,

180–181, 478–481

habitat management 500–501, 524fl oral diversity, non-crop plants

501intercropping 501–502reduced tillage 502strip-harvesting 501

habitat preferences and semiochemicals 457–458

attractive plants 458avoided plants 458plant-plant interactions 458plant stand traits 457–458role of plant volatiles 457

habitats 110–132artifi cial substrates as 75crops 126, 128–129, 130fragmentation 126–127, 234movement among 234–236niches 128sampling methods 111–114spatial guild partition 344switching between 127trade-off in selection of 357trees 129, 131, 132tropics 129, 132wild herbs 129, 131

hairs, pupal defence 76, 357, 456Halmus chalybeus 57Halyzia hauseri see Macroilleis hauseriHalyzia sanscrita 80Halyzia sedecimguttata 39, 131,

392, 399Halyzia straminea 80Halyzia tschitscherini 314Halyziini tribe 6, 7hand-picking/hand-shaking, sampling

methods 112haricot bean see Phaseolus vulgarisharlequin ladybird see Harmonia

axyridisHarmonia antipoda 392Harmonia axyridis 21, 22, 32, 41,

63, 80, 87, 93, 123,

122–123, 129, 130, 132,149, 153, 155, 160, 161,168, 170, 171, 173,173–174, 175, 177, 182,185, 186, 193, 203, 205,207, 208, 209, 212, 223,228, 232, 295, 296–297,306, 310, 331, 349, 350,352, 354, 377, 386, 389,392, 397, 407, 412, 417,422, 457, 494, 495, 507–508, 532, 535

alternative food, effect on egg laying 171

artifi cial diet 185, 186colour pattern variation 21–22,

22, 23–24, 25, 27diapause regulation 295–297displacing native ladybirds

494–495dormancy behaviour 310–311essential foods 193fl ightless strain 498food consumption, effect on growth

207–208intraguild predation 210, 350,

351–352introduction of 494invasion, genetic studies 40–41

routes 41olfaction 222, 223, 224–225overall predator voracity 155oviposition deterrence 229,

231–232pest status 495sperm competition/paternity studies

42, 43survival rates of larvae fed on

aphids 147, 149top predator 354trophic egg laying 173, 177unsuitable aphid diet 160–161vagility 234, 235vision 223–224wing polymorphism 28

Harmonia breiti see Harmonia expalliata

Harmonia conformis 154, 193, 205,311, 393, 407

dormancy behaviour 311Harmonia dimidiata 80, 162, 193,

205, 229, 230, 393Harmonia eucharis 80, 407Harmonia expalliata 407Harmonia octomaculata 393

Harmonia quadripunctata 80, 151,393, 399, 412, 420, 423

Harmonia sedecimnotata 80, 193,297

diapause 297–298Harmonia yedoensis 63Harpalus pennsylvanicus 345, 347,

472hatching rate 68–69

and lifetime fecundity 69and mating duration 82and multiple matings 82–83and polyandry 83

hatching synchrony 56, 68–69hawthorn–parsnip aphid see Dysaphis

crataegihawthorn spider mite see

Amphitetranychus viennensishazel aphid or fi lbert aphid see

Myzocallis coryliheather ladybird see Chilocorus

bipustulatusHelianthus annuus 499, 499, 535Helicobia rapax 385Helicoverpa armigera 170, 478,

202Helicoverpa zea 170, 182, 202, 477,

502Heliothis virescens 152, 477helmet scale see Saissetia coffeaeHemaenasioidea see HomalotylusHemberlesia lataniae 60hemipterans (non-aphid) as prey

174–175hemiptera-tending ants 379–382Hemisarcoptes 411Hemisarcoptes cooremani 347, 412hemlock woolly adelgid see Adelges

tsugaeHenosepilachna argus 56Henosepilachna bifasciata 412Henosepilachna boisduvali 76Henosepilachna dodecastigma 80Henosepilachna elaterii 21, 22, 198,

387, 412Henosepilachna guttatopustulata 400Henosepilachna indica 80Henosepilachna niponica 85–86, 232,

332, 404, 405, 427Henosepilachna ocellata 80, 400Henosepilachna processa 80Henosepilachna pusillanima 76, 80Henosepilachna pustulosa 42, 405,

420, 427Henosepilachna septima 427

546 Subject index

Henosepilachna species 198, 199Henosepilachna sumbana 64Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata

19, 19, 80, 85, 400, 404, 405, 416, 421, 427, 427

Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata64, 80, 80, 199, 384, 386,388, 399, 400, 405, 410, 412, 427, 427

Henosepilachna vigintisexpunctata384, 411

Henosepilachna yasutomii 85, 198, 427

herbaceous stands 128sampling from 112wild herbs 129, 131

herbivore-stressed plants, volatiles released from 450, 459

heritability studies 28–29Hesperomyces chilomenis 417Hesperomyces coccinelloides 418Hesperomyces hyperaspidis 402–403,

417Hesperomyces species 84, 308,

416–418, 417, 418Hesperomyces virescens 84, 308,

416Heteropsylla cubana 192, 217, 223heterospecifi c aggregations 308Hexamermis 415hibernation 276

see also diapause/dormancymating frequency and longevity

91movements prior to 127mycophagous and phytophagous

species 316refuges 500second 90

Hibiscus 345, 496hieroglyphic ladybird see Coccinella

hieroglyphicaHippodamia arctica 393Hippodamia caseyi 316Hippodamia convergens 22, 29, 64,

93, 123–125, 130, 132, 149,156, 173–174, 186, 193,207, 231, 234, 292, 303,305, 306–308, 314–315, 316, 387, 393, 396, 397,412, 417, 420, 491, 499,503, 507–508, 535

aggregation, olfactory cues 307artifi cial diet 186assassin bug preying on 491

biological control, use in 490, 492, 497

consumption of mummies 173diapause regulation 292drinking extra-fl oral nectar 499egg masses laid 231essential foods 193food deprivation 207frequency of short fl ights 234migration and aggregation

314–316redistribution of overwintering

496–497survival rates of larvae fed on

aphids 147, 149total egg production as function of

food provisioning 156Hippodamia glacialis 130Hippodamia parenthesis 130, 132,

193, 306, 308, 393,397

Hippodamia quinquesignata 22, 193,316, 422, 423

diapause behaviour 316subnivean hibernator 329

Hippodamia septemmaculata 80Hippodamia sinuata 22, 130, 132,

193, 420Hippodamia tredecimpunctata 25, 26,

64, 80, 125, 129–130, 151,193, 292, 306, 308, 378,389, 393, 420

diapause regulation 292Hippodamia variegata 20, 23, 24, 25,

33, 36, 40, 64, 77, 80, 87,90, 117, 121, 121, 126–129, 129, 130–131, 145, 146, 151, 162, 170, 177, 194,211, 235, 307, 309, 312, 330, 353, 360, 377, 378,386, 389, 393, 398–399,414, 415, 420, 423, 478, 493

hippodamine 448, 449, 456Hippolais icterina 379Hirundo rustica 379hogbrake see Ambrosia artemisiifoliaHomalodisca vitripennis 480Homalotyloidea dahlbomii 387Homalotylus affi nis 383–384, 386–

387, 399–400Homalotylus africanus 383–384,

386–387, 399–400Homalotylus agarwali 383–384,

386–387, 399–400

Homalotylus albiclavatus 383–384,386–387, 399–400

Homalotylus albifrons 383–384,386–387, 399–400

Homalotylus albitarsus 383–384,386–387, 399–400

Homalotylus aligarhensis 383–384,386–387, 399–400

Homalotylus balchanensis 383–384,387, 399–400

Homalotylus brevicauda 391, 396, 400, 402–403

Homalotylus californicus see Homalotylus terminalis

Homalotylus cockerelli 391, 396, 400, 402–403

Homalotylus ephippium 383–384,387, 399–400

Homalotylus eytelweinii 383–384,387, 399–400

Homalotylus ferrierei 399–400Homalotylus fl aminius 383–384,

387, 399–400Homalotylus formosus 383–384,

387, 399–400Homalotylus hemipterinus 383–384,

387, 399–400Homalotylus himalayensis 469Homalotylus hybridus 400Homalotylus hyperaspicola 406Homalotylus hyperaspidis 391, 396,

400, 402–403Homalotylus hypnos 388–389,

391, 400–401, 402–404,428

Homalotylus indicus 399–400Homalotylus latipes 399, 400,

409Homalotylus longicaudus 383–384,

387, 399–400Homalotylus longipedicellus 402Homalotylus 383–384, 386–387,

399–400Homalotylus mexicanus 391, 396,

400, 402–403Homalotylus mirabilis 400Homalotylus mundus 383–384,

387, 399–400Homalotylus nigricornis 383–384,

387, 399–400Homalotylus oculatus 399–400,

409Homalotylus pallentipes 391, 396,

400, 402–403Homalotylus platynaspidis 400

Subject index 547

Homalotylus punctifrons 391, 396, 400, 402–403

Homalotylus quaylei 391, 396, 400, 402–403

Homalotylus rubricatus 383–384,387, 399–400

Homalotylus scutellaris 383–384,387, 399–400

Homalotylus scymnivorus 406Homalotylus shuvakhinae 400–401,

402Homalotylus similis 405Homalotylus sinensis 383–384,

387, 399–400Homalotylus singularis 400Homalotylus sp. 400–401,

402–403, 404Homalotylus terminalis 383–384,

387, 399–400Homalotylus trisubalbus 383–384,

387, 399–400Homalotylus turkmenicus 401Homalotylus vicinus 381Homalotylus yunnanensis 383–384,

387, 399–400Homalotylus zhaoi 383–384, 387,

399–400honeydew

arrestant effects 120, 222cardenolides in 162and old prey colony 227–228

honeydew producers, ant attendance 236, 237, 359, 362, 379–382, 502–503

honeysuckle see Lonicera periclymenum

hop powdery mildew see Sphaerotheca castagnei

host plantsage, effects of 122, 228, 294chemical cues/stimuli 120,

199–200, 224–226co-existence of several ladybird

species 121–122food of herbivorous Coccinellidae

198–200genetically modifi ed 122–123microclimate effect 124–125preference for type 120–121resistance 169, 200, 524–525structure 215–217surface 123–124, 217–218

house martin see Delichon urbicahouse sparrow see Passer domesticusHowardula 414

humidityand food consumption

203–204and hatching rate 68longevity effect 91

hump earwig see Anechura harmandiHyaliodes vitripennis 207, 353Hyalopterus pruni 58–59, 63, 66,

91, 147, 147, 153, 165–168, 188, 190–191, 193, 236, 241, 252, 267

hybridization 85hybrid sterility 17–18hydrocarbons on elytra 454hydroxamic acid DIMBOA 164Hypera postica 170, 171–172, 210,

315, 490Hyperaspidini tribe 10Hyperaspis aestimabilis 387Hyperaspis bigeminata 306Hyperaspis binotata 132Hyperaspis campestris 71, 80Hyperaspis congressis see Hyperaspis

convivaHyperaspis conviva 380Hyperaspis desertorum 194Hyperaspis lateralis 194, 384Hyperaspis notata 143, 194,

491Hyperaspis pantherina 194Hyperaspis raynevali 143, 194Hyperaspis reppensis 80, 378, 380Hyperaspis senegalensis hottentotta

143, 194Hyperaspis senegalensis 143, 194,

389Hyperaspis sphaeridioides 126Hyperaspis undulata 132, 306Hyperomyzus carduellinus 63, 193Hyperomyzus lactucae 154, 190hyperparasitoids 387–389Hyphantria cunea 178, 197Hypocreales, fungal pathogens

415–416hypsotactic orientation/responses

302, 303, 305, 310hypsotactic species 310–311

Icerya purchasi 165, 167, 172control of 491, 509

icterine warbler see Hippolais icterinaIlleis bielawskii 405Illeis cincta 80, 393, 405Illeis galbula 155, 183, 297, 324

diapause 297

Illeis koebelei 200, 201diet of 200, 201

immigration 114, 115, 117, 211, 235

immunolabelling 477–478impaction traps 113inbreeding studies 40Indian hemp see Cannabis sativaIndian Mallow see Abutilon theophrastiIndian ricegrass see Oryzopsis

hymenoidesinduction of diapause 280–281,

282–283, 287critical photoperiod 290, 291, 299lack of food 293stage sensitivity 289, 290

industrial melanism 25, 26inheritance

colour patterns 20–23experimental evidence 21–22

life history characters 28–29wing polymorphism 27–28

Inkaka quadridentata 385innate capacity for increase,

temperature dependent 96insect growth regulators (IGRs) 509insecticides 506–509insidious fl ower bug see Orius

insidiosusinstars 71–72

and body size 73, 74, 150food consumption 159foraging of fi rst 233survival when fed B. brassicae 166tolerance to extreme temperatures

96–97integrated pest management (IPM)

programmes 506insecticides used in 507–508

integumentary systempheromone release 454pupal defence 76

intercropping, ladybird diversity 501–502

interguild effects 362–363inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)

analysis 35, 41–42interspecifi c mating 85intraguild interactions 344, 346

ant-ladybird interactions 359–360

biological control 361–362commensalism 345, 347competition 347–349conservation 360–361

548 Subject index

intraguild interactions, (continued)interguild effects 362–363male-killing bacteria 349mutualism 345–347niche partitioning 344–345

intraguild predation (IGP) 172, 349and biocontrol 361and biocontrol limits 490–491on coccinellids 355, 358–359

defensive mechanisms 355–358

coccinellids as predatorsbenefi ts to coccinellids 350of coccinellids 351–352general rules 349–350hypotheses 350–351on intraguild parasitoids 353on intraguild pathogens 354of non-coccinellids 352–353top predators 354–355

defi nition of 349nitrogen shortage hypothesis 210vulnerability to 350–351, 355

intrinsic rate of population increase 89

food and humidity affecting 91temperature sensitivity 96

introductions of coccinellid species 115, 362

aphidophagous 492–493coccidophagous 491–492competitive displacement

494–495invasive species 493–494

inundative biological control 362, 498

invasive species 115, 360, 493–494genetic diversity studies 40–41

invertebrate predators 377–379Iridomyrmex 381Isaria farinosa 415Isaria fumosorosea 415–416Isodromus niger 386isothiocyanates 165–166, 225, 452isozymes analysis 34, 41Italian rye grass see Lolium

multifl orumITS-1 (fi rst ribosomal internal

transcribed spacer) region, gene sequencing 31–33

jack pine budworm see Choristoneura pinus

Japanese ant see Lasius japonicusJapanese quail see Coturnix japonicusJauravia quadrinotata 80

Juglans cinerea 152Juniperus virginiana 120juvenile hormone (JH) 327–328

kairomones 451kidney-spot ladybird see Chilocorus

renipustulatuskin recognition, semiochemicals

448

labial palp, chemoreception 223lacewings, IGP 349, 352Laingia psammae 191landscapes

diversity and character 125–127landscape scale 211larger scale foraging 234–236

Lapsana communis 180, 180larch adelgid see Adelges laricislarch ladybird see Aphidecta obliterataLaricobius nigrinus 353, 358larva(e) 71–73

attachment ability 218body size 73consumption of 178–179defence 356–357development 72–73instars 71–72mean SCP 96morphology 71parasitization of 391response to semiochemicals

450–451larval development

aphid prey 158, 159, 163, 168food consumption/deprivation

207–208larval tracks, oviposition deterrence

222, 229–233, 356, 454, 456

active substances in 455Lasius claviger 380Lasius japonicus 237Lasius niger 85, 236, 380–381,

404, 449, 503Lasius umbratus 380leaf-curling plum aphid see

Brachycaudus helichrysilearned response

colour perception 224, 226intensive search 220prey selection 452–453

leavesand biological control 504feeding on 184–185, 197

Lecanicillium lecanii 415

Lecanicillium longisporum see Lecanicillium lecanii

Leis dimidiata see Harmonia dimidiataLeis see HarmoniaLemnia biplagiata see Coelophora

biplagiatalemon grass see Cymbopogon citratusLeontopodium alpinum 181Lepidaphycus see Homalotyluslepidopterans as prey 169–170Lepidosaphes beckii 168Lepidosaphes cornutus 60Lepidosaphes ulmi 167Leptinotarsa decemlineata 62, 144,

152, 170, 192, 202, 205,326, 490

Leptothea galbula see Illeis galbulaLeptus ignotus 411lesser whitethroat see Sylvia currucaLeucaena 217life history characters 55

adult 76–91aphid prey effects 148egg 55–70inheritance of 28–29larva 71–73pupa 73–76

life span see longevitylife tables 471–472lifetime fecundity 58–67, 88

and egg hatching rate 68, 69higher for once-mated females 83temperature effects 89

light traps, sampling 114Ligustrum 183lime aphid see Eucallipterus tiliaeLindorus lophanthae 36, 81, 94, 492Linepithema humile 162, 237, 237Lioadalia fl avomaculata 194, 393Liosomaphis berberidis 58Lipaphis pseudobrassicae 59, 61, 68,

88, 91, 147, 164, 168, 190–195, 207

lipids, diapause 323–325little black ant see Monomorium

minimumlocal faunas 114

climatic changes 115–116geographic differences 114–115invasion and extinction 115

location of communities, determinants of 116

host plant 120–124landscape 125–127microclimate 124–125prey 116–120

Subject index 549

Lolium multifl orum 183Lolium perenne 123, 183, 183–184longevity

food affecting 91sexual activity affecting 83, 91temperature effects 88, 89,

90–91, 96voltinism 90

Longiunguis donacis see Melanaphis donacis

Lonicera periclymenum 120lower development threshold (LDT)

92for pre-imaginal development 92,

93–94relationship with SET 92, 95thermal window 95

lupin aphid see Macrosiphum albifrons

Lupinus luteus 163Lupinus mutabilis 163Luscinia luscinia 379Luscinia svecica 379luteolin 7-0-glucoside 199–200Lydinolydella metallica 385, 387Lygocerus see DendrocerusLygus 475, 477, 504Lygus hesperus 477Lygus lineolaris 475Lypha slossonae see Chrysotachina

slossonaeLysiphlebus fabarum 171, 353Lysiphlebus testaceipes 173, 353,

504

Maconellicoccus hirsutus 192, 496Macroilleis hauseri 194Macronaemia hauseri 393Macrosiphoniella artemisiae 58, 191,

194Macrosiphoniella sanborni 191Macrosiphum albifrons 163

toxicity 163Macrosiphum euphorbiae 118, 174,

205, 224, 468Macrosiphum ibarae see Sitobion ibaraeMacrosiphum rosae 153, 188, 193,

497maize (corn in USA) see Zea maysmalaise traps 113–114male gonads, diapause 321–323male-killing bacteria 349, 421

diversity of 421, 422–423evolutionary dynamics 423–424evolutionary implications

424–425

evolutionary rationale 423molecular genetic studies 29–31phylogenetic studies 38, 39and sibling cannibalism 176

male size 78and female mating preference

84–85pupal stage 75

Malus pumila 120mandibles 241

Tytthaspis sedecimpunctata 183, 200

Manihot esculenta 169, 169Manikara zapota 496mark-recapture method, sampling

114, 522marmalade hover fl y see Episyrphus

balteatusmating(s)

duration 82–83, 84frequency 82–83

and fecundity 88and longevity 91

genetic studies 42–43hybridization 85male selection 83–85inbreeding studies 40and melanism 83–85

advantage for melanic morphs 26–27

female choice 83–85multiple 68preference 84prior to dispersal 309, 322refractory periods 77refusal to mate 83semiochemicals implicated in

antennae chemoreceptors 453

glands, pheromone release 454

hydrocarbons on elytra 454sex pheromones 453

sperm competition 83willingness 82

Matsucoccus feytaudi 222Matsucoccus josephi 189Matsucoccus matsumurae 222, 451maxillary palps

perception of larval chemical marker 222, 223, 226

prey contact and recognition 223

meadow pipit see Anthus pratensismeadow spittlebug see Philaenus

spumarius

mealy plum aphid see Hyalopterus pruni

mealybug destroyer see Cryptolaemus montrouzieri

mealybugs (Pseudococcidae) 169, 222, 237

biological control of 496, 503Medicago sativa alfalfa (or often

lucerne in UK) 197, 501Medina collaris 384–385Medina funebris 384–385Medina luctuosa 386Medina melania 384–385Medina separata 384–385Mediterranean fl our moth see Ephestia

kuehniellaMegalocaria dilatata 57, 64, 80, 85,

194, 382Megaselia 385Megoura viciae 119, 145, 161,

162–163, 164, 168, 191,193

Melanaphis donacis 191Melanaspis glomerata 60melanic (dark) morphs

environmental conditions 23–27

inheritance 19–23mating advantage 26–27, 42

melanismand mate preference 83–85melanization extent, pupae 76winter survival, effect on

331–332Melanocorypha calandra 379Melasoma populi see Chrysomela populimelegueta pepper see Aframomum

meleguetaMelolontha sp. 302melon aphid see Aphis gossypiiMendozaniella see HomalotylusMenochilus quadriplagiatus see

Menochilus sexmaculatusMenochilus sexmaculatus 64, 68, 70,

75, 78, 80, 82, 83, 86, 90, 91, 117, 118, 123, 146, 147, 163, 174, 176, 178, 179, 183, 186, 210, 215, 228,229, 231, 356, 389, 393,405, 405, 405, 410, 414, 421, 423, 424, 425, 446, 455, 507, 508

essential foods 194and fi rst chemically defi ned ODS

231, 232oviposition 228–229

550 Subject index

Mercurialis annua 183Merismoclea rojasi 385, 405Mermis 414, 415Mermithidae 415meroistic telotrophic ovarioles 78Mesopolobus secundus 406Mesopolobus 385–386, 406Mestocharis lividus see Pediobius

foveolatusmetabolic changes related to diapause

glycogen 325–326lipids 323–325metabolic rate 326–327water 326

metallic blue lady beetle see Curinus coeruleus

Metarhizium anisopliae 415, 498Metastenus caliginosus 406Metastenus concinnus 383, 405–406Metastenus indicus 402, 406Metastenus species (parasitoids)

405–406Metastenus sulcatus 405Metastenus townsendi 384, 405–406Metastenus 405Metatetranychus ulmi see Panonychus

ulmimethionine 155methylalkylpyrazines, refl ex blood

377methyl linolenate 452methyl salicylate 225, 448, 450methyl tricosane 448, 454Metopolophium dirhodum 147, 156,

159, 191, 195Metopolophium festucae 475, 475mexican bean beetle see Epilachna

varivestisMicraspis allardi 80Micraspis discolor 64, 68, 88, 147,

194, 393, 507microarray chips, species

identifi cation 36microclimate 124–125Microctonus 394microhabitats 233Microlophium carnosum 58, 145,

150, 153, 153, 188,190–191, 213, 238

micropyles, egg 55, 55microsatellite analysis 35, 36, 40, 43Microsphaera alphitoides 184, 200Microsphaera pulchra 201microsporidia 418–419Microweisea sp. 384

Microweiseinae basal subfamily 4, 5Microweiseini tribe 5middle spotted woodpecker see

Dendrocopos mediusmigration 302–303Mindarus abietinus 189, 471Misumenops tricuspidatus 358, 361mites

Coccipolipus 411–414commensalism 345intraguild predators 353phoretic 411

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 29–31, 36, 37

mixed and combined diets 155–157complementation across life stages

156–157prey specialization through

selection 157prey switching 157

mixed plant stands, arresting effect 458

modifi er genes, colour pattern variation 22–23

molecular genetic markers 29isozymes for delimiting cryptic

species 41ISSR, sperm competition 41–42mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

29–31species-specifi c 33–37studies using 34–35

molecular genetic studies 4–5, 29future research in 521–522gut-content analyses 144–145,

358, 478–481, 524paternity and sperm competition

42–43phylogenetic studies 37–38population genetic &

phylogeographic studies 38–42

sequence evolution 29–33species identifi cation 33–37

Momordica charantia 410monarch butterfl y see Danaus

plexippusMonocorynini tribe 9Monomorium minimum 237Monophlebulus pilosior 195, 242monophyly

Coccinellidae family 2–3other subfamilies 4of six subfamilies 3rejection of 5

morello cherry or amarelle cherry see Prunus cerasus

morphologyegg 55–56inheritance

colour patterns 19–27wing polymorphism 27–28

larva 71pupa 74–75

mortalityafter consumption of sinigrin 166eggs used as diet 170, 173embryonic 85larvae fed on aphids 143, 145risk in newly hatched fi rst instars

233stage specifi c 72temperature extremes 96–97toxic and rejected prey 158–167unsuitable host plants 200

Morus australis 201‘mosaic dominance’ hypothesis 23Motacilla fl ava 379moulting of larva 70, 71, 72mullein bug see Campylomma verbasciMullerian mimicry 27Mulsantina hudsonica 306Mulsantina picta 122, 130, 132,

344, 423multiple allele effect 22multi-species aggregations/

combinations 308aphid suppression 472–473

multivoltinism 276A. bipunctata 290, 314C. septempunctata 281, 283, 284,

286, 320Har. axyridis 295Hip. convergens 292potential multivoltinism 286–287

mummies, feeding on 171–172, 173Muscicapa striata 379mussel scale see Lepidosaphes ulmimustard aphid see Lipaphis

pseudobrassicaemutual interference 207mutualism 345–347, 350, 351

ant attendance 236–238, 379–382

ants and honeydew producers 359, 362

lacewings 352mycophagous Coccinellidae

food of 200–201hibernation 316

Subject index 551

Myiopharus doryphorae 385myrmecophilous ladybirds 360,

380–382myrmecophily 449Myrmica ruginodis 236Myrmica rugulosa 381Myrrha octodecimguttata 80, 122,

128, 149, 151, 194, 304, 308, 393, 399, 419, 420,421, 449

dormancy, responses 307hibernation sites 314

Myzia oblongoguttata 80, 129, 129,131, 151, 151, 314, 389,393, 399, 408

Myzia subvittata 132Myzocallis boerneri 153, 188–189Myzocallis carpini 188Myzocallis castanicola 153, 188Myzocallis coryli 153, 188–189Myzus cerasi 147, 153, 153, 188,

191Myzus persicae 58, 61–65, 68, 76,

78, 87, 91, 117, 120, 143,145, 148, 156, 159, 162–163, 165, 165–166, 166,168, 168, 170–171, 179, 188–194, 202, 205, 207, 210, 222, 224, 236, 238, 293, 450–451, 467–490, 498

Myzus persicae nicotianae 120, 191,202, 450

Nabis (Reduviolus) americoferus 472natality 86, 87native ladybirds, competitive

displacement of 115, 171, 493, 494–495

natural enemies 376–428impact on populations 425–428parasites and pathogens 411–425parasitoids 383–411predation 376–382

nectar, feeding on 180, 183, 215, 499–500

Neda marginalis 407nematodes 414

Allantonematidae 414Mermithidae 415

Neoaenasioidea see HomalotylusNeoaulacorthum magnoliae 160, 160,

196Neoaulacorthum nipponicum 241Neocalvia anastomozans 407

Neomyzus circumfl exus 145, 188,238

neonicotinoids, insecticides 506–509

Neophyllaphis podocarpi 191, 193Neotainania see UgaNeotyphodium lolii 123Nephaspis oculatus see Clitostethus

oculatusNephus bilucernarius 194, 503Nephus bisignatus 89, 94, 96Nephus fl avifrons 132Nephus guttulatus 384Nephus includens 65, 89, 94,

194Nephus kiesenwetteri 389Nephus ornatus 389Nephus quadrimaculatus 314, 385,

474Nephus redtenbacheri 80Nephus soudanensis 389Nerium oleander 161–162, 446neuropterans, IGP 352n-heptacosane 456ni moth see Trichoplusia niniche differentiation 128niche overlap 229, 231niche partitioning 344–345, 472Nilaparvata lugens 195nine-spotted lady beetle see Coccinella

novemnotatanipplewort see Lapsana communisNitraria 200Nobrimus see Homalotylus 400non-fertile/non-hatching eggs 68,

69non-melanic (light) morphs 19

balanced selection 26female preference 27paternity and sperm competition

studies 42non-myrmecophilous coccinellid

species, ant interaction 359–360

non-sibling cannibalism 175egg consumption 177–178kin recognition 179larvae consumption 178–179population consequences 179

northern wheatear see Oenantheoenanthe

Nosema coccinellae 418–419Nosema epilachnae 418Nosema henosepilachnae 418Nosema hippodamiae 419

Nosema tracheophila 419Nosema varivestis 418Nosematidae (fungal pathogens)

418–419Nothoserphus admirabilis 405Nothoserphus aequalis 405Nothoserphus afi ssae 404, 405Nothoserphus boops 404, 405Nothoserphus debilis 405Nothoserphus epilachnae 418Nothoserphus fuscipes 405Nothoserphus mirabilis 404–405Nothoserphus partitus 405Nothoserphus scymni 384, 405Nothoserphus species (parasitoid)

404, 405, 405Nothoserphus townesi 405‘no-till’ agriculture 502, 503Noviini tribe 8N-oxides, Aphis jacobaeae 163–164n-pentacosane 448, 455, 456n-tricosane 456numerical response 88, 466, 471

aggregative 204, 227, 347–348

additional prey, importance of 212–213

modelling of 211temporal and spatial patterns

211vegetation infl uence 211–213

nutritionfood suitability 145–147food unsuitability 164intraguild predation 210non-abundant nutrient concept

154–155nutrients in egg yolk 55plants providing 196–197

nutritional IGP hypothesis 351nutritional induction of diapause

292, 293–294Nysius huttoni 476

obligatory diapause 276Oenanthe oenanthe 379Oenopia billieti 80Oenopia conglobata 23, 65, 80, 131,

154, 195, 308, 314, 330,378, 393, 412, 413, 414, 420

Oenopia kirbyi 80Oenopia lyncea 65Oenopia sexareata 81Oidium monilioides 183, 200

552 Subject index

oil seed rape see Brassica napus subsp. oleifera

oleander aphid see Aphis neriioleander aphids, toxicity 162–163oleander see Nerium oleanderolfaction 224–226

early studies 220–222host plant odours 120olfactory cues, larval response to

451–452perception distance 222prey odour detection 119, 120receptors in aphidophagous species

223olfactometers 222, 223, 224, 225

experiments 120, 450, 453, 458olive scale see Saissetia oleaeOlla abdominalis see Olla v-nigrumOlla v-nigrum 15, 20, 22, 65, 90,

94, 96, 130, 132, 143, 149,163, 172, 173, 174–175, 179, 185, 195, 235, 361, 391, 393, 407, 408, 416, 417, 507–508

Omphale epilachni see Chrysonotomyia appannai

Omphale 386onion thrips or tobacco thrips see

Thrips tabaciOnoclea sensibilis 313oocytes 57, 82, 317–320Ooencyrtus azul 384Ooencyrtus bedfordi 384Ooencyrtus camerounensis 384, 426Ooencyrtus distatus 387Ooencyrtus epilachnae 384Ooencyrtus epulus see Ooencyrtus

camerounensisOoencyrtus polyphagus 387Ooencyrtus puparum 384Ooencyrtus sinis 384Oomyzus 409Oomyzus mashhoodi 384Oomyzus scaposus 384, 388–389,

391, 408–409, 428Oomyzus sempronius 386oosorption 82, 317

food restriction, effect of 209Ophelosia bifasciata 385Ophelosia crawfordi 388opportunistic IGP hypothesis 351optimum temperature

development rate 92, 97hatching rate 68thermal window 95

orange ladybird see Halyzia sedecimguttata

Orcus australasiae 205, 384Orcus chalybeus see Halmus chalybeusOricoruna 385Oricoruna orientalis 385Orius insidiosus 118, 358, 480Ortaliinae subfamily 5, 8, 8–9Ortaliini tribe 8, 9Orthezia urticae 194Oryzopsis hymenoides 206Ostrinia nubilalis 152, 207, 358,

480, 490Ouchterlony plate approach, antibody

analysis 476ovarian development 82,

317–321ovarioles 78–82

and cluster size 57, 82and egg weight 56and female weight & size 78,

79–81, 81overwintering survival 308,

328–331oviposition 85–88, 119

alternative foods, effects on 171animal protein, importance of

156deterrence 228–233, 454–456diurnal periodicity 218, 219effect of food restriction 209essential foods, effect on 146,

187, 196period 86, 88

place 85–86and prey stage 156, 157rate 86, 87

peak of 86rhythmicity 86sites, search for 226–228stimulated by host plant odours

120substitute diets 185–186substrates 85–86termination of 117toxic aphid, negative effect on

162trophic egg laying 177

oviposition deterrence pheromones/semiochemicals 117, 229, 231, 356, 358, 454

active substances in larval tracks 455

aphid abundance 456species-specifi city 454–455

oxygen consumption, diapause 326–327

oystershell scale see Lepidosaphes ulmi

Pachyneuron albutius 389Pachyneuron altiscuta 389Pachyneuron chilocori 389Pachyneuron concolor see Pachyneuron

muscarumPachyneuron muscarum 389Pachyneuron siculum seePachyneuron solitarium 389Pachyneuron syrphi see Pachyneuron

albutiusPachyneuron 389Paecilomyces farinosus see Isaria

farinosaPaecilomyces fumosoroseus see Isaria

fumosoroseaPaederia foetida 241pair formation 84Palaeoneda auriculata 81Paleoneda miniata see Palaeoneda

auriculataPandora neoaphidis 354Pania luteopustulata 81Panonychus mori 67Panonychus ulmi 152, 167Parachrysocharis 386Paradexodes epilachnae see

Euthelyconychia epilachnaeParanaemia vittigera 195parasitic mites, Coccipolipus

411–414Parasitilenchus coccinellinae 414parasitization 390–391

population impact of 426–428parasitized aphids, inferior prey

171–172, 173, 353parasitoids 88, 383

ant behaviour towards 237, 360avoidance of coccinellid tracks

232general characteristics 390–391intraguild

ants attacking 360coccinellids preying on 353predation on coccinellids by

358primary 383–386review of important parasitoids

391–411Cowperia 399, 401, 401Dinocampus coccinellae 391–399Homalotylus 400–404

Subject index 553

review of important parasitoids,(continued)

Metastenus 405–406Nothoserphus 404–405Oomyzus scaposus 408–409Pediobius foveolatus 409–411Phalacrotophora 406–408Uga species 399, 400

secondary 387–389semiochemical attraction 449

Parastethorus nigripes 195Paratrechina 381parenthesis lady beetle see Hippodamia

parenthesisParexochomus melanocephalus 313Parexochomus nigromaculatus 89, 94,

167Parexochomus troberti 393, 412, 471Parexochomus troberti concavus 393,

412Parlatoria blanchardi 60, 195parsnip see Pastinaca sativaParus major 376Passer domesticus 377Passer montanus 377, 379Pastinaca sativa 126paternity studies 42–43pathogens

bacteria 421–425fungal 415–419intraguild

coccinellids preying on 354commensalism 345predation on coccinellids by

359nematodes 414–415protozoan 419–421

PCR see polymerase chain reaction 29, 145

pea aphid see Acyrthosiphon pisumpeach or nectarine see Prunus persicapeach–potato aphid see Myzus persicaePectinophora gossypiella 63, 477Pediobius amaurocoelus 388Pediobius epilachnae see Pediobius

foveolatusPediobius foveolatus 384, 388–389,

391, 409–411, 418, 426Pediobius mediopunctata see Pediobius

foveolatusPediobius nishidai 384Pediobius simiolus see Pediobius

foveolatusPediobius 409pentatomids, IGP 358

Pentilia insidiosa 384Pentiliini tribe 10percentage fertility 68–69Perilitus americanus see Dinocampus

coccinellaePerilitus coccinellae see Dinocampus

coccinellaePerilitus rutilus 394Perilitus stuardoi 387, 391Perilitus terminatus see Dinocampus

coccinellaeperiodicity see rhythmicityPeriphyllus californiensis 193Periphyllus lyropictus 188Periphyllus testudinaceus 153pest control

augmentation 495–498pesticides, selective use 506–509

phagostimulants 452Phalacrotophora berolinensis

384–385, 406Phalacrotophora beuki 384–385, 406Phalacrotophora decimaculata

384–385, 406Phalacrotophora delageae 384–385,

406Phalacrotophora 75, 384, 391, 406,

407, 408, 426, 428Phalacrotophora fasciata 391Phalacrotophora indiana 384–385,

406Phalacrotophora nedae 384–385,

406Phalacrotophora philaxyridis

384–385, 406Phalacrotophora quadrimaculata

384–385, 406Pharoscymnus anchorago 420,

421Pharoscymnus numidicus 388Pharoscymnus ovoideus 388Phaseolus vulgaris 126Pheidole megacephala 362, 503Phenacoccus herreni 194Phenacoccus madeirensis 192Phenacoccus manihoti 169, 194,

222, 404, 471phenotypic plasticity 522pheromones 117, 222, 224, 225,

239, 240, 241, 454Philaenus spumarius 476Phoenicococcus marlatti 194Phoenicurus ochruros 379Phoenicurus phoenicurus 379phoretic mites 345, 411

Phorodon humuli 58, 188, 191photoperiodic activation 277, 281,

282precocious 295

photoperiodic response 276, 283, 288–289, 295, 300

photoperiodssee also diapause/dormancycritical 276, 284, 290, 291, 298,

299egg cluster size 57hatching rate 68longevity effects 90–91

Phthorimaea operculella 59Phygadeuon subfuscus 388Phyllactinia moricola 201Phyllaphis fagi 153, 188Phylloscopus collybita 379Phylloscopus trochilus 379Phylloxera glabra 146, 195phylogenetic studies 37–38phylogeny 5–10phylogeographic studies 38–42Phymatosternus lewisii 360, 381Physalis alkekengi 199phytophagous Coccinellidae

food of 198–200hibernation 316population impact of natural

enemies 426–428Picea schrenkiana 314Pieris rapae 170pine ladybird see Exochomus

quadripustulatusPineus pini 188pink bollworm see Pectinophora

gossypiellapink hibiscus mealybug see

Maconellicoccus hirsutusPinnaspis buxi 190Pinus armandii 132Pinus sylvestris 153, 449Pisonia 496Pisum sativum 124, 124Pittosporum tobira 227, 228Plagiodera versicolora 197, 197Planococcus citri 65, 167, 192, 222,

496Planococcus minor 59, 189plant antibiosis 504–505plants

see also crops; host plantsspatial guild partition 344

plant stress 457, 458plant structure 215–217, 504

554 Subject index

plant surfaces 123–124, 217–218plant volatiles

avoidance of 458conservation 499herbivore-induced 449–450larval response 450–451link to patch preference 457receptors for food-related 450related to aphid density 456

Platynaspidini tribe 8, 9, 10Platynaspis luteorubra 55, 81, 131,

237, 241, 381, 404Platynus dorsalis 404Pleurotropis see Pediobiusplum powdery mildew see Podosphaera

tridactylaPlutella xylostella 124, 170, 504Pnigalio agraules 386Podisus maculiventris 145, 354, 354,

532Podosphaera leucotricha 194, 200Podosphaera tridactyla 201poisoning by toxic aphids

157–165Policheta unicolor 385polished lady beetle see Cycloneda

mundapollen, supplementary/alternative

food 123, 180–184pollinivory 152, 180–182, 185,

200, 282pollution and melanic morphs 24,

25, 26polyandry 93polyazamacrolide alkaloids 456

pupal defence 76polyclonal antibodies, trophic

relationships 474–477polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 29,

145gut-content analysis 478–481species identifi cation 35, 36

polyphagous (euryphagous) species see generalist species 150–154

polyvoltine (multivoltine) species 90poplar leaf beetle see Chrysomela

populipopulation density

and fecundity 88and larval development 73

population genetic studies 38–42populations of ladybirds, impact of

natural enemies 425–428Populus 313

Poriini tribe 9post-mortem analysis of predation

474antibody-based 474–477prey-specifi c DNA detection

478–481protein marking 477–478

post-oviposition period 86potato aphid see Macrosiphum

euphorbiaepotato ladybird see Epilachna dregeipotato see Solanum tuberosumpotato tuber moth see Phthorimaea

operculellapowdered food, preference for 152powdery mildew see Erysiphe polygoniPraon volucre 455–456precipitin test, predation analysis

474, 475precoccinelline 446, 449predation 376–382

see also intraguild predation (IGP)anti-predator defences 376–377chemical protection against 56,

76hemiptera-tending ants 379–382

post-mortem analysis 474antibody-based 474–477prey-specifi c DNA detection

478–481protein marking 477–478

social aphids with a soldier caste 382

studies quantifying 524traditional study of impact

468–469cage inclusion 470–471fi eld cages 469–470manual removal 471selective exclusion 469

predator facilitation 345and biocontrol 361–362

predators of coccinellidsants 379invertebrate 377vertebrate 377

pre-diapause phase 301–302preferential mating 83–85pre-oviposition period 77–78prepupal stage 73–74prey 116

see also food, see also aphidsage, effect on oviposition

227–228

alternative 146, 147, 150, 171,180, 187, 214, 242

ant-attended 360anti-predator defences 117–118essential 146, 158, 162, 172,

188–195preference 118–119quantifying coccinellid impact

466–467assays of consumption

467–468complex communities

472–474indirect impacts 468post-mortem analysis 474–481statistical approaches 471–472traditional approaches

468–471prey abundance see aphid abundance/

densityprey alarm pheromones 451prey capture 238–241prey choice niches 128prey contact

approach direction 239intensive search behaviour 220,

221by maxillary palps 223

prey densityaggregative numerical response

211aphid infestation 227–228effect on fecundity 88functional response, consumption

204–207and ladybird vagility 234–236minimum threshold 117and oviposition activity 456prey size-density hypothesis

147–150risk to larvae of low 233

prey discovery, quantifying 471prey handling, associative learning

452–453prey-induced plant chemicals,

attraction to 120, 218–226prey preference 118–119prey quality

benefi cial effects of 119and larval development 207–208‘problematic’ prey 167–169rejected prey 146, 165–168toxic prey 146, 157–165, 452

prey selection 153, 207

Subject index 555

prey sex pheromones 451prey size-density hypothesis

147–151prey specialization through selection

157prey specifi city 489–490, 523prey substitutes 169–175prey suitability 144, 145–147,

173prey switching 157, 204, 206prey toxicity 157–165, 451–452primary parasitoids 383–386, 390Priscibrumus lituratus 393Priscibrumus uropygialis 81, 393Pristomyrmex pungens 380, 419‘problematic’ prey 167–169Prochiloneurus aegyptiacus 387Prochiloneurus nigrifl agellum 384prolegs, prey detection 223promiscuity 82Propylea dissecta 65, 70, 70, 72, 94,

148, 195, 205, 291Propylea japonica 22, 39, 65–66,

144, 158, 174, 195, 228,232, 393, 423

Propylea quatuordecimpunctata 151,180, 184, 195, 355

diapause regulation 291dispersal from dormancy site

309hibernation behaviour 313, 321movement on plant surfaces

217seasonal distribution of fl ights

306protandry 77protection

eggs 56, 85pupae 74, 76

protective IGP hypothesis 350–351protein marking, post-mortem

predation analysis 477–478protein supplements 187protogyny 77protozoan pathogens 419–421Prunus avium 120Prunus cerasus 153Prunus persica 226Pseudebenia epilachnae 384Pseudoazya trinitatis 236, 384Pseudocatolaccus 386Pseudochermes fraxini 192Pseudococcidae (mealybugs) 169,

222, 237

Pseudococcus cryptus 503Pseudococcus maritimus 237Pseudococcus viburni 237Pseudoregma alexanderi 196Pseudoregma bambucicola 194, 196,

382Pseudoscymnus kurohime see

Sasajiscymnus kurohimePseudoscymnus tsugae see

Sasajiscymnus tsugaePsylla alni 59Psylla jucunda 154, 193Psylla mali 59, 154, 189Psylla ulmi 59Psylla uncatoides 195psyllids 174Psyllobora confl uens 66, 91Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata 25, 81,

131, 201, 312, 316, 393,399, 417

Psyllobora vigintimaculata 132, 200, 306, 417, 418

Pterocallis alni 153, 188Pterostichus melanarius 479Pterostyrax hispidus 198Puccinia 180, 183Pullus auritus see Scymnus auritusPullus mediterraneus see Scymnus

marinusPullus subvillosus see Scymnus

subvillosusPulvinaria psidii 192, 496Pulvinaria urbicola 496Pulvinaria vitis 152pupa(e)

colouration 76defence 76, 357mean SCP 96morphology 74–75prepupal stage 73–74protection, chemical defence 456thermal melanism 76timing of pupation 75

pupation place 75–76Pyracantha coccinea 201pyrazines 377, 455Pyrrhalta luteola see Xanthogaleruca

luteolaPyrrhocoris apterus 327pyrrolizidine alkaloids 163–164,

165, 445, 446

Quadrastichus ovulorum 385quail see Coturnix coturnix

quantitative aspects, food relations 201

aggregative numerical response 211–213

food consumptionconsumed food, conversion and

utilization of 209–210effect of physical factors

202–204effect of prey density: functional

response 204–207effects on growth and

reproduction 207–209Quercus rubra 152quiescence 276, 277, 295quinolizidine alkaloids 163

radioimmunoassay, vitellogenin synthesis 328

radish see Raphanus sativusragwort see Senecio jacobaeaRandom Amplifi cation of Polymorphic

DNA (RAPD) 33, 34, 36Raphanus sativus 121Rastrococcus invadens 496Ravinia errabunda 385red cedar see Juniperus virginianared imported fi re ant see Solenopsis

invictared oak see Quercus rubrared spider mite see Panonychus ulmired-barbed ant see Formica rufi barbisred-capped lark see Calandrella cinereared-headed fl ycatcher see Ficedula

parvaredistribution of ladybirds, biological

control 496–497refl ex bleeding 376–377, 445

chemical substances 445–449enemies and competitors 449molecular genetic studies 29, 42

refractory period, mating 77refuges

hibernation 500landscape-scale 127

regression models 471rejected prey 165–167relative growth rate (RGR) 73release of coccinellids, augmentation

495–498reproduction

and food consumption 208–209interaction of larval and adult diet

156–157

556 Subject index

reproduction, (continued)interspecifi c 85and longevity 91net reproduction rate 89, 96temperature, effects on 96

reproductive isolationcytogenetic changes 16, 18hybridization 85

reproductive output 90larval diet linked to 78

reproductive rate 86, 87net reproductive rate 89, 91,

96reproductive success 42–43research, future trends 521–525resilience, univoltinism 300resistant host plants 91, 164,

200and biocontrol 504–506DIMBOA in wheat 164, 169effect of prey feeding on 169GM crops 122–123

respiration rate 75, 287, 304, 326, 327

Restriction Fragment LengthPolymorphism (RFLP) analysis 33, 34, 36

Rhopalosiphum maidis 148, 154, 168, 188, 212, 212,225–226

Rhopalosiphum padi 188rhythmicity

eclosion 70hatching 69, 70mating 70, 82moulting 70oviposition 70, 86, 219pupation 70, 75

Rhyzobius litura 155, 183, 195,313, 387, 423, 424

Rhyzobius lophanthae see Lindorus lophanthae

Rhyzobius ventralis 195, 241ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene

association with sex chromosomes 15

ITS1 region 32Rickettsia 30–31, 30, 38, 39, 68,

176, 421, 422–423, 424, 424, 534

Robinia pseudoacacia 160Rodatus major 195, 242, 381Rodolia cardinalis 94, 154, 164, 167,

172, 466, 491, 491, 508,509, 535

Rodolia fumida 385Rodolia guerini 81Rodolia iceryae 143, 386Rodolia occidentalis 385Rosa multifl ora 201rose aphid see Macrosiphum rosaerose–grain aphid see Metopolophium

dirhodumrose powdery mildew see Sphaerotheca

pannosarosy apple aphid see Dysaphis

plantaginearosy leaf-curling aphid see Dysaphis

devectaRubus occidentalis 313Russian wheat aphid see Diuraphis

noxiarye grass see Lolium perenne

Saccharomyces fragilis 120sagebrush see Artemisia tridentataSaissetia coffeae 190Saissetia oleae 168, 192, 472Salix 153Sambucus nigra 153, 158, 160Sambucus racemosa subsp. sieboldiana

160sameness

rule of 154–155sampling methods 111–114, 469,

471, 522non-destructive 29quadrat sampling 112

sapodilla see Manikara zapotaSarcophaga helicis see Helicobia rapaxSarcophaga latisterna see Boettcheria

latisternaSarcophaga reinhardii see Ravinia

errabundaSasajiscymnus kurohime 241–242,

382Sasajiscymnus ningshanensis see

Scymnus ningshanensisSasajiscymnus tsugae 66, 77, 94,

195, 358, 471, 493Saxicola rubicola 379scale insects, biocontrol 491–492,

496scarce seven spot ladybird see

Coccinella magnifi caSchizaphis graminum 157, 497, 501,

504Schizolachnus pineti 189Schizolachnus piniradiatae 122, 167Schizopepon bryoniaefolius 198

scotophaselife events 70oviposition 86, 299pupation 75

Scots pine see Pinus sylvestrisSCP see supercooling pointScymnillini tribe 10Scymninae subfamily 5, 9–10Scymnini tribe 9, 10Scymnodes lividigaster see Apolinus

lividigasterScymnophagus see MetastenusScymnophagus mesnili see Metastenus

concinnusScymnus (Nephus) quadrimaculatus see

Nephus quadrimaculatusScymnus abietis 72, 131Scymnus aeneipennis see Zagloba

aeneipennisScymnus apetzi 131, 383, 401,

420Scymnus ater 81Scymnus auritus 128, 131, 146,

195Scymnus coccivora 195Scymnus creperus 205Scymnus dorcatomoides 405Scymnus fl avifrons Blackburn

(Australia) 132Scymnus fl avifrons Melsheimer (North

America) see Nephus fl avifronsScymnus frontalis 66, 77, 81, 128,

129, 131, 195, 330, 330,378, 505

Scymnus guttulatus see Nephus guttulatus

Scymnus haemorrhoidalis 81, 129Scymnus hilaris 174Scymnus hoffmanni 66, 85Scymnus impexus 383Scymnus interruptus 66, 81, 131,

236, 380Scymnus kiesenwetteri see Nephus

kiesenwetteriScymnus lacustris 122, 344Scymnus levaillanti 66, 71, 88, 89,

94, 195, 210Scymnus loewii 130Scymnus louisianae 55–56, 66,

85–86, 87Scymnus marginicollis 66, 121Scymnus marinus 66, 94, 97, 195Scymnus mediterraneus see Scymnus

marinusScymnus morelleti 387

Subject index 557

Scymnus nigrinus 81, 122, 314, 380, 405

Scymnus ningshanensis 471, 493Scymnus ornatus see Nephus ornatusScymnus otohime 384Scymnus posticalis 196, 228, 228,

360Scymnus pyrocheilus 228, 229,

356Scymnus quadrillum 389Scymnus rubromaculatus 81, 131Scymnus sinuanodulus 55, 55, 66,

71, 74, 76, 90, 94, 196diapause 300

Scymnus smithianus 399, 401Scymnus soudanensis 389Scymnus subvillosus 66, 88, 89, 89,

91, 94, 96, 131, 159, 196,241

Scymnus suturalis 81, 129, 308, 314

Scymnus syriacus 66, 94Scymnus tardus 417searching (foraging) behaviour

213–236intensive 211, 214, 220

seasonal changesin frequency of colour morphs 25,

83–84and thermal properties of morphs

26–27and habitat switching 127

seasonal cycles of crop colonization by coccinellids 503–504

second hibernation 90, 321sedge warbler see Acrocephalus

schoenobaenusselection

directional 28selective exclusion, predation impact

measure 469self-selection model, optimal diets

155Selvadiini tribe 9, 10Semiadalia undecimnotata see

Ceratomegilla undecimnotatasemiochemicals 214, 445

aggregation 307aposematism and refl ex bleeding

445–449egg and pupa protection 456food-related 449–453future challenges 459–460future research 523–524habitat preferences 457–458

hibernation and aggregation 457mating and sex pheromones

453–454olfactory response to 224–226oviposition 454–456oviposition-deterring 229, 231

Senecio jacobaea 165, 446sensitive stage, pupal melanization

76sensory orientation/perception

218–220, 226earlier observations 220–222effect of encounter 220honeydew, arrestant 222olfaction 224–226sensory receptors 223vision 223–224

septate eugregarines 419–421sequence evolution 29–33

ITS-1 region 31–33mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

29–31Serangiini tribe 5Serangium parcesetosum 66, 72, 91,

155, 196, 353, 416serological assays 144, 145

predator-prey research 474–477seven spot ladybird see Coccinella

septempunctatasex determination 14–15sex differences, antennal receptors

453sex pheromones

prey attractant 222, 224of prey, response to 451promoting coccinellid mating

453sex ratio 77sexual activity

longevity, effect on 91of melanic forms 84

sexual maturation 76–77sexual selection 27shifting habitat hypothesis 360Shirozuellini tribe 6shrubs, sampling from 113sibling egg cannibalism 175–177,

233Sidis see NephusSidnia kinbergi 476Sigmoepilachna indica 385–386Sinapis alba 58, 123, 165, 165–166,

225, 452Singhikaliini tribe 6sinigrin 451–452

Siphoninus phillyreae 60, 190Sitobion akebiae 78Sitobion avenae 61, 77, 88, 116Sitobion ibarae 193, 222, 451Sitona discoideus 393Sitotroga cerealella 63, 169Sitta europaea 153sixteen spot ladybird see Tytthaspis

sedecimpunctatasize

see also body sizeegg 56egg clusters 56–68larval instar 73

sky lark see Alauda arvensissmall cabbage white butterfl y see

Pieris rapaesmoke pollution and melanism 26social aphids, soldier caste 382soft brown scale see Coccus hesperidumsoft green scale see Coccus viridisSolanum japonense 198Solanum nigrum 198, 199Solanum tuberosum 198, 452Solenopsis invicta 236, 502Solidago canadensis 126song thrush see Turdus philomelosSospita vigintiguttata 407southern house mosquito see Culex

quinquefasciatussowthistle aphid see Hyperomyzus

lactucaesoybean aphid see Aphis glycinesSpanish broom see Spartium junceumspartein 163, 167Spartium junceum 167spatial guild partition 344spatial matching, predator-prey

211spatial niches 128specialist species 142–143,

150–152, 154non-abundant nutrient concept

154–155role in biological control 490

speciation 16–18species identifi cation

molecular genetic studies 33–37pupal colouration providing 76

species specifi c chemistryoviposition deterrence substances

454–455refl ex bleeding substances

448–449spermatheca 296, 318, 320

558 Subject index

spermatophores 425nuptial gift 83protein source 173–174

sperm competition 42–43, 83Sphaerotheca castagnei 184, 200Sphaerotheca cucurbitae 200, 201Sphaerotheca pannosa 200, 201spider-mite destroyer see Stethorus

punctumspiders 354, 358, 377–378, 449Spiladelpha barovskii kiritschenkoi see

Ceratomegilla barovskii kiritschenkoi

spined soldier bug see Podisus maculiventris

Spiraea 66spiraea aphid see Aphis spiraecolaspiralling whitefl y see Aleurodicus

dispersusSpiroplasmataceae 30, 30, 68, 176,

421, 422, 424–425Spodoptera litura 379spores, fungal 180

collection of by larvae 183found in gut 180

spot pattern, variation in 19–20, 20, 21–22, 22, 24, 25

spotted alfalfa aphid see Therioaphis trifolii

spotted fl ycatcher see Muscicapa striata

spotted lady beetle see Coleomegilla maculata

sprays of food substitutes 187, 222, 499

spruce aphid see Elatobium abietinumsquash beetle see Epilachna borealissquash or pumpkin see Cucurbita

maximastarvation 202

aphid defensive measures causing 241

foraging activity, effect on 218, 221

and ovarian development 78, 82pollen feeding preventing 181temporary, effect on reproduction

209statistical approaches, predation

471–472steelblue lady beetle see Halmus

chalybeusstenophagous species see specialist

species 154

Stenotarsus rotundus (Endomychidae)276

Stethorini tribe 9–10Stethorus bifi dus 66, 196, 206, 206Stethorus gilvifrons 67, 90, 96, 167,

196, 498Stethorus japonicus 67, 94, 187,

196, 300diapause 300

Stethorus loxtoni see Parastethorus nigripes

Stethorus madecassus 143Stethorus picipes see Stethorus punctum

picipesStethorus punctillum see Stethorus

pusillusStethorus punctum 145, 196, 218,

224, 493Stethorus punctum picipes 143, 221,

299, 450, 499diapause 299–300

Stethorus pusillus 56, 81, 82, 89,90, 94, 96, 131, 143, 167 ,183, 196, 217, 218, 299, 313–314, 322, 353, 378,417, 418, 490, 493, 533

Stethorus species, biocontrol 490Stethorus tridens 196, 205Stethorus vegans 490Sticholotidinae subfamily

characteristics 5–6division of 3–4

sticky cards, sampling 113stinging nettle see Urtica dioicastrawberry aphid see Chaetosiphon

fragaefoliistrawberry bug see Calocoris

norvegicusstrip cutting/harvesting 126, 501striped ladybird see Myzia

oblongoguttatastriped mealybug see Ferrisia virgataStrongygaster triangulifera 386Sturnus vulgaris 379Styrax 382Subcoccinella vigintiquatuorpunctata

28, 39, 67, 76, 81, 312, 378,385–386, 389, 456

subfamilies (of Coccinellidae)characteristics of 5–10classifi cation changes 3–5parasitoids of 390proposed classifi cation 5, 6

subnivean hibernators 328, 329

substitute diets 185–187substitute prey 169–185substrates

foraging (host plant) 206–207oviposition 85–86, 119–120pupation 75–76

sucrose, alternative diet 169–170, 185, 222

sugar beet and garden beet see Betavulgaris

sugar cane scale see Aulacaspis tegalensis

sugar cane woolly aphid see Ceratovacuna lanigera

sugar spraying 187, 222suitability of food/prey 144, 145–

147, 173food combinations 155, 156

Sukunahikonini tribe 5sulphur dioxide pollution 26sum of effective temperatures (SET)

92relationship with LDT 92, 93–94,

95teneral pre-oviposition period 96

sunfl ower see Helianthus annuussunshine hours and melanism 26supercooling point (SCP) 96,

328–329outdoor and indoor overwintering

331supergenes 22supernumerary (B) chromosomes

15–16supplementary food 123supranivean hibernators 328,

329–330survival

on aphid prey 149, 162on artifi cial diets 186hibernating on higher ground

305overwintering 308, 312,

328–330, 331on plant foods 199and temperature extremes

96–97swarms 235–236sweeping, sampling method 112sweet orange see Citrus sinensisswede midge see Contarinia nasturtiisycamore aphid see Drepanosiphum

platanoidisSylvia atricapilla 379

Subject index 559

Sylvia borin 379Sylvia communis 379Sylvia curruca 379Sylvia nisoria 379Symphoricarpos rivularis 120Symydobius oblongus 143synchronization of hatching 56,

68–69Synharmonia conglobata see Oenopia

conglobataSynona obscura 405Synonycha grandis 57, 67, 163, 196,

382, 498Syntomosphyrus taprobanes see

Oomyzus scaposussyrphid larvae, attack by 358Syrphoctonus tarsatorius 388

Tachyporus sp. 277, 288take-off, fl ight behaviour 77, 304Talinum triangulare 169Tamarix 200, 361, 470Tamarixia radiata 361, 470Tanacetum vulgare 126Tandonia budapestensis 477tansy see Tanacetum vulgareTapinoma nigerrimum 380Taraxacum offi cinale 501tarnished plant bug see Lygus

lineolarisTasmanian ladybird see Cleobora mellyitawny pipit see Anthus campestristea aphid see Toxoptera aurantiiTelsimiini tribe 5, 8temperature

adult size 78and development 91–97

determining course of events in adult life 95–96

relationship between LDT and SET 92–95

and diapause 276–279, 280,285, 289

effects of low 328–332extremes, tolerance to 96–97fecundity 88, 89, 90, 96and food consumption 202–203and frequency of short fl ights 234hatching rate varying with 68life span decrease with 90–91and melanism 26

mating advantage 26–27and oviposition 233oviposition period 88

pupal colouration 76pupal size 74pupation timing and 75and rate of natural increase 143reproduction, effect on 96storage, developmental stages 332tolerance to extreme 96–97

temporal guild partition 344temporal niches 128temporal patterns, prey density 211temporal variation, colour pattern

polymorphism 25ten spot ladybird see Adalia

decempunctatateneral development 76–77

thermal requirements 95–96terpenoids, coccinellid avoidance of

458testicular follicles, diapause 283,

310, 318, 321–323tethered fl ight 303, 315–316Tetrabrachini tribe 9Tetramorium caespitum 381Tetranychus evansi 119, 196, 205,

224Tetranychus lintearius 119, 200,

224, 299, 498, 506Tetranychus mcdanieli 196, 490Tetranychus telarius see Tetranychus

urticaeTetranychus urticae 67, 152, 187,

196, 354, 532Tetrastichus coccinellae see Oomyzus

scaposusTetrastichus cydoniae 386Tetrastichus decrescens 385Tetrastichus epilachnae 385Tetrastichus 409Tetrastichus orissaensis 386Tetrastichus melanis see Oomyzus

scaposusTetrastichus sexmaculatus see Oomyzus

scaposusThalassa saginata 76Thanatus 354, 532Thea vigintiduopunctata see Psyllobora

vigintiduopunctataThelaxes dryophila 189thelytokous parthenogenesis 391,

406Therioaphis maculata see Therioaphis

trifoliiTherioaphis trifolii 193, 211thermal constants 92

thermal guild partition 344–345thermal melanism, pupae 76thermal microhabitats 75thermal window 95thermoregulatory basking 125thirteen spot ladybird see Hippodamia

tredecimpunctataThomsonina see Nothoserphusthree-banded lady beetle see Coccinella

trifasciatathree-striped lady beetle see Brumoides

suturalisThrips tabaci 75, 174thrush nightingale see Luscinia

lusciniatiger moths see Arctiatillage, reduction of 502, 503tobacco budworm see Heliothis

virescenstop predators, coccinellids as

354–355total food consumption 202–204toxicity, pesticides 506–509toxic prey 146, 157–165toxic substances in prey 451–452toxins, insect-resistant GM crops

505–506Toxoptera aurantii 225, 450Toxoptera citricidus 146, 163, 196

control of 494Toxoptera graminum see Schizaphis

graminumtracks, larval, oviposition deterrence

229–233trade-offs, genetic 28–29transgenic plants 122–123transverse lady beetle see Coccinella

transversoguttatatraps for sampling 113–114tree pipit see Anthus trivialistree sparrow see Passer montanustrees

age of 122and coccinnelid abundance 131,

132habitats 129sampling from 113

Trialeurodes vaporariorum 66, 174, 195

triangular fecundity function 86, 87

Trichogramma evanescens 170, 353Trichogramma 358, 363, 386Trichomalopsis acuminata 386

560 Subject index

Trichomalopsis 386, 389Trichomalopsis dubia 389trichomes 200, 217, 227, 353, 504Trichoplusia ni 170, 353, 479Trichosanthes kirilowii 201Tripleurospermum maritimum 117,

121Tripolycystus see MetastenusTriticum 153tritrophic studies 196–198trophic eggs 69, 177trophic pathway 475, 476, 477,

481Tsuga 153, 175Tuberculatus annulatus 58, 153,

158Tuberolachnus salignus 153, 188Tubulinosema hippodamiae 418–419Turdus merula 379Turdus philomelos 379turnip aphid see Lipaphis

pseudobrassicaetwelve spotted ladybeetle see

Coleomegilla maculata lengitwenty four spot ladybird see

Subcoccinellavigintiquatuorpunctata

twenty-spotted lady beetle see Psyllobora vigintimaculata

twenty two spot ladybird see Psyllobora vigintiduopunctata

twice-stabbed lady beetle see Chilocorus stigma

two spot ladybird see Adalia bipunctatatwo-spotted spider mite see

Tetranychus urticaeTypha latifolia 152Tyria 164Tytthaspidini tribe 6–7Tytthaspis sedecimpunctata 81, 131,

142, 155, 183, 184, 200, 241, 309, 312, 378, 393,399, 420

diet of 200–201dormancy behaviour 312–313mandible 183

Tytthaspis trilineata see Coccinellanigrovittata

Uga colliscutellum 400Uga coriacea 400Uga digitata 400Uga hemicarinata 400Uga javanica 400Uga menoni 400

Uga sinensis 400Uga species 399, 400, 400Ulmus 314Unaspis citri 492Unaspis euonymi 190, 202Unaspis yanonensis 190univoltine species 90univoltinism

Chilocorus spp. 298C. septempunctata 279, 280, 281,

283, 284, 285Hip. convergens 292potential multivoltines 286–287resilience 300

upper temperature threshold 92Uroleucon aeneum 158, 191Uroleucon ambrosiae 163Uroleucon cichorii 217, 238Uroleucon cirsii 153, 188, 191,

195Uroleucon compositae 61, 148, 195Uroleucon formosanum 195Uroleucon jaceae 195, 217Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum 126Uroleucon species 148, 216, 217,

238Urtica dioica 117, 121, 126, 150,

153, 501

vacuum sampling, D-Vac 112vagility, interspecifi c differences in

234variegated lady beetle see Hippodamia

variegatavedalia beetle see Rodolia cardinalisvegetation diversity and aggregative

numerical response 213Verania see MicraspisVerbascum thapsus 312vertebrate predators 377vertical distribution of coccinellids on

host plant 122, 125Verticillium lecanii see Lecanicillium

lecaniiVesiculaphis caricis 191vetch aphid see Megoura viciaevetch or tare see Vicia sativaVibidia duodecimguttata 81, 313,

316, 378Vicia faba 58, 88, 91, 123, 160–

161, 165, 169, 196, 197,210, 225, 237, 452

Vicia sativa 160Vigna unguiculata subsp. cylindrica

160

Virginian pencil cedar see Juniperus virginiana

vision 222, 223–224, 239visual counting, sampling method

112vitellogenin synthesis 327–328volatiles, plant 200, 224–226,

449–451link to aphid density 456link to patch preference 457

voltinism 90, 300–301, 301see also bivoltinism; multivoltinism;

univoltinismvoracity 155, 489

quantifying 467–468

walnut aphid see Chromaphis juglandicola

warm acclimation 326Wasmannia auropunctata 449Watanabeia see Nothoserphus 404water content, diapause 326water ladybird see Anisosticta

novemdecimpunctatawax moth see Galleria mellonellawaxy surfaces

aphid prey 165, 166and biological control 504host plants 124, 206, 217–218larval protection 236, 237,

241weeds, positive effect of 120, 121,

126weight

adults 78–82egg clusters 57eggs 56larvae 73pupae 74–75

western corn rootworm see Diabrotica virgifera

western plant bug see Lygus hesperuswheat bug see Nysius huttoniwheat see Triticumwhite (or yellow) mustard see Sinapis

albawild herb habitats 127, 128, 129,

131willow aphid see Tuberolachnus

salignuswillow warbler see Phylloscopus

trochiluswindow traps 113, 305wing polymorphism 27–28wings and winglessness 77

Subject index 561

Withania somnifera 410Wolbachia 30, 30, 38, 39, 68, 176,

349, 421, 422–423,424–425

wood ant see Formica rufawood nuthatch see Sitta europaeawoolly apple aphid see Eriosoma

lanigerum

woolly vine scale see Pulvinaria vitiswormwood see Artemisia vulgaris

Xanthogaleruca luteola 170Xy parachute (Xyp) system 14–15

yellow lupin see Lupinus luteusyolk, eggs 55, 56, 82

Y-tube olfactometers 222, 223, 224, 225

(Z)-jasmone 450(Z)-pentacos-12-ene, in larval tracks

231, 455Zagloba aeneipennis 236Zea mays 152, 182, 182, 227