PLK 555

APPLICATION OF THEORY IN COUNSELLING PRACTICE

Dr.NorShahfrin Binti Hj Ahmad

Cheng SokPeng SPM0185/12Cheong Zien Wei SPM0234/12Tan Sue Ern SPM0168/12

Master of Counseling

Group Assignment

Case study on Jane Jamilah using Gestalt Therapy Approach

2012/13

Case Background

Jane Jamilah is a comedy movie which starts off by narrating about Jamilah, a women’s

magazine columnist who takes much dedication to write articles about women’s issue to be

published. She was also seen as a woman who spends much of her time hang out with her

good friend’s, Has and Aziah. Jamilah, Has and Aiziah shared a very close knitted bond

between three of them.

Throughout the movie, Has acted more like a follower who was often caught saying “ok je”

the opinion of others. On the other hand, Aziah is a strong character who portrays as a

divorcee and an owner of a successful hair salon. Has and Aziah not only provided ideas for

Jamilah’s article but they were also Jamilah’s listening ear as she shared that her husband,

Khalid no longer take notice of her.Jamilah rationalized by saying after being married for a

long time, it is normal for relationship has become lukewarm. Both of them as husband and

wife are focusing on building their own career.

While Jamilah felt stuck and stress over her unfinished article,she and her friends decided to

release stress through a shopping spree. While shopping in the mall, they saw Khalid,

Jamilah’s husband was accompanied by young beautiful lady. Khalid and the young beautiful

lady were holding hands like any other endearing couple. As a woman with class, Jamilah

decided not react drastically in a rush but to stay calm and collect evident of Khalid’s new

lower.

After stalking on facebook on Khalid’s new lover, she discovered her name is Diana Dasuki

and she is a student of Selayang Community Kolej and is undergoing practical internship in

Khalid’s company. Soon, Jamilah together with Has and Aziahtook a short term course to

become a student of Selayang Community Kolej in order to spy on Diana and to get as much

information as she could.

By masking herself as Jane, Jamilah get to know Diana in Selayang Community Koleh. In the

process of getting to know Diana, she discovered that Khalid had the intention to marry

Diana as a legal wife. She also realized that she has been neglecting her husband, Khalid and

teen aged daughter, Arisa. It came to her realization that she no longer spends time with her

family as she was always busy completing another article and hanging out with her friends.

Not only there were no intimacy and closeness between Jamilah and Khalid but Jamilah also

does not really know her daughter, Arisa.

With this awareness of her own situation, Jamilah was in much regret but decided to take

some action in hope to salvage her marriage and to build closer relationship with her

daughter, Arisa. She began by sending text messages to her husband, Khalid and begins to

make effort to communicate with him more often. This sudden change of behaviour has

sparked of Khalid suspicion towards his wife, Jamilah. Khalid began to be more responsive to

Jamilah and worried that Jamilah might be having an affair as well. While with Arisa,

Jamilah made a promise to spend more time together. They spend time by making jelly and

just being in the presence of each other. At the same time, using the identify as Jane, Jamilah

and friends advised Diana to continue to pursue her studies to delay Diana engagement with

Khalid.

At the end of movie, Jamilah decided it was time to confront Khalid and Diana relationship.

With the help of her good friends, Has and Aziah, they prepared a home cooked dinner to

have it with her family, Khalid and Arisa. Without the knowledge of anyone, Jamilah also

invited Diana over for dinner. When Diana arrived, obviously everyone was in shocked

especially Diana and Khalid. By the end of the dinner, Jamilah expressed her feelings about

her family and mentioned that her family is her heaven on earth. Her words moved Diana.

Diana, then asked for forgiveness from Jamilah and left the home. Khalid and Jamilah

relationship was being restored together with their daughter, Arisa.

Introduction of Gestalt Therapy in Jane Jamilah

Gestalt therapy was founded by Fedrerick S. Perls in 1952. Together with his wife, Laura

PornerPerls, they continue to develop and contribute significantly to the movement of Gestalt

Therapy in United States.

Federick S. Perls was born in Berlin into a lower middle class Jewish family. Perls did not do

well in his studies while in school and seen as a course of trouble to his parents. However, he

graduated with a medical degree with a specialization in psychiatry. He viewed human as a

whole rather than as a sum of discretely functioning parts (Corey, 2005). Similarly to Alfred

Adler, Perls was first the in the movement of psychoanalytic but later debunk the whole

Freudian concept. However after his emigration to United States, he stated the New York

Institute for Gestalt Therapy in 1952.

The word Gestalt is coined by Christian von Ehrenfels 1. He was born in Rodaun, Austia in 8

September 1895. As profession, he was a professor of philosophy in the German University

of Prague. In German term, gestalt means ‘shape’, figure’, ‘form’ which should be subject to

a certain generalization. Ehrenfels and his fellow philosophers would say gestalt is a given

visual presentation on the basis of a complex of sensation of individual element having

distinct spatial determinations (Smith, 1994). Ehrenfels emphasized on the person being

whole instead seeing a person as a combination of mind and the soul. Smith (1994) continue

to elaborate that the gestalt concept can be generalized further to embrace also complex

object of experience founded on inner perceptions, that is to say on one’s presentation of

elementary feelings, acts or mental states. Being whole also gives the meaning that one

cannot be separated with the environment (Perls, 1969). Gestalt therapist accepts Jane as who

she is, the whole person which includes her thoughts, feelings, dreams, behaviour, physical

body and her environment surrounding her.

Gestalt therapy is an individualistic existential-phenomenological approach to promote the

growth process and develop the human potential (Perls, 1969). It is individualistic because in

gestalt there is not a ‘we’ or ‘us’ concept but only You and I. Gestalt therapy is an existential

approach because it with the total direct experience and existence of the person himself and

not the symptoms or character. The approach is phenomenological because it focuses on the

client’s perceptions of reality and existential because it is grounded in the notion that people

are always in the process of becoming remaking and rediscovering themselves (Corey, 2005).

When Jamilah saw her husband, Khalid with Diana in the shopping mall, she tried repressed

her emotion by rationalizing she was a woman with class who does not behave wildly. In

Gestalt therapy, Jamilah would be encouraged to fully experience and expressed her current

state.

Gestalt therapy main goal is to encourage dependent client to be self-regulated through the

awareness process. Perls (1969) believed that awareness per se by and of itself can be

curative. Awareness includes insight, self-acceptance, knowledge of the environment,

responsibility for choices and the ability to make contact with other (Corey, 2005). One who

is aware is fully experiencing the on-going present situation of oneself and the reality of its

environment. When Jamilah saw her husband, Khalid with Diana, she began to be aware of

the current situation of her marriage. Instead of blaming Diana as the cause of the affair, she

has come to acceptance that she has been concentrating on her career as a women magazine

columnist that she neglected her husband and daughter.

The ‘how’ question is very important in Gestalt therapy unlike Psychoanalytic therapy

emphasized on the ‘why’ question. Perls (1969) mentioned that if you ask how, you look at

the structure; you see what’s going on now, a deeper understanding of the process. The how

is all we need to understand how we functions. The how gives us perspective, orientation.

When the structure change, the functions changes as well; vice versa. To questioned the

‘why’ is seen as a child who yet to reach to maturity and needed an unending rational but

never an understanding. How emphasized on the on-going process of the whole structure. In

Gesalt therapy, questioned would be asked to Jamilah are“how do you reacted when you saw

your husband with Diana?”, “how do you view your relationship with your husband,

Khalid?”, and “how do you like things to be in your family?”.Gestalt therapy the client from

environment support to self-support and reintegrating the disowned part of personality

(Corey,2005)

Key Concepts

Integrated individual is a person in whom this process is going on constantly moment to

moment without interruption (Perls, 1970).Similarly, in the session, the therapist helped out

by raising the awareness of oneself and declutter the contact resistance that has occurred.The

Gestalt therapist strive to understanding the world from the client’s perspective, respecting

the belief that each person has a unique perception of self, others and environments (Fall,

Holden, Marqyuis, 2004).The statement “do your own thing” in many ways captures the

essence of Perls and his approach to therapy (Ivey,et. al, 2006)

Holism

In Gestalt therapy, human are seen as a whole being instead of breaking up into parts

or departmentalized the person. Perls (1969) stated that to become real, to learn to take a

stand, to develop one’s centred, to understand the basis of existentialism. I am what I am and

at this moment I cannot possible be different from what I am. Being holism is to constantly

aware of the here-and-now, being responsible only to oneself, and ability to let go and

explore self in order to reach maturity.Without responsibility, we lose the need to focus on

the here and now or even be aware, because the locus of control lies outside self. (Fall,

Holden, Marqyuis, 2004). To be fully aware, one will be able to sense immediate experience

of oneself internally and externally. Gladding (1996) describe awareness as ,moment to

moment and not overdenpendcy on intellectual experiences, decrease the importance or

emotions, senses, limiting a person’s ability to respond to various situation (Gladding, 1996)

For Jamilah to practice holism as a way of life, she got to see external environment which are

her career, marriage, family, and friends as a whole with her internal self. As she began to see

oneness in her life, she began to be aware of her dissatisfaction towards her marriage. When

Diana was seen with Khalid, Jamilah’s awareness towards herself increases. She began to

allow herself to experience her current emotion, thoughts and hopes for her marriage.Jamilah

allowed herself to feel sad over her husband unfaithfulness but at the same time she was

aware that she has been concentrating on her career and did not connect with her husband as

much as she would like to. Life was all about career as a columnist but later she realized her

entire life consists more than that.

Field Theory

The ‘field’ or the environment consists of both the external and internal worlds (Corey,

2005). Gestalt is very anti-deterministic unlike psychoanalytic and believes that everything is

interrelated, constantly changing, and in a process. Gladding (1996) mentioned that lose

contact with the environment, overinvolved with the environment and loss touch with one

self, failed to put aside unfinished business, scattered in many directions, experience conflict

of top and underdog, dichotomies of live.

The therapist is no detacher, objective, separated from the field but rather a part of it

(Woldt&Toman, 2012). As Jamilah’s therapist, he is part of and included in Jamilah’s field

circle. As the therapist is added into Jamilah’s environment, her field will change as well

because everything is interrelated according to Gestalt. Changes in the field are inevitable

because the only thing that is constant is change itself. Every time you want to change

yourself or you want to change the environment, the basis always is dissatisfaction (Perls,

1969). Similarly, when Diana immerged in the scene, everything changes for Jamilah. The

changes in Jamilah are her emotions became angry towards her husband, she realized she has

neglected her husband and daughter, her relationship with her close friends became closer,

and she began to spend more time with her daughter.

The Figure-Formation Process

The figure-formation process of the Gestaten is form in the body and in the relationship of the

individual to the environment. (Perls, 1970).The figure-formation process is a journey to

identify the figure and to give attention to the background in order to view oneself as a whole.

The figure is the focal point and draws attention of the person. Background is there in the

process however one has low awareness towards it.Figure and the background can be

interchanged depending on one’s attention given. The unresolved figure formation process is

called the unfinished business. Perl (1969) mentioned what happened in the past is either

assimilated and has become a part of us or we carry around an unfinished situation, an

incomplete gestalt.

According to Perls (1969), Jamilah’s perceptual activity which was writing article becomes

selective as she becomes concerned with her relationship with her husband. Her motor

behaviour too becomes well organized, unified, coherent and directed toward salvaging her

marriage. With the existence of Diane, Jamilah’s figure became her husband, Khalid and

daughter, Arisa whereas her job as a columnist and close friends, Has and Aziah became the

background.

Organismic Self-Regulation

The basic assumption of Gestalt therapy is that individual have capacity to ‘self-regulater” in

their environment if they are fully aware of what is happening in and around them (Corey,

2005).Yontef& Jacobs One moves toward wholeness by identifying with ongoing experience,

being in contact with what is actually happening, identifyingand trusting what one genuinely

feels and wants, and being honest with self andothers about what one is actually able and

willing to do—or not willing to do.Gestalt therapist believes Jamilah has the ability to be

fully aware of what is happening to herself as well as her family. The self-regulation potential

emphasized the ability of the organism to internally and spontaneously participate in need

fulfilment in a natural free flowing manner. (Fall, Holden, Marqyuis, 2004). As Jamilah was

aware the condition of herself and family, she began to take steps to take responsibility of her

own self. She decided to get to know Diana to fully understand Khalid’s needs and desire. In

the same time, Jamilah started to get to know herself better by acknowledging her wants in

life. The figure-formation process is intertwined with the principle of “organismic self-

regulation,” a process by which equilibrium is “disturbed” by the emergence of a need, a

sensation or an interest (Corey, 2005).With the increase of awareness will lead to the increase

of self-regulation which is essential part of the Gestalt therapy to bring the unfinished

business to the surface.Perls, (1969) believed awareness per se by and of itself can be

curative. Because with full awareness Jamilah become aware of her self-regulation, therapist

can let her take over without interfering, without interrupting, therapist can rely on the

wisdom of the organism.

In short, Gestalt therapy is about the koan : nothing exist except the here and now.

The now is the present is the phenomenon is what you are aware of is that moment in which

you carry your memories and anticipation with you. The past is nor more, the future is not yet

(Perls, 1969)

Key Concepts in Gestalt Therapy

Here & Now

One of the main contributions of the Gestalt approach is it emphasis on learning to appreciate

and fully experience the present moment. Our “ power is the present”. The only moment

that is significant is the present. Nothing exists except the “now”. The past is gone and the

future has not yet arrived. Client to be fully aware is to live in the here and now.

Phenomenological inquiry involves paying attention to what is occurring now. Therapist will

focus on the “what” & “how” of a person without asking the “why” questions. This is to

promote an awareness of the moment. Question such as “What is happening now?” or “What

are you feeling in this moment?” are used to intensify the experience of the present & create

awareness ( Corey, G. 2012)

In the movie “Jane Jamilah”, during shopping in shopping complex with friends, Jamilah

accidentally saw her husband was shopping with his girl friend. Jamilah was very angry, but

sense awareness has came across to her mind and she started to think some methods in

order to make her husband back to her again.

In Gestalt’s basic understanding of the human being is that people can deal with their

problems, especially if they become fully aware of what is happening within oneself and

outside of oneself. Therefore with key element of awareness, Khalid finally came back to

Jamilah again.

Unfinished Business

When figure emerge from the background but are not completed and resolved, individuals are

left with unfinished business, which can be manifested in unexpressed feelings such as

resentment, rage, hatred, pain, anxiety, grief, guilt and abandonment (Corey, G. 2012).

Unfinished business is earlier thoughts, feeling, and reactions that still affect personal

functioning and interfere with living life in the present. (Gladding,S.T, 2003) The most

common unfinished business is the failure to forgive parents for their mistakes.

The effects of unfinished business often show up in some blockage in the body, if feelings are

unexpressed they tend to result in some physical sensations or problems. The therapist’s task

is to accompany clients in experiencing the impasse without rescuing or frustrating them .

The counselor assists clients by providing situations that encourage them to fully experience

their condition of being stuck.

A good example of unfinished business occurred in movie “ Jane Jamilah” is when Khalid

suspect her wife is having affair.

Contact and Resistance to Contact

In Gestalt therapy, contact is necessary if change and growth are to occur. Contact is made by

seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and moving. Effective contact means interacting with

nature and with other people without losing one’s sense of individuality.(Corey, G . 2012)

After a contact experience , there is typically a withdrawal to integrate what has been learned.

Gestalt therapist talk about the two functions of boundaries : to connect and to separate. Both

contact and withdrawal are necessary and important to healthy functioning.

Resistance to contact is the defenses we develop to prevent us from experiencing the present

in a full and real way. Resistances are typically adopted out of our awareness, and when they

function in a chronic way, can contribute to dysfunctional behavior. Because resistances are

developed as a means of coping with life situations, they possess positive qualities as well as

problematic ones, and many contemporary Gestalt therapist refer to them as “contact

boundary phenomena.”

Five different kinds of contact boundary disturbances: introjections, projection, retroflection,

deflection, and confluence

Introjection

Introjection is the tendency to uncritically accept others’ beliefs and standards without

assimilation them to make them congruent with who we are. When we introject, we passively

incorporate what the environment provides rather that clearly identifying what we want or

need. If we remain in this stage, our energy is bound up in taking things as we find them and

believing that authorities know what is best for us rather than working for things ourselves.

(Corey, G. 2012)

The person responding to introjected material, usually out of awareness, will feel a strong

pressure to conform to these internalized rules and is likely to feel uncomfortable if they go

against them (Mann, D. 2010 )

In movie ‘ Jane Jamilah’, Has has this kind of attitude. She agreed to take a short course with

Jamilah by saying ‘ok je’ although she do not know she wants or not.

Projection

Projection is the reverse of introjection. In projection we disown certain aspects of ourselves

by assigning them to the environment. Those attributes of our personality that are inconsistent

with our self image are disowned and put onto, assign to and seen in other people; thus

blaming others for lots of our problems, we avoid taking responsibility for our own feeling

and the person who we are, and this keeps us powerless to initiate change. People who use

projection as a pattern tend to feel that they are victims of circumstances, and they believe

that people have hidden meanings behind what they say. (Corey, G. 2012)

When people have allowed their awareness to be sublimated by projecting their fears, ideas

and desires onto the environment, they experience projection. Projection is a mirror that

reflects only their fears and desires.

Retroflection

Retroflection consists of turning back onto ourselves what we would like to do to someone

else or doing to ourselves what we would like someone else to do to or to us. This process is

principally an interruption of the action phase in the cycle of experience and typically

involves a fair amount of anxiety.

People who self-mutilate or who injure themselves, for example, are often directing

aggression inward out of fear of directing it toward others.

One form of retroflection is turning an impulse back in upon myself. (Mann, D 2010)

Part of the process of Gestalt therapy is to help us discover a self-regulatory system so that

we can deal realistically with the world.

For example in movie “ Jane Jamilah”; Jamilah wishes her husband to send SMS to her so

she sent out SMS to her husband and waiting her husband ‘s reply.

Deflection

Deflection is the process of distraction or veering off, so that it is difficult to maintain a

sustained sense of contact. We attempt to diffuse or defuse contact through the overuse of

humor, abstract generalizations, and question rather that statement. When we deflect, we

speak through through and for others, beating around the bush rather than being direct and

engaging the environment in an inconsistent and inconsequential basis, which results in

emotional depletion.

Example in movie “ Jane Jamilah” . Jamilah try to avoid the topic discussion when Aziah

wanted to mention about Khalid in front of Diana (Khalid’s girl friend).

Confluence

Confluence involves blurring the differentiation between the self and the environment. As we

strive to blend in and get along with everyone, there is no clear demarcation between internal

experience and outer reality.

This style of contact is characteristic of clients who have a high need to be accepted and

liked, thus finding enmeshment comfortable.

For example in movie “ Jane Jamilah”, Has always said “ok je” when having discussion with

Jane and Aziah.

Energy and Blocks to Energy

In Gestalt therapy special attention is given to where energy is located, how it is used, and

how it can be blocked. Blocked energy is another form of defensive behavior. It can

manifested by tension in some part of the body, by posture, by keeping one’s body tight and

closed, by not breathing deeply, by looking away from people when speaking to avoid

contact, by choking off sensations, by numbing feelings, and by speaking with a restricted

voice, to mention only a few (Corey. G. 2012).

One of the task of the therapist is to help clients identify the ways in which they are blocking

energy and transform this blocked energy into more adaptive behaviors. Clients can be

encouraged to recognize how their resistance is being expressed in their body.

Gestalt Therapy Interventions

In Gestalt, experiments are believed to be useful tools to help the client to gain a fuller

awareness, experience internal conflicts, resolve inconsistencies and dichotomies, and work

through an impasse that is preventing completion of unfinished business (Corey, 2005).

According to Corey (2004), Gestalt therapy is believed to encourage in “becoming a conflict”

or “being what we are feeling” as the opposite to merely just talking about conflicts, feelings

and problems. No doubt that most of the interventions are experiments, but if these

techniques are used at their best, these interventions will fit the therapeutic situation and thus,

highlights whatever the client is experiencing (Corey, 2005). Experiments or interventions

should be an encounter in both the client and the therapist whereby it benefits the client at its

best.

In the case of Jane Jamilah, no doubt, there are many Gestalt techniques available but, we

have decided to use some of the Gestalt techniques that we think best fits for her.

The Internal Dialogue Exercise

In this technique, Gestalt’s motive is to bring about integrated functioning and acceptance of

aspects of one’s personality that have been disowned and denied. These fantasy dialogues are

meant to promote awareness of the internal spills and eventual personality integration (Corey,

2004) According to Corey (2005), a main division is between the “top dog” and the

“underdog” and therapy often focuses on conflict between the two.

The top dog is described to be righteous, authoritarian, moralistic, demanding, bossy and

manipulative while the underdog is described to be defensive, apologetic, helpless and weak

and being powerless.

This technique is also known as the empty chair technique is one of the ways into getting the

client to externalize the introject (Corey, 2005). This exercise encourages clients to get in

touch with another part of themselves which they might be denying. By doing so, client will

be able to realised that the feeling is a real part of themselves, and this exercise will

discourage them from disassociating the feeling. Corey (2005) believes that this exercise is to

promote a higher level of integration between the polarities and conflict that exists in

everyone.

Jane Jamilah is portray to be a strong woman and hardly shaken by any external events. This

could be that she is either highly aware of herself or she might be denying the feelings that

she is going through. With using the internal dialogue exercise or the empty chair, this will

help Jane Jamilah to view a bigger and clearer picture of what she is actually feeling. Her

“top dog” might be dominant in her and by doing so; Jane Jamilah could also feel what her

“underdog” is like. In this way, Jane Jamilah is able to feel the actual feeling and come to

terms with it.

Language Exercise

Corey (2004) stated that Gestalt suggests that our speech patterns are often the mimicry of

our feelings, thoughts and attitudes. Words that we used can either bring us to ourselves or it

can take us way from ourselves (Corey, 2004).

For example, the “It” talk is a way of depersonalizing language. According to Corey (2004),

by using “it” instead of “I”, we are maintaining a distance from our experience of feelings..

Besides the “It” talk, there are also the “You”, “Can’t”, Shoulds” and “Oughts” statements

that are used to depersonalize our experiences and feelings. By just substituting with personal

pronouns, it will be a way of assuming responsibility for what we have said.

For Jane Jamilah, she is aware of what is going around her. However, she is sometimes being

made to conform to her two friends’ decision. In this exercise, the counsellor will try to help

Jane by how she is able to control and feel the experience by using the right language. In this

way, Jane Jamilah shall be more aware of her external locus as well as her feelings.

Rehearsal Exercise

As the title of the exercise speaks for itself, this exercise encourages the client to be more

aware of the many preparatory means they use in bolstering their social roles. According to

Corey (2005), internal rehearsal may sometimes consume much energy and frequently

inhibits our spontaneity and willingness to experiment with new behaviour. Thus, in this

exercise, the client is encouraged to rehearse aloud with many different situations. In doing

so, the client is able to perceive the many possible outcomes and this will generates

spontaneity and also possibly new behaviour.

Jane Jamilah has an issue with communicating with her husband. She always seems to try to

rehearse internally and failed when it comes to the actual situation. The counsellor suggests

that Jane Jamilah practice it outwards and try different situations. By doing so, with different

situations and possibilities, Jane Jamilah would be well prepared and she might be able to

“perform” better when she is in the actual situation. This also allows Jane Jamilah to actually

feel what she is going through in that given situation.

Exxageration Exercise

According to Corey (2005), Gestalt’s aim is for the client to be more aware of the subtle

signals and cues they are sending through body language. This exercise requires clients to

exaggerate movement repeatedly which intensifies the feeling attached to the behaviour and

makes the inner meaning clearer (Corey, 2005).

For Jane Jamilah, she is a strong woman and she believes that any sign of weaknesses might

show she a failure. This strong personality in her shows that she has a composure and control

even though she is sad or angry. However, it could be that she is putting on a mask to hide

and denying her inner feelings. In this exercise, it would be very effective if Jane Jamilah

could open herself to feel what she is feeling at that moment in time. By exaggerating her

movement, she is able to bring out the emotions and be with it. In doing so, Jane Jamilah, is

aware that she is just a person and she is vulnerable thus, this will definitely allows her to be

much more aware of her feelings and her surroundings.

Staying With the Feeling

As humans, we tend to avoid any unpleasant situations or feelings. However, according to

Corey (2005), facing, confronting and experiencing feelings not only takes courage but it

shows that we are ready to endure the pain that is unnecessary for us to grow.

For Jane Jamilah, is it necessary that she stays with her feeling throughout the intervention..

The whole purpose is that Jane Jamilah is aware of her feelings and tries not to avoid it but to

feel it and come to terms with it.

Summary of the Session

We believed that with Gestalt’s approach, Jane Jamilah would be able to move towards an

increased of awareness, she will gradually assume ownership of her own experience. Besides

that, it is also vital that she develops skills and values that will allow her to satisfy her needs

without violating others. Other than that, Jane Jamilah will learn to be much more aware of

her senses and also to learn to accept responsibility for her actions.

Lastly, we would like to see that she will move towards increasing of internal support and we

also liked to see that she is able to ask for help and get help from others and be able to give

help to others too.

However, this would be ideal if she is able to achieve it, but it will take time and it depends

on the determination of the client as well.

Bibliography

Corey, Gerald. (2004). Theory and practice of group counselling(6th ed). California:

Thomson Brooks/Cole.

Corey, Gerald. (2005). Theory and practice of counselling & psychotherapy(7th ed).

California: Thomson Brooks/Cole.

Corey, G. (2012). Theory and practice of counseling and Psychotheraphy (9th.ed.) Pacific

Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

Fall, K. A., Holden, J. M., & Marquis, A. (2004).Theoretical models of counselling and

psychotherapy. New York: Taylor & Francis Books Inc.

Gladding, S. T. (1996). Counseling: A comprehensive profession. London: Merrill/ Prentice

Hall.

Gladding, Samuel. T.(2003). Counseling Theories : Essential Concepts and Applications.

New Jersey :Prentice Hall Inc

Grant, S,K. ( 2012 ). Gestalt Therapy [Power Point Slides]. Retrieved from http

://www.csun.edu/∽hcpsy002/Psy460_Ch08_Handout.ppt.pdf.

Ivey Allen E , D’Andrea, Ivey, M.B & Simek Morgan, Lynn. (2006).Theories of Counseling

and Psychotheraphy (6 th. Ed) Boston : Pearson Education , Inc.

Mann, D. (2010). Gestalt Theraphy : 100 Key Points and Techniques. Eassssex : Routledge.

Nystul, M. S. (2006). Introduction to counselling: an art and science perspective. Boston:

Pearson Education Inc.

Perls, F. S. (1969). Gestalt therapy verbatim. Utah: Real People Press.

Perls, F. S. (1970). Gestalt therapy now.Meddlesex: Science and Behavior Books.

Smith, B. (1994). Austrian philosophy. Illinois: Open Court Publishing Company.

Woldt, A. L. &Toman, S. M. (2005).Gestalt therapy: history, theory and practice. California:

Sage Publications Inc.