GERUNDS e infenitivos uso.doc

8/17/2019 GERUNDS e infenitivos uso.doc

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GERUNDS & INFINITIVES

1 Gerunds1.1 Gerunds As The Subject Of TheSentence

1.2 Gerunds As The Object Of APreposition1.2.1 Verb + Preposition1.2.2 Verb + Object + Preposition1.2.3 To Be + Adjective + Preposition1.2.4 To Be + oun + Preposition1.3 Gerunds As The Object Of A Verb1.3.1 Verb + Gerund

2 Infinitives2.1 !nfinitives As The Subject Of TheSentence

2.2 !nfinitives As The Object Of The Verb2.2.1 Verb + !nfinitive2.2.2 Verb + "Pro#noun + !nfinitive

3 Gerunds Or Infinitives?3.1 Verb + !nfinitive $ Verb + Gerund3.2 Verb + !nfinitive % Verb + Gerund

1 GERUNDS

A G&'() is * verb in its ing for, "the present p*rticip-e# for e/*,p-e0 raining,daning, !aug"ing, t"in#ing, reating, running, *nd so on.B definition0 the *re *ctivities . either phsic*- or ,ent*-.These ords function *s O(S in * sentence

The su$%et f t"e ver$ S'i((ing is * -ot of fun *nd ood e/ercise.The $%et f t"e ver$ ! re*-- !i#e s'i((ing.The $%et f a )re)sitin ! *, -oo5in for*rd t s'i((ing in the oce*n.

1*1 GERUNDS +S TE SU-.E/T OF TE SENTEN/E

An *ctivit th*t c*n be e/pressed ith the ing for, of * verb c*n be the subject of *sentence.

A-- erunds c*n be the subject of * sentence.

-reat"ing is neessar0*Driving a ar reuires gd visin*e!)ing t"er )e)!e fee!s gd*

1*2 GERUNDS +S TE O-.E/T OF + REOSITION

Prepositions "fr, 'it", a$ut, ,ust be fo--oed b *n object.The object c*n be * noun or * erund "* verb *ctin *s * noun#.

I a( tired f 'a#ing u) t ear!0*I !# fr'ard t (eeting 0ur friend*I a( interested in !earning $ase$a!!*S"e is res)nsi$!e fr i()!e(enting ne' )!i0*

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1*2*1 Ver$ re)sitin

6ere *re so,e ver$s p-us * )re)sitin fo--oed b * gerund

to ()!ain a$ut 4444444444ing to insist n 4444444444ing to )artii)ate in 4444444444ing to a)!gi5e fr 4444444444ing to $%et t 4444444444ing to !# fr'ard t 4444444444ing to t"in# f 4444444444ing to 'in $0 4444444444ing to ta#e )art in 4444444444ing

1*2*2 Ver$ O$%et re)sitin

6ere *re so,e ver$s p-us *n $%et p-us * )re)sitin fo--oed b * gerund

to "ave diffiu!t0 in 4444444444ingto ta#e advantage f 4444444444ing to "ave a gd reasn fr 4444444444ing to )revent s(ene fr( 4444444444ing to #ee) s(ene fr( 4444444444ing to st) s(ene fr( 4444444444ing to t"an# s(ene fr 4444444444ing to b!a(e s(ene fr 4444444444ing to ause s(ene f 4444444444ing

to "arge s(ene 'it" 4444444444ing to fine s(ene fr 4444444444ing

1*2*3 T -e +d%etive re)sitin

6ere *re so,e co,bin*tions of the verb t $e p-us *n ad%etive p-us * )re)sitin fo--oed b * gerund

to $e aust(ed t 4444444444ing to $e interested in 4444444444ing

to $e e6ited a$ut 4444444444ing to $e a)a$!e f 4444444444ingto $e res)nsi$!e fr 4444444444ing to $e used t 4444444444ing to $e tired f 4444444444ing to $e $red 'it" 4444444444ing to $e gd fr 4444444444ing to $e gd at 4444444444ing to $e $ad at 4444444444ing


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to $e gui!t0 f 4444444444ing

1*2*7 T -e Nun re)sitin

6ere *re so,e co,bin*tions of the verb t $e p-us *n $%et p-us * )re)sitin fo--oedb * gerund

to $e a viti( f 4444444444ingto $e an advate f 4444444444ingto $e a $e!iever in 4444444444ingto $e a su))rter f 4444444444ingto $e a riti f 4444444444ing

1*3 GERUNDS +S TE O-.E/T OF + VER-

7hen it co,es to erunds *s the object of * verb0 not *-- verbs *re e8u*-.Th*t is0 so,e verbs c*n t*5e * erund *s their objects0 but other verbs c*nnot."So,e verbs c*n t*5e infinitives *s their objects. So,e verbs never t*5e *n object *t *--.#These differences c*n on- be -e*rned0 *s individu*- voc*bu-*r ite,s.

1*3*1 Ver$ Gerund8

6ere *re so,e ver$s th*t *re fo--oed b * erund.

"These verbs c*n be fo--oed b *n erund. The erunds used in these sentences *reon- e/*,p-es.#

! ad(it -osin the co,bin*tion to the s*fe.! advise findin * ood -*er.! don9t antii)ate *itin ver ,uch -oner.! a))reiate he*rin * ood jo5e.! avid f-in *s ,uch *s ! c*n.7ou-d ou nsider se--in our sh*re of the co,p*n:7e i-- de!a0 sinin *n *ree,ent.! den0 s*in th*t.7e ,ust disuss hirin ,ore peop-e.! dis!i#e e*tin *-one.

! en%0 t*-5in ith ne peop-e.! fear -osin his confidence.7hen ! finis" tpin this0 !9-- he-p ou.! gave u) e/p-*inin , position to the,.! often g d*ncin.! c*n9t "e!) thin5in th*t e cou-d h*ve done better.! c*n9t i(agine spendin th*t ,uch ,one.Business trips inv!ve *itin in *irports *nd st*in in hote-s.The #ee) s*in th*t0 but the don9t do *nthin *bout it.)id ! (entin seein hi, esterd*:


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! don9t (ind or5in on the ee5end.! i-- (iss seein ou *round.The )st)ned st*rtin construction unti- ne/t e*r.;ou shou-d )ratie usin set phr*ses.! uit s,o5in si/ e*rs *o.

! rea!! ,eetin hi, * -on ti,e *o.! don9t re!!et bein there.! re((end h*vin the e ;or5 ste*5.! resent h*vin to sin in e*ch ,ornin.! cou-dn9t resist te--in the,.7e shou-d not ris# -osin their trust.! hope the st) ,*5in so ,uch noise so ! c*n et so,e s-eep.6e suggested st*rtin , on *enc.The on9t t!erate tr*din insider infor,*tion.

2 INFINITIVES

An infinitive ,* e/ist ith or ithout the ord t.


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! as#ed to see the ,*n*er *bout it.! $eg to differ ith ou0 sir.7ou-d ou are to tr * >*-iforni* ine:The !ai( to ,*5e the best pot*to chips in the or-d.7e i-- never nsent to *--o our n*,e to be put on our product.


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! invited ."n to t*5e p*rt in our discussion.! need 0u to te-- ,e h*t is oin on here.? boss rdered (e to o to ondon -*st ee5.7e )er(itted t"e( to t*-5 to our c-ient.6e )ersuaded "er to -isten to his prob-e,.

6e re(inded (e to brin *n u,bre--*.This situ*tion reuires us to be ver c*utious.The e/perience taug"t (e to buc5-e , se*t be-t.6e t!d (e to t*5e to *spirins *nd o to bed.She urged (e to t*5e the job.! 'ant 0u to *sh , c*r.6e 'arned (e not to drive too f*st *round here.

3 GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES?

So,e verbs c*n be fo--oed b either * erund or *n infinitive.So,eti,es0 there is no difference in ,e*nin.So,eti,es there is.

3*1 VER- INFINITIVE : VER- GERUND

These verbs c*n be fo--oed b either *n infinitive or * erund0 ith O )!


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So,e ver$s c*n be fo--oed b either *n infinitive or * erund0 but T6&!' ?&A!GS A'& OT T6& SA?&

I 'i!! re(e($er t a!! "er*"! i-- be sure to c*-- her in the

future.#

≠

! re(e($er a!!ing "er*"! h*ve the ,e,or of c*--in her in thep*st.#

I 'i!! nt frget t (eet "i(*"! i-- be sure to ,eet hi, in

the future.#

≠ I 'i!! never frget (eeting t"e(*"! i-- not -ose the ,e,or of ,eetinthe,.#

I regret t sa0 "e is nt"ere*

"! *, sorr ! ,ust te-- ou he

is not here.#

≠ I regret sa0ing it*"! *, sorr ! s*id it.#

I 'i!! tr0 t ring t"e $e!!*"! i-- see if it is possib-e to

rin the be--.#

≠ I 'i!! tr0 ringing t"e $e!!*"! i-- rin the be-- to see if it i-- he-p thesitu*tion.#

I st))ed t s(#e at ten *!#*

"! interrupted *n *ctivit *ndh*d * ci*rette.#

≠ I st))ed s(#ing a 0ear ag*"! ended , ci*rette h*bit.#


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Gerund or to-infinitive - Exercise 1

Explanation: Gerund or Infinitive

Grammar ExplanationsGrammar Exercises

Adjectives/Adverbs

Articles

Put in the verbs in brackets in the Gerund or the to-infinitive.

Example: The !o on """"""" (read) the book.

Ans#er: The !o on reading the book.

$% & can't ima!ine Peter (go) b bike.

(% )e a!reed (buy) a ne# car.

*% The +uestion is eas (answer).

,% The man asked me ho# (get) to the airport.

% & look for#ard to (see) ou at the #eekend.

% Are ou thinkin! of (visit) ondon0

1% 2e decided (run) throu!h the forest.

3% The teacher expected 4arah (study) hard.

5% 4he doesn't mind (work) the ni!ht shift.

$6% & learned (ride) the bike at the a!e of .

>hec5 Sho2 *ns2er

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7onditional sentences - if

Gerund and &nfinitive

8odal Auxiliaries

9ouns

Participles

Passive oice

Phrasal erbsPrepositions

Pronouns

;uantifiers

;uestions


10/21

Complex TestsTestsExamsEnglish Lessons

English ForumTalksDownload WorksheetsWritingames

!arentsTea"hers!upils#$tudents

LiteraForm and meaning

1. We use the when the listener or reader knows which person or thing we are

talking about. This may be because:

o we have mentioned this person or thing before and so there is some

shared knowledge between speaker/writer and listener/reader o it is clear from the context which person or thing we are talking about

o there is only one of a particular person or thing

We use a / an when the listener or reader doesnt know which person or thing weare talking about.

o !he took a glass of water and started to drink. "#ne of many glasses of

water$o !he took the glass of water nearest to her. "%t is clear which glass we are

referring to$

o !he took the glass of water and started to drink. "There is only one glass

of water$

o &an you turn on the T'( "%ts clear we are talking about the T' in this

room and not some other T'$

o % need to see a doctor. ")ot any specific doctor$

o % have to see the doctor tomorrow. "%ts clear % am talking about my usual

doctor$

o *ow many people have walked on the moon( "There is only one moon$

o The best film %ve ever seen is Top Gun. "there can only be one best film$

+. We use ,ero article when we are talking about people or things in general.

o Carrots are good for you. "carrots in general$

o The carrots growing in my garden are almost ready to eat. "specific

carrots$

o English people drink a lot of tea. "-nglish people in general$

o The English people in this hotel are very nice. "specific -nglish people$

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. We use a / an to say what kind of person or thing someone or something is "often

with an adective0 or to say it belongs to a particular group.

o ou have a nice house.

o Thats a very expensive car2

o 3 cat is an animal and a bus is a vehicle.

4. With school0 university0 prison0 hospital0 church0 bed0 work and home we use the when we are talking about a particular one0 and zero article when we are talking

about the idea of school0 university...

o The church on our street was built in the 15th &entury. "a particular

church$

o % go to church every !unday "the idea of church0 not a particular building$

o 6y friend works at the prison outside the city centre.

o 6y husband is in prison.

o The work isnt finished yet.

o % was feeling sick yesterday so % didnt go to work .

o The new bed is bigger than the old one.

o % put my children to bed a 7pm.8. We use the with singular countable nouns to talk about a type of thing.

o The computer was invented in the +9th &entury. "not a particular

computer$

o The computer in my office is broken. "a particular one$

o The crocodile is very dangerous. "this type of animal$

o The crocodile in the river is very big. "a particular one$

o !he plays the piano. "not a particular piano but this type of instrument$

o The piano she is playing is very old. "a particular one$

. We use the + adjective to talk about a group of people "including nationalities$.

o % always give money to the homeless.

o The unemployed receive money from the government.o The French produce good wine.

5. We use a / an to talk about someones ob.

o 6y wife is an optician.

o !he works as a mechanic.

7. We use ,ero article with continents0 countries0 regions0 cities0 streets0 mountains0

lakes and parks.

o 3sia0 %taly0 &alifornia0 ;ristol0 6ain !t.0 6ount -verest0 . We use the if the country contains ?ingdom0 @epublic0 !tate0 Anion

o The Anited ?ingdom

19. We use the with plural names of people and places.o The !miths0 The )etherlands0 The Anited !tates0 The ;ahamas0 The

3lps "also The &aribbean$11. We use the with oceans0 seas0 rivers and canals.

o The 3tlantic #cean0 The @ed !ea0 The )ile0 The =anama &anal

1+. We use the with north0 south0 east and west to talk about the location of a placewithin another place0 but ,ero article to compare the location of two places.

o Breece is in the south of -urope.


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o !pain is south of Crance.

1. We use ,ero article with northern0 southern0 eastern and western:

o Breece is in southern -urope.

14. We normally use the with buildings0 except if the first word is the name of a

place.

o The White *ouse0 The Sheraton *otel.o #xford Aniversity0 Buckingham =alace.

& like blue T-shirt over there better than red one.

(% Their car does $6 miles hour.

*% 2here's =4> drive & lent ou last #eek0

,% ?o ou still live in >ristol0

% &s our mother #orkin! in old office buildin!0

% 7arol's father #orks as electrician.

1% The tomatoes are 55 pence kilo.

3% 2hat do ou usuall have for breakfast0

5% >en has terrible headache.

$6% After this tour ou have


13/21

The articles aan and the in Englisch - Exercise

?ecide #hether to use the definite article @the or not. &f ou do not need the article @theBuse x.

$% ast ear #e visited 4t. Paul's 7athedral and To#er.

(% 8ount Everest is hi!hest mountain on earth.

*% och 9ess is most famous lake in 4cotland.

,% most children like s#eets.

% summer of $55 #as hot and dr.

% PlaCa )otel is on the corner of 5th 4treet and th

Avenue.

$% & like the blue T-shirt over there better than the red one.

(% Their car does $6 miles an hour.

*% 2here's the =4> drive & lent ou last #eek0

,% ?o ou still live in x >ristol0

% &s our mother #orkin! in an old office buildin!0

% 7arol's father #orks as an electrician.

1% The tomatoes are 55 pence a kilo.

3% 2hat do ou usuall have for x breakfast0

5% >en has a terrible headache.

$6% After this tour ou have the #hole afternoon free to explore the cit.


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1% 8 sister often stas at =ncle Tim's in ?etroit.

3% Dur friends 8illers moved to lorida last Au!ust.

5% smo! is a problem in bi! cities.

$6% Dur children !o to school b bus.

ast ear #e visited x 4t. Paul's 7athedral and the To#er.

(% x 8ount Everest is the hi!hest mountain on earth.

*% x och 9ess is the most famous lake in 4cotland.

,% x most children like x s#eets.

% The summer of $55 #as hot and dr.

% The PlaCa )otel is on the corner of x 5th 4treet and x th Avenue.

1% 8 sister often stas at x =ncle Tim's in ?etroit.

3% Dur friends the 8illers moved to lorida last Au!ust.

5% x smo! is a problem in x bi! cities.$6% Dur children !o to x school b x bus.


15/21

The indefinite article aan - Exercise 1

Explanation: !rticle

uc has a do!.

(% et's sin! a son!.

*% Emil needs a ne# desk in her room.

,% & need a blue pen.

% >en has an old bike.

% Peter has an aunt in >erlin.

1% 2e listen to an En!lish 7?.

3% 4he has an exercise book in her school ba!.

=se @a or @an. 2rite the correct forms of the indefinite articles into the !aps.

Example: 2e read "" book.

Ans#er: 2e read a book.

$% uc has do!.

(% et's sin! son!.

*% Emil needs ne# desk in her room.

,% & need blue pen.

% >en has old bike.

% Peter has aunt in >erlin.

1% 2e listen to En!lish 7?.

3% 4he has exercise book in her school ba!.

5% The speed of this car #as $6 miles hour.

$6% The finished

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5% The speed of this car #as $6 miles an hour.

$6% The finished a unit

• earn Punctuation

• Punctuation in En!lish

• >asic En!lish Grammar

• Punctuation Exercises

• "unctuation #ules

Punctuation is used to mark the cadenceB pausesB and tone in #ritten En!lish. &n other #ordsBpunctuation helps us to understand #hen to pause bet#een full formed ideas #hen speakin!B

as #ell as or!aniCe our thou!hts in #ritin!. En!lish punctuation marks include:

period $

commas %+uestion mark &exclamation mark 'colon :semi colon (

>e!innin! En!lish learners should focus on understand the periodB comma and +uestion mark.&ntermediate to advanced student should also learn ho# to use colons and semi colonsB as #ellas an occasional exclamation mark.

This !uide provides instruction on the basic rules of usin! a periodB commaB colonB semicolonB

+uestion mark and exclamation point. Each tpe of punctuation is follo#ed b an explanationand example sentences for reference purposes.

"eriod

=se a period to end a complete sentence. A sentence is a !roup of #ords containin! a subjectand predicate. &n >ritish En!lish a period is called a 'full stop'.

Examples%

He went to Detroit last week.

They are going to visit.

)omma

There are a number of different uses for commas in En!lish. 7ommas are used to:

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• 4eparate a list of items. This is one of the most common uses of a comma. 9otice that

a comma is included before the conjunction 'and' #hich comes before the final element of alist.

Examples%

I like reading, listening to music, taking long walks, and visiting with my friends.They would like books, magazines, DVDs, video cassettes, and other learning materials fortheir library.

• 4eparate phrases Fclauses%. This is especiall true after a be!innin! dependent clause

or a lon! prepositional phrase.

Examples%

In order to qualify for your certificate, you will need to take the T!"# e$am. %lthough he wanted to come, he wasn&t able to attend the course.

• 4eparate t#o independent clauses that are connected b a conjunction such as 'but'.

Examples%

They wanted to 'urchase a new car, but their financial situation would not allow it.I&d really en(oy seeing a film this evening, and I&d like to go out for a drink.

• &ntroduce a direct +uote Fas opposed to indirect speech i.e. )e said he #anted to come

...%.

Examples%

The boy said, )*y father is often away during the week on business tri's.) His doctor re'lied, )If you don&t sto' smoking, you run the risk of a heart attack.)

• 4eparate appositives Fa nounB or noun phrase% or non-definin! relative clauses.

Examples%

+ill ates, the richest man in the world, comes from -eattle.

*y only sister, who is a fantastic tennis 'layer, is in great sha'e.

*uestion +ark

The +uestion mark is used at the end of a +uestion.

Examples%

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here do you live/ How long have they been studying/

Exclamation "oint

The exclamation point is used at the end of a sentence to indicate !reat surprise. &t is also

used for emphasis #hen makin! a point. >e careful not to use an exclamation point too often.

Examples%

That ride was fantastic0I can&t believe he is going to marry her0

,emicolon

There are t#o uses for a semicolon:

• To separate t#o independent clauses. Dne or both of the clauses are short and the

ideas expressed are usuall ver similar.

Examples%

He loves studying1 He can&t get enough of school.hat an incredible situation1 it must make you nervous.

• To separate !roups of #ords that are themselves separated b commas.

Examples%

I took a holiday and 'layed golf, which I love1 read a lot, which I needed to do1 and sle'tlate, which I hadn&t done for quite a while.They 'lan to study erman, for their travels1 chemistry, for their work1 and literature, fortheir own en(oyment.

)olon

A colon can be used for t#o purposes:

• To provide additional details and explanation.

Examples%

He had many reasons for (oining the club2 to get in sha'e, to make new friends, to losesome weight, and to get out of the house.-he gave notice for the following reasons2 bad 'ay, horrible hours, 'oor relations withcolleagues, and her boss.


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• To introduce a direct +uote Fa comma can also be used in this situation%.

Examples%

He announced to his friends2 )I&m getting married0)

-he cried out2 )I never want to see you again0)


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!un"tuation marks exer"ise&

This exercise #ill test our understandin! of all kinds of different punctuation marksB

particularl commasB colonsB semi-colons and apostrophes.

4elect the correctl punctuated sentence.

$a% 4pain is a beautiful countr the beache's are #armB sand and

spotlessl clean.

b% 4pain is a beautiful countr: the beaches are #armB sand and

spotlessl clean.

c% 4pain is a beautiful countrB the beaches are #armB sand and

spotlessl clean.

s d% 4pain is a beautiful countr the beaches are #armB sand and

spotlessl clean.

( sa% The children's books #ere all left in the follo#in! places: 8rs

4mith's roomB 8r Po#ell's office and the caretaker's cupboard.

b% The children's books #ere all left in the follo#in! places 8rs4mith's roomB 8r Po#ell's office and the caretaker's cupboard.

c% The childrens books #ere all left in the follo#in! places: 8rs 4miths

roomB 8r Po#ells office and the caretakers cupboard.

d% The children's books #ere all left in the follo#in! placesB 8rs

4mith's roomB 8r Po#ell's office and the caretaker's cupboard.

* sa% 4he al#as enjoed s#eetsB chocolateB marshmallo#s and toffee

apples.

b% 4he al#as enjoed: s#eetsB chocolateB marshmallo#s and toffee

apples.

c% 4he al#as enjoed s#eets chocolate marshmallo#s and toffee

apples.


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