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GERUNDS-INFINITIVES

A) THAT/WHAT/WHEN/IF/HOW ---etc + Ving + VERB

1- Experts believe that learning is a life-long process.

* Uzmanlar renmenin yaam boyu sren bir sre olduuna inanmaktadr

2- That speaking is an innate human capability is obvious.

3- Whether jogging really helps keep fit or not is a question. 4- Many people in the developing countries know what economising is all about.

5- When speeding is forbidden, dont ever speed, will you?

6- If managing were that much easy, everyone could be a manager.

B) Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase zne durumunda kullanldnda tekil fiil olarak algland iin yklem tekil olarak alglanr.

1- Spending extravagantly eats up all your belongings.

2- Posing for an artist is a difficult task to accomplish.

3- Many are of the opinion that collecting stamps has been one of the oldest hobbies taken up so far.

4- Not paying ones taxes is both illegal and unethical.

C) Gerund ya da gerund phrase durum aklayan cmlelerde to be fiilinden sonra nesne olarak kullanlr ve zne hakknda bilgi verir.

1- A possible way to eliminate spinal problems is exercising regularly.

2- The first step to prevent rusting is oiling.

3- What you should do in the case of a fire is pressing on the alarm button and notifying the authorities.

4- One thing she used to do when she was at high school was eating a bar of chocolate before every exam.

5- The most remarkable precaution against car accidents is not speeding over 90 kmph.

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D) ZNE DURUMUNDAK BAZI ADLARDAN SONRA GERUND GELEBLR.

1- My greatest pleasure is sitting here in the sun.

2- My sisters hobby is growing house plants.

3- My job is typing or computing the minutes of the sessions held every two weeks. 4- Your responsibility is learning English, not disrupting the class.

5- Her favourite pastime is listening to music.

6- Her occupation is putting labels on cigarette packages.

7- Apart from providing a good education, my main priority would be encouraging

students to take part in sport activities.

8- The worst side of being a footballer is getting injured during a match. 9- What I dream about all time is inventing something to the benefit of humankind.

10- My biggest fear is staying single forever.

E) Appositive (Aklayc): Gerund bir ad beinden sonra aklama amacyla getirilebilir.

1- His job, working as a teacher, is very demanding. 2- Her favourite pastime, watching television, teaches her many things about life as

well.

3- Her father, not knowing what to do, was very helpless.

4- The children, playing in the mud, were covered with dirt.

5- His new book, having sold out, will appear as the second edition soon.

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F) yelik Biiminden Sonra Gerund ya da Perfect Gerund kullanlr.

MY + doing

1- His not being a university graduate decreases his chances of finding a good job. 2- Marys criticizing the manager in public cost her very dear.

3- Your insisting on my staying with you makes no sense to me.

4- Toms behaving so irresponsibly upset me.

5- Her laughing at my accent is getting on my nerves.

6- His having been elected manager did not fully satisfy him.

7- Marys having sent a gift made Anne happy.

8- Her having deserted the boy for whom she said she could disregard her parents really amazes me.

9- My having written a letter to her was what my parents were discontented with.

10- Your having fixed the car will save us time.

G) the + Ving + of : Tpk bir isim gibi gerund fiiller de the + Ving + of ile kullanlr. Trkeye edilgen (=passive) gibi evrilir.

1- The signing of the peace accord is of great importance.

* Bar anlamasnn imzalanmas byk bir nem tayor.

2- The opening of the bridge eased traffic congestion.

3- An important part of our work is the keeping of records.

4- What he wants to see most in a short time is the closing down of the rival company.

5- The releasing of lethal gases from the fertilizer plant should be given more attention.

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H) Gerund ya da Gerund phrase bir temel cmlecikte nesne (object) olarak kullanlabilir. Yaygn olarak GERUND aldran fiiller unlardr:

1- acknowledge = kabullenmek 2- admit = itiraf etmek 3- advise = t vermek 4- allow = izin vermek 5- anticipate = beklemek, ummak 6- appreciate=takdir etmek/anlamak 7- attempt = kalkmak 8- avoid = saknmak/kanmak 9- cant help = kendini alamamak 10- cant stand= katlanamamak 11- celebrate = kutlamak 12- complete = tamamlamak 13- confess = itiraf etmek 14- consider = dnmek 15- contemplate = derin dnmek 16- defer= ertelemek 17- defend = savunmak 18- delay =geciktirmek 19- deny = inkar etmek 20- detest = irenmek 21- discuss = tartmak 22- dislike = sevmemek 23- dispute = tartmak 24- dread = korkmak 25- endure = dayanmak 26- enjoy = holanmak 27- escape = kanmak 28- excuse ***= affetmek 29- explain = aklamak 30- facilitate = kolaylatrmak 31- fancy = dnmek/istemek 32- feel like = arzu etmek/istemek 33- finish = tamamlamak/bitirmek

34- forgive = affetmek 35- give up = brakmak/terk etmek 36- imagine = hayal etmek 37- include = iermek 38- involves = iermek/gerektirmek 39- justify = hakl karmak 40- keep (continue) = devam etmek 41- mention = bahsetmek 42- mind= birisi iin sakncas olmak 43- miss = zlemek 44- necessitate = gerektirmek 45- omit = dahil etmemek/karmak 46- permit = izin vermek 47- postpone = ertelemek 48- practise = pratik yapmak 49- prevent = nlemek 50- prohibit = yasaklamak 51- propose = nermek 52- quit = brakmak/terk etmek 53- recall = hatrlamak 54- recollect = hatrlamak 55- recommend = tavsiye etmek 56- remember = 57- report = aktarmak 58- resent = alnmak 59- resist = direnmek/kar koymak 60- resume= kald yerden devam etmek 61- risk = riske atmak 62- suggest = nermek 63- support = desteklemek 64- tolerate = dayanmak 65- understand ***= anlay gstermek

*** Bu iki fiilden sonra possesive pronun (iyelik eki =my/your/our/his vb) kullanmak gerekir.

1- I cant understand YOUR divorcing him for another man. 2- She will not excuse OUR not attending the picnic, will she?

NOTE: talik ile alt izili fiiller perfect gerund (= having done) ile kullanlabilir.

1- She confessed having hit the boy on sheer purpose. 2- I cannot explain having been exposed to such pressure for years. 3- He justified his having punished the naughty boy through some evidence.

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Examples :

1- Will the minister consider holding a meeting with the representatives of Hydro-Power Company?

2- She is considering postponing visiting her grandmother next weekend.

3- He keeps nagging me about staying with him for the next week.

4- He barely avoided hitting the lorry when he had to brake all of a sudden.

5- The next time you feel like punching somebody in the mouth, think twice. You are more likely to end up in hospital than the person you are hitting.

6- I cant help crying whenever I see two people separating.

7- How can you justify kicking a student of ten when you are far more powerful than him?

8- Would you mind speaking slowly as I cant follow what you are saying?

9- His deteriorating health condition will certainly necessitate undergoing another major operation.

10- Being a prominent figure in literature, he profoundly resented not being called for the conference.

) Gerund indicating Temporal Difference = Temel cmleciin yklemi ile Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase ile ifade edilen eylem arasnda ncelik-sonralk ilikisi varsa, yani, Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase ile ifade edilen eylem temel cmleciin ykleminden daha nce olmusa ve vurgulanmak isteniyorsa perfect gerund (= having done / been done) ile kullanlabilir.

1- I admit having talked behind your back, but I believe that you did the same thing.

2- He resents not having been given a prize for his achievements.

3- He recalls having been promised a seat in the cabinet.

4- I profusely appreciate having been given the opportunity to meet the President.

5- She forgot having promised to take Tom the dictionary.

6- He was accused of having embezzled a large sum of money into his own account.

7- The man denied having been involved in corruption, didnt he?

8- She doesnt seem to be interested in having been given a reward for her work.

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J) Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase VERB + PREPOSITION biiminde kullanlan yaplardan sonra sklkla kullanlr.

Bu yaplardan en sk kullanlanlar unlardr:

1- abstain from=saknmak/uzak durmak

2- account for= aklamak/sebebi olmak

3- adjust to = almak/adapte olmak 4- agree on = uzlamak /hem fikir

olmak 5- apologise for = zr dilemek 6- apply for = mracaat etmek 7- approve of = onaylamak 8- argue about = tartmak 9- believe in = inanmak 10- blame for = sulamak 11- care about = umursamak 12- care for = istemek (= feel like) 13- complain about = ikayet etmek 14- comply with = uyumlu olmak 15- concentrate on = younlamak 16- consist of = den olumak 17- deal with = ilgilenmek 18- decide on = yapmaya karar vermek 19- decide against= yapmamaya karar

vermek

20- depend on/upon = e bal olmak 21- dream about = ryada grmek 22- dream of = dlemek/hayal kurmak 23- excel in = bir ite mkemmellemek 24- feel like = arzu etmek, istemek 25- forget about = unutmak 26- insist on = srar etmek 27- look forward to = drt gzle beklemek 28- object to = kar olmak 29- participate in = katlmak/itirak etmek 30- persist in = srar etmek 31- plan on = plan kurmak 32- refer to = atfta bulunmak/gnderme

yapmak/deinmek/kastetmek

33- rescue from = kurtarmak 34- succeed in =baarl olmak 35- take advantage of = yararlanmak 36- make use of = yararlanmak 37- think about = dnmek 38- think of = aklna gelmek/dlemek

1- Nobody objected to her changing the rules and laying down new ones instead. 2- By hard-work, he refers to working non-stop and with a high concentration. 3- We are looking forward to meeting the winner of the big prize. 4- To protect them from further damage, the commander will have to deal with directing

his troops to south.

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5- Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase VERB + OBJECT + PREPOSITION biiminde kullanlan yaplardan sonra sklkla kullanlr.

Bu yaplardan en sk kullanlanlar unlardr:

1- accuse someone of = sulamak 2- apologise to someone for= zr

dilemek 3- arrest someone for = tutuklamak 4- blame someone for = sulamak 5- charge someone with = yarglamak 6- complain to someone about = ikayet

etmek 7- congratulate someone on= tebrik

etmek 8- deter someone from = caydrmak 9- devote oneself to = adamak

10- discourage someone from= cesaretini krmak

11- forgive someone for = affetmek 12- keep someone from = engel olmak 13- prevent someone from = nlemek 14- punish someone for = cezalandrmak 15- stop someone from = engellemek 16- thank someone for = teekkr etmek 17- warn someone against = uyarmak

1- The cashier accused a customer of stealing a wristwatch.

2- Her illness prevented her from taking the exam.

3- He congratulated me on my passing all my exams with high marks.

4- I complained to the judge about being kept outside for a long time. 5- You cannot simply blame her for losing temper with you.

6- He threatened to punish the assistant for not arriving on time.

7- He has been charged with killing a pedestrian while driving under the

influence of alcohol.

8- Nobody can deter me from loving you, dear!

9- He always tried to discourage me from smoking but never succeeded.

10- How can you expect me to forgive you for insulting me so bluntly?

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11- Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION + Ving biiminde kullanlan yaplardan sonra sklkla kullanlr.

Bu yaplardan en sk kullanlanlar unlardr:

1- absorbed in = dalm/kendini vermi 2- accused of = sulanm/zanl 3- accustomed to = alkn 4- addicted to = baml 5- afraid of = korkan 6- alarmed at = uyank/tetikte 7- amazed at = hayran olmu/arm 8- angry at = kzm 9- annoyed at = kzm 10- appropriate for = uygun 11- ashamed of = utanm/mahcup 12- aware of = farknda/bilincinde 13- bad at = bir ite kt olan 14- be used to = alkn 15- brilliant at = bir ite harika olan 16- capable of = kabiliyetli 17- cautious of/about= farknda/bilincinde 18- certain about = emin/kesin 19- certain of = emin/kesin 20- clever at = bir ite zeki olan 21- concerned about = endieli 22- concerned with = ilgili/merakl 23- confident of = kendinden emin 24- conscious of = bilincinde 25- content with = memnun/mutlu 26- dependent on/upon = bal 27- delighted at = ok mutlu/memnun 28- different from = farkl 29- eager for = hevesli 30- eligible for = uygun

31- engaged in/with = megul 32- enthusiastic about = hevesli 33- essential to/for = ok gerekli 34- excellent in/at = bir ite harika olmak 35- excited about = heyecanl 36- exposed to = maruz kalm 37- expert in = bir ite uzman olmak 38- familiar with = aina/tandk 39- famous for = nl 40- fatal to = ldrc 41- favourable to = lehinde/olumlu 42- fed up with = bkm 43- fond of = dkn 44- free from = barndrmayan/iermeyen 45- generous about = cmert 46- good at = bir ite iyi olmak 47- good for = (salk vb) iin iyi olan 48- grateful for = minnettar 49- feel guilty for/about = sulu hisseden 50- guilty of = sulu 51- happy about = mutlu 52- hopeless at = umutsuz 53- ignorant of = cahil/habersiz 54- impatient with = sabrsz 55- indispensable to = vazgeilmez 56- interested in = ilgili/merakl 57- intolerant of = tahammlsz 58- irrelevant to= ilgisiz/alakasz 59- jealous of = kskan 60- keen on = hevesli

61- lazy about = tembel 62- necessary for = gerekli

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63- negligent in = ihmalkar 64- notable for = nl 65- offensive to = gcendirici 66- opposed to = kar/muhalif 67- optimistic about = iyimser 68- patient with = sabrl 69- pessimistic about = ktmser 70- pleased at = memnun 71- prepared for = hazr 72- prior to = . den nce (= before) 73- proficient in = yeterli/kendini

yetitirmi 74- proud of = gurur duyan 75- qualified for = (bir ie) yeterli 76- quick at = bir ite abuk olan 77- ready for = hazr 78- regardless of = . e baklmakszn 79- regretful for = piman 80- relevant to = . ile ilgili/alakal 81- reputed for = nl 82- responsible for = sorumlu 83- short of = . den yoksan 84- sick of = .. den bkm 85- similar to = benzer (= akin to) 86- skilful in/at = becerikli 87- slow at = bir ite yava olmak 88- sorry for/about = zgn 89- subject to = e maruz kalan 90- successful in = baarl 91- suitable for = uygun 92- surprised at = arm 93- susceptible to = duyarl/savunmasz 94- suspicious of = pheli 95- tired from = .. den yorulmu 96- tired of = .. den bkm 97- tolerant of = ho grl

98- unconscious of = bilinsiz/farknda olmayan

99- useful for = faydal/yararl 100- worried about = endieli

NOTE : Yukarda italik ile alt izili verilen sfatlar bir ite iyi/kt/eli abuk/hzl vb anlamn vermek iin kullanlr.

1- She is very bad at doing calculations. 2- I used to be even more brilliant at

picking up new words. 3- He is so good at cooking, though he

has never trained as a cook. 4- Why are you so slow at typing? How

will you make the deadline? 5- He used to be hopeless at learning

grammar but he is a fast learner now.

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6- Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase Noun + preposition + Ving biiminde kullanlan yaplardan sonra sklkla kullanlr.

Bu yaplardan en sk kullanlanlar unlardr:

1- at the risk of = . riski altnda 2- on account of = .. yznden 3- in case of = .. durumunda 4- *difficulty in = .. sknt ekmek 5- in addition to = .. e/a ilaveten/yan

sra

6- *in charge of = . ile ykml 7- *in danger of = tehlikesiyle kar

karya 8- in exchange for = . karlkl

olarak 9- excuse for = .. mazereti olarak 10- in favour of = lehinde olmak, taraftar

olmak 11- for fear of = .. korkusuyla 12- for the purpose of = .. mek amacyla 13- *in the habit of = .. alkanlnda

olmak

14- in return for = . karlk olarak 15- instead of = nn yerine 16- interest in = .. ilgisi olmak 17- in the course of = srasnda,

esnasnda 18- in the middle of = . ortasnda 19- need for = olan

gereksinim/ihtiya 20- reason for = .. nn nedeni/sebebi 21- for the sake of = hatr iin/uruna 22- in spite of = . e/a ramen 23- *technique for = . nn teknii 24- the point of = nn anlam, .. nn

gerei 25- *on the point of = yapmak zere

olmak

NOTE : Banda *iareti olanlar prepositiondan sonra possessive pronoun (=iyelik zamiri) almazlar.

1- She has been given a sack on account of her failing to live up to my expectations. 2- She has difficulty in her speaking English. (Incorrect) 3- He was in danger of his being killed. (=Incorrect) 4- She may not gain anything in addition to her being known to just a few.

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Baz zel Yaplar Gerund fiili ile kullanlrlar.

1- There is no point/sense in + Ving = -- bir anlam yok/-- nn bir manas yok

1- There is no point in running for the bus. It must have left the station by now.

2- There was no point in waiting for him in the cinema after the film started.

3- There isnt any point in cramming for your examinations at the last minute. It wont help you remember anything.

4- There wasnt any sense in searching for the treasure in the pitch dark.

5- There is no sense in taking up a diet if you think you wont cut down on desserts.

2- The point of + Ving ( nn anlam / . nn manas)

1- What is the point of remaining friends if you think that he is dishonest towards you?

2- I cant really see the point of their coming on the picnic with us when they do not think much of us.

3- I dont see the point of your buying a second car. We share the present one with no problems.

3- be on the point of + Ving = be close to + Ving = be about to + V1 = yapmak zere olmak/yapmak zereyken/yapmaya ramak kalmt

1- I was on the point of leaving the office when it started to rain heavily.

2- The teacher was on the point of having me go to the blackboard for an oral exam when the bell for the break time went off.

3- It is sad to know that your company is close to going bankrupt.

4- She was just about to get into her car when the sniper shot her dead.

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4- It is no use / It is no good + Ving = .. faydas yok, yarar yok

1- Its no use trying to conceal what you have just done. I saw you.

2- Its no good trying to persuade my father. He wont allow me to come with you.

3- Because I thought it was no use buying a car until we could afford a good one, I did not insist on buying the second-handed one at the gallery.

4- It is no good persisting with such an incompetent secretary as her. She is useless.

5- It was no use doing artificial respiratory because he had drowned long before we took him out of the water.

5- It is (not) worth + Ving = yapmaya deer (demez)

1- I dont think it is worth mending this pullover. It is already worn-out.

2- The film I watched last night was not really worth seeing.

3- Dont tell me it is not worth crying for love. Dont tell me it is not worth dying for love.

4- Do you genuinely believe that its worth putting up with the discomfort of the train just for the sake of saving a few dollars?

5- It was not worth keeping that car any more, so I thought it better to get rid of it.

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6- It is/was/will be + a waste of time/money/energy + Ving = .. yapmak zaman kayb (oldu/olacak)

1- It was a waste of money buying things more than you needed.

2- It is a waste of time trying to do all this work by yourself. You can ask for help.

3- It was a waste of energy cycling all that way. I dont think you can lose weight unless you cut down on eating starchy food.

4- Its a waste of money buying such a costly house. You can buy a cheaper and a more comfortable one.

5- Now I see that it was a waste of time trying to get them to make up with each other because they got divorced in the end.

7- spend/waste (time,money,energy) +Ving= yaparak zaman/para/enerjiyi harcamak/ . yaparak vakit geirmek

1- Yesterday, I spent the whole day cleaning the house.

2- He usually spends hours trying to repair things.

3- You waste a lot of time watching those ridiculous series on TV.

4- She wasted a large amount of money buying furniture last year, and now she is redecorating her house once again.

5- Small nations waste a lot of money buying arms, while many others suffer from many kinds of deprivations.

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8- By doing = . yaparak/ederek

1- Im very short of time. I can only catch the bus by running fast.

2- They are trying to stabilize the economy by increasing interest rates, but Im afraid it wont work.

3- Because it cant speak, a baby makes it needs known by crying.

4- She made all that fortune by working as a singer in a pub at nights and saving up all her earnings.

5- You can overcome this hardship only by asking advice from your understanding parents.

9- Have fun / have a good/nice time + Ving = yaparak iyi vakit geirmek

1- We had fun telling each other our childhood memories.

2- She is having a wonderful time there learning French.

3- We had a good time singing and dancing all night.

4- They regularly have fun playing cards in the ward.

10- sit/ stand / lie +yer zarf (in bed/at home vb)+ Ving = oturarak/uzanarak/ayakta dikilerek bir eyi yapmak

1- After the guests left, I lay in bed reading until I got sleepy. 2- I stood there, in front of the cinema, waiting in vain for him to turn up. 3- After breakfast, father usually sits in his armchair reading his papers. 4- I like lying on the sofa watching television, unlike my wife who dislikes it. 5- I stood by the window watching the passers-by.

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PASSIVE GERUND

Gerund ya da Gerund Phrase, edilgen (=passive) bir anlam ieriyorsa Being + Verb (Participle Form) Having been done biiminde kullanlr.

1- I hate being called dear or darling just as if I was a child. 2- The only trouble was that, unlike most babies, Joanna didnt seem to enjoy being

bounced and cuddled.

3- My sister resented being teased by my father in the existence of the whole family.

4- Youve already taken too many liberties with me, and I dont appreciate being touched

by strangers.

5- The chiefs insist that the series will be produced in the best possible taste but admit

being inspired by America.

6- She insists on being told the truth whatever it is.

7- You cant go to a party without being invited.

8- Being the son of a very rich man, he is in danger of being kidnapped.

9- For fear of being attacked, she avoids going out alone after dark.

10- I dont recall being informed about this case before.

11- The man denied having been involved in the robbery.

12- She went to the party without having been invited.

13- She doesnt seem to be interested in not having been given enough information.

14- He doesnt really remember having been given a notice before.

15- I hope you wont mention having been sacked in your previous job to her. 16- Not having been educated in a religious family was the reason for her devotion to

religion during the later years of her life.

17- He may not understand our having got engaged in such a short time.

18- I really cant stand being mocked at by my friends any more.

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GO + Ving (= recreational activities) = elence ve spor etkinliklerinin anlatlmasnda GO kendisinden sonra GERUND ile birlikte kullanlr. Ayn anlam kimi ifadelerde de

verilebilir.

1- go bird watching = ku seyrine kmak

2- go boating = tekne gezisine kmak

3- go bowling = bowlinge gitmek

4- go camping = kamp yapmak

5- go canoeing = kano ile geziye kmak

6- go fishing = balk avna kmak

7- go hiking = kra geziye kmak

8- go hunting = ava kmak

9- go jogging = yrye kmak 10- go climbing = trmanmaya kmak

11- go running = kouya gitmek

12- go shopping = alverie kmak

13- go sightseeing = bir yerleim yerindeki

grlmeye deer yerleri gezmek

14- go skating = paten kaymaya gitmek

15- go skiing = kayak yapmak

16- go dancing = dansa gitmek

17- go snorkelling = norkel ile suya dalmak

18- go swimming = yzmeye gitmek

19- go tobogganing = kar kza yapmak

20- go window shopping = vitrin gezmek

21- go sailing= yelken amak

22- go sledging= kza ekme oynamak

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Infinitives

A) Noun + V1 = baz ad ya da ad bekleri be + V1 kullanlr. 1- Our aim is to resolve the conflict through peaceful means.

2- His purpose is to learn English well enough to be able to read nonsimplified books.

3- Their mission is to capture the city.

4- His mandate is to inform a broad-based government.

5- His greatest ambition in life is to become an eminent scientist.

6- Our greatest challenge is to eradicate life-threatening diseases.

7- Our advantage when we climb together will be to have the opportunity to help one another in a case of emergency.

8- One of the suggestions put forward was to designate exact and just criteria. 9- A possible danger for the Black Rhino is to get caught by the ruthless poachers.

10- The biggest hardship one can face in planting seeds is not to know whether the soil type is suitable for the things he or she wants to plant.

B) Infinitive ya da Infinitive Phrase bir temel cmlecikte ya da bir yan cmlecikte nesne (= object) konumunda kullanlr.

Bu biimde sklkla kullanlan filler aada verilmitir.

1- afford = 2- agree = 3- aim = 4- appear = 5- arrange = 6- ask = 7- attempt = 8- beg = 9- begin = 10- cant wait = 11- care = 12- choose = 13- claim = 14- consent = 15- continue = 16- dare = 17- decide =

18- demand = 19- deserve = 20- expect = 21- fail = 22- happen = 23- hesitate = 24- hope = 25- hurry = 26- intend = 27- leap = 28- leave = 29- long = 30- neglect = 31- offer = 32- plan = 33- prefer = 34- prepare =

35- pretend = 36- proceed = 37- promise = 38- propose = 39- prove = 40- refuse = 41- seem = 42- strive = 43- struggle = 44- swear = 45- tend = 46- threaten = 47- volunteer = 48- want = 49- wish =

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B) Alt izili fiiller infinitivein btn halleri ile kullanlabilir. (= 1- to do 2- to be done 3-to be doing 4- to have done 5- to have been done 6- to have been doing). Ancak HOPE sadece future anlamnda to have done/to have been done ile kullanlr. Dier alt izili olmayan fiiller ise sadece TO DO ve TO BE DONE ile kullanlr.

EXAMPLES :

1- She claims to have found a better solution.

2- They are pretending to be obeying me while they actually have little respect for me.

3- I hope to have finished reading this book by six p.m. today.

4- He seems to have been overcharged by many shop assistants so far.

5- Why did she appear not to have been working as hard as we did?

EXAMPLES :

1- If the bank manager believes you can afford to pay the money back, he will lend it to you.

2- The couple that bought the statue have asked to remain anonymous.

3- There are techniques for minimizing damage to the Earths waterways, even though we may choose to exploit them.

4- If schools decide to reduce the number of cleaners, they should do it gradually.

5- At last, psychologists claim to have found proof that glossy magazine images of thin, super-sexy models can make us ill.

6- Most people prefer to enjoy themselves and forget the cost until it is too late.

7- How could we put up with a teacher who doesnt hesitate to use violence in the classroom?

8- Sarah is a girl with character as well as beauty and Mark cant wait to get to know her better.

9- We hope to be able to tell them not to disturb us any more.

10- She didnt intend to disclose such information to Suzie; defence by denial was a strategy she already operated well.

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C) Aada verilen fiiller, anlamlarndan dolay, kendilerinden sonra bir isim ya da zamirle kullanlrlar. Dier bir deyile, bu fiiller Verb+Noun/Pronoun + to V1 yaps iinde kullanlr.

1- advise = 2- allow = 3- appoint = 4- ask = 5- beg = 6- cause = 7- caution = 8- challenge = 9- choose = 10- command = 11- compel = 12- convince = 13- dare = 14- direct = 15- enable = 16- encourage = 17- expect = 18- forbid = 19- force = 20- hire = 21- instruct =

22- invite = 23- lead = 24- motivate = 25- need = 26- oblige = 27- order = 28- permit = 29- persuade = 30- prepare = 31- provoke = 32- remind = 33- request = 34- require = 35- show . how = 36- teach = 37- tell = 38- tempt = 39- urge = 40- want = 41- warn = 42- would like =

EXAMPLES =

1- I advised HER to take Tom to as wide a variety of places as possible and (to) encourage him to meet many more people.

2- When he said he could beat anyone, I challenged HIM to fight me.

3- I invited HER to come and sit by me but she refused to do so.

4- She nearly always has to remind HER son to wash up before he begins eating his breakfast.

5- They compelled ME to tell them the truth; otherwise, I had no intention of telling it to them.

6- Owning a car enables YOU to travel without difficulty.

7- His bad companions tempted HIM to get involved in the infamous theft.

8- Its high time we hired SOMEONE to look after our son. He is really tying us down.

9- She requested ME to give her a hand with her hard job.

10- They are ready to appoint HER to investigate the case along with another detective.

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NOTE = Yukardaki listede alt izili fiiller kendilerinden sonra direk gerund fiil alr ama arada bir nesne kullanlmsa veya edilgen(=passive) bir yap olarak kullanlmsa infinitive fiil alr.

1- He advised seeing a doctor. *** He advised me to see a doctor. *** I was advised to see a doctor.

2- The regulations of the school do not allow smoking in class. *** Regulations do not allow students to smoke in class. *** Students are not allowed to smoke in class.

3- I always encourage speaking in English in my lessons. *** I always encourage my students to speak in English in my lessons. *** My students are always encouraged to speak in English in my lessons.

*** Dare = cesaret etmek/cret etmek = soru ya da olumlu cmlede kendinden sonra to do veya do yaln olarak kullanlabilir. Ancak kendisi olumsuz olarak kullanlmsa (=darent do) to do almaz, do alabilir.

1- Would you dare (to) do a parachute jump? 2- I have only a few times dared (to) swim in this deep lake, have you? 3- She couldnt dare to talk back to him despite all his insulting remarks. 4- He darent to drive during the rush hours, though he has been driving for years.

Ancak dare cesaretlendirmek anlamnda kullanlmsa, kendisinden sonra bir isim kullanld iin mutlaka to do ile kullanlmaldr.

1- I dared HIM to resign from his job but he never listened to me. = Ben onu iinden istifa etmesi iin cesaretlendirdim; fakat asla beni dinlemedi.

2- Do you dare ME to talk back to my boss when I believe he is wrong?

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E) INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN NOUNS = Infinitive ya da Infinitive Phrase,isimleri nitelemek amacyla kullanlr.

Bunlardan en sk kullanlanlar unlardr:

1- ability = 2- capacity = 3- desire = 4- effort = 5- hope = 6- need = 7- potential = 8- refusal = 9- skill = 10- aim = 11- concern =

12- determination =

13- enthusiasm = 14- insistence = 15- offer = 16- request = 17- strategy = 18- ambition = 19- decision = 20- duty = 21- failure = 22- mission = 23- plan = 24- promise =

25- right = 26- willingness = 27- attempt = 28- demand = 29- eagerness = 30- goal = 31- motivation = 32- possibility = 33- proposition = 34- scheme = 35- way = 36- wish =

EXAMPLES :

1- His attempt to escape from the high security prison ended in failure.

= Onun sk gvenlik nlemleri alnan hapishaneden kama teebbs baarsz

oldu.

2- Her desire to succeed was very strong.

3- His decision to resign from his post was quite unexpected.

4- Because of his inability to put across his ideas adequately, he was not selected for the scholarship.

5- His ambition to start his own business alienated him from his family.

6- Not every person has the ability to think logically. Some people lack it totally.

7- His willingness to pass the exam is at its peak these days.

8- Her efforts to calm her down did not work at all.

9- Their offer to evacuate the building seemed rather implausible to me.

10- Everybody has the right to vote in Turkey, irrespective of race and sex.

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F) INFINITIVE AFTER CERTAIN ADJECTIVES = Psikolojik durum bildiren baz sfatlardan sonra, o sfatn ald preposition kullanlrsa, fiil gerund (= doing) olur; fakat preposition kullanlmak istenmediinde sfattan sonra direk gelen fiil infinitive olarak kullanlr.

1- content with = 2- delighted with/by = 3- glad with = 4- happy with = 5- pleased with = 6- relieved from = 7- lucky for = 8- fortunate for = 9- disappointed at/with = 10- disgusted at/by = 11- disturbed by = 12- sad about = 13- sorry about/for = 14- upset with = 15- proud of = 16- ashamed of = 17- anxious about/for =

18- eager for = 19- determined = 20- motivated for = 21- prepared for = 22- ready for = 23- willing for = 24- afraid of = 25- careful about = 26- hesitant about = 27- reluctant about = 28- certain about = 29- likely = 30- amazed at/by = 31- astonished at/by = 32- surprised at/by = 33- shocked at/by= 34- stunned at/by=

1- She is hesitant about accepting their job offer.

= She is hesitant to accept their job offer.

2- He was disappointed not to pass the easy exam.

= He was disappointed at not passing the easy exam.

3- I was proud of being found to be right.

= I was proud to be found to be right one.

4- He was happy to have been given a promotion.

= He was happy with having been given a promotion.

5- She was reluctant about marrying such a well-off person for fear of losing happiness.

= She was reluctant to marry/to have married such a well-off person.

6- She was lucky for having got a job at last during that hard crisis.

= She was lucky to have got/to get a job at last during that hard crisis.

7- I was afraid of failing to persuade her to come with me.

= I was afraid to have failed/to fail to persuade her to come with me.

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G) The first / the second / the last /the best / the worst .. + TO V1

1- John was the first person to congratulate me on my appointment manager.

2- The second train was to have arrived from Istanbul, but it did not.

3- The last person to leave home should lock the door.

4- Ali was the next person to hand in his composition.

5- Jack was the only person to support me wholeheartedly.

6- Smallpox is the only disease to have been eradicated up to date.

H) something/anything/nothing/somewhere/nowhere/anywhere .+ TO V1

2- The homeless generally have nowhere to go or nothing to eat. 3- I hope you will hire someone to look after the baby soon. 4- She said nothing to please her parents even though they deserved it. 5- I gathered from the expression on her face that she had something to say to me. 6- They did not serve us anything to give us a warmer reception.

I) If + be + TO V1 = yapacaksa/edecekse/yapacam diyorsa

1- If these measures are to produce the desired result, they must be implemented in full. (= Eer bu nlemlerin istenilen sonuca ulatrmas isteniyorsa eksiksiz bir ekilde uygulanmaya konulmal.)

2- If we are to catch the train, well have to call a taxi without delay.

3- If the plan is (going to) to succeed, well have to act immediately.

4- If we are to win the match, we must do all do your very best.

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J) too + adj/adv (for somebody/something) + to V1 = yapamayacak kadar

1- The ceiling is too high for me to reach. 2- This dictionary is too dear for her to buy. So she had better give up that idea. 3- She is just too inefficient a secretary for us to keep her any longer. 4- It is as yet too early to make an accurate assessment of the situation. 5- The English tourist spoke too quickly for me to understand what he was saying. 6- Shes too indecisive to make up her mind about such things and at times can act

too irresponsibly to be relied on.

K) adj/adv + enough (for somebody/something) ... + to V1 = yapacak kadar

1- The weather isnt warm enough for us to go on picnic. 2- She is old enough to realize what is happening. 3- His speech was barely clear enough to be understood. 4- He talked almost loudly enough for everyone in the street to hear. 5- You cant have read the text carefully enough to understand it sufficiently. 6- I need to have enough money to be able to afford such a long holiday. 7- I got high enough marks to pass the chemistry exam, which was a big relief. 8- You are supposed to pay enough attention to be a good student of English.

SOME MISCELLANEOUS EXPRESSIONS WITH INFINITIVES

1- The president is due to approve the plan. Dont worry, he will do it! 2- The centre is due to be completed next year. 3- John is bound to end up in prison if he goes on like that. 4- We are all prone to make mistakes when we are tired. 5- Old people are apt to be forgetful. 6- Ata is inclined to accept my job offer. 7- Our boss is liable to lose his temper when things go wrong in the office. 8- The committee is very likely to adopt his suggestion. 9- You are obliged to take a qualifying test before being accepted. 10- There are bound to be price increases next year.

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GERUND OR INFINITIVES WITH NO OR LITTLE CHANGE IN MEANING

Bazi fiiller kendilerinden sonra hem gerund hem infinitive alabilirler. Pek bir anlam deiikliine uramazlar.

Bunlar aadaki gibi listelenebilir.

1- advise = 2- allow = 3- attempt = 4- begin = 5- cannot bear = 6- continue = 7- encourage = 8- dislike = 9- dread = 10- encourage = 11- forbid =

12- hate = 13- intend = 14- like = 15- love = 16- need = 17- neglect = 18- permit = 19- prefer = 20- recommend = 21- start =

NOTE =Bu fiillerden sadece attempt, begin, continue ve start sreklilik bildiren tenselerle (continuous) kullanlr. Dierleri kullanlmaz. Ancak kendisi continous tensete ing almsa devamnda infinitive alr.

1- She began driving/to drive in the heavy traffic soon after she acquired her driving licence.

2- It was beginning to rain/raining when I left the office.

3- She was still continuing to work/working at the same company despite problems.

4- They are attempting to destroy/destroying the old museum these days.

Need, Require ve Deserve fiilleri passive (= edilgen) anlam vermek iin BEING DONE ALMAZLAR!!! . Sadece doing veya to be done alrlar. Anlam yine passive (=edilgen) dir.

1- She needs to iron her shirt (= active).

*** Her shirt needs ironing/to be ironed/being ironed (= passive)

2- She deserves being warned/to be warned against doing further harm to herself.

3- My car requires mending/being mended urgently.(Arabamn acil tamir edilmesi gerekiyor.)

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Have difficulty (in) + doing = Have trouble + doing = Have a problem + doing bir ii yapmada zorlanmak/yapmakta glk ekmek anlamn vermek iin kullanlr. Ancak bu anlam vermek iin find it hard/difficult + TO V1 yapsn kullanabiliriz.

1- I have difficulty (in) putting my ideas across to my friends.

= I find it difficult to put my ideas across to my friends.

2- Though I had trouble getting a good job for the first three months, I was able to find a well-paid one in the end.

= Though I found it hard to get a good job for the first three months, .. .

3- Shes never found it difficult to communicate with people she doesnt know well.

=Shes never had difficulty in communicating with people she doesnt know well.

4- He seems to have a problem memorising the new words she learns.

= He finds it hard to memorise the new words that she learns.

Have a hard time + doing = bir ii yapmakta zorlanmak/skntl bir sre geirmek

1- She will have a hard time solving these complex equations as she isnt proficient.

2- My father always had such a hard time making ends meet with a modest salary.

3- You are sure to have a hard time trying to get rid of all these problems.

Make money + doing = (bir i) yaparak para kazanmak

1- He hopes to make money selling his old clothes.

2- She has never made money working as a secretary. I dont believe you.

3- He was so prolific that he was able to make money selling his own hand-made shoes.

Busy + doing something = bir eyi yapmakla megul olmak

1- The students were busy talking when I entered the classroom.

2- In this season, the peasants are busy harvesting their crops.

3- Hundreds of people were busy counting votes.

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Ancak busy + with kalb doing, yani gerund fiilalmaz. Busyden sonra direk bir isim geliyorsa, isimden nce with kullanlr.

1- The doctor is busy with examining his patients at the moment.

2- They are busy with their financial problems these days.

3- The students were busy with doing the experiment when the teacher came to the lab.

INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO AFTER **HELP** AND **LET**

*** LET den sonra infinitive to almadan alr.

1- I will let you go when you have finished your work. 2- They didnt let me explain my excuse, though it was a valid one. 3- Dont let him start smoking at such an early age. 4- Will you please let me express my own viewpoint instead speaking for me? 5- Lets not wait here for another day, as Im getting bored to death.

Let fiilinin passive (= edilgen) kullanm pek yaygn olmad iin, bu anlam vermek iin BE ALLOWED TO DO kullanlr.

1- Will I be allowed to go when you I have finished my work? 2- I wasnt allowed to explain my excuse, though I could justify it. 3- He wont be allowed to smoke at such an early age, will he?

*** HELP den sonra infinitive yaln haliyle ya da to alarak kullanlr.

1- I have never helped my mother COOK because Im terrible at cooking. 2- She didnt ever help us TO CLEAN the flat during the whole time we lived

together. 3- I wasnt helped CLIMB the stairs, though I was walking with a limp. 4- He cant be helped TO LEARN how to drive at this old age.

NOTE = cant help + ving yapsnda kullanlan help fiilinin yardm etmek ile bir ilgisi yoktur. Tamamen ayr bir anlama gelir ve kendini alamamak anlamna gelir. Bu kalp infinitive deil gerund aldrr.

1- I cant help my father REPAIR his car though Im brilliant at repairing.

= Tamir ilerinde ok iyi olmama ramen babama arabasn tamir etmede yardmc olamayacam.

2- Im so fond of repairing things that I cant help REPAIRING even my fathers car when it breaks down though Im not an expert.

= Bir eyleri tamir etmeyi o kadar seviyorum ki uzman olmamama ramen babamn arabasn bile bozulduunda tamir etmekten kendimi alamyorum.

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3- I couldnt help giving money to the beggar.

4- I couldnt help the beggar to find a job despite all my efforts.

It + to be + easy/hard/difficult/important/necessary+ FOR + noun/pronoun + TO DO = eylemin kimin iin zor, kolay, rahat, nemli/gerekli vs.olduunu belirtmek iin kullanlr.

1- It is so easy for me TO SWIM now that Ive got my licence.

2- It was quite necessary for her TO FIND a better-paid job.

3- It was very difficult for any one of us TO GET RID OF our personal problems.

4- It was important for them NOT TO GIVE my secret away, but they broke their promise.

It + to be + adjective (polite/king/unwise/typical/rude/smart/clever )+ OF + noun/pronoun + TO DO = eylemi yapan kiiyi tanmlamak iin kullanllr. Kiinin yapt/yapaca eylemi yorumlar.

1- It is clever of him to learn both English and computing.

= Onun hem ngilizce hem de bilgisayar renmesi ok akllca.

2- It was wrong of him to quit university for a career in the show business.

3- It was inconsiderate of him to leave his mother on the station platform at night waiting for the train.

4- It was foolish of him to go fishing on the lake in thick fog.

5- It was miserly of her to refuse to buy the children ice-cream.

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VERBS OF PERCEPTION (= Alg Fiilleri)

see, hear, feel, notice, watch, listen, observe gibi alg fiillerinden sonra, konumac anlatmakta olduu eyleme sadece bir anlk ahit olduunu anlatmak iin (A) kalbn kullanr :

A) see someone DOING something = birini bir eyi YAPARKEN grmek

Eer yaplan eylemin tamamna ahit olmusa o zaman aadaki (B) kalbn kullanr:

B) see someone DO something = birinin bir eyi YAPTIINI grmek

1- I saw him enter the building. (= Onun binaya girdiini grdm.)

2- I saw him entering the building. (= Onu binaya girerken grdm.)

3- I heard someone knock on the door. (= Onun kapy aldn duydum.)

4- I heard someone knocking on the door. (= Onun kap aln duydum.)

5- I felt him crawl up my arm.

6- I felt him crawling up my arm.

7- She listened to her father tell her how to behave more properly.

8- She listened to her parents discussing her new school.

*** Bu yaplarn passive (= edilgen) biimleri ise aadaki gibi sylenir:

A) see someone DONE = birine bir ey OLDUUNU grmek

B) see someone BEING DONE = birine bir ey OLURKEN grmek

1- She saw the sheep being slaughtered for a few seconds and then passed out. 2- He watched the poor beggar shot dead by the two troublesome boys. 3- She heard the whole song sung all night. 4- I heard only a piece of the song being sung by the popular singer. 5- We saw the house being painted and that was all. 6- I sadly didnt notice my dictionary stolen. 7- I have never heard such a word spoken where I live.

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Eer alg fiilinin kendisi passive (= edilgen) olarak kullanlmsa, aadaki yaplar kullanlr:

A) be seen DOING = yaparken grld

B) be seen TO DO = yapt grld

1- He was last seen TO feed the ducks in the park last weekend. Ever since, no one has heard from him.

2- The sheep was watched being slaughtered by the scared girl.

3- She was seen TO put the huge case into the boot of the car.

4- He was heard SCREAMING OUT for help while he was being tortured.

5- The last leaves on the tree were seen TO fall by the old gardener.

*** catch, smell ve find alg fiilleri ise sadece gerund aldrr nk istense de olayn tm gzlenemez. Sadece bir ksm gzlenebilir. Olayn ban grmek imkanszdr.

1- We found him lying on the floor. 2- I caught him stealing the money. 3- Do you smell something burning? I think I do.

CAUSATIVE FORMS = ETTRGENLER

GET a) Get Somebody TO DO Something b) Get Something DONE

HAVE a) Have Somebody DO Something b) Have Something DONE

MAKE a) Make Somebody DO

*** BE MADE TO DO = kendisine zorla bir i yaptrlmak

1- The teacher made me stand on a single foot at the blackboard for half an hour. = I WAS MADE TO STAND on a single foot at the blackboard for half an hour.

2- He made his daughter clean the whole kitchen as a punishment for her misbehaviour. = His daughter WAS MADE TO CLEAN the whole kitchen as a punishment for her misbehaviour.

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TEST ON VERBS OF PERCEPTION

1- I saw the letter myself. You cant deny it!

A) write B) being written C) to be written D) writing

2- He was made .. in the garden at no charge. He was looked upon as a slave.

A) work B) working C) to work D) to have worked

3- I sadly had to watch my sheep . and skinned.

A) to be slaughtered B) slaughtering B) slaughtered D) having been slaughtered

4- I said to my father that I could not clean his car, but I was made .. it .

A) to do B) do C) doing D) to be done

5- Have you ever heard such a strange word . ? I myself havent, to be honest.

A) spoke B) spoken C) to speak D) to be spoken

6- Her last words were heard by those who had gathered around her.

A) utter B) to be uttered C) having been uttered D) uttering

7- His son is said to have been seen in the mud in the park before he got lost.

A) playing B) play C) to be playing D) played

8- He was caught the money from the drawer of my desk.

A) to steal B) having stolen C) steal D) stealing

9- When the young boy saw his ball by the sea, he burst into tears.

A) carrying out B) being carried out C) to be carried out D) having been carried out

10- The gullible man was made .. the singer by shooting her in the leg.

A) to be injured B) to injure C) injure D) being injured

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11- The young woman was last seen . her own car that was parked in front of the shop.

A) get into B) to get into C) having got into D) got into

12- I used to hear my husband while taking a bath. He was out of tune, though.

A) to be sung B) singing C) sang D) to be singing

13- She was made overtime for free until she felt that enough was enough.

A) work B) working C) to work D) worked

14- He will be kicked out of the team if he is caught in a pub with girls.

A) to drink B) drink C) to be drinking D) drinking

15- Two of the unruly boys were expelled from school when they were found .

A) smoking B) to smoke C) having been smoking D) smoke

16- When I was young, I loved to get up at night if there was a wild storm and listen to the thunder .

A) roaring B) having roared C) to roar D) being roared

17- The volcano was heard up to the fifty miles away.

A) to erupt B) erupting C) erupt D) to be roaring

18- I could smell something wonderful . . My mother was cooking dinner.

A) to cook B) cooked C) being cooked D) cooking

19- I have never seen this word in a formal essay so far, have you?

A) to use B) using C) to be used D) used

20- What a strange word! I dont think I have ever heard it .

A) spoken B) to be spoken C) speaking D) speaks

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21- She did not like being made the flowers when he was short of time already.

A) to water B) watering C) watered D) to be watering

22- He was heard at his brother.

A) to shout B) shout C) shouted D) to be shouting

23- They have made him promise before six.

A) not to come B) not coming C) not come D) will not come

24- My car was today but there was a problem with the paint work.

A) delivering B) to have been delivered C) to deliver D) being delivered

25- I think you were able to see the shed in the garden last week.

A) to be built B) building C) build D) being built

26- She could have observed her husband .. on if she had wanted, but she didnt.

A) being operated B) operating C) to operate D) to be operated

27- The unfortunate casualty could not be helped . the smashed car until very late.

A) getting out of B) get out of C) got out of D) to be getting out of

28- I dont think you have heard the song Im telling you about . .

A) being sung B) to sing C) singing D) having sung

TEST ON CAUSATIVE STRUCTURES

1- We should have the teacher how the new computer works.

A) to explain B) explain C) explained D) explaining

2- I will get the waiter you the menu.

A) to bring B) bring C) bringing D) brought

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3- You must have your doctor .. your blood pressure.

A) to take B) taking C) take D) taken

4- My daughter had her tooth . at a nearby dentists.

A) fill B) filled C) to fill D) to be filled

5- The doctor says that I have to get my lungs .

A) X-rayed B) to X-ray C) to be X-rayed D) X-raying

6- The robber had his hair .. so that no one could recognize him.

A) to dye B) dyeing C) dyed D) to be dyed

7- The company will have a market survey .

A) do B) to do C) done D) to be done

8- Im determined to make those who arrive late .. at the blackboard for two minutes.

A) stand B) to stand C) stood D) standing

9- I will have the tailor . my pants tomorrow.

A) lengthen B) lengthened C) to lengthen D) to be lengthened

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TEST ON VERBS TAKING GERUND OR INFINITIVE WITH A CHANGE IN MEANING

1- I remember ......... our own fishing nets when we were children.

A) making B) to make C) having been made D) to have made

2- The roads need ......... . They are very bumpy, so you need ........ very careful when driving on them.

A) repairing / to be B) to repair / being C) to be repaired / being D) to have repaired / to be

3- They stopped ......... when they saw the bus pass the end of the street, because they realized that they had already missed it.

A) to run B) running C) to have run D) having run

4- I regret ......... how to play a musical instrument when I was younger.

A) not having learnt B) not to have learnt C) not being learnt D) not to learn

5- Im afraid your ankle is broken and I regret you that you wont be able to able to play basketball for a while.

A) informing B) having informed C) to inform D) to have informed

6- I tried some suitable books for my essay at the library, but I couldnt find any because they had already been taken out by some other students.

A) to find B) finding C) to have found D) having found

7- If the mixture doesnt stick together well, try a little water.

A) to add B) adding C) having added D) to have added

8- She stopped horror films because she couldnt sleep well due to nightmares.

A) to watch B) watching C) to have watched D) having watched

9- Dont forget the dog for a walk before you leave for school.

A) having taken B) to have taken C) taking D) to take

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10- You should try more. It is a great form of exercise.

A) walking B) to walk C) to have walked D) having walked

11- I really regret these expensive shoes. They really hurt my feet!

A) to have bought B) having bought C) to buy D) being bought

12- Im sure that you will never forget your first award, will you?

A) having won B) to win C) to have won D) being won

13- I tried the boxes which were full of books, but they were too heavy.

A) lifting B) having lifted C) to be lifted D) to have lifted

14- She told us her theory and went on the details.

A) explaining B) to explain C) having explained D) to have explained

15- I dont remember the lights open in the house!

A) to leave B) leaving C) having been left D) to have left

16- Colin went on for two more hours after his friends had left the library.

A) to study B) having studied C) to have studied D) studying

17- Sorry, I didnt mean your meeting, but I have some urgent news, Sir!

A) to interrupt B) interrupting C) to have interrupted D) having interrupted

18- When a loud noise was heard, everybody in the street stopped what had happened.

A) seeing B) to have seen C) to see D) having seen

19- I tried . you earlier, but you were too busy to listen to me.

A) warning B) to warn C) to have warned D) having warned