• Germany/Austria: Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, Wagner, Mahler

• France: Berlioz, Bizet• Hungary: Liszt• Czechoslovakia: Dvorak• Russia: Tchaikovsky• Poland: Chopin• Italy: Verdi

1825-19001825-1900

TITLE: Habanera, from Carmen (1875)COMPOSER: Georges BizetGENRE: operatic ariaINSTR: mezzo-soprano & orchestraNOTES: - Carmen sings of the untameable nature of love- its exotic flavor is due to its use of the Cuban/Spanish habanera dance rhythm

CHARACTERISTICS

FORMS:• symphony (expanded)• opera (Verdi/Wagner)• art song• symphonic poem• character piece (piano)

INSTRUMENTS:• piano becomes more expressive• to the orchestra:

add tuba, piccolo, harp, percussion

CHARACTERISTICS

ELEMENTS AND FEATURES:• expressive/emotional (as opposed to structure of the Classical period)• Nationalism; program music (music tells a story)• homophonic to polyphonic• some dissonance (more than in Classical)• middle class audience (Industrial Revolution)• expansion of forms• dynamics: fff / ppp / fp / sfz

CHARACTERISTICS

• France: Debussy, Ravel• Germany: Schoenberg, Berg• Russia: Stravinsky, Prokofiev• Hungary: Bartok• UK: Holst, Britten• US: Copland, Ives; also: JAZZ & ROCK

1900-present1900-present

TITLE: Wozzeck, Act III (1925)COMPOSER: Alban BergGENRE: operaINSTR: orchestra & singersNOTES: - avant-garde opera that uses atonality, Sprechstimme (speak-singing) & leitmotifs (recurring musical idea connected to a person, place or idea)- tragic tale of a soldier who goes mad

CHARACTERISTICS

FORMS:• Classical & Baroque forms• formless music

INSTRUMENTS:• saxophone• electronic instruments• more percussion

CHARACTERISTICS

ELEMENTS AND FEATURES:• highly dissonant (generally)• many styles: impressionism, expressionism, serialism, atonality (no key), aleatoric (random) music

CHARACTERISTICS