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![Page 1: Geriatric Cardiology: A Global Growth Industry Joseph S. Alpert, MD Department of Medicine University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649da75503460f94a93428/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Geriatric Geriatric Cardiology: A Cardiology: A Global Growth Global Growth
IndustryIndustryJoseph S. Alpert, MDJoseph S. Alpert, MDDepartment of MedicineDepartment of Medicine
University of Arizona Health University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Sciences Center, Tucson,
ArizonaArizonaEditor-in-Chief, American Editor-in-Chief, American
Journal of MedicineJournal of Medicine
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1. No major conflicts of interest, i.e., all honoraria <$5,000;
2. Consultations currently or previously performed: Sanofi-Aventis, Merck, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Pfizer, Astra-Zeneca, McNeill, Organon, Berlex, Novartis, Ciba-Geigy, Roche, Exeter CME.
Potential Conflicts of Interest:
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DEMOGRAPHICSDEMOGRAPHICS
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Population Projections in Population Projections in the U.S.: 2000-2050the U.S.: 2000-2050
0
10
20
30
40
50
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Popu
latio
n in
mill
ions
Women >65Men > 65Women > 85Men > 85
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Hospital Mortality for Hospital Mortality for Cardiovascular CausesCardiovascular Causes
Total deathsTotal deaths
(in thousands) Age (in thousands) Age >> 6565
Acute MIAcute MI 7878 68 68 (87.2%)(87.2%)
ArrhythmiasArrhythmias 1717 12 12 (70.6%)(70.6%)
Heart failureHeart failure 4242 37 37 (88.1%)(88.1%)
Cerebrovascular diseaseCerebrovascular disease 6565 49 49 (75.4%)(75.4%)
Source: National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1998.
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EFFECTS OF AGING ON EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE CARDIOVASCULAR THE CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEMSYSTEM
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Principal Effects of Aging onPrincipal Effects of Aging onCardiovascular Structure and Cardiovascular Structure and
FunctionFunction Increased vascular + Increased vascular +
myocardial stiffnessmyocardial stiffness Decreased Decreased -adrenergic and -adrenergic and
baroreceptor responsivenessbaroreceptor responsiveness Impaired sinus node functionImpaired sinus node function Impaired endothelial functionImpaired endothelial function
Net effect - Large reduction in CV reserve
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CV Changes: Max Exercise CV Changes: Max Exercise - Ages 20 and 80 Years- Ages 20 and 80 Years
Oxygen consumptionOxygen consumption Reduced ~ 50%Reduced ~ 50%
AV oxygen differenceAV oxygen difference Reduced ~ 25%Reduced ~ 25%
Cardiac outputCardiac output Reduced ~ 25%Reduced ~ 25%
Heart rateHeart rate Reduced ~ 25%Reduced ~ 25%
LV stroke volumeLV stroke volume Reduced ~ 15% to Reduced ~ 15% to 25%25%
LV end diastolic LV end diastolic volumevolume
No change or small No change or small decreasedecrease
LV end systolic LV end systolic volumevolume
Increased ~ 150%Increased ~ 150%
LV ejection fractionLV ejection fraction Reduced ~ 15%Reduced ~ 15%
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Age Changes in Systolic Age Changes in Systolic and Diastolic BPand Diastolic BP
Source: J Gerontol Med Sci 1997;52:M177-83
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Conduction SystemConduction System
Increased elastic tissue, collagen Increased elastic tissue, collagen and fat, especially in the SA node and fat, especially in the SA node with marked reduction in SA node with marked reduction in SA node pacemaker cellspacemaker cells
Calcification of cardiac skeletonCalcification of cardiac skeleton Slowed conduction throughout the Slowed conduction throughout the
heartheart Hypertension, CAD, and amyloid Hypertension, CAD, and amyloid
infiltration amplify conduction infiltration amplify conduction abnormalitiesabnormalities
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ArrhythmiasArrhythmias Marked increase in frequency of Marked increase in frequency of
supra-ventricular and ventricular supra-ventricular and ventricular ectopic beats ectopic beats
Short runs of SVT occur in 1/3 of Short runs of SVT occur in 1/3 of healthy older subjects on Holter healthy older subjects on Holter studiesstudies
Ventricular couplets occur in ~11% Ventricular couplets occur in ~11% and short runs of ventricular and short runs of ventricular tachycardia occur in ~4% of normal tachycardia occur in ~4% of normal persons > 60 yrpersons > 60 yr
In the absence of heart disease, none In the absence of heart disease, none of these arrhythmias are associated of these arrhythmias are associated with an adverse prognosiswith an adverse prognosisSource: Am J Cardiol 1992:70:748-51
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Prevalence of Prevalence of Nonsustained SVT Nonsustained SVT
during Maximal Exerciseduring Maximal Exercise
Source: Am J Cardiol 1995;75:788-92
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Clinical ImplicationsClinical Implications Increased systolic BP and pulse Increased systolic BP and pulse
pressurepressure Increased prevalence of atrial Increased prevalence of atrial
fibrillation, heart failure, fibrillation, heart failure, especially heart failure with especially heart failure with preserved LV functionpreserved LV function
Increased prevalence of Increased prevalence of bradyarrhythmias and “sick sinus bradyarrhythmias and “sick sinus syndrome”syndrome”
Worse prognosis associated with Worse prognosis associated with all CV diseasesall CV diseases
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Disease PresentationDisease Presentation Atypical symptomatologyAtypical symptomatology
- Chest pain less frequent- Chest pain less frequent
- Exertional dyspnea or fatigue - Exertional dyspnea or fatigue commoncommon
- ‘Gastrointestinal’ symptoms common- ‘Gastrointestinal’ symptoms common
- Confusion, dizziness, other CNS sx’s- Confusion, dizziness, other CNS sx’s Non-diagnostic ECG due to IVCD, Non-diagnostic ECG due to IVCD,
LVH, paced rhythm, electrolyte LVH, paced rhythm, electrolyte abnormalitiesabnormalities
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CORONARY HEART CORONARY HEART DISEASE IN THE DISEASE IN THE
ELDERLYELDERLY
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Prevalence of AHSD by Age Prevalence of AHSD by Age and Sex in the U.S. from 1988-and Sex in the U.S. from 1988-
9494
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
Male
Female
Age, years
Per
cen
t of
Pop
ula
tion
Source: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
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Prognosis after AMI by Prognosis after AMI by AgeAge
Source: Circulation 1996;94:1826-33
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Vaccarino et al Ann of Int Med 2001; 134: 173-181. Solid lines are men; dotted lines are women.
Vaccarino et al Ann of Int Med 2001; 134: 173-181. Solid lines are men; dotted lines are women.
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Risk Stratification Post-Risk Stratification Post-MIMI
The Cooperative Cardiovascular Project risk The Cooperative Cardiovascular Project risk score (age > 65 years), GISSI, GUSTO score (age > 65 years), GISSI, GUSTO
FACTORS INCREASING MORTALITY:FACTORS INCREASING MORTALITY:
Older age groups - # 1Older age groups - # 1
Urinary incontinence; decreased functionality; Urinary incontinence; decreased functionality; peripheral vascular disease; low body mass peripheral vascular disease; low body mass index; renal insufficiency; decreased LV index; renal insufficiency; decreased LV functionfunction
Krumholz et al JACC 2001; 38: 453. Marchioli et al Eur Heart J 2001; 22: Krumholz et al JACC 2001; 38: 453. Marchioli et al Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 2085. Califf et al Circulation 2000; 101: 22312085. Califf et al Circulation 2000; 101: 2231..
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0
100
60
70
80
50
90
Survival Free ofReinfarction or Stroke, (%)Survival Free ofReinfarction or Stroke, (%)
0
100
60
70
80
50
90
Year1 20
Year1 20
100
70
80
90
0
Overall Survival, (%)
YearYear1 20
100
70
80
90
Overall Survival, (%)
01 20
PCI, N = 46
SK, N = 41
Thrombolysis vs. Thrombolysis vs. Angioplasty in Older Angioplasty in Older
PatientsPatientsDeathDeathDeathDeath Death, re-MI, StrokeDeath, re-MI, StrokeDeath, re-MI, StrokeDeath, re-MI, Stroke
RR 5.2
De Boer et al., J Am Coll Cardiol 39:1723-De Boer et al., J Am Coll Cardiol 39:1723-8, 20028, 2002
p = 0.04 p = 0.003
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LysisLysis PCIPCI00
22
44
66
88
1010
22 11
% of Pts.% of Pts.
LysisLysis PCIPCI00
22
44
66
88
1010
22 11
% of Pts.% of Pts.
LysisLysis PCIPCI00
22
44
66
88
1010
77
33
% of Pts.% of Pts.
LysisLysis PCIPCI00
22
44
66
88
1010
99
77
% of Pts.% of Pts.
PCI vs. Lysis Meta-PCI vs. Lysis Meta-AnalysisAnalysis23 Trials, 7739 Patients23 Trials, 7739 Patients
DeathDeath Re-MIRe-MI StrokeStroke
Weaver et al., JAMA 278:2093,1997;Weaver et al., JAMA 278:2093,1997;
Keeley et al., Lancet 361:13-20, Keeley et al., Lancet 361:13-20, 20032003
p = 0.0004p < 0.001p = 0.002
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Primary Angioplasty for Primary Angioplasty for AMI in the Elderly: Pooled AMI in the Elderly: Pooled
Analysis from 3 TrialsAnalysis from 3 Trials
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
< 70 > 70
Angioplasty
Thrombolysis
Age, years
Mor
tali
ty
Source: J Intervent Cardiol 1998;10:4A-10A
P=0.21
P=0.02
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GUSTOGUSTOVV
00
11
22
33
0.50.5 0.40.4
1.11.1
2.12.1
rPA
rPA + Abciximab
PercentPercent
Age Age << 75 75 Age > 75Age > 75
Intracranial Intracranial HemorrhageHemorrhageTreatment by Age InteractionTreatment by Age Interaction
OR 0.76p = 0.26
OR 1.91p = 0.065
p = 0.033
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GUSTOGUSTOVV
Higher risk with combination
Lower risk with combination
Years
6
2
0
4
3
5
1
40 9030 60 7050 80
Higher risk with combination
Lower risk with combination
40
Years
6
2
0
4
90
3
5
30 60 7050 80
1
The Age-Intracranial Hemorrhage The Age-Intracranial Hemorrhage InteractionInteraction
HIGHER RISK
LOWER RISK
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Source: Am Heart J 2001:142:37-42
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Reasons Reperfusion MissedReasons Reperfusion Missed
30% 30% nono reperfusion: reperfusion:
OROR
Age Age 75 752.42.4No CPNo CP3.23.2Prior CHFPrior CHF2.92.9Prior CABGPrior CABG2.32.3DMDM1.51.5
30% 30% nono reperfusion: reperfusion:
OROR
Age Age 75 752.42.4No CPNo CP3.23.2Prior CHFPrior CHF2.92.9Prior CABGPrior CABG2.32.3DMDM1.51.5
Eagle et al., GRACE Registry, Lancet 359:373–Eagle et al., GRACE Registry, Lancet 359:373–77, 200277, 2002
94 Hospitals in 14 Countries, N = 94 Hospitals in 14 Countries, N = 17631763
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CARDIOVASCULAR CARDIOVASCULAR DRUG THERAPY IN THE DRUG THERAPY IN THE
ELDERLYELDERLY
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Drug Therapy in the Drug Therapy in the Elderly:Elderly:
General ConsiderationsGeneral Considerations Decreased volume of distributionDecreased volume of distribution Decreased renal and hepatic Decreased renal and hepatic
clearanceclearance Altered drug pharmacodynamicsAltered drug pharmacodynamics Increased comorbidityIncreased comorbidity Increased risk of drug interactionsIncreased risk of drug interactions Paucity of data from clinical trialsPaucity of data from clinical trials
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IN GENERAL, ELDERLY IN GENERAL, ELDERLY PATIENTS DO WELL PATIENTS DO WELL
WITH EVIDENCE-BASED WITH EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICAL AND MEDICAL AND
INTERVENTIONAL INTERVENTIONAL THERAPY ALTHOUGH THERAPY ALTHOUGH
MORBIDITY AND MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY ARE MORTALITY ARE HIGHER THAN IN HIGHER THAN IN
YOUNGER PATIENTSYOUNGER PATIENTS
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Efficacy of Aspirin by Efficacy of Aspirin by Age: ISIS-2Age: ISIS-2
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
< 60 60-69 70+
Placebo
Aspirin
Age, years
Vas
cula
r M
orta
lity
at
35 D
ays
Source: Lancet 1988;II-349-60
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Long-term Benefits of Long-term Benefits of AspirinAspirin
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
< 65 65+
Aspirin
Control
Age, years
Vas
cula
r E
ven
ts
Source: BMJ 1994;308:81-106
P < 0.00001
P < 0.00001
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Clopidogrel in Non-ST-Clopidogrel in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Elevation Acute Coronary
Syndromes: CURE Syndromes: CURE Age, Age, yearsyears
PlacePlace
bobo
ClopidogClopidog
relrel
RelatiRelative ve
Risk*Risk*
Lives Lives Saved/ Saved/ 10001000
<< 65 65 7.6%7.6% 5.4%5.4% 0.710.71 2222
> 65> 65 15.3%15.3% 13.3%13.3% 0.870.87 2020
*Primary endpoint: CV death, nonfatal MI or CVA
Source: N Engl J Med 2001;345:494-502
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Impact of Statins on Major Impact of Statins on Major Coronary EventsCoronary Events
4S4S
< 65< 65 26.4%26.4% 18.1%18.1% 0.660.66 8383
>> 65 65 33.4%33.4% 23.6%23.6% 0.660.66 9898
CARECARE
< 65< 65 25.6%25.6% 21.1%21.1% 0.810.81 4545
>> 65 65 28.1%28.1% 19.7%19.7% 0.680.68 8484
LIPIDLIPID
< 65< 65 13.4%13.4% 10.4%10.4% 0.770.77 3030
>> 65 65 19.7%19.7% 15.5%15.5% 0.790.79 4242
Placebo ActiveRelative
RiskEvents
Prevented
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VALVULAR HEART VALVULAR HEART DISEASE IN THE DISEASE IN THE
ELDERLYELDERLY
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Prevalence of AS in the Prevalence of AS in the ElderlyElderly
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
White Hispanic
MenWomen
Source: Aronow WS et al. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:1131-3
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Prevalence of AI in the Prevalence of AI in the ElderlyElderly
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
White Hispanic
MenWomen
Source: Aronow WS et al. Am J Cardiol 2001;87:1131-3
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AV Replacement: Age > AV Replacement: Age > 8080
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
30-days 1 year 5 years 10 years
Actuarial survival following AVR in 71 octogenarians
Source: Circulation 1989;80(suppl I):I-49-56
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ConclusionsConclusions
There is rapid global growth in There is rapid global growth in the number of elderly patients the number of elderly patients with CV diseasewith CV disease
Mortality from CV disease is high Mortality from CV disease is high in elderly patientsin elderly patients
Evidence-based therapy is highly Evidence-based therapy is highly effective in elderly patientseffective in elderly patients
Careful selection and tailoring of Careful selection and tailoring of such therapies is mandatory for such therapies is mandatory for elderly patients with CV diseaseelderly patients with CV disease
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