MECHANICAL MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

Geothermal energyGeothermal energy

Sagathiya Naisarg Sagathiya Naisarg

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HistoryHistory

Hot springs have been used for bathing Hot springs have been used for bathing at least since paleolithic times. The oldest at least since paleolithic times. The oldest known spa is a stone pool on China's Lisan known spa is a stone pool on China's Lisan mountain built in the Qin Dynasty in the mountain built in the Qin Dynasty in the 3rd century BC, at the same site where the 3rd century BC, at the same site where the Huaqing Chi palace was later built.Huaqing Chi palace was later built.

In the first century AD, Romans In the first century AD, Romans conquered conquered Aquae SulisAquae Sulis, now Bath, , now Bath, Somerset, England, and used the hot Somerset, England, and used the hot springs there to feed public baths and springs there to feed public baths and underfloor heating. The admission fees for underfloor heating. The admission fees for these baths probably represent the first these baths probably represent the first commercial use of geothermal power.commercial use of geothermal power.

The world's oldest geothermal district The world's oldest geothermal district heating system in Chaudes-Aigues, France, heating system in Chaudes-Aigues, France, has been operating since the 14th century. has been operating since the 14th century. The earliest industrial exploitation began in The earliest industrial exploitation began in 1827 with the use of geyser steam to 1827 with the use of geyser steam to extract boric acid from volcanic mud in extract boric acid from volcanic mud in Larderello, Italy , Italy

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Geothermal energy Geothermal energy is a very is a very powerful and efficient way to powerful and efficient way to

extract a renewable energy from extract a renewable energy from the earth through natural process. the earth through natural process. this can be performed on a small this can be performed on a small

scale to provide heat 0 for a scale to provide heat 0 for a residential unit(residential unit(a geothermal a geothermal heat pumpheat pump),or on a very large ),or on a very large

scale for energy production through scale for energy production through a geothermal power planta geothermal power plant..

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Generation of Electricity is Generation of Electricity is appropriate for sources >150appropriate for sources >150ooC C

Dry Steam plants Dry Steam plants These were the first These were the first type of plants type of plants created. They use created. They use underground steam underground steam to directly turn the to directly turn the turbines.turbines.

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Flash Steam PlantsFlash Steam Plants:: These are the most These are the most common plants. These common plants. These systems pull deep, high systems pull deep, high pressured hot water that pressured hot water that reaches temperatures of 360reaches temperatures of 36000F F or more to the surface. This or more to the surface. This water is transported to low water is transported to low pressure chambers, and the pressure chambers, and the resulting steam drives the resulting steam drives the turbines. The remaining water turbines. The remaining water and steam are then injected and steam are then injected back into the source from back into the source from which they were taken. which they were taken.

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Binary Cycle PlantsBinary Cycle Plants This system passes This system passes moderately hot geothermal moderately hot geothermal water past a liquid, usually water past a liquid, usually an organic fluid, that has a an organic fluid, that has a lower boiling point. The lower boiling point. The resulting steam from the resulting steam from the organic liquid drives the organic liquid drives the turbines. This process does turbines. This process does not produce any emissions not produce any emissions and the water temperature and the water temperature needed for the water is needed for the water is lower than that needed in lower than that needed in the Flash Steam Plants the Flash Steam Plants ((25025000F – 360F – 36000FF).).

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Potential Geothermal regions/sources in IndiaPotential Geothermal regions/sources in India

Province Surface Temp C Reservoir Temp C Heat Flow Thermal gradient

Himalaya >90 260 468 100

Cambay 40-90 150-175 80-93 70

West coast 46-72 102-137 75-129 47-59

Sonata 60 – 95 105-217 120-290 60-90

Godavari 50-60 175-215 93-104 60

With India’s geothermal power potential of 10,600 MW, the following are the potential sources/ regions where geothermal energy can be harnessed in India.

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Different Geothermal Different Geothermal Energy SourcesEnergy Sources

Water ReservoirsWater Reservoirs: As the name implies : As the name implies these are reservoirs of hot underground water. these are reservoirs of hot underground water. There is a large amount of them in the US, but There is a large amount of them in the US, but they are more suited for space heating than for they are more suited for space heating than for electricity production.electricity production. Natural Stem ReservoirsNatural Stem Reservoirs: In this case a : In this case a hole dug into the ground can cause steam to hole dug into the ground can cause steam to come to the surface. This type of resource is come to the surface. This type of resource is rare in the US. rare in the US. Geopressured ReservoirsGeopressured Reservoirs: In this type : In this type of reserve, brine completely saturated with of reserve, brine completely saturated with natural gas in stored under pressure from the natural gas in stored under pressure from the weight of overlying rock. This type of resource weight of overlying rock. This type of resource can be used for both heat and for natural gas.can be used for both heat and for natural gas.

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PROGRESS OF GEOTHERMAL PROGRESS OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGYENERGY

Geothermal electricity Geothermal electricity generation generation is currently used in 24 countries, is currently used in 24 countries, [1] [1] while geothermal heating is use while geothermal heating is use in in 70 70 countriescountries[2] [2] current world wide installed current world wide installed capacity is capacity is 1017510175 megawatts, with megawatts, with the largest capacity in the united the largest capacity in the united states(states(3086 3086 mw).mw).[3][3] the emission intensity of existing the emission intensity of existing geothermal electric plants is on geothermal electric plants is on average average 122 122 kg of kg of co2co2 per megawatt per megawatt hour of electricity, about one eighth hour of electricity, about one eighth of a conventional coal fired plantof a conventional coal fired plant produces 4 times the energy that produces 4 times the energy that they consume.they consume.

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Harmful effect of GeothermalHarmful effect of Geothermal Extracting large amounts of water Extracting large amounts of water

can cause land subsidence, and this can cause land subsidence, and this can lead to an increase in seismic can lead to an increase in seismic activity. To prevented this the cooled activity. To prevented this the cooled water must be injected back into the water must be injected back into the reserve in order to keep the water reserve in order to keep the water pressure constant underground.pressure constant underground.

Power plants that do not inject Power plants that do not inject the cooled water back into the ground the cooled water back into the ground can release Hcan release H22S, the “rotten eggs” S, the “rotten eggs” gas. This gas can cause problems if gas. This gas can cause problems if large quantities escape because large quantities escape because inhaling too much is fatal.inhaling too much is fatal.

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Costs of Geothermal EnergyCosts of Geothermal Energy1)1) Costs highly variable by sit Costs highly variable by sit 2)2)Dependent on many cost factorsDependent on many cost factors3)3) High exploration costsHigh exploration costs4)4) High initial capital, low operating costsHigh initial capital, low operating costs5)5)Fuel is “free”Fuel is “free”6)6) Significant exploration & operating riskSignificant exploration & operating risk7)7)Adds to overall capital costsAdds to overall capital costs8)8)““Risk premium”Risk premium”

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Indirect CostsIndirect Costs

Availability of skilled laborAvailability of skilled laborInfrastructure and accessInfrastructure and accessPolitical stabilityPolitical stabilityIndirect CostsIndirect CostsGood: 5-10% of direct costsGood: 5-10% of direct costsFair: 10-30% of direct costsFair: 10-30% of direct costsPoor: 30-60% of direct costsPoor: 30-60% of direct costs

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Geothermal ProspectsGeothermal Prospects Environmentally very Environmentally very

attractive attractive Attractive energy Attractive energy

source in right source in right locationslocations

Likely to remain an Likely to remain an adjunct to other larger adjunct to other larger energy sourcesenergy sources

Part of a portfolio of Part of a portfolio of energy technologiesenergy technologies

Exploration risks and Exploration risks and up-front capital costs up-front capital costs remain a barrierremain a barrier

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ReferencesReferences[1]http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/[1]http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/GeothermalEnergyHistory.phpGeothermalEnergyHistory.php[2] www.gvepinternational.org/renewablee[2] www.gvepinternational.org/renewablee[3]http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/renewables/geothermal/types.html[3]http://energyalmanac.ca.gov/renewables/geothermal/types.html[4]http://indianpowersector.com/home/renewable-energy/[4]http://indianpowersector.com/home/renewable-energy/geothermal/geothermal/[5]http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/tech/geothermal-[5]http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/tech/geothermal-energyenergy***http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy***http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy[6]http://www.greenprogress.com/alternative_energy.php?[6]http://www.greenprogress.com/alternative_energy.php?subcat=geothermlsubcat=geotherml[7]http://www.radiusgold.com/s/JV-Available.asp?[7]http://www.radiusgold.com/s/JV-Available.asp?ReportID=414160&_Title=Guatemala-Geothermal-ProspectReportID=414160&_Title=Guatemala-Geothermal-Prospect***http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy***http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_energy

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