Geothermal Energy Current Technologies - gob.mx · 2011-10-18 · Geothermal Resource Types...
Transcript of Geothermal Energy Current Technologies - gob.mx · 2011-10-18 · Geothermal Resource Types...
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Taller de Geotermica en Mexico
Geothermal Energy – Current Technologies
presented by
Paul Brophy,
President/CEO EGS Inc.
Mexico City
October 10th 2011
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Presentation Topics
• General Geothermal Discussion
• Exploration Approaches and New
Technologies
• Current U.S. Geothermal Development areas
• Caribbean Geothermal Potential
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Earth Structure and Heat Flow
Temperature Depth
2,000 km
4,000 km
6,000 km5000˚C
4,000˚C
Temperatures in the Earth
Temperature increase Heat Flow
Mantle
Outer Core
Inner Core
Crust
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Geothermal Resource Types
Conventional Hydrothermal (Geothermal) Systems
o Liquid/Vapor dominated (electric power)
o Direct Use (space heating, industrial processes)
Earth Heat Systems
o Engineered Geothermal Systems (EGS)(electric power)
o Geothermal Heat Pumps (residential heating & cooling)
Deep Sedimentary Basins
Oil & Gas Wells, Co-production (electric power)
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Hypothetical High-Temperature Conventional Geothermal System
Courtesy of Chevron Geothermal
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From USGS Circular 1249
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Key Exploration Questions
• What is the Resource Temperature?
• What is the Resource Depth?
• What is the Resource Quality?
• How large is the Resource (Area Extent)?
• How Productive are the Wells?
• What are the estimates of Resource Longevity?
EGS Inc.
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Exploration Approach
• Remote Sensing Data
• Geologic Mapping and Surface Manifestations
• Structural Setting
• Geochemical Sampling and Analysis
• Geophysical Surveys
• Exploration Drilling
• Temperature Gradient/Heat Flow
• Exploration (Core) Wells
• Production Well Drilling
EGS Inc.
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Remote Sensing Data Types
• Multispectral (several relatively broad bands)
• Hyper spectral (many narrow bands)
• Thermal Infrared (TIR – can be multispectral)
• Panchromatic (gray scale – single very broad
band)
• Radar (microwave)
• LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging - laser)
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Geological Mapping
• Regional Geologic Mapping
Rock Lithology
Mapped Faults
• Rock Alteration
Alteration mineralogy
Alteration assemblages
Duration of Geothermal Systems
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Geochemistry• Chemical characteristics of:
waters, gases, rocks, and soils
hot springs, fumaroles, springs etc
• Geothermometers
allows estimation of subsurface (reservoir) temp
silica geothermometers
cation geothermometers (Na-K-Ca)
gas geothermometers
• Fluid inclusions
• Isotope analyses
• Tracers
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Geophysical Techniques
Standard: MT, T-MT, TDEM, Gravity
Legacy: Dipole-Dipole, tensor Dipole-Bipole
Special: VES, AMT, CSAMT, SP, HEM, Airborne
magnetics, Precision Ground magnetics,
Reflection/Refraction Seismics
Development: Microgravity, Micro-
earthquakes, Subsidence
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Structural Analysis
• Regional Structural Analysis
• Regional Seismicity,
• Stress Field Determinations
• Geometry of Fracture systems
• Fault Kinematics
• Slip Tendency Analysis
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New Exploration Technologies
Exploration Techniques
• GIS/3D visulization
• LIDAR
• Slip tendency analysis
• He3/He4
• Seismic reflection
• 3D MT
Exploration Philosophies
• Conceptual modelling
• Blind Deposits
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3D Visulization – Dixie Valley, NV
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Structural Analysis
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From Cumming and Mackie, 2010
1700m asl
1600m asl
1500m asl
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Exploration Drilling
• Temperature Gradient (Heat Flow) Holes• historically 300 or 500 ft in depth
• Increased to 1000 feet
• Slim (Core) Holes• Large diameter core holes – for flow testing and resource quality
• Smaller diameter core holes for resource temperature
• Designed in upper section to be converted to production well
• Exploration/Development Wells• Sized to be capable of flow testing
• Sized to be capable of limited production
• Designed and sized to be converted to production, if successful.
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Gradients
0
500
1000
1500
0 100 200 300
De
pth
(m
)
Temperature (°C)
Wowie-Zowie #1 Corehole Temperature Gradient Data
BPDC (pure water)
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Gradients
0
500
1000
1500
0 100 200 300
De
pth
(m
)
Temperature (°C)
Wowie-Zowie #1 Corehole Temperature Gradient Data
BPDC (pure water)
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Gradients
0
500
1000
1500
0 100 200 300
Dep
th (
m)
Temperature (°C)
Wowie-Zowie #1 Corehole Temperature Gradient Data
BPDC (pure water)
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Gradients
0
500
1000
1500
0 100 200 300
Dep
th (
m)
Temperature (°C)
Wowie-Zowie #1 Corehole Temperature Gradient Data
BPDC (pure water)
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Gradients
0
500
1000
1500
0 100 200 300
De
pth
(m
)
Temperature (°C)
Wowie-Zowie #1 Corehole Temperature Gradient Data
BPDC (pure water)
BHT - 267 C
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Current U.S. Geothermal
Development Areas
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Worldwide Geothermal Resources
dry steam23%
andesitic volcanic
51%
caldera3%
sedimentary volcanic
16%
extensional non-
magmatic4%
oceanic3% dry steam
andesitic volcanic
caldera
sedimentary volcanic
extensional non-magmatic
oceanicBrophy, 2008
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
dry steam andesitic volcanic
caldera sedimentary volcanic
extensional non-magmatic
oceanic
Ca
pa
cit
y (
MW
e)
U.S. Non U.S.
Brophy, 2008
U.S. Proportion of World Geothermal Resources
EGS Inc.
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Source: New Energy Finance
US Geothermal Forecast to 2020
Note:
48%
34%
6%5%
4%4%
MW
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Geothermal Development in The Caribbean Islands
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Islands of the Caribbean
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Regional Tectonics of the Caribbean
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Volcano and Earthquake Data from the Caribbean
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Nevis, Your oer skirts show your faults.
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C.O. Hutton and S.R. Nockholds – 1978 Petrology of Nevis
3.4 Mil
1.1 Mil
1.8 Mil
0.98 Mil
0.1 Mil
(Absolute age dates added)
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Southern Portion of Montserrat
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Geothermal Development on Montserrat