Geosphere - Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral ... · Geosphere ① What is a connected...
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⑥ ⑮ Geosphere ① What is a connected system? A connected system is a set of interacting components that directly or indirectly influence one another. The Earth system has four major components. The geosphere includes the crust and the interior of the planet. It contains all of the rocky parts of the planet, the processes that cause them to form, and the processes that have caused them to change during Earth’s history. The parts can be as small as a mineral grain or as large as the ocean floor. Some processes act slowly, like the gradual wearing away of cliffs by a river. Others are more dramatic, like the violent release of gases and magma during a volcanic eruption. The fluid spheres are the liquid and gas parts of the Earth t Th t h i l d th it f th t
Transcript of Geosphere - Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral ... · Geosphere ① What is a connected...
⑥
⑮
Geo
sph
ere
①
Wh
at i
s a
con
nec
ted
sy
stem
?A
conn
ecte
d sy
stem
is a
set o
f int
erac
ting
com
pone
nts
that
dire
ctly
or i
ndire
ctly
influ
ence
one
ano
ther
.
The
Ear
th sy
stem
has
four
maj
or co
mpo
nent
s. Th
e ge
osph
ere
incl
udes
the
crus
t and
the
inte
rior o
f the
pla
net.
It co
ntai
ns a
ll of
the
rock
y pa
rts o
f the
pla
net,
the
proc
esse
s th
at ca
use
them
to fo
rm, a
nd th
e pr
oces
ses t
hat h
ave
caus
ed
them
to c
hang
e du
ring
Eart
h’s h
isto
ry. T
he p
arts
can
be a
s sm
all
as a
min
eral
gra
in o
r as l
arge
as t
he o
cean
floo
r. So
me
proc
esse
s ac
t slo
wly
, lik
e th
e gr
adua
l wea
ring
away
of c
liffs
by
a riv
er.
Oth
ers a
re m
ore
dram
atic
, lik
e th
e vi
olen
t rel
ease
of g
ases
and
m
agm
a du
ring
a vo
lcan
ic e
rupt
ion.
T
he fl
uid
sphe
res a
re th
e liq
uid
and
gas p
arts
of t
he E
arth
t
Tht
hi
ld
thi
tf
tht
①
③
⑨
⑪
⑭
⑧
Th
e C
on
nec
ted
Sy
stem
s o
f th
Th
e C
olu
mb
ia R
iver
, in
its
30
for
the
peo
ple
, wil
dli
fe,
and
eco
syst
ems
— g
eosp
he r
②
⑤
⑦
⑩
⑫
W G
he
Co
lum
bia
Riv
er o
n t
he
Ore
go
n-
09
-mil
e co
urs
e al
on
g t
he
Ore
go
n-W
ash
ing
ton
bo
rder
, pro
vid
es a
ric
h a
nd
pla
nts
liv
ing
an
d i
nte
ract
ing
th
ere.
Th
e ar
ea’s
geo
log
y i
s th
e b
asw
e kn
ow
to
day
. By
dee
pen
ing
ou
r u
nd
erst
and
ing
of
inte
ract
ion
s o
f E
r e, h
yd
rosp
her
e, a
tmo
sph
ere,
an
d b
iosp
her
e —
Ear
th s
cien
ce h
elp
s u
so
ur
gre
ates
t ch
alle
ng
es a
nd
mak
e th
e m
ost
of
vit
al o
pp
ort
un
itie
s.
⑬
④
Wh
at i
s a
geo
log
ic m
ap?
Geo
logi
cm
apss
how
wha
tkin
dsof
rock
sand
stru
ctur
esm
ake
upa
land
scap
e
-Was
hin
gto
n B
ord
erW
AS
HIN
GT
ON
OR
EG
ON
h a
nd
var
ied
en
vir
on
men
tsi
s fo
r th
e la
nd
scap
e E
arth
sy
stem
s s
man
age
020
4010
Mile
sNΔ
② ③ ④
Ex
amp
les
of
the
role
of
geo
log
y
in E
arth
’s c
on
nec
ted
sy
stem
s al
on
g t
he
Co
lum
bia
Riv
er
① Th
e to
wn
of C
arso
n, lo
cate
d at
the
mou
th o
f the
Win
d Ri
ver,
a tri
buta
ry o
f the
Col
umbi
a Ri
ver,
sits o
n ba
salti
c lav
a tha
t flow
ed
dow
n th
e va
lley
abou
t 340
,000
yea
rs a
go a
nd b
lock
ed th
e an
cest
ral
Colu
mbi
a Ri
ver f
or a
shor
t per
iod
of ti
me.
② M
uch
of th
e Co
lum
bia
Rive
r flow
s ove
r and
ero
des i
nto
a th
ick
pile
of u
p to
300 i
ndivi
dual
17–6
mill
ion y
ear o
ld ba
salti
c lav
a flow
s dep
osite
d ov
er m
uch
of W
ashi
ngto
n, O
rego
n, Id
aho,
and
into
Nev
ada.
Muc
h of
the
eros
ion
of th
e ba
salt
occu
rred
durin
g
the
last
gla
ciat
ion,
whe
re n
umer
ous i
ce-d
amm
ed la
kes r
epea
tedl
y
faile
d, se
ndin
g ca
tast
roph
ic fl
oods
alo
ng th
e Co
lum
bia
Rive
r’s p
ath.
The
rich
soils
that
mak
e up
the W
illam
ette
Riv
er V
alle
y w
ere
carri
ed
dow
nstre
am b
y th
ese
flood
s.
syst
em. T
he a
tmos
pher
e in
clud
es th
e m
ixtu
re o
f gas
es th
at
surr
ound
s the
Ear
th. T
he h
ydro
sphe
re in
clud
es th
e pl
anet
’s w
ater
syst
em. I
ts p
arts
incl
ude
ocea
ns, l
akes
, riv
ers,
and
froze
n w
ater
in g
laci
ers.
A sp
ecia
l pro
pert
y of
the
fluid
sphe
res i
s tha
t th
eir m
ater
ials
flow
. Pro
cess
es in
the
fluid
sphe
res i
nclu
de th
e w
ater
cyc
le, t
he c
ircul
atio
n of
the
atm
osph
ere
and
ocea
ns,
and
wea
ther
.
The
bio
sphe
re co
ntai
ns th
e liv
ing
and
once
-livi
ng p
arts
of
the
Eart
h sy
stem
. It i
s org
aniz
ed in
to co
mpl
ex w
ebs o
f mic
ro-
orga
nism
s, an
imal
s, an
d pl
ants
. Pro
cess
es v
ary
from
sim
ple
pred
ator
-pre
y re
latio
nshi
ps to
cha
nges
ove
r mill
ions
of y
ears
in
the
kind
s of l
ivin
g th
ings
that
mak
e up
com
mun
ities
.
The
inte
ract
ions
of t
hese
syst
ems a
long
the
Colu
mbi
a Ri
ver
can
be d
ram
atic
and
dam
agin
g: b
asal
ts sp
ill o
ut a
nd b
uild
la
yers
of r
ock,
floo
ds ra
ce d
own
the
river
cha
nnel
des
troy
ing
ever
ythi
ng in
thei
r pat
h, v
olca
noes
spew
lava
, ash
and
gas
es,
eart
hqua
kes a
nd e
rosi
on ca
use
land
slid
es. T
he in
tera
ctio
ns ca
n al
so b
e be
nefic
ial:
plan
ts g
row
in w
eath
ered
and
dep
osite
d so
ils,
win
ds a
nd w
ater
pro
duce
ele
ctric
al p
ower
, wet
land
s she
lter
bird
s and
oth
er li
fe, a
nd th
e riv
er p
rovi
des t
rans
port
atio
n an
d re
crea
tiona
l opp
ortu
nitie
s.
③ M
any
of th
e slo
pes a
long
the
nort
h ba
nk o
f the
Col
umbi
a Ri
ver
Gorg
e co
ntai
n la
rge
land
slide
s, in
clud
ing
the
Bonn
evill
e lan
dslid
e, lo
cate
d a
few
mile
s wes
t of S
teve
nson
, Was
hing
ton.
Acc
ordi
ng to
nativ
e le
gend
of t
he K
licki
tat p
eopl
e, th
e la
ndsli
de (a
rea
show
n in
oran
ge) i
nitia
lly b
lock
ed th
e Co
lum
bia
Rive
r, cr
eatin
g a
natu
ral d
am
that
fille
d al
mos
t 4 m
iles o
f the
rive
r. The
Trib
e ca
lled
this
dam
the
Brid
ge o
f the
God
s. Th
e ea
rthe
n da
m e
vent
ually
faile
d, a
nd th
e riv
er
cont
inue
s to
retu
rn to
its p
revi
ous c
ours
e. A
stee
l brid
ge w
as b
uilt
near
by w
ith th
e sa
me
nam
e.
④ W
allu
la G
ap: W
allu
la G
ap m
arks
the
narro
w o
peni
ng w
here
two
ance
stra
l riv
ers−
the
Snak
e an
d th
e Co
lum
bia−
com
bine
d
durin
g fo
ldin
g an
d til
ting
of fl
ood
basa
lts, a
nd su
bseq
uent
ly w
iden
ed
durin
g M
issou
la g
laci
al fl
oods
. Bef
ore
the
peni
nsul
a w
as fl
oode
d
behi
nd M
cNar
y Da
m, i
t was
a st
oppi
ng p
oint
for t
he L
ewis
and
Clar
k
expe
ditio
n, th
en th
e sit
e of
a H
udso
n’s B
ay tr
adin
g po
st, a
nd la
ter F
ort
Wal
la W
alla
.
⑤ Th
e Co
lum
bia
Rive
r’s h
eavy
flow
mak
es it
idea
l for
gen
erat
ing
elec
trici
ty. C
olle
ctiv
ely,
14 h
ydro
elec
tric d
ams o
n th
e Co
lum
bia
Rive
r i
Oreg
on, W
ashi
ngto
n, a
nd B
ritish
Col
umbi
a ar
e th
e fo
unda
tion
of th
e
Pacifi
c Nor
thw
est’s
pow
er su
pply.
Dam
s also
pro
vide
floo
d co
ntro
l and
irrig
atio
n, a
nd a
id in
ship
ping
nav
igat
ion.
The D
alle
s Dam
is a
lmos
t
9,00
0 fe
et lo
ng, a
nd w
ith 2
2 tu
rbin
es, i
t is o
ne o
f the
top
ten
hydr
opow
er d
ams i
n th
e Un
ited
Stat
es. B
ecau
se d
ams b
lock
salm
on
mig
ratio
ns, fi
sh la
dder
s hav
e be
en in
stal
led
in m
any
of th
e lo
wer
Colu
mbi
a Ri
ver d
ams.
⑥ O
rego
n an
d W
ashi
ngto
n ar
e co
nnec
ted
by 1
6 br
idge
s tha
t allo
w
ship
ping
and
trav
el a
cros
s the
Col
umbi
a Ri
ver. T
he A
storia
-Meg
ler
Brid
ge, a
t 4.1
mile
s lon
g, is
the
long
est t
russ
brid
ge in
Nor
th A
mer
i c
with
ann
ual d
aily
traffi
c of 2
3,30
0 ve
hicl
es. L
arge
ear
thqu
akes
can
caus
e br
idge
colla
pse
and
bloc
k w
ater
way
acc
ess t
o in
dust
ry
and
popu
latio
n ce
nter
s.
⑦ S
ince
the
dam
min
g of
the
Colu
mbi
a Ri
ver,
delta
s (fa
n-sh
aped
depo
sits o
f sed
imen
t) b
egan
refo
rmin
g at
the
mou
ths o
f its
trib
utar
ie
The
Hood
Rive
r Del
ta g
rew
sign
ifica
ntly
afte
r a d
ebris
flow
−a
rapi
dly
mov
ing
dest
ruct
ive
land
slide
−du
ring
a w
inte
r sto
rm in
200
7.
This
delta
also
rece
ives
larg
e pu
lses o
f sed
imen
t due
to o
utbu
rst
flood
ing
from
rece
ding
gla
cier
s on
Mou
nt H
ood.
⑧ A
bout
90
dram
atic
and
scen
ic w
ater
falls
, inc
ludi
ng O
neon
ta
Gorg
e an
d Ho
rset
ail,
Mul
tnom
ah, W
ahke
ena,
and
Brid
al V
eil F
alls,
can
be fo
und
flow
ing
over
stee
p cl
iffs o
f bas
alt a
long
the
sout
h sid
e of
Colu
mbi
a Ri
ver G
orge
. The
nor
ther
n sid
e of
the
Gorg
e co
ntai
ns fe
wer
and
smal
ler w
ater
falls
bec
ause
that
side
has
bee
n m
odifi
ed b
y
num
erou
s lan
dslid
es. P
anth
er Cr
eek F
alls,
loca
ted
a fe
w m
iles n
ort
of th
e to
wn
of C
arso
n, is
one
of s
ever
al w
ater
falls
on
the
nort
hern
sid
⑨ N
early
eve
ry y
ear,
the
air w
ithin
the
Colu
mbi
a Ri
ver G
orge
is
thic
kene
d by
the
smok
e of
nea
rby
fore
st fi
res.
The
east
ern
flank
of
Mou
nt H
ood
was
stru
ck b
y lig
htni
ng in
the
sum
mer
of 2
008,
caus
ing
the
Gnar
l Rid
ge fi
re.
Ea
rth
’sC
on
ne
cte
dS
yst
em
sATM
OSP
HER
E
HYD
ROSP
HER
E
GEO
SPHER
E
BIOSP
HER
E
Hy
dro
sph
ere
Atm
osp
her
eB
iosp
her
e
⑤ ⑥ ⑦ ⑧
⑨ ⑩
⑪ ⑫ ⑬ ⑭
n d t w ca, s. . n th
e.
⑩ S
ome
of th
e hi
ghes
t win
d sp
eeds
in W
ashi
ngto
n an
d Or
egon
are
in a
nd n
ear t
he C
olum
bia
Rive
r Gor
ge. C
reat
ed b
y di
ffere
nces
in
atm
osph
eric
pre
ssur
e ea
st a
nd w
est o
f the
Cas
cade
s, th
e w
ind
is
harn
esse
d to
pro
duce
ele
ctric
ity u
sing
wind
turb
ines
. Bot
h Or
egon
and
Was
hing
ton
have
win
d tu
rbin
e fa
rms n
ear t
he G
orge
, and
bot
h
rate
am
ong
the
top
ten
stat
es w
ith w
ind
turb
ine
inst
alla
tions
.
The
win
d al
so p
rovi
des e
xcel
lent
win
dsur
fing.
⑪ A
long
its l
engt
h, th
e Co
lum
bia
Rive
r eco
syst
em ra
nges
bet
wee
n
tem
pera
te ra
info
rest
and
dry
gra
ssla
nd. D
iver
se la
ndfo
rms a
nd
mic
rocl
imat
es a
long
the
river
hos
t man
y ki
nds o
f pla
nts a
s wel
l as
perm
anen
t and
mig
rato
ry fi
sh a
nd w
ildlif
e, a
lthou
gh cl
imat
e ch
ange
,
hum
an a
ctiv
ities
, and
inva
sive
spec
ies a
re e
ndan
gerin
g na
tive
spec
ies.
The
wet
land
s at R
idge
field
Nat
iona
l Wild
life
Refu
ge p
rovi
de h
abita
t
for a
nim
als a
nd w
ater
fow
l lik
e th
is gr
eat b
lue h
eron
.
⑫ Tr
ibal
peo
ples
, attr
acte
d by
salm
on a
nd tr
ade,
hist
oric
ally
mig
rate
d al
ong
the
Colu
mbi
a Ri
ver.
Left
behi
nd o
n th
e ba
salt
are
abou
t 90
art s
ites c
onta
inin
g pa
intin
gs a
nd ca
rvin
gs, c
alle
d
pict
ogra
phs a
nd pe
trogl
yphs
. Abo
ut h
alf t
hese
anc
ient
ston
es
wer
e re
scue
d be
fore
dam
min
g of
the
river
cove
red
them
with
wat
er,
and
they
wer
e ca
refu
lly b
roug
ht to
the
Colu
mbi
a Hi
lls S
tate
Par
k,
nort
h of
The
Dalle
s.
⑬ Th
e la
va fl
ows s
urro
undi
ng th
e Co
lum
bia
Rive
r Gor
ge p
rodu
ce,
dark
, fine
, and
hig
hly
fert
ile so
il, a
nd m
uch
of th
e la
nd in
this
area
is
dedi
cate
d to
farm
ing.
Bec
ause
the
area
s eas
t of t
he C
asca
de
Mou
ntai
ns, l
ike
Kenn
ewic
k, W
ashi
ngto
n, a
re d
ry, f
arm
ers p
lant
crop
s in
circl
es a
nd u
se a
cent
er-p
ivot
syst
em fo
r irri
gatio
n.
⑭ F
rom
Mar
ch to
Oct
ober
, Chi
nook
, Coh
o, S
ocke
ye, a
nd S
teel
head
salm
on re
turn
to th
e Co
lum
bia
Rive
r and
its t
ribut
arie
s to
spaw
n
whe
re th
ey h
atch
ed. T
o m
igra
te u
pstre
am, t
hese
and
man
y th
ousa
nds
of o
ther
fish
mus
t pas
s thr
ough
man
mad
e lo
cks a
nd d
ams.
OREGONDEPARTMENTO
FG
EO
LO
GY
AN
DM
I NE R A L I N D U S T R I E S
1937
OR
EG
ON
DE
PA
RT
ME
NT
OF
GE
OL
OG
Y A
ND
MIN
ER
AL
IN
DU
ST
RIE
S
Ho
w d
o E
art
h s
yst
em
s in
tera
ct
in y
ou
r p
art
of
the
sta
te?
Wh
at
ca
n g
eo
log
ic m
ap
s te
ll y
ou
ab
ou
t y
ou
r a
rea
?
For m
ore
map
s an
d ed
ucat
iona
l mat
eria
ls:
ww
w.o
reg
on
ge
olo
gy
.org
ww
w.d
nr.
wa
.go
v/g
eo
log
y
Mou
ntH
ood
Mou
ntJe
ffers
on
Mou
ntAd
ams
Mou
ntSt
. Hel
ens
Mou
ntRa
inie
r
Po
rtla
nd
Se
att
le
Colu
mbi
a Ri
ver
⑮ P
late
te
cto
nic
s is
a th
eory
that
exp
lain
s m
any
of th
e la
rge-
scal
e ge
olog
ic p
roce
sses
we
see
arou
nd u
s. In
the
Paci
fic
Nor
thw
est,
as n
ew m
agm
a w
ells
up
betw
een
the
Paci
fic p
late
an
d th
e Ju
an d
e Fu
ca p
late
, the
Juan
de
Fuca
pla
te s
lides
(s
ubdu
cts)
und
er th
e N
orth
Am
eric
an p
late
. Str
esse
s th
at
build
up
from
the
mov
emen
t are
relie
ved
by e
arth
quak
es
all a
long
the
Casc
adia
sub
duct
ion
zone
. As
the
subd
uctin
g pl
ate
plun
ges
deep
er, t
he h
ot, m
ore
buoy
ant,
and
visc
ous
mag
ma
trav
els
up to
cre
ate
the
line
of s
now
-top
ped
stra
tovo
lcan
oes
that
mak
e up
the
Casc
ade
Rang
e.
The
Colu
mbi
a Ri
ver G
orge
cut
s th
roug
h th
is ra
nge.
To
the
east
of t
he C
asca
des,
crus
tal e
xten
sion
and
m
ovem
ent o
f a m
antle
plu
me
bene
ath
the
Yello
wst
one
hot s
pot c
ause
mor
e ea
rthq
uake
s an
d vo
lcan
ic a
ctiv
ity.
Thro
ugh
all t
hese
mec
hani
sms,
plat
e te
cton
ics
cont
inue
s to
sha
pe th
e la
ndsc
ape.
⑮
Wh
at r
ole
do
es p
late
tec
ton
ics
pla
y?
G U Se
Vo
OInG T re T o is o
Ce
leb
rati
ng
Ea
rth
Sc
ien
ce W
ee
k 2
01
4
Ge
olo
gic
Ma
p D
ay
Geo
logi
c U
nits
The
gene
raliz
ed ro
ck u
nits
and
age
s sh
own
on th
is m
ap te
ll a
sim
plifi
ed s
tory
of t
he
geol
ogic
his
tory
of t
his
area
by
arra
ngin
g th
e ro
ck u
nits
by
type
and
age
. Thi
s m
akes
it
poss
ible
to o
rgan
ize
rock
s m
appe
d by
diff
eren
t geo
logi
sts
acro
ss th
e tw
o st
ates
into
the
maj
or k
inds
of r
ocks
that
toge
ther
hav
e bu
ilt th
e Co
lum
bia
Rive
r lan
dsca
pe w
e se
e to
day.
U
se th
e tim
e sc
ale
belo
w to
find
the
perio
ds a
ssoc
iate
d w
ith th
e ge
olog
ic u
nits
—th
is a
rea
deve
lope
d ve
ry re
cent
ly in
the
Eart
h’s
hist
ory!
Visi
t you
r sta
te’s
geol
ogic
sur
vey
web
site
to fi
nd m
ore
geol
ogic
map
s.
Geo
logi
c Ti
me
nco
nso
lid
ate
d S
ed
ime
nts
Hol
ocen
e du
ne s
and
Qua
tern
ary
allu
vium
Qua
tern
ary
mas
s-w
astin
g de
posi
ts
Qua
tern
ary
loes
s
Plei
stoc
ene
outb
urst
-floo
d de
posi
ts
Plei
stoc
ene
alpi
ne g
laci
al d
rift
ed
ime
nta
ry R
ock
s a
nd
De
po
sits
Qua
tern
ary–
Tert
iary
con
tinen
tal s
edim
enta
ry ro
cks
and
depo
sits
Tert
iary
con
tinen
tal s
edim
enta
ry ro
cks
Tert
iary
nea
rsho
re s
edim
enta
ry ro
cks
Tert
iary
mar
ine
sedi
men
tary
rock
s
olc
an
ic R
ock
s a
nd
De
po
sits
Qua
tern
ary
volc
anic
rock
s
Tert
iary
frag
men
tal v
olca
nic
rock
s
the
r F
ea
ture
s
Gla
cier
and
ice
field
s
Wat
er
Qua
tern
ary
intr
usiv
e ro
cks
ntr
usi
ve
Ro
cks
Qua
tern
ary–
Tert
iary
intr
usiv
e ro
cks
Tert
iary
intr
usiv
e ro
cks
Qua
tern
ary–
Tert
iary
vol
cani
c ro
cks
Tert
iary
vol
cani
c ro
cks,
Colu
mbi
a Ri
ver B
asal
t Gro
up
Tert
iary
vol
cani
c ro
cks
Qua
tern
ary
frag
men
tal v
olca
nic
rock
s an
d de
posi
ts (i
nclu
des
laha
rs)
Faul
t
Geo
logi
c m
aps s
how
wha
t kin
ds o
f roc
ks a
nd st
ruct
ures
mak
e up
a la
ndsc
ape.
Th
e ge
olog
ic m
akeu
p of
an
area
can
stro
ngly
influ
ence
the
kind
s of s
oils,
wat
er
esou
rces
, flo
ra a
nd fa
una,
and
haz
ards
in a
n ar
ea: t
he co
nnec
ted
syst
ems.
That
’s w
hy it
’s im
port
ant t
o cr
eate
and
to u
nder
stan
d ge
olog
ic m
aps.
The
impa
ct
of g
eolo
gy o
n th
e co
nnec
ted
syst
ems o
f the
Col
umbi
a Ri
ver a
t a fe
w sp
ecifi
c lo
catio
ns
s des
crib
ed o
n th
is p
oste
r. Th
ese
exam
ples
are
just
a fe
w o
f the
man
y in
fluen
ces
of g
eolo
gy in
this
are
a. W
hat o
ther
s can
you
thin
k of
? GE
OL
OG
IC T
IME
SC
AL
E
EON
ERA
PERI
OD
EPO
CH
Qua
tern
ary
Hol
ocen
e
Plei
stoc
ene
Plio
cene
Mio
cene
Olig
ocen
e
Eoce
ne
Pale
ocen
e
Tertiary
Neogene Paleogene
Cenozoic
Phanerozoic
Cret
aceo
us
Jura
ssic
Tria
ssic
Perm
ian
Penn
sylv
ania
n
Mis
siss
ippi
an
Dev
onia
n
Silu
rian
Ord
ovic
ian
Cam
bria
n
Mesozoic Paleozoic
Precambrian
Pro
tero
zoic
Arc
hea
n
Had
ean
Carboniferous
AGE IN MILLIONS OF YEARS BEFORE PRESENT
Pres
ent
0.01
2.6
5.3
23.0
33.9
56.0
66.0
145
201
252
299
323
359
419
443
485
541
2500
4000
4567
Tim
e s
ca
le m
od
ifie
d f
rom
In
tern
ati
on
al
Co
mm
issi
on
on
Str
ati
gra
ph
y
CR
ED
ITS
Po
ste
r
“By
de
ep
en
ing
ou
r u
nd
ers
tan
din
g o
f in
tera
cti
on
s o
f E
art
h s
yste
ms—
ge
osp
he
re, h
ydro
sph
ere
, atm
osp
he
re, a
nd
bio
sph
ere
—E
art
h s
cie
nce
he
lps
us
ma
na
ge
ou
r g
rea
test
ch
alle
ng
es
an
d m
ake
th
e m
ost
of
vit
al o
pp
ort
un
itie
s”
is t
he
Am
eri
can
Ge
osc
ien
ces
Inst
itu
te E
art
h S
cie
nce
We
ek
20
14
th
em
e.
Ge
olo
gic
da
ta in
Ore
go
n g
en
era
lize
d b
y Li
na
Ma
, Ore
go
n D
ep
art
me
nt
of
ge
olo
gy
an
d M
ine
ral I
nd
ust
rie
s (D
OG
AM
I), f
rom
Ore
go
n g
eo
log
ic d
ata
co
mp
ilati
on
[O
GD
C],
rele
ase
5 (
sta
tew
ide
) b
y Li
na
Ma
, Ia
n P
. Ma
din
, Ke
ith
V. O
lso
n, R
ud
ie J
. Wa
tzig
,
Ray
E. W
ells
, Ala
n R
. Nie
m, a
nd
Ge
org
e R
. Pri
est
(co
mp
ilers
), 2
00
9, a
nd
DO
GA
MI O
pe
n-F
ile R
ep
ort
O-1
2-0
3, D
igit
al g
eo
log
ic m
ap
of
the
Ho
od
Riv
er
Va
lley,
Ho
od
Riv
er
an
d W
asc
o C
ou
nti
es,
Ore
go
n, b
y Ja
son
D. M
cCla
ug
hry
, Th
om
as
J. W
iley,
Ric
ha
rd M
. Co
nre
y, C
ulle
n B
. Jo
ne
s, a
nd
Ke
nn
eth
E. L
ite
, Jr.
Ge
olo
gic
da
ta in
Wa
shin
gto
n f
rom
Wa
shin
gto
n S
tate
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
atu
ral R
eso
urc
es,
1:5
00
,00
0-s
cale
su
rfa
ce g
eo
log
y G
IS d
ata
. Ca
rto
gra
ph
y b
y D
an
iel E
. Co
e, D
OG
AM
I.
Po
ste
r te
am
: De
b S
chu
elle
r; A
lyss
a P
ratt
, Do
n H
ain
es,
Ja
son
McC
lau
gh
ry, A
li R
yan
, an
d V
icki
McC
on
ne
ll, D
OG
AM
I; Je
ssic
a C
zajk
ow
ski a
nd
Dav
e N
orm
an
, Wa
shin
gto
n S
tate
De
pa
rtm
en
t o
f N
atu
ral R
eso
urc
es,
Ge
olo
gy
Div
isio
n.
Co
nn
ec
ted
sys
tem
s te
xt m
od
ifie
d f
rom
“An
Intr
od
uc
tio
n t
o E
art
h S
yste
ms,”
htt
p:/
/ww
w.a
giw
eb
.org
/ed
uca
tio
n/a
ap
g/i
nve
st/i
nve
st1
2.h
tml
Ph
oto
gra
ph
s
1)
Jess
ica
Cza
jko
wsk
i, W
ash
ing
ton
Sta
te D
ep
art
me
nt
of
Na
tura
l Re
sou
rce
s; 2
an
d 3
) D
an
Co
e, D
OG
AM
I; 4
) “F
t. N
ez
Pe
rce
(F
t. W
alla
Wa
lla)
site
” by
Gle
nn
Sco
fie
ld W
illia
ms,
htt
ps:
//w
ww
.flic
kr.c
om
/ph
oto
s/6
80
05
05
1@
N0
0/3
71
43
97
22
, is
lice
nse
d
un
de
r C
C B
Y 2
.0; 5
) B
ill J
oh
nso
n, U
.S. A
rmy
Co
rps
of
En
gin
ee
rs, U
SA
CE
Dig
ita
l Vis
ua
l Lib
rary
; 6)
Bo
b H
eim
s, U
.S. A
rmy
Co
rps
of
En
gin
ee
rs, U
SA
CE
Dig
ita
l Vis
ua
l Lib
rary
; 7 a
nd
9)
Lin
a M
a, D
OG
AM
I; 8
) “Fa
lls f
rom
th
e b
ott
om
” by
Ma
rk L
ars
on
,
htt
ps:
//w
ww
.flic
kr.c
om
/ph
oto
s/m
ark
lars
on
/39
59
10
19
03
/in
/se
t-7
21
57
62
24
66
66
57
20
, is
lice
nse
d u
nd
er
CC
BY
-SA
2.0
; 10
) “W
ind
Tu
rbin
es
in E
ast
ern
Ore
go
n” b
y Jo
hn
Wo
ma
ck (
littl
ejo
hn
), h
ttp
://c
om
mo
ns.
wik
ime
dia
.org
/wik
i/Fi
le:W
ind
_Tu
rbin
es.
JPG
,
is li
cen
sed
un
de
r C
C-B
Y-S
A-2
.5; 1
1)
Ph
oto
fro
m R
idg
efi
eld
Wild
life
Re
fug
e a
lbu
m b
y M
cD2
2, h
ttp
s://
ww
w.fl
ickr
.co
m/p
ho
tos/
smcd
ev
itt/
52
39
25
02
45
/in
/se
t-7
21
57
61
57
63
08
45
82
, is
lice
nse
d u
nd
er
CC
BY
2.0
; 12
) "T
sag
ag
lala
l" b
y K
ae
l Go
dw
in,
htt
p:/
/en
.wik
ipe
dia
.org
/wik
i/Fi
le:T
sag
ag
lala
l.jp
g, i
s lic
en
sed
un
de
r C
C0
1.0
; 13
) “C
rop
cir
cle
s a
lon
g t
he
Co
lum
bia
Riv
er"
by
Sam
Be
eb
e, h
ttp
s://
ww
w.fl
ickr
.co
m/p
ho
tos/
sbe
eb
e/2
85
14
94
33
4/,
is li
cen
sed
un
de
r C
C B
Y 2
.0; 1
4)
Pa
tric
ia M
ad
son
,
U.S
. Arm
y C
orp
of
En
gin
ee
rs, P
ort
lan
d D
istr
ict
Ima
ge
Lib
rary
Oth
er
Ima
ge
ry
Sys
tem
s d
iag
ram
mo
difi
ed
fro
m "
Th
e W
ate
r C
ycle
fo
r K
ids,"
U.S
. Ge
olo
gic
al S
urv
ey
Ge
ne
ral I
nfo
rma
tio
n P
rod
uc
t 1
46
, by
Ste
fan
ie N
en
o, J
im M
org
an
, Ga
bri
ele
Za
no
lli, H
ow
ard
Pe
rlm
an
, an
d G
era
rd G
on
thie
r,
htt
p:/
/ga
.wa
ter.u
sgs.
go
v/e
du
/wa
terc
ycle
-kid
s.h
tml
Ca
sca
dia
Su
bd
uc
tio
n Z
on
e d
iag
ram
, Da
n C
oe
, DO
GA
MI.
Sa
telli
te im
ag
ery
of
Pa
cifi
c N
ort
hw
est
ma
de
in G
oo
gle
Ea
rth
; Im
ag
e L
an
dsa
t; D
ata
SIO
, NO
AA
, U.S
. Nav
y, N
GA
, GE
BC
O
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