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Transcript of Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA [email protected] Air Quality and Human Health 2004...
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Air Quality and Human Health
2004 Olympic GamesAthens, Greece
Karsten BaumannGeorgia Institute of Technology
School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences
Research Opportunities
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Emergency room visits for treatment of asthma increase by 30-40 % when ambient ozone levels are elevated. The US EPA estimates that more than 110 million people reside in counties where the air is
consistently unhealthy due to periodic ozone pollution.
Asthma Epidemic
The percentage of the US population with the disease has nearly doubled since 1980. In 2000,
~11 million people suffered an asthma attack. Sources: Morbidity & Mortality: 2002 Chart Book on Cardiovascular, Lung, and Blood Diseases; National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2002. Latest Findings on National Air Quality: 2001 Status and Trends; EPA 454/K-02-001; US EPA Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS); September 2002.
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Athens 2004 Air Quality Study, 1997Moussiopoulos & Papagrigoriou
Aristotle University Thessaloniki & Laboratory of Heat Transfer and Environmental Engineering (LHTEE),
Thessaloniki, Greece
• Renewal of the Athenian vehicle fleet • Exclusion of most polluting passenger cars • Reducing [NOx] from heavy-duty vehicles• Minor effects from pedestrian zones
Urban Air Pollution
IS THIS SUFFICIENT ?
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Potential US Contributions
• Comprehensive characterization of air quality– Baseline measurements 3 weeks before and 3 weeks after Olympics – Indoor and outdoor measurements / modeling– All measurements before, during, and after the games– Local population and athlete exposure to pollution
• Relate pollutant levels to human health effects• Model / monitor effects of emissions reductions• Long-term monitoring to the benefit of Athens
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
The US Research Team
Centers for Disease Control
Centers for Disease Control
Emory University Asthma Clinic
Emory University Asthma Clinic
Research Institute (GTRI)Research Institute (GTRI)
•NEXLASER Ozone and aerosol lidar• Indoor air quality monitors•NEXLASER Ozone and aerosol lidar• Indoor air quality monitors
Georgia Institute of Technology
Georgia Institute of Technology
Air Resources Engineering Center (AREC)Air Resources Engineering Center (AREC)
•Atmospheric chemistry•Air quality monitoring•Aerosol characterization•Forecasting•Air quality modeling•Emissions from motor vehicles•Emissions modeling
•Atmospheric chemistry•Air quality monitoring•Aerosol characterization•Forecasting•Air quality modeling•Emissions from motor vehicles•Emissions modeling
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
AREC Team
• Baumann, EAS, director, lab & field operations• Bergin, EAS/CEE prof, aerosol optical properties• Chang, EAS, Sr RS, urban AQ modeling• Nenes, EAS prof, heterogeneous modeling• Odman, CEE, Sr RE, adaptive grid modeling• Russell, CEE head, emissions UAM• Weber, EAS, prof, aerosol in situ R&D• Zheng, EAS, RS, lab & field operations, CMB
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
AREC Measurements
• Karsten Baumann, [email protected]– Aerosol characterization
• High-res precurser gases and low-res PM composition
– Air quality monitoring network in TN and GA• Seasonal differences in AQ character {transport & formation}
– Atmospheric chemistry and aerosol transformation(SOS, SCISSAP, ChinaMAP, FAQS, TexAQS, PERCH) • Mobile laboratory for coordinated integrated deployments• Vertical gradients utilizing high-rise buildings and towers
– Diagnostic analyses and collaborative evaluations• Source identification, BL transport, photochemical transformation
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Benefits of Network Measurements34.6
34.4
34.2
34.0
33.8
33.6
33.4
33.2
33.0
32.8
32.6
32.4
32.2
32.0
-85.5 -85.0 -84.5 -84.0 -83.5 -83.0 -82.5 -82.0 -81.5
Atlanta
FAQS measurement sites significant point sources point sources w/ CO:NOx > 1
Wind Roses with avg [PM2.5] for
summer & winter in µg m-3
and wind frequency in %.
20x20 km
WansleyYates
Bowen
McDonough
Branch
Scherer
Arkwright
Urquhart
Augusta
Macon
Columbus
Griffin
N
E
S
W9 18
17.9 7.8
N
E
S
W9 18
17.214.1
N
E
S
W9 18
18.215.9
N
E
S
W9 18
16.214.2
N
E
S
W18 36
36.8
May-Sep & Oct-Apr
25
20
15
10
5
0
[PM
2.5]
(
g m
-3)
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00Time (EST)
SUMMER HALF MAY-OCTGrif '02 '01Aug '02 '01 '00Col '02 '01 '00Mac '02 '01 '00
25
20
15
10
5
0
[PM
2.5]
(
g m
-3)
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00Time (EST)
WINTER HALF NOV-APRAug '01/'02 '00/'01Col '01/'02 '00/'01Mac '01/'02 '00/'01
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Benefits of Detailed Measurements
0.00
7/5/01 7/10/01 7/15/01 7/20/01 7/25/01 7/30/01
July 2001 (EST)
160
120
80
40
0
Acid
ity, neq
m-3
50
40
30
20
10
0
PM
2.5
Co
mp
osi
tio
n, g
m-3
40
30
20
10
0
NO
NO
x N
Oy
SO
2 pp
b U
VB
*10W
m-2120
100
80
60
40
20
0
O3h
ly M
ax,
pp
b
400
300
200
100
0
WD
, deg
N C
O, p
pb
RH
, %
TEOM UnID OOE
= 0.4 OC Others LOA OC EC NH4 NO3 SO4 pilsSO4
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Benefits … Towards SOA
Regional Difference: Higher OM/OC and OC/EC at more rural site!Seasonal Difference: Lower OM/OC and higher OC/EC in winter.
Baumann et al., JGR in press
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
High-Rise O3 levels are significantly higher early mornings and lower at midday
http://www.utexas.edu/research/ceer/texaqs/
100
80
60
40
20
0
Ozo
ne
(p
pb
v)
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00
LaPorteWill.Tower
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
Ozo
ne W
T-L
P
(pp
bv
)00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00
Δ-O3
center 67 %
Benefits of High-Rise PlatformO3
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Benefits of High-Rise PlatformPM2.5
30
25
20
15
10
5
TE
OM
ma
ss
(µ
g m
-3)
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00Time (CST)
LaPorteWill.Tower
10
5
0
-5
-10
PM
WT-L
P
(µ
g m
-3)
00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00Time (CST)
Δ-PM2.5
center 67 %
Positive vertical [PM2.5] ‘gradients’ favored more often at night than at day
http://www.utexas.edu/research/ceer/texaqs/
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
AREC Measurements
• Mike Bergin, [email protected]– Aerosol characterization
• Linking physical, optical and chemical properties• Natural background versus anthropogenic influence
– Air quality and visibility• Track changes in mode and hygroscopicity (sp vs ap)
• Link observed changes to air mass history and transport
– Climate change• Less uncertain aerosol parameters for climate models• Effects on regional climate, BL stability, photosynthesis• Spatial and temporal variations in radiative forcing
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Major Findings
Tasmania—predominance of seasalt aerosol indicative of a true background marine site
• Wavelength independence, predominance of coarse mode, strongly hygroscopic/deliquescent aerosol, light scattering >> light absorption
Portugal and Atlanta—anthropogenic perturbation of aerosol results in factor of 5-10 greater impact on radiative transfer
• Strong wavelength dependence, predominance of fine mode, suppressed hygroscopic growth, light scattering > light absorption
Nepal—strong seasonal cycle with spring-time peak comparable to urban areas and possible monsoon impacts
• Low concentrations during monsoon, Pre-monsoon “dusty period with evidence of long-range transport of mineral (Saharan?) dust
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
AREC Measurements
• Rodney Weber, [email protected]– Aerosol chemical characterization (PILS)
• High-resolution PM2.5 composition at ground & airborne
– Source apportionment from transient events• Mobile versus point sources, biomass burning, dust
– Aerosol chemistry w/in large field campaigns(SCISSAP, FAQS, TexAQS, ACE-Asia, TRACE-P) • Source apportionment in plumes (see transients above)• Chemical transformation of transported aerosol (box model)• New particle formation (nucleation)
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fin
e A
ero
sol M
ass
, µg
m
-3
8/17/99 8/19/99 8/21/99 8/23/99 8/25/99 8/27/99 8/29/99 8/31/99
Eastern Standard Time
4cB
2s3s
4s
3cC
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Fin
e A
ero
sol M
ass
, µg
m
-3
8/5/99 8/7/99 8/9/99 8/11/99 8/13/99 8/15/99
Eastern Standard Time
1s
1c2c
A PM2.5Sulfate OC*1.4 EC
Transient Events in Atlanta
Midday sulfate peaks from downmixed power plant plumes.
Morning rush hour EC/OC.
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Sources for Atlanta Sulfate
Title
Atlanta
Night
Primary OCp, EC morning rush NO
3-
Title
Atlanta
Day
SO2
SO2
SO4
-
few SO4
2- eventscars + trucks
SO4
2- Events
T
inversion
Min, OCp + EC
cars + trucks
Most intense during stagnation events. Links to health effects?! (Weber et al., JAWMA in Jan 2003)
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
• Mixed plumes - near northern coastal areas of China, Korea, and Japan.
• On average, about 305% of the fine PM mass in the mixed plumes is from BB emissions.
• K+ is good tracer for BB.
• Molar ratio of dK+/dSO42-
useful to estimate relative influence of BB on PM2.5 mass in mixed plumes.
• Limitation of the method– Dust contribution– Check for correlations
Ma et al., JGR, submitted 2002
50
40
30
20
10
0
La
titud
e
160150140130120110
Longtitude
% Biomass contribution 0-20 20-40 40-80 80-100
F10 10015%
F146210%
F19182%
TRACE-P Biomass Burning
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
AREC Measurements
• Mei Zheng, [email protected]– Aerosol particle-phase organics speciation
• GC-MS analysis of high-volume samples
– Field campaigns in SE-US and China
(ChinaMAP, PRDS, PERCH, ACE-Asia) – Chemical mass balance (CMB) receptor model
• Source apportionment to PM2.5 and OC
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
N
E
S
W10 20 µg m
-3
Detect > 100 POC speciesn-alkanes, branched alkanes, cycloalkanesn-alkanoic acids, n-alkenoic acidsalkanedioic acidsPAHs, oxy-PAHs
retenesteraneshopanesresin acids
pimaric acidabietic acidsandaracopimaric acid
aromatic acidslevoglucosan
Ongoing Joint PBS*
*) US-DOD funded “Study of Air Quality Impacts Resulting from Prescribed Burning on Military Facilities” 2002.
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Pensacola, FL October 1999
Other organic carbon30%
Wood combustion
39%
Meat cooking 6%
Vegetative detritus
2%
Gasoline exhaust
3%
Diesel exhaust
20%
Source Contributions to OC
Zheng et al., ES&T 2002
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
AREC Modeling
• Mike Chang, [email protected]://www.cure.gatech.edu/faqs.asp
• Thanos Nenes, [email protected]– Inverse modeling– Urban Airshed Model (UAM)-AERO
• successful in LA 1987 SCAQS (Lurmann et al., 1997)• SAPRC-90 gas phase mechanism (n=133, R=130)
• Online aerosol dynamics with inorganic component resolved (H2O, Na, Cl, NO3, NH4,SO4), incl OC/EC
• Evolution of aerosol described by mass balance– ISORROPIA (Nenes et al., 1998)
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
AREC Modeling
• Thanos Nenes, [email protected]– UAM-AERO (continued)
• Collaboration with the University of the Aegean– applied to simulate the atmospheric conditions in the Athens
basin (Sotiropoulou et al., in preparation).
– CAMx (www.camx.com)• “Next-generation” modeling system
– SAPRC-99 improved from version 90– Parallel processing & nested grid– Sotiropoulou et al., in preparation
– Both can be nested into larger scale models
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
AREC Modeling
• Ted Russell, [email protected]
• Talat Odman, [email protected] http://environmental.gatech.edu/~odman/page2.html
– Emissions modeling• Emissions inventory & inverse modeling• Onboard measurements
– Regional air quality impacts modeling• Sensitivities to changes in anthropogenic emissions• Advanced adaptive grid modeling • Sub-regional pollutants transport & transformation
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Airport Blvd.Aviation Pkwy.
Weston Pkwy.Morrisville
Pkwy.
0
20
40
60
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Elapsed Time (minutes)
Speed(m
ph)
crosses intersection
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Elapsed Time (minutes)
CO
(g/s
ec)
Trip Duration (%) -43
Ave. Speed (%) +137
Total Stops (%) -84
HC Emissions (%) -59
NO Emissions (%) -57
CO Emissions (%) -60
Allows measurement of vehicle emissions and engine parameters under real-world conditions
Mobile EmissionsMobile Emissions
On-Board Monitoring (A.Unal)
Effect of Traffic Congestion Effect of Traffic Congestion on Vehicle Emissionson Vehicle Emissions
Enables finding relationships between vehicle emissions and traffic parameters
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
0 1E+07 2E+07 3E+07 4E+070
1E+07
2E+07
3E+07
4E+07
X - Axis (cm)
Y-
Axi
s(c
m) j
Eic
ijs
Computer Simulation with
Air Quality Model
Controlled Burningat Military Base
Adaptive Grid Sensitivity Analysis
Impact to Downwind City
StrategyDesign
Direct sensitivity analysis for predicting the air quality impacts of anthropogenic activities.
Adaptive Grid Modeling
Part of DOD-funded “Study of Air Quality Impacts Resulting from Prescribed Burning on Military Facilities” 2003
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Superior O3 Predictions
Sumner Co., TN
Graves Co., KY
0.0
40.0
80.0
120.0
160.0
1 13 25 37 49 61 73
Time starting from 7/14/1995 (hour)
O3 C
on
cen
trat
ion
(p
pb
)
Observation 4-km Static 8-km Static Adaptive
0.0
40.0
80.0
120.0
160.0
200.0
1 13 25 37 49 61 73
Time Starting from 7/11/1995 (hour)
O3 C
on
cen
trat
ion
(p
pb
)
Observation 4-km Static 8-km Static Adaptive
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
MINOS Asian Monsoon Plume modeled by MATCH-MPIC
Additional AREC Contributors
=> Lawrence et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 2002: http://www.atmos-chem-phys.org
See also Lelieveld et al., Science 298, 2002
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Additional AREC Contributors
• Judy Curry, EAS Chair, [email protected]– Robotic Aircraft UAV (Aerosonde, Seascan)
• Small Size• Long Range & Endurance• Autonomous Operations• Automated Missions • Payload 2 to 5 kg• Sensor R&D• Ample Power > 100 watts• Real-Time Full-Motion Video
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Robotic Aircraft UAV
• Color Video System – Pan / Tilt / Zoom– Inertial Stabilization– Image Processing
Eliminate Unwanted Motion
– Analog Link to 30 Miles– Longer Range with Digital
Compression
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Robotic Aircraft UAV
US Patent 6,264,140
International Patents in Process
Skyhook Retrieval System for launch and retrieval over sea
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Proposed GT Measurements
• Complement existing monitoring network • Establish comprehensive sites: urban, rural, high-rise, hill-top
– Identify rural location– Top of downtown high-rise best represents urban AQ– Olympic Village site if possible– Ideally, upgrade existing urban site in collaboration with locals – Conduct advanced measurements
• Evaluate effects of public transportation mediation– relate AQ conditions to traffic activities
• Analyze visibility degradation– Poor visibility is noticed by the public and associated with air pollution– Sources of degradation will be identified and quantified– Information useful in health impact analysis
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Proposed GT Modeling
• Simulate Athens air quality during Olympics– Apply model with direct source-impact tool– Show impact of specific sources on ozone and PM
species (diesel, biogenic, cooking, etc.)– Validate emissions inventory
• Work with health scientists– Link emissions sources to air quality to health– Model exposure at finer scale than measurements
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Research Topics
Measurements•Air Quality
•Indoor •Outdoor
•In Situ•Lidar•Satellite
•Meteorology•Emissions Surveys•Traffic Monitoring•Health Monitoring
Modeling•Air Quality•Emissions•BL transport•Physical-Chemical
Transformation•Forecasting•Meteorology•Exposure
Health•Asthma in Athletes•Asthma in Athens
Population•Relationship of
Exposure to Respiratory and Cardiac Disease
•Epidemiology
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
US Research Team
• Gary G. Gimmestad – GT/GTRI– Senior Faculty Leader in remote sensing technology
development
• Leanne L. West – GT/GTRI– Co-Director of Health Science and Technology Research,
UV lidar systems
• Charlene Bayer – GT/GTRI– Indoor air quality, asthma triggers, exposure
• Ted Russell – GT/CEE– Air quality modeling, emission inventories, visibility,
exposure
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
US Research Team
• Karsten Baumann – GT/EAS– Field measurements coordinator, BL transport, physical-
chemical transformation of atmospheric constituents
• W. Gerald Teague – Emory Asthma Center– Relationship of air quality problems to asthma attacks
• Michael S. Friedman – CDC– Effects of air quality problems on human health
Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA
Anticipated Benefits
• Better understanding of Athens air quality• Demonstration of improvement strategies• Improved forecasting• Link between sources and health• Insight for “Green Olympics” in Beijing 2008
These benefits will help all cities with air quality problems, give insights to improving human health, and will become part of the International Olympics Legacy