___1. The Renaissance was a major turning point in world history. Which event most contributed to the beginning of the Renaissance?

A the conquest of Constantinople by the Ottoman TurksB the rediscovery of ancient texts by Italian humanist scholarsC the criticism of the sale of indulgences by the Catholic ChurchD the temporary move of the Papacy from Rome to Avignon

___2. Which of the following statements best describes painting during the Renaissance?A Painters adopted a more realistic style, depicting figures in space and applying perspective.B Painters developed a highly decorative style, which lacked realism.C Painters used a very abstract style to depict human emotions.D Painters mainly imitated the work of earlier Byzantine and Gothic artists.

___3. The Renaissance writer and diplomat Niccolo Machiavelli wrote that the “the end justifies the means.” What did he mean by this statement?

A Subjects must always obey their rulers.B A ruler must always follow the laws of God.C Subjects have the right to rise up and overthrow a ruler who is unjust.D A ruler may use trickery and even violence to maintain peace and stability

God judges what is in the depths of the heart …. Outwardly, you keep the law with works from fear of punishment or love of gain …. But to fulfill the law means to do its work eagerly, lovingly and freely …. That is why faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law.— Martin Luther, Preface to the Epistle of St. Paul to the Romans

___4. Based on this passage, with which statement would Martin Luther have most agreed?A Only the Catholic Church has the ability to grant salvation.B Only genuine faith in God can give a person salvation.C A person can obtain salvation by helping the poor.D People of all religious faiths have an equal chance at salvation.

___5. Which of the following was an important impact of the Reformation?A Learning decreased when Protestants stopped using Latin in their church services.B The power of the Papacy over secular rulers increased as a result of the wars of religion.C Literacy increased since Protestants believed that all people should read the Bible forthemselves.D The economy of Catholic Southern Europe advanced more rapidly than that of ProtestantNorthern Europe.

___6. Which statement correctly identifies a political impact of the Protestant Reformation?A Protestant rulers dissolved monasteries and seized their lands.B European rulers attended an international conference to settle their differences.C The Pope rallied Christians to launch a new Crusade against Muslims.D European Jews were expelled by Protestant countries.

___7. In 1517, Martin Luther set in motion a chain of events throughout Europe. One effect of these events is illustrated by the map. Which effect does this map show?

A Protestant rulers seized Church lands throughout Europe.B European rulers often persecuted religious minorities.C The religious unity of Western Europe was shattered.D The power of European kings began to grow.

___8. Copernicus proposed which of the following?a. The sun travels around the Earth.b. The Earth travels around the sun.c. Gravity keeps the planets in orbit around the sun.d. The Earth is the center of the universe.

___9. Which of the following best explains why the Renaissance occurred in northern Europe later than it did in Italy?a. There was little interest in the arts in northern Europe.b. The Black Death delayed economic growth in northern Europe.c. Few people were educated in northern Europe.d. Northern Europe was a region of peasants.

___10. How did Henry VIII react when the Pope refused to annul his marriage?a. He started a war.b. He took over the English church.c. He started the Reformation.

d. He imposed fines on the Roman Catholic Church.

___11. Which of the following contributed to the birth of the Renaissance in Italy?a. a new translation of the Bibleb. a wealthy and powerful merchant classc. the development of oil paintingd. the rise of Protestantism

___12. How did the Ottoman capture of Constantinople in 1453 encourage European exploration?

A. European explorers imitated Ottoman methods of navigation.B. European rulers built larger navies to regain control the Mediterranean.C. European explorers sailed into the Black Sea and settled the Crimea.D. European rulers sought a new, all-water route to Asia.

___13. During the period from 600 to 1450, long distance travel

A. Was hindered by a lack of safe trade routes between Europe and Asia.B. Saw the end of the nomadic lifestyle.C. Was confined to overland routes.D. Bypassed Western Europe.

___14. The least common destination for slaves crossing the Atlantic Ocean was

a. Spanish America.b. The Caribbean.c. British North America.d. Brazil.

___15. Which of the following pairs identifies two effects of the Columbian Exchange?

A

Europeans were exposed to new ideas.

Native Americans benefited from increased trade and scientific knowledge.

B

Europeans gained new foodstuffs and wealth.

Native American populations were reduced by new diseases and foreign colonization.

C

Europeans rejected traditional religious beliefs.

Native Americas welcomed the religion of Europeans.

D

Europeans faced new economic competition.

Native Americans gained access to new technologies for oceanic exploration.

• Dominated trade routes between Europe and Asia.

• The land route from Europe to Asia was shorter and more direct through their empire.

• The greatest power in Eastern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean until the 1600s.

___16. Which empire is described by the statements above?

A Egyptian Empire

B Ottoman Empire

C Han China

D Napoleonic Empire

• Ming ceramics and silk have been found in several countries distant from China.

• Foreign silver imported into China allowed the Ming to adopt their first silver standard.

• Ming-sponsored voyages, led by Admiral Zheng He and his armada of 200 ships, crossed the

South China Sea, the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea. They visited Sumatra, Calcutta, and

Mogadishu.

___17. What do these statements indicate about Ming China?

A Admiral Zheng He may have sailed as far as the Americas.

B Ming China encouraged global trade by exporting its ceramics and silk.

C Ming ceramics and silk were prized by European explorers.

D China under the Ming Dynasty became the first civilization to use silver.

In 1204, the capture and sacking of Constantinople opened the Aegean and Black seas to Italian merchant colonizers. The Venetians had long marketed slaves along the Dalmatian coast, and now led the way in building colonial trading posts along the shores of the Black Sea. Tana, their main slave-buying port, stood at the mouth of the Don, on the Sea of Azov, a gateway to Central Asia. By promoting trade with the Tatars, who were eager to sell slaves andn other commodities, Venetians established direct links with the Far East ….

— David Brion Davis, Slavery and Human Progress

___18. This historian would most likely agree that —

A slavery was first introduced into Africa by the Portuguese

B Italians encouraged the spread of slavery even before they knew of the existence of America

C By the early1200s, only Africans could be found as slaves in Europe

D the Venetians refused to engage in the slave trade on religious grounds

___19. Who conquered the Inca Empire?

a) Hernan Cortesb) Francisco Pizarroc) Ferdinand Magelland) Vasco Nunez de Balboa

___20. The Spanish were aided in conquering the Aztec civilization by all of the following except:

a) The spread of diseaseb) More numerous forcesc) Native enemies of the Aztecsd) The possession of superior weapons

___21. All of the following were an essential part of the Triangular Trade Network?

a) Quebecb) New Yorkc) Great Britaind) The Bahamas

___22. Who conquered the Aztec Empire?

a) Hernan Cortesb) Francisco Pizarroc) Ferdinand Magelland) Vasco Nunez de Balboa

___23. The main economic interest of the French in the New World was

a) Finding goldb) The fur tradec) Religious freedomd) Long term colonial investmen

___24. A historian might use this map of the European slave trade to show that from the 8th to the 11th centuries a) The Pope’s condemnation of slavery barred the use of slaves in Christian Europeb) Christian slaves were found in parts of the Islamic worldc) most slaves working in Southern Europe came from Africad) slavery was more common in Europe than in Africa or Asia

___25. An important effect of the Columbian Exchange on Europe was—a) the division of European Christians into Catholics and Protestantsb) a growth in population with the introduction of new foodsc) a decline in feudalism as people moved to townsd) the introduction of horses as work animal

___26. Which was a major reason for the expansion of Europe during the period 1450 to 1750?a) Europeans wanted to exploit the resources found in the Americas.b) Native Americans asked Europeans to provide them with new technologies.c) European rulers were seeking a place to settle excess population.d) Europeans sought to learn about Native American cultures.

EFFECT OF THE SLAVE TRADE EFFECT OF THE SLAVE TRADE

ON EUROPE ON AFRICA

___27. Which of the following combinations best completes this table?a) introduced European technologies — decreased local productionb) disrupted local African cultures — helped to grow cash crops for exportc) spread new diseases — spread Islamic beliefsd) spread the Christian religion — raised local standards of living

___28. Which statement identifies an impact of the Atlantic slave trade?a) It made African languages and the Islamic religion popular in the Americas.b) It brought African beliefs, legends, and music to Asia.

c) It destroyed much of Africa’s heritage and disrupted its development.d) It introduced violence and social upheaval to Europe.

The shift in European demand from gold, foodstuffs, and such products to slaves changed relations among African states. The prices Africans received for slaves made it more profitable for them to take captives from their neighbors than to establish networks for producing and selling other goods. In this way, the slave trade encouraged strong states to raid weaker states for slaves. As a result, many African societies were torn apart by organized slave wars and general banditry. Successful slave-raiding and trading societies formed new states that were dominated by military groups and constantly at war with their neighbors ….

— John Middleton, ed., Africa: An Encyclopedia for Students (Volume 4)

___29. What effect did the trade described in this excerpt have on West Africa?A It fostered a period of peace and goodwill between most African states.

B It helped bring about greater economic prosperity by increasing crop yields.

C It led to the production of fewer goods and warring over captives.

D It opened the interior of Africa to colonization by Western European countries.

___30. Who took over control of the spice trade from the Portuguese?a) Dutch

b) Spanish

c) English

d) French

___31. Which factor contributed most to the success of Europe’s Commercial Revolution?a) the creation of the manorial systemb) profits from trade with colonies across the Atlanticc) the emergence of the Catholic Church as a major economic powerd) the achievement of independence by the American colonies

___32. Through voyages of discovery, European nations found new trade routes in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and acquired colonies. What policy did European rulers adopt to deal with their colonies?

a) free tradeb) mercantilismc) socialismd) communism

___33. How did Prince Henry change the course of Portugal’s history?

a) Portugal became a Muslim country.

b) Portugal led the way in exploration.

c) Portugal became the first country to circumnavigate the world.

d) Portugal became a gold-rich country.

___34. Which statement best describes Europe’s Commercial Revolution?

a) European manufacturers learned to promote their products through advertising.

b) The local economies of the Middle Ages were replaced by a new system of global trade, international banking, private enterprise, and government sponsorship.

c) Rulers replaced existing private enterprises with new state-owned industries.

d) Governments took over industries from the capitalist class and prohibited the private ownership

of property.

l

___35. Which of the following occurred during Europe’s Commercial Revolution?

AEuropeans established outposts and colonies in the Americas, Asia, and AfricaEuropeans expanded their global trade

BEuropean governments established a uniform currencyEuropeans reduced taxes on imports

CEuropeans grew fields of poppies in IndiaEuropeans established “spheres of influence” in China

DEuropeans invented the steam engineEuropeans built the first steamships and railroad

___36. By the Edict of Nantes in 1598, Henry IV of France granted religious toleration toa. Catholics. c. Jews.b. Muslims. d. Huguenots.

___37. Which of the following resulted from the Thirty Years’ War?a. German states were united.b. The Hapsburgs gained power.c. France lost territory to Spain and Germany.d. The Netherlands and Switzerland became independent states.

___38. Peter the Great forced Russians to accept social reforms that would make their culture more like that ofa. Native Americans. c. Western Europeans.b. Chinese. d. Ottoman Turks.

___39. The Stuart kings’ claims to absolute power were challenged bya. the Tudors. c. the Cavaliers.b. Parliament. d. the Church of England.

___40. Peter the Great fought the Ottoman Turks for the purpose ofa. building St. Petersburg.b. defining their common border with Qing China.c. winning lands along the Baltic Sea.

___41. Which of the following people is best known for his portraits of Spanish nobles during Spain’s golden century?a. Richelieu c. Miguel de Cervantesb. El Greco d. Lope de Vega

___42. Which of the following people mocked the traditions of Spain’s feudal past in his novel Don Quixote?a. El Greco c. Lope de Vegab. Diego Velázquez d. Miguel de Cervantes

___43. The American Revolution supported – a. The appointment of dictatorships to restore order c. an expanded state religionb. Increased citizen participation in government d. government ownership of business

___44. The Declaration of Independence clearly reflects the ideas of

a. Catherine the Great. c. George III.b. John Locke. d. Thomas Hobbes

___45. The ideas introduced by Adam Smith in The Wealth of Nations describes the workings of

a. Mercantilism c. Free Enterpriseb. Capitalism d. Communism

___46. Enlightenment thinkers contributed to the development of democratic government through their belief that-

a. Most changes in government are dangerousb. Absolute monarchy is the most effective form of governmentc. Governments are instituted to protect the rights of citizensd. Popular liberties should be limited by the need for social order

___47. The Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution are both based on the idea that government power comes from the citizens it governs. This reflects the influence of –

a. Thomas Aquinas and Niccolo Macchiavelib. John Calvin and Charles de Montesquieuc. John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseaud. Thomas Hobbes and Adam Smith

___48. The writings of Montesquieu exercised great influence on the framers of the U.S. Constitution. Which idea of Montesquieu’s is in the following list?

a. The powers of government should be placed in separate branches to prevent the concentration of power and subsequent tyranny

b. The government should express the general will of the peoplec. The citizens have right to challenge a tyrannical king

d. government must work to protect the rights of citizens. These rights include life, liberty and property

___49. Which of the following helped Britain to become a global power in the 1700s?

a. its rich resources c. its favorable climateb. its strong navy d. its position next to mainland Europe

\ ___50.Which of the following was a new feature of English government in the late 1700s?

a. an absolute monarch c. a cabinetb. divine rule d. all adults had the right to vote

___51. Thinkers during the Age of Reason challenged the established social order bya. calling for an end to government.b. denying the existence of heaven.c. calling for a just society based on reason.d. supporting peasant rebellions.

___52. Montesquieu believed the purpose of the separation of powers was toa. make government more efficient. c. strengthen the monarchy.b. protect the liberties of the people. d. promote reform.

___53. Which of the following is a true statement about European peasants during the Enlightenment?a. Their life changed greatly.b. Most moved to the cities.c. The Enlightenment had little effect on their life.d. They acquired material wealth.

___54. Trade within the colonies of the British empire was controlled bya. Great Britainb. smugglersc. wealthy landowners and merchantsd. colonial assemblies

___55. The Constitution of 1791a. abolished the monarchy.b. established a new Legislative Assembly.c. gave the vote to all citizens.d. reestablished the old provinces.

___56. During the Reign of Terror, Robespierre tried toa. execute all French nobles.b. restore the Catholic Church.c. crush all opposition to the revolution.d. reinstate the monarchy.

___57. Which of the following statements about France’s social structure is true?a. The Third Estate was made up entirely of peasants.b. The Second Estate was content with the social structure.c. There was inequality among the three estates.d. Most people belonged to the First Estate.

___58. In June of 1812, Napoleon leads his colossal army into Russia. This is a costly mistake was made primarily because of

a. Napoleons failures as a generalb. The Failure of the Continental Systemc. The return of the emigresd. The destruction of Prussia

___59. The Russians further weaken Napoleon’s army by using the ______ _______ ________, which denied Napoleon needed supplies

e. Hundred Day Planf. Continental Plang. Emergency Evacuation Planh. Scorched Earth Policy

___60. After his failure in Russia, Napoleon is finally defeated and sent to Elba by the Battle of ________i. Borodinoj. Waterlook. Pyramidsl. Nations

___61. After a few months, Napoleon returns to France. One of the primary reasons for his decision to leave Elba was

m. The failure of French forces at the Battle of Trafalgarn. The failure of the government of the National Assemblyo. The failure of the Congress of Vienna to have a plan for the rebuilding of Europe

___62. France’s economy was mainly supported bya. the First Estate. c. the king.b. the Third Estate. d. the nobles.

___63. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen stated thata. all men were born free and equal in rights.b. all male citizens had the right to vote.c. male and female citizens were equal before the law.d. all citizens had to pay equal taxes.

___64. How did the French respond to threats to the revolution?a. by using mediation to settle differencesb. by becoming more radicalc. by welcoming their opponents into the decision-making processd. by ensuring that all citizens were free to speak

___65. The battle that ended the military and political career of Napoleon wasa. Borodinob. Austerlitzc. Nationsd. Waterloo

___66. Napoleon’s marriage led indirectly to a. The Continental System b. The Congress of Vienna

c. The Invasion of Russiad.The Battle of Trafalgar

___67. What did Napoleon use to reform the economy?d. Laissez Fairee. Created a national banking systemf. Price controlsg. Open markets

___68. The Concordat with the Pope was primarily for the purpose ofa. Providing funding for the Invasion of Russiab. Improving the French economyc. Stop domestic political problemsd. Allowing the Pope for political power in France

___69.Which of the following areas did Napoleon annex to France?a. the Netherlands c. Polandb. Russia d. Britain

___70.Which of the following was the chief goal of the Congress of Vienna?a. to punish France c. to create a lasting peaceb. Reestablish the old monarchies d. to strengthen Germany

___71.Why did the Congress of Vienna redraw the boundaries of some European countries?a. To satisfy medieval claims by monarchsb. to create more countriesc. to distribute land more fairlyd. to prevent the growth of nationalism

___72. The Congress of Vienna met from September 1814 to June 1815. What was the main goal of this meeting?

a. to end Russian expansion towards the Black Seab. to settle issues arising from the conclusion of the Napoleonic Warsc. to create independent governments in Hungary and Austriad. to restore Napoleon Bonaparte to power in France

___73. Which of the following effects of the Napoleonic Wars was a positive one?

a. The abolition of serfdom and similar reforms spread from France to other parts of Europe.b. Napoleon took away land and artworks from defeated powers like Austria and Prussia.c. France fell further behind Britain in its rate of economic growth.d. Napoleon passed strict censorship laws, controlled the press, and sent political opponents into prison or exile.

___74. Which of the following identifies an immediate consequence of the Napoleonic Wars?

0

a. Britain gained new colonies and Austria and Russia gained new lands in Europe, whileFrance shrank to its former size.b. Lands taken from Napoleonic France were mainly distributed to smaller states rather thanto the Great Powers.c. As a result of the wars, Germany and Italy became unified national states.d. The empires of Germany and Austria-Hungary were dissolved.

___75.Which of the following helped British farmers increase food production in the 1700s?a. reducing the size of their farmsb. improved farm machineryc. new kinds of cropsd. the availability of more farmworkers

___76.Which of the following became an important source of power for the Industrial Revolution?a. the steam engine c. the windmillb. animals d. the dynamo

___77.Why was coal important to the Industrial Revolution?a. Mining it gave jobs to unemployed farm laborers.b. It provided the fuel to produce iron.c. Trading it with other countries brought wealth to invest in industry.d. It provided fuel to heat workers’ homes.

___78.Early in the Industrial Revolution, working-class womena. received the same pay as men.b. worked only part time.c. were not allowed to work in coal mines.d. worked 12 or more hours a day outside the home.

___79.Who was most likely to support the idea that society should be based on cooperation instead of competition?a. Adam Smith c. Robert Owenb. David Ricardo d. Jeremy Bentham

___80.Which of the following conditions during the Industrial Revolution supported Karl Marx’s ideas?a. There were a few wealthy business people while the majority of people were poor.b. More material goods were available.c. People were no longer threatened by famine.d. People left the countryside and moved to the cities.

___81.Which of the following is a reason explaining why Britain took the lead in the Industrial Revolution?a. British workers were well paid.b. The government owned the factories.c. The British business class had large profits to invest.d. The British people were the most well educated in the world.

___82.Industrialization in the textile industry resulted ina. better-paying jobs. c. improved working conditions.b. the establishment of factories. d. slower production times.

___83.Which of the following statements regarding workers in mines and factories during the early Industrial Revolution is true?a. They were allowed to form unions.b. Their working conditions were dangerous and inhumane.c. Although working conditions were harsh, they were paid well.d. The British government was interested in improving their lives.

___84.Which group benefited the most from the Industrial Revolution?a. the working class c. the middle classb. farmers d. the nobility

___85.The idea that the goal of society should be “the greatest happiness for the greatest number” of its citizens was a philosophy held bya. Utilitarians. c. Utopians.b. Marxists. d. capitalists.

___86.In nineteenth-century cities, the poor liveda. in planned residential neighborhoods.b. on the outskirts of the city.c. in skyscrapers.d. in tenements near the factories.

___87.Which of the following was the most highly regarded by the middle class during the 1800s?a. honesty c. generosityb. respectability d. Individuality

___88.The saying “a woman’s place is in the home” reflected the values of which of the following groups in 1850?a. the working class c. minersb. the middle class d. Farmworkers

___89.Darwin challenged traditional beliefs by asserting thata. Earth was older than formerly thought.b. women were equal to men.c. all forms of life evolved over millions of years.d. the sun was the center of the universe.

___90. Which of the following countries gained control of much of southern Africa during the 1800s?

a. France c. Spain

b. Italy d. Britain

___91. Which of the following was a result of the Sepoy Rebellion?

a. India gained its independence.

b. India became a protectorate of Britain.

c. Britain began to rule India directly.

d. The East India Company took over the rule of India.

___92. Ethiopia was able to resist the Europeans because

a. its leader was educated in the West.

b. it had modern weapons and a well-trained army.

c. it formed an alliance with the Ottomans.

d. it had a favorable balance of trade.

___93. Why is Muhammad Ali considered the “father of modern Egypt”?

a. He introduced industry to Egypt.

b. He led Egypt’s nationalist movement.

c. He freed Egypt from British rule.

d. He built the Suez Canal.

___94. The Sepoy Rebellion was caused by

a. food shortages.

b. British insensitivity to Indian customs.

c. a tax increase.

d. a reduction in the sepoys’ salary.

___95. What caused the Taiping Rebellion?

a. Britain’s opium trade c. a desire for self-rule

b. peasant hardships d. anger at western reforms

___96. How did the Industrial Revolution encourage imperialism?

a. It made Europeans feel sorry for their “little brothers.”

b. It created a need for land.

c. It created a need for raw materials and markets.

d. It made westerners feel obligated to improve the human species.

___97. Which of the following was used as a justification for imperialism?

a. genocide c. westernization

b. Social Darwinism d. resistance to expansion

___1. ___98. World War I was more destructive than earlier wars becausea. the armies were more ruthless.b. it lasted longer.c. modern weapons were more deadly.d. airplanes could drop huge bombs.

___2. ___99. Which of the following statements is true regarding the Ottoman empire in World War I?a. It remained neutral.b. It joined the Central Powers.c. It joined the Allies.d. It successfully defended its interests in the Middle East.

___3. ___100. Which of the following helped the Allies to achieve the breakthrough they sought in World War I?a. the Russian Revolutionb. the involvement of the United Statesc. the waging of total ward. the battle of Gallipoli

___4. ___101Which of the following was an effect of militarism in Europe in the late 1800s?a. Nations made political and military alliances.b. Strong governments developed.c. Nations made economic alliances.d. Political tension between nations was reduced.

___23. ___102. Which of the following was an effect of militarism in Europe in the late 1800s?a. Nations made political and military alliances.b. Strong governments developed.c. Nations made economic alliances.d. Political tension between nations was reduced.

___24. ___103. Why was it difficult to gain an advantage over the enemy in trench warfare?a. Too many soldiers died of disease in the trenches.b. The machine gun made it nearly impossible for troops to advance.c. No weapons were used.d. Too few soldiers were willing to kill enemy soldiers.

___25. ___104. Which of the following helped turn World War I into a global war?a. the machine gun c. the submarineb. the airplane d. poison gas

___26. ___105. Which of the following statements is true regarding the role of women during World War I?a. They contributed little to the war effort.b. Their role differed very little from their role during peace time.c. They kept their nations’ economies going during the war.d. They focused their efforts on ending the war.

27. ___106. According to the Zimmermann telegram, if Mexico allied with Germany, Germany woulda. send troops to support the Huerta government.b. prevent the United States from taking control of Mexico.c. help Mexico regain Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona