George Washington: History In An Hour
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Transcript of George Washington: History In An Hour
George Washington In An Hour
George Washington has become so familiar to us, at least in the United States, that we
have lost sight of his greatness. Cities, streets, bridges, schools, parks, and a state have
been named in his honor. His image is on the currency, coins and postage stamps.
Manufacturers have deemed his reputation of virtue, strength and honestly as fair
game by putting his image on their products to boost sales. As recent as 2010,
Washington was shown leading a charge in a Dodge Challenger TV commercial.
However, in turning him into a symbol, we’ve lost him as a man. Washington, born
into a middle class family, became one of the richest men in the colonies. By the age
of twenty-two, his name was well-known on both sides of the Atlantic. He was
unanimously elected as commander -in-chief of an army that would go on to win
independence. He, behind the scenes, orchestrated a coup d'état which resulted in
writing and adopting of the constitution still used today in the United States. Then he
went on to be unanimously elected, twice, as its first president. And if those
achievements were not enough, Washington single handedly redefined the idea of
greatness itself. Prior to Washington, to be great was to be triumphant by conquering
an enemy and subduing his people. And during the Age of Divine Right, greatness
was a reflection of the ruler’s ability to put down threats to the throne. Then along
came Washington who walked away from power twice—at the end of the Revolution
and after the presidency in which he could have easily held for life. Surprisingly,
when compared with fellow American leaders, Washington was not an original
thinker, but towered above all those around him in egoless leadership. This biography,
in an hour, will examine the man George Washington and reveal why he is still
considered one of the most influential persons in history.
Washington as surveyor
Early Years
George Washington was born on 22 February 1732 in Westmoreland County,
Virginia, where his father, Augustine, was a leading planter in the area. Augustine’s
first wife died in 1729, leaving him two sons, Lawrence and Augustine, Jr., and a
daughter, Jane. Augustine, Sr. soon married Mary Ball and had six children, George
being the eldest. Washington’s mother was wealthy in her own right, and by all
accounts, a demanding, self-centered and formidable woman. In addition to inheriting
her strong health and disposition to endure great hardships, George most likely
inherited her temper, which he struggled his whole life to control.
By 1738, the family had moved to a plantation near Fredericksburg, Virginia where
George spent much of his youth. However, this period remains the least documented
and understood part of his life. Many of the widely accepted fables of George’s
youthful physical strength, honesty, and piety stem from Washington’s first
biographer, “Parson” Weems.
The education of a son of a wealthy planter normally included (as it did his older half-
brothers) English grammar and arithmetic. Adolescent years would have included
instruction in geometry, geography, booking keeping and surveying, culminating in a
year or two studying abroad in England. Unfortunately, when George reached the age
of eleven, his father died, and George’s formal education ended. From what little we
do know of his education, Washington excelled in mathematics and surveying. As
George grew into his teens, he found it increasingly difficult to tolerate his
domineering mother, so he spent most of his time away from home by actively
pursuing the study of surveying or spending a large part of his time with his step-
brothers, especially Lawrence.
Becoming the ward of his eldest half-brother, George relished spending time at
Lawrence’s Mount Vernon estate. Lawrence eagerly assumed the role of mentor,
encouraging George’s studies. More importantly, Lawrence introduced his young
charge to the dazzling, refined and sophisticated world of the Virginia gentry. It was
also during the time that George would capture the interest and support of the
powerful Fairfax family into which Lawrence had married.
With most of his late father’s estate being inherited by his older half-brother,
Washington decided to pursue surveying as his profession. This was an occupation
acceptable for someone of his social rank, and held at the time, the same status as a
doctor or lawyer.
In 1748, George joined a surveying expedition into western Virginia (and present
West Virginia) at the invitation of Lord Fairfax, a land baron and his brother’s father-
in-law. Impressed with Washington’s skills and work ethic, the Fairfax family secured
Washington an appointment as a county surveyor. By the age of seventeen,
Washington was operating his own surveying business. In the following years, he
crossed and recrossed the Appalachian Mountains mapping the far reaches of the
American wilderness for weeks at a time. He also began buying up favorable lands
and thus taking his first steps toward becoming one of Virginia's wealthiest men.
The years 1752-1753 marked a turning point in Washington’s life. Lawrence
contracted an aggressive strain of tuberculosis. Hoping that the tropical climate would
help his condition, he went to Barbados, taking George along. While there, George
contracted a case of smallpox, which may have left him sterile. When Lawrence’s
health did not improve, Lawrence returned to Mount Vernon and died in 1752.
George was made executor and residuary heir of the estate, and at the age of twenty,
George became owner of one of the best estates in Virginia. With this turn of fate, he
no longer needed a profession like surveying, so he turned to running his various
farms and carrying out his duties as an adjutant general in the Virginia Militia.
Prior to entering the military, his brother, Lawrence, held Virginia’s single position of
adjutant. After Lawrence’s death, four military districts were created, each needing an
adjutant that would be responsible for recruiting and training troops. Seeing a chance
to enhance his status in the colony, in 1753 Washington rode to Williamsburg,
Virginia’s capital, and petitioned Governor Dinwiddie for an appointment (in-part
because he was his brother’s brother). George had no military training, except for
reading two books on the art of warfare, but stood nearly six feet three inches tall—
enormous by eighteenth-century averages, and weighed about 220 pounds. Impressed
with Washington’s presence and spunk, Dinwiddie appointed him adjutant to one of
the four military districts.
Washington as the Virginia Colonel
French and Indian War
For years, French trappers had worked the area west of Appalachian Mountains, but
in 1753, Governor Dinwiddie learned that French troops were moving south from
Canada and constructing forts in the area south of Lake Erie. By this time, English
settlers were beginning to push across the mountains, and Dinwiddie knew that if the
French built forts throughout the Ohio Valley, it would block British expansion. His
biggest concern, however, was that the French would take control of the Ohio River—
the main shipping route to the Mississippi and ultimately the world.
Upon orders from King George II, Dinwiddie was directed to send a military envoy to
inform the French they were trespassing on British soil and to return to Canada. The
envoy he selected was twenty-one year old George Washington. Leaving in
November 1753, Washington and his small party faced a brutal winter, hundreds of
miles of roadless forests, and hostile Indians. Despite these insurmountable odds, they
reached Ft. LeBoeuf (Waterford, PA) on 11 December.
There Washington was warmly greeted by the French commander, Legardeur de Saint
Pierre, and delivered the letter. As expected, the reply was, “I do not think myself
obliged to obey it.”
Upon his return to Williamsburg in January 1754, Dinwiddie had Washington write
up a full report. This was then presented to the House of Burgesses, printed, and sent
to London, thereby establishing Washington’s international reputation.
In March 1754, Washington was sent back to the Ohio Valley to build a fort at the
forks of the Ohio River. While carrying out this mission, he ambushed a French
scouting party. One of the individuals killed was Ensign Joseph Coulon de Villiers de
Jumonville, who was on the same type of diplomatic assignment Washington had
been on earlier.
Convinced a larger French force would descend upon them, Washington ordered the
construction of a makeshift stockade, Fort Necessity. When over nine hundred French
and Indians attacked, Washington was outnumbered and agreed to surrender the fort
and troops on the condition that he and his men retire with the honors of war. What
Washington did not realize, because he could not read French, was that the surrender
document stated that he, personally, had assassinated de Jumonville.
Regardless of the fact that the French and British were on a collision course in the
Ohio Valley, Washington was blamed for starting the French and Indian War. When
news of Washington’s actions reached London, the politician and writer, Horace
Walpole wrote, “The volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of American
set the world on fire.”
Upon his return to Virginia, Washington learned that his regiment was to be
disbanded and replaced with independent companies commanded by captains.
Accepting command of one of these companies would mean losing his colonel rank.
Refusing such a demotion and humiliation, George resigned and returned to Mount
Vernon. However, being a soldier remained foremost in George's heart. He yearned
for a royal commission from London, but now that seemed out of reach. But luck was
on Washington's side. In 1755, Major General Edward Braddock arrived with two
regiments of British regulars. Braddock was ordered to settle the French and Indian
issue by marching west, and with overwhelming numbers, expel the French from the
Ohio County. As soon as George learned of this, he wrote Braddock and offered to
volunteer as an aide.
Despite his best efforts to convince Braddock that the “Canadian” French and Indians
would not fight according to conventional European tactics, Braddock rejected
Washington's advice and marched right into a devastating pour of musket fire that
lead to chaos and a large loss of life. When Braddock was fatally wounded,
Washington took control by riding back and forth across the battlefield, rallying
troops, and bringing a sense of order to the melee. Impervious to having two horses
shot from under him, and four bullets shot through his coat, George gallantly led the
demoralized survivors to safety.
So impressed with how Washington salvaged Braddock's disastrous campaign,
Governor Dinwiddie gave him command of all Virginia forces in 1758. For three
years, Washington successfully defended Virginia against French and Indian attacks
but found the task maddening. The Virginian legislature underfunded his efforts;
recruits were of little or no quality; and despite how many times he petitioned London
for a commission in the British Royal army, it was never to be. (George had a hard
time grasping that commissions in the British army had little to do with merit. And in
time, the Crown would come to regret this failure to promote him.)
Although only twenty-six years old, Washington was the most experienced colonial
military officer in all the Americas. He had learned to organize, train, drill and
discipline men. He learned British, French, and Indian battle tactics, and that in war,
being able to hold an army together was perhaps more important than winning battles.
Read more George Washington: History In An Hour published by Harper Press
History In An Hour