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IGCSE GEOGRAPHY P6

What are the safety precautions to take note?

- Check the depth of water / do not work if river is in flood / storm- Check current / velocity of river / dont work if river is fast-flowing / rapids- Work in pairs / groups of three / dont work alone / dont wander off / work under adult- supervision- Let people know where you are going / take mobile phone- Wear waterproof clothing / wellingtons / protective clothing / shoes / Sunblock / insect- repellent- Look out for dangerous animals / thorny vegetation / mosquitoes- Do not do fieldwork if river is polluted / Weils disease / water bottle / do not drink river

water

- Work in daylight / not in dark- Beware of slippery rocks / sharp stones

How to measure the river channel?

- Stretch measuring tape / rope across channel from one bank to the other- Measure every 20cm or 0.2m across river- Rest rule / ruler on river bed / floor- Take reading at water surface / wetted length of string or pole- Record measurement in metres / centimetres

Speed flow meter(to measure the speed of the water)

- Advantage: accuracy of reading / digital reading / quicker / simple to read- Disadvantage: less accurate in low velocity / battery may go flat / expensive / cannot use in

shallow water

Suggest three improvements to make readings more reliable?

- Repeat experiment on different days / month / season to compare results- Do experiments at more sites along river- Investigate another river- Use flowmeter- Another student checks to make sure measurements are accurate- Ensure that depth measurement is to the bed not an isolated rock on bed

Suggest three pieces of advice their teacher gave them about using a questionnaire?

- Work in pairs, not alone- Donot block pavement / entrance to shops- Be polite to interviewees / thank them- Accept that some people wont want to answer questions / check if people are willing to talk- Ask a range of people / get a representative sample of age / gender / get a random sample /

ask every 10th person

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- Choose a time when there are plenty of people shopping- Explain what survey is about

Advantages of doing a Trial Study?

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Check that the questions can be understood / test questionnaire / find out if any problems/check sample size

- Opportunity to change questions / alternative answers / make improvements- Gain confidence in asking questions / practice / gain experience

Describe how a barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure?

- Examples: look for two points- Index pointer shows previous recorded value / align both pointers- Arrow / pointer /needle moves on dial- Difference between index pointer and arrow/ pointer needle / shows change- Read value/pressure on dial

Units for pressureMillibars(mb)

Explain how an anemometer is used to measure wind speed?

- Cones / cups revolve / spin / turn / rotate /moves (1)- Read speed off meter (1)- Shows reading as km per hour (1)

Improvements in the experiments

- May not have carried out pilot study- Data only collected for short periods- These days may not be typical conditions- Data collection only done twice a year- How accurate were readings /student errors- Unable to check the results from other school / confidence in other school- Time zone/communication/language difficulties/issues- Should have taken more than just 1 reading

Improvement in fieldwork investigations

- Surveys done more frequently during the day- Surveys done on >two working days- More survey points to give greater coverage- Comparison with survey done on a non-work day such as weekend- At least three people doing survey so more checking- Ensure each group has watch / stopwatch- Use of counters / clickers- Carry out pilot study

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Suggest two factors which the student should have considered when deciding where to put the

rain gauge.

- Clear of buildings / away from shelter / open ground- Clear of trees / away from interception- Clear of people or animals / away from interference- On grass not concrete / non-splash surface- On flat land

How to use a rain gauge?

- Container stood firmly in ground / above ground / on ground- Rainfall / water collects in measuring cylinder / rains into cylinder- Read water level in measuring cylinder / read at eye level / read off the scale / read off the

gauge

- Reading taken at same time every day / specific time period- Empty water out of container- Add any water collected in overflow cylinder