Some Common Discrete Random Variables. Binomial Random Variables.
Geometric Random Variables Target Goal: I can find probabilities involving geometric random...
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Transcript of Geometric Random Variables Target Goal: I can find probabilities involving geometric random...
Geometric Random Variables
Target Goal:
I can find probabilities involving geometric random variables
6.3c
h.w: pg 405: 93 – 99 odd, 101 - 103
Review Binomial: The # of trials n is fixed. X counts the number of successes. Possible values of X are 0, 1, 2…, n Probability for success same for all n Independence
Consider: Flip a coin until you get a head. Roll a die until you get a 3. Shoot three pointers until you make 1.
What is the main difference?
Geometric Distributions
Counts the number of trials until an event happens.
1. Success or failures
2. The probability of success p is the same for all events.
3. Observations are independent.
4. The variable of interest is (X = 1, 2, 3, …, ); the number of trials required to obtain the first success.
Which is a Geometric Distribution? Check the conditions.
Roll Die until “3”Roll Die until “3” Draw an Ace Draw an Ace
Success or Success or failuresfailures
The prob. same The prob. same for all eventsfor all events
Observations Observations are independent are independent
Execute until Execute until event occurs? event occurs?
YY YY
YY
YY YY
Y:1/6Y:1/6 N: First draw: 4/52N: First draw: 4/522nd draw: 4/51 2nd draw: 4/51
N: previous pick effectsN: previous pick effects the next.the next.
Rules for Calculating Geometric Probabilities
The probability of the first success on the nth trial is:P(X=n) = (1-p)n-1p for X = 1, 2, 3, …..
{s/a qn-1p}
((1-p) s/a 1-p) s/a q: Probability of failure q: Probability of failure withwithp being the probability of successp being the probability of success
Note:
The longer it takes to get the first success, the closer the probability gets to 0.
The table of probabilities could have no end.
Example: Roll a DieConstruct the probability distribution table for X= the number of rolls of a die until a three occurs.
P(X=1) = (5/6)0(1/6)1 = 0.1667 P(X=2) = (5/6)1(1/6)1 = P(X=3) = P(X=4) =
Complete and fill in table.
P(X=n) = (1-p)P(X=n) = (1-p)n-1n-1pp
Exercise: Hard Drive
Suppose we have data that suggest that 3% of a company’s hard drives are defective.
You have been asked to determine the probability that the first defective hard drive is the fifth unit tested.
a) Verify that this is a geometric setting.
Success or failures? The prob. same for all events? Observations are independent? Execute until event occurs?
Identify the random variable: X = number of drives tested in order to find
the first defective
What constitutes success in this situation? Success is a defective hard drive.
b) What is the probability that the first defective hard drive is the fifth unit tested?
P(X=5) = (1-0.03)5-1 (.03)
= (0.97)4(.03)
= .0266
P(X=n) = (1-p)P(X=n) = (1-p)n-1n-1pp
c) Find the first four entries in the table of the pdf for the random variable X.
XX 11 22 33 44
P(X) P(X) .03.03 .0291.0291 .0282.0282 .0274.0274
P(X=1), P(X=2), etcP(X=1), P(X=2), etc. (2min)
Mean or Expected Value
The Mean or Expected Value of a geometric variable is:
The Variance of X is:
σ2 = (1-p)/p2
σ =
x
1=p
2/ pq
The probability that it takes more than n trails to see the first success is:
P(X>n) = (1-p)n or qn
Ex. Roll a die until a 3 is observed. The probability that it takes more than 6
rolls to observe a 3 is:
P(X>6) = (1-p)n
= (5/6)6
0.335
Exploring Geometric Distributions: Calculator
Verify our previous results. Enter the list of the # of trials, 1 to 7 in L1.
Plot the Cumulative Distribution Histogram.
Deselect Plot 1, select plot2 Xlist: L1, freq: L3 Windows: X[0,11]1 and Y[-.3, 1].1
Trace
Simulating Geometric Experiments
Called “wait time” because you continue to conduct trails until a success is observed.
Example : Show me the Money! Cheerios claims a free $1 bill every 20th
box. Let’s simulate to determine how many
boxes you need to buy to get the money.
Simulation with Table D Let 2 digit numbers 00 to 99 represent a
box of Cheerios. Let 01 to 05 represent a box with $1. Let 00, 06 to 99 represent a box w/o $1 Read Table B, line 127:
Form pairs and organize into 5 rows, ten across until a 01 to 05 is found.
Ex. 23 33 06 …
Calculate the Variance and Standard Deviation to better understand the large number of trails.
p = 1/20 = 0.05
E(X) = 1/p = 20
So why did we get 50?
σ2 = (1-p)/p2 = .95/.0025 = 380
σ (X) = 19.49