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The previous Slide Set contains:
Spatial InformationTerrain Modelling
GIS, Geographic Information Systems
This Lecture Notes Slide Set contains:In t roduc t ion to Remo te Sensing
The next Silde Set contains:
Introduction to Photogrametry
Dr Gerd R Dowideit
School of Geography, Planning and Architecture
The University of Queensland
Copyright, 2004
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Start this PowerPoint Session as a Slide Show !
Engineering Surveying (Mining)THE UNIVERSITYOF QUEENSLAND
2
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
Remote SensingLecture 7, Part 1
Dr Gerd R Dowideit
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Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
REMOTE SENSING inclu des al l m ethods
and techniq ues used to g ain qual i tat ive and
quant i tat ive inform ation abou t distant
objects wi thout com ing into di rect contact
with these objects.
Loo k-Look , NO Touch
Landsat TM
Near IR Band
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Remote Sensin g (RS) metho ds try to answerfour basic quest ions:
HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
What is the SHAPE and EXTENT of ... ?
(Area, Bo undaries, Lineaments, ...)
Has it CHANGED?
What is the MIX of Objects
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
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HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?
WHAT: Type, Characteris t ic and Propert iesof Object . eg. Water, Vegetation, Land;
Temperature, Concent rat ion , State of
Developm ent; Subty pe, Species,
Use of ... ; Inclu des determinat ion of
gener ic ob ject type, character and prop erty
as well as its abstract meaning.=> DATA INTERPRETATION
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
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HOW MUCH of WHAT is WHERE?HOW MUCH: determ ine by simple
COUNTING, measur in g AREA cov ered or
percentage of total area cov erage.
WHERE: Relate location s and area
co vered to either a standard map or to the
actual location on the ground where the
object occu rs.NOTE: WHERE also refers to a moment in
t ime
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
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What is the SHAPE and EXTENT of ...
? (Area, Bo und ar ies, Lineaments)This extends the WHERE to be a completely
GEOMETRIC p rob lem. MAP PRODUCTION
methods are to be appl ied to the analysis o f
RS informat ion. These include:
Photogrammetric Methods:
Identification and Delineation of Boundariesand Lineaments (Roads, Rivers, Fault Lines)
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
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Has it CHANGED?
CHANGE may occu r wi th progress of
TIME.
Change may be detected throug h
com parison o f observed states at dif ferent
moments in time.
=> CHANGE DETECTION
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
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What is the MIX of Objects?
The surface of the Earth is c overed byob jects like So il, Water, Grass , Trees,
Houses, Roads and so o n. These are
GENERIC OBJECTS. We know these
wel l , but w e also kn ow objects l ike
Open Forest, Residential and Industrial
Estates, etc. Each of theseABSTRACTOBJECTS are made up of a typical
col lect ion o f Gener ic Objects.
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
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Remote Sensing (Look-Look, NoTouch) is a much wider field than
we will discuss in this lecture
series. We will concentrate on that
part of RS dealing with
EARTH RESOURCES
Vision Medical Imaging
Sound and Radio Wave Detection
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
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What makes i t t ick ?? ?
(1) RS requir es aCARRIERof
information, which can br idgedistances.
(2) RS requ ires a SENSOR whic h can
detectchanges in the carried Signal.
(3) RS requ iresRECORDING,
ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and
REPRESENTATION of the sensedinformat ion in a pu rposefu l way.
(1) RS requir es aCARRIERof information,
which can br idge dis tances.
These Carriers of Information are FIELDS of
FORCES:
* Pressure Wave Fields of Sound,
* Gravity Force Fields,
* Magnetic Force Fields and
* Electro-magnetic Force Fields.
The lat ter are of our main interest, sincethey inc lude vis ib le and invis ib le LIGHT.
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
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(2) RS requir es a SENSOR wh ich c an detect
changes in the carried Signal.
Apart f rom o ur ow n eyes and ears,techno logy has prov ided us wi th a mul t i tude
of sensors operat ing in the d etect ion of
force f ields:
microph ones, geophon es,
photo graphic f i lm, v ideo cameras and photo
detectors,radio w ave receivers, gravimeters and
magnetometers.
What makes i t t ick ?? ?
(1) RS requir es aCARRIERof
information, which can br idgedistances.
(2) RS requ ires a SENSOR whic h can
detectchanges in the carried Signal.
(3) RS requ iresRECORDING,
ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and
REPRESENTATION of the sensedinformat ion in a pu rposefu l way.
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
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(3) RS requ iresRECORDING, ANALYSIS,
INTERPRETATION and REPRESENTATION
of the sensed inform ation in a pu rposefu lway.
This is a techniq ue based top ic. It is
essent ial for the su ccess o r fai lure of RS
in respect of its anticipated purpose.
This topic will be dealt with in its main
aspects (bu t not completely).
What makes i t t ick ?? ?
(1) RS requir es aCARRIERof
information, which can br idgedistances.
(2) RS requ ires a SENSOR whic h can
detectchanges in the carried Signal.
(3) RS requ iresRECORDING,
ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION and
REPRESENTATION of the sensedinformat ion in a pu rposefu l way.
Remote Sensing
An Introduction:
What is REMOTE SENSING ?
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Source of ForceField
Reflection
Sensor System eg. Camera
Resulting RS DataSet
eg. Image
DATAACQUISITION
Remote Sensing
An Introduction: What is Remote Sensing
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RS Data Seteg. Image
DATAPROCESSING
Interpretation
(secondary) MeasurementsData Processing & Mapping (geometric)Presentation of Processing Results
Explaining deduced OBJECT INFORMATION
Remote Sensing
An Introduction: What is Remote Sensing
Model of Real World
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Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
Fraunhofer Lines
(found empirically byobservation)
Dispersion of Light
through a refractive
prism
Fraunhofer discovered black lines
in the spectrum of light emitted by
various superheated chemical
elements. These lines were as
typical for each of the elements asfingerprints for humans.
Chemica l Composi t ion of
ob jects effects em itted ER in
a unique way for eachelement.
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Fraunhofer Lines
Dispersion of Light
through a refractive
prism
E = mc2
In Einstein's formula
E = mc^2
E = Energy
m = mass (of matter/object)
c = propagation velocity of
light
What does that tel l us ?
There is a well defined relationship
between MATTER, ENERGY and
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
(eg. light)
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
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The basic building blocks of all matter are ATOMS
The basic building blocks of Atoms are the
NUCLEUS (Neutrons and Protons) and several
ELECTRONS.
Electrons are thought to be spinning around the
Nucleus at orbits of different, but well pre-defined
discrete sequential radii.
A change in the energy level contained in an atom
(eg. by heating or cooling) changes
the balance of forces inside the atom willautomatically adept to energy level changes by
moving electrons to higher or lower orbits.
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
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The loss of energy from an atom causes
electrons to drop back to lower orbits
which is of interest to us.
One widely accepted theory says, that
atoms lose energy in form of
Electromagnet ic Radiat ion
One theo ry exp lains ER as a WAVE field,
another as a f ield o f a stream of
PHOTONS, partic les so small that they
have no mass.Bo th are said to p ropagate at l ight s peed.
Photon
Wave
Energy differential = 1 Plancks Quantum E = mc^2
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
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Photon
Wave
Energy differential = 1 Plancks Quantum E = mc^2
Some atom s may have been charged to a high e
energy level ; pu shin g electron s further than one
orb i tal level . In turn they can dr op b ack over
mo re than one orbi t level : mo re energy than
one Quantum
Gerds interpretation:
Since c is cons tant, al l pho tons travel about
300,000 km /sec
Those with a high er energy ch arge wi l l use a
more wiggly (thus, longer) wave path than
thos e with lesser charge.
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
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Photon
Wave
Energy differential = 1 Plancks Quantum E = mc^2
Wave characteristics:
= Wave leng th = distance between cons ecut ivewave peaks (measured inm)f = frequenc y = num ber of wave peaks (wiggles) in
the wave train p ropagat ing fo r 1 sec (measured in
Hz)
= c / fSumming up:
High Energy Radiat ion proc eeds at high er
frequencies (sho rter wavelength compares to low
energy radiat ion.
Radiation wave length m ix depends on amount of(heat) energy con tain in matter.
=>PLANCKs LAWc = const ~ 300000km/sec
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
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PLANCKs LAW
Wave Length
Total Radiation
Energy emittedRadiation Energy Curve for
an object (BLACK BODY)
at constant temperature.
short long
peak
WIENs LAW
Wave Length
Total Radiation
Energy emitted
Radiation Energy Curves foran object (BLACK BODY) at
various constant temperatures.
short long
300K
1000K
3000k6000K
Radiation output curves for ideal (Black Body) objects
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
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The Average Temperature of Earths
Surface rarely exceeds 300 K, an object
temperature to low to provide for
EMITTED RADIATION of sufficient
strength to register on most of the
available sensors (except in thermal IRsensors).
(Even warm nights can be pitch black)
WIENs LAW
Wave Length
Total Radiation
Energy emittedRadiation Energy Curves for
an object (BLACK BODY) at
vari ous constant temperatures.
short long
300K1000K
3000k6000K
The surface of the Suns outer atmosphere
(photosphere) has a temperature of about
5800K, hot enough to provide adequate
radiation energy. (Peak output in GREEN
of visible light).
Most RS systems ut i l ise ref lected su n l ight.
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
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QUESTION: Does incident
sun light interact in a
similar way with matter as
described is the case for
emitted radiation?ANSWER: YES!
ER (includ ing l igh t) is a
form of energy (as is heat).
Matter (atoms) can absorb
as wel l as emit energy.
Objects under illumination by sun light
will partially absorb radiation.
Absorption level varies with wave
length depending on chemicalcomposition of the object
Radiation not absorbed is mostly
reflected and available for RS.
=> Spectr al Sign atures
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
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GN238 Introduction to Remote Sensing 01/10/97 5
ER, the Physical Basis of RSExamples of Spectral Signatures
50
0.4 (blue) 0.80.6 (red)0.5 (green) 0.7 (IR=>) 1.0m
%Reflectance
(of Sun Light)
0
Bare Soil (Grey/Brown)
Vegetation (green)
Water (clear)
(
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GN238 Introduction to Remote Sensing 01/10/97 6
ER, the Physical Basis of RSThe Electromagnetic Spectrum
(not to exact scale; see Textbook)
10^ -6 10^ -3 1 100 0.1 10^5 10^ 8
-Rays
Sound
X-Ray UV
Visible
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7m
m
TV/RadioM icro-
Wave
Thermal Inf rared
Near & M id I nfrared
Wave L ength
not part of ER)
Note: outsidethe visible Range,
no colours or
shades will be
perceived.Blue Green Red
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
GEOM3003 E i i S i (Mi i )
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The General Remote Sensing Model
I
R
AT
A
Sensor
Radiation
Source
I = R + A + T
Simplified
Radiation-
Balance
R = I - A - T
I = Incident ERR = Reflected
A = Absorbed
T = Transmitted
S = Scattering
S
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
GEOM3003 E i i S i (Mi i )
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ER, the Physical Basis of RSA bright I dea for RS
50
0.4 (blue) 0.80.6 (red)0.5 (green) 0.7 (IR=>) 1.0m
%Reflectance
(of Sun Light)
0
Bare Soil (Grey/Brown)
Vegetation (green)
(
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A brig ht Idea for RS
G R IR
Truth Table
Veg. Soil
G med med
R low high
IR high+ high
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
GEOM3003 Engineering S r e ing (Mining)
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Image
Display
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
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Ekati Diamond Mine,
Northwest Territories
1989 1994 1999Colour coded
CompsiteChange Detection:Impact of Mine Development on
the Environment
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
GEOM3003 Engineering Surveying (Mining)
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Spectral Classification of a Landsat MSS scene
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
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Using Fraunhofers ObservationsThe variation in Radiation output from a REAL OBJECT depends on its
chemical composition. Water has a different SPECTRAL SIGNATURE than
soil or chlorophyll containing leaf matter, etc.
Wave Length
Radiation Energy Curve for
an object at constant temperature.
short long
Gerds real
object
QUESTIONS:
Can we use these facts to
measure object
temperatures?
Can we use these facts to
identify the chemicalcomposition of objects and
can we use the latter to
identify the object itself?
Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic Radiation:
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