Geology of the Berea Horizontal...

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Geology of the Berea Horizontal Oil Play, Eastern Kentucky Dave Harris Kentucky Geological Survey University of Kentucky April 24, 2013 (Pepper and other, 1954)

Transcript of Geology of the Berea Horizontal...

Page 1: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Geology of the BereaHorizontal Oil Play,Eastern Kentucky  

Dave HarrisKentucky Geological SurveyUniversity of KentuckyApril 24, 2013(Pepper and other, 1954)

Page 2: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Outline

• Why consider horizontal wells in the Berea?• Berea stratigraphy and depositional history• Production trends• Devonian thermal maturity• Reservoir quality• Greenup and Lawrence County activity• Summary and recommendations

Page 3: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Acknowledgements

• Discussions with Steve Ferris (Nytis), Monte Hay (Hay Exploration), Cimarex staff

• Tom Sparks (KGS) for top Berea structure map

Page 4: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Why Horizontal Drilling?• Horizontal wells can improve production in many non‐shale reservoirs:– Naturally fractured reservoirs: increased fracture contact– Reservoirs with isolated compartments/perm barriers– High permeability reservoirs with water coning problems– Low permeability reservoirs: increases permeability‐feet (Kh)

• Berea is a classic low‐permeability reservoir– FERC tight formation status (Lawrence/Pike Counties in early 1980’s)

– Very fine‐grained (siltstone dominated in E. Ky.)– EQT drilled 29 horizontal Berea gas wells in Pike County

(M. McLear, KOGA presentation, June 2010; PDF on Core Minerals web site)

Page 5: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Berea “Sandstone” Type Log,Lawrence County

137383APP ENERGY 1 MOORE, C

LawrenceKY

0 400Gamma Ray

7 17Caliper

2 3Bulk Density

0 10PEF

30 -10Density Por (ss)

67 77TEMP

30 -10NPHI%

0.2 200RILD

0.2 200RILM

Sunbury ShBerea Ss/Bedford Sh

Ohio Sh

1200

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Lawrencett

APP ENERGY 1 M O O RE, C

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0 66,611

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Page 6: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Berea Depositional Setting• Key references:

– Pepper, de Witt, and Demarest, 1954, USGS Prof Paper 259– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis by Pashin at UK– Elam, 1981, MS thesis at UK– Frantz and Lancaster, 1993, GRI Topical Report 94/0258: Reservoir Engineering & 

Treatment Design Technology, Research Results of Ashland Ford Motor Co. 80 (COOP 2), Pike Co., KY

• Regressive sequence deposited in Acadian foreland basin with sources to the east and north

• In E. Ky. Berea siltstones deposited on a storm‐dominated marine slope and outer shelf, (common hummocky cross‐bedding, wave ripple lamination, turbidite sequences)  

Page 7: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Berea Paleogeography

(Pashin & Ettensohn, 1995)

Page 8: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Berea Siltstone Thickness

• North‐south trending thick,dark red = Berea “sand” > 60 feet

• Greenup and Lawrence Counties, Ky. highlighted

• Possible fault influence on Berea thickness (Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995)

(from Pepper and others, 1954)

Page 9: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Berea Depositional Trends

• Reservoir continuity complex on local scale: lenticular sheet silts and very fine sands deposited by storms and turbidity currents

• Thick Berea trend thins and pinches out to west in central Kentucky, and onto shallower eastern platform in W. Va.

Page 10: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Berea Hydrocarbon Distribution

1,898 Berea completionsfrom KGS database

Oil production limited to shallower, 

northeastern part of basin 

KEN

MASONGREENUP

LEWISRTSON

FLEMING

BOYD

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LAWRENCE

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MONTGOMERY

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BEREA PRODUCTION - BEREA PRODUCTION

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Oil, Oil & GasGas

Page 11: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

2012 USGS Thermal Maturity Map(East and others, SIM 3214, 2012)

• Devonian shale shown as immature in much of eastern Kentucky

• Does Berea production reflect lateral migration or is vitrinitereflectance (Ro) suppressed in the Ohio Shale?

Berea hydrocarbon distribution reflects Devonian shale thermal maturity

Page 12: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Thermal maturity  (cont.)Other workers place the oil window farther north, and note similarity of Ro in Penn. coals to deeper Devonian shale (Rimmerand Cantrell, 1988). Devonian Ro data may be suppressed. 

Page 13: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Berea Reservoir Quality

• FERC tight gas formation status established in early 1980’s (Lawrence and Pike Counties)

• Core analyses for 18 Berea cores compiled and available at KGS

S

BOYD

CARTER

LAWRENCE

ELLIOTT

MORGAN

JOHNSONMARTIN

MAGOFFIN

BEREA PRODUCTION BEREA PRODUCTION

FEET

0 46,789

Zone: WELL - CORE_AT_KGS [KGS] IS PRESENT

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Page 14: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Berea Core Data, E. Kentucky

Impermeable& belowdetectionassigned

perm = 0.1 md(n=373)

Average porosity 13.3%Average 

permeability 2.2 md

N=548

Page 15: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Reservoir Quality vs. Depth

Lawrence Co.

Lawrence Co.

Page 16: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Reservoir Quality Summary

• For permeable samples, average core porosity is 13.3% and permeability is 2.2 md.

• Berea in E. Ky. dominated by very low permeability siltstones

• Reservoir quality is variable within the Berea, no significant depth control on porosity observed, perm does appears to decrease with depth

• Other controls need further work

Page 17: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Berea Horizontal Activity• Greenup County

– Operator is Nytis Exploration, first well completed in March 2011

– 22 horizontal wells permitted; completion data submitted for 11 wells

– Infill/stepout drilling in older shallow (1,000 ft) Berea pools (Hunnewell, Naples)

– Structure is regional dip to SE, with apparent stratigraphic traps

– Typical lateral is 2,000 ft., oriented SE‐NW (downdip)– Multistage hydraulic fracture stimulation

• 5‐11 stages in open hole, 2,500 to 4,900 bbl total fluid, with 200,000 lbs. sand

– Significant water production reported

Page 18: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Greenup Co. Horizontal Well Locations

Page 19: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Greenup County Top Berea Structurewith Nytis Horizontals (as permitted)

B- 5

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Page 20: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Greenup County Horizontal Completions(5 wells)

• Reported oil IP’s: 16–32 BOPD; 7–37 MCFGD

• Water IP: 28–114 bbl/day

• WOR: 1.5–6, ave= 2.8• 2011 production data released for 2 wells: average 572 bbl/well/month

Page 21: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Lawrence County Horizontal Activity• 15 horizontal wells permitted, first completion in  October 2012

– Operators: Eagle Well Services (6), Hay Exploration (6), Nytis (3)

• Current drilling is near the Walbridge (Blaine Creek) Fault, downdipof gas production in Cordell and Beech Farm fields

• Completion data available for one well, no public production data

• Nytis Torchlight Trust Unit #4 (P109494) (north of Walbridge Fault)– MD=4,445 ft; TVD=1,807 ft (2,100 ft lateral)– 9‐stage frac with 5,227 bbl total fluid, 266,000 lbs sand– Reported IP: 30 BOPD oil with 10 bbl water, 26 MCFGD (WOR=0.3)

• Production from other wells rumored to be water‐free.

• Lawrence County reservoirs may be solution gas drive, in contrast to Greenup County (water drive?).

Page 22: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Lawrence Co. Horizontal Well Locations

Page 23: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Lawrence County Top Berea Structure(Faults not contoured)

LAWRENCE 0001-

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EAGLEEAGLE

EAGLE

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2001000-100-200-300-400-500-600-700-800-900-1000-1100-1200

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0 10,978

Paint Creek Uplift

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Significant structure across producing area

RENCE001

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EAGLEEAGLE

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HAYEAGLEEAGLE

EAGLE

EAGLE

2001000-100-200-300-400-500-600-700-800-900-1000-1100-1200

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0 6,044

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Hay Exploration #6 Walbridge Holding,Permit 99084, 12‐S‐83

Vertical hole 275 ft from Berea horizontal (P109747) 

Sunbury Shale

Berea/Bedford

Ohio Shale

Berea gas completion31 ft gross interval

IP 60 MCFGDcommingled with Dev. shale

Page 26: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Summary and Recommendations

• Horizontal drilling is a technical success in Berea siltstone oil reservoirs

• Evaluating economic success will require longer term production data, but look promising

• Berea oil play defined by:– Regional hydrocarbon phase and thermal maturity– Lateral extent of thick siltstone reservoir– Stratigraphic trapping, but local structural control may influence oil/gas/water saturations (needs additional work)

– Porosity and permeability suitable at depths < 2,000’

Page 27: Geology of the Berea Horizontal Kentuckyfiles.ctctcdn.com/10ddea3f101/499cda11-04d0-4c75-ab73-d234ccd80091.pdf– Pashin and Ettensohn, 1995, GSA Special Paper 298; also PhD thesis

Summary and Recommendations (cont.)

• Greenup County reservoirs have higher water saturations than Lawrence County‐– One possible explanation: Lawrence County closer to mature source rock and received direct HC charge; Greenup Co. oil may have migrated laterally

• Porosity zones are 10 to 30 ft thick– Need good geologic model (stratigraphic and structural) to keep laterals in pay zone