Geology 155
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Transcript of Geology 155
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Geology 155Geology 155OceanographyOceanography
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What is Oceanography?What is Oceanography?
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OceanographyOceanographySubdisciplinesSubdisciplines
• GeologicalGeological
• PhysicalPhysical
• ChemicalChemical
• BiologicalBiological
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How Do the Oceans Impact How Do the Oceans Impact Us?Us?
• Hurricane KatrinaHurricane Katrina
• Indonesia TsunamiIndonesia Tsunami
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Hurricane KatrinaHurricane Katrina
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Hurricane KatrinaHurricane Katrina
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2004 Indonesia Tsunami2004 Indonesia Tsunami
http://asiantsunamisvideos/tsunamiphuket.wmv
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Indonesia TsunamiIndonesia Tsunami
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Gaining Knowledge of the Gaining Knowledge of the OceansOceans
• Early VoyagesEarly Voyages
• Science for VoyagingScience for Voyaging
• Age of DiscoveryAge of Discovery
• Voyaging for ScienceVoyaging for Science
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Early VoyagesEarly Voyages• Early navigation done by Early navigation done by
keeping constant view of keeping constant view of landland
– Mythology was used to Mythology was used to explain natural phenomenaexplain natural phenomena
• Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great– First marine science library First marine science library (3(3rdrd century BC) century BC)
• Not much knowledgeNot much knowledge– Thought land was flatThought land was flat
– Mostly land and not much Mostly land and not much waterwater
– EratostheneseEratosthenese (230 BC)(230 BC) Realized Earth was sphericalRealized Earth was spherical Looked at different angle of sun’s raysLooked at different angle of sun’s rays
– Hipparchus Hipparchus (127 BC)(127 BC) Invented latitude and longitudeInvented latitude and longitude
– Celestial navigation Celestial navigation (astronomy, mathematics)(astronomy, mathematics)
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Science for VoyagingScience for Voyaging
• Polynesian Polynesian ColonizationColonization
• VikingsVikings
• ChineseChinese
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The Age of DiscoveryThe Age of Discovery• Prince Henry the NavigatorPrince Henry the Navigator
• Ferdinand MagellanFerdinand Magellan• Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus
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Voyaging for ScienceVoyaging for Science• James CookJames Cook
• Charles DarwinCharles Darwin
– Establish British presenceEstablish British presence
– Correctly determined how atolls and Correctly determined how atolls and coral reefs form by volcanic activitycoral reefs form by volcanic activity
HMS EndeavorHMS Endeavor
– Charted New Zealand, Australia, Hawaiian Charted New Zealand, Australia, Hawaiian IslandsIslands– Highly accurate charts used as late as WWIIHighly accurate charts used as late as WWII
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Challenger ExpeditionChallenger ExpeditionModern ExplorationModern Exploration
– Life was possible below 549 m (1800 ft)Life was possible below 549 m (1800 ft)– Discovered 4,717 new speciesDiscovered 4,717 new species– Collected ocean water informationCollected ocean water information
• Temperature, salinity, and water densityTemperature, salinity, and water density• Ocean current and sediment distributionOcean current and sediment distribution
• First Pure Scientific ExpeditionFirst Pure Scientific Expedition
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2121stst Century Technology Century TechnologyUnderwaterUnderwater
• SonarSonar• SubmersiblesSubmersibles
SatelliteSatellite• MODISMODIS• QuikSCATQuikSCAT• TRMMTRMM
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Ocean FactsOcean Facts• About 70% of Earth’s surface is covered by waterAbout 70% of Earth’s surface is covered by water• Average depth of the Pacific Ocean = 4,638 mAverage depth of the Pacific Ocean = 4,638 m• Average depth of the Atlantic Ocean = 3,872 mAverage depth of the Atlantic Ocean = 3,872 m
• Average temperature = 3.9Average temperature = 3.9°C (39.0°F)°C (39.0°F)• Age of oceans = 4 billion yearsAge of oceans = 4 billion years
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Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle
• Continuous cycle of how water moves through different reservoirs, or from ocean to air, onto land, to lakes and streams and groundwater back to the sky and ocean.
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Hypsographic CurveHypsographic Curve
• Shows Shows distribution of distribution of elevations and elevations and depths on Earthdepths on Earth
( Know how to read graph)