IN REPLY REFER TOt

UNITED STATESDEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEYWASHINGTON 25, D.C.

JUN231953

AEC -1230/3

Dr. Phillip L. Merrltt, Assistant Director Division of Raw Materials U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Po 0. Box 30, Ansonia Station New York 23, New York

Dear Phil?

Transmitted herewith are six copies of TEI-316, "The occurrence

of millisite and pseudowavellite in the leached zone at Homeland, Florida,"

by J. P. Owens, R. Berman, and Z. S. Altschuler, March 1953-

We are asking Mr. Hosted to approve our plan to publish this

report in the American Mineralogist.

Sincerely yours,

W. H. Bradley Chief Geologist

JAN 1

UNCLASSIFIED

Geology and Mineralogy

This document consists of 18 pages Series A,

UNITED STA3!ES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

THE OCCURRENCE OF KELLISITE AND PSEDDOWAVELLITE

IN THE LEACHED ZONE AT HOMELAND, FLORIDA*

By

J. P. Owens j R, Berman, and Z. S. Altschuler

March 1953

This preliminary report is distributed without editorial and technical review for conformity -with official standards and nomenclature. It is not for public inspection or quotation.

*This report concerns work done on behalf of the Division of Raw Materials of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.

USGS - TEI Report Jl6

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY

Distribution (Series A) Ho. of copies

American Cyanamid Company, Watertown .«...»*.,.....,«....*.«... 1Argonne National Laboratory ,,.«.oo»<>o».0*«.*., »«..,* » »» *. 1Atomic Energy Commission, Washington *» ..... ..»...»..,... . 2Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus «..«.««*.«»<>«»«,.,...,.».. 1Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Company, Y-12 Area .......«.»»».». 1Division of Raw Materials, Grants .»«....».,...... ..*. .* ..-*. 1Division of Raw Materials, Denver .,.,..«..,<>*».»*.«...*»««.... 1Division of Raw Materials, Hot Springs . .«,.«,,«,.».«,.,»<,«».»«*.. 1Division of Raw Materials, New York *«...............».*...».«. 6Division of Raw Materials, Salt Lake City ..,.,,......,»<>...... 1Division of Raw Materials, Richfield ...»..»«..»....*».*....... 1Division of Raw Materials, Butte ....,.. ,............«.««....« 1Division of Raw Materials, Washington .«......,«»..,..,. *.,... 3Dow Chemical Company, Pittsburg ...*..»......,.............»... 1Exploration Division, Grand Junction Operations Office ........ 1Grand Junction Operations Office »...................*.*»...».. 1Technical Information Service, Oak Ridge ...................... 6Tennessee Valley Authority, Wilson Dam .» ..».................. 1Division of Raw Materials, Plant City . e ......... e ............ 1Uo S 0 Geological SurveysMineral Deposits Branch, Washington ..»«.......<,.<>.. ...»*.*... 1Geochemistry and Petrology Branch, Washington ................. 15Geophysics Branch, Washington .«,.*.. . ..»..,« ...« «... «.« . 1Alaskan Geology Branch, Washington . 08,«, 0 .. . ............... 1Fuels Branch, Washington <>«» = ,>.,..* <>...<,«,.....<»..........*...» 1D. M. Lemmon, , Washington . ...<>....«......«...*..*.....«..«*<> 1L. R. Page, Denver 0 .« 0 . ^o.^c,. 0 ,...« .....*... .. . .. .. 1R» P. Fischer, Grand Junction . 0 .<,.o««o..«.«.. ,*.»..»,>««,«,..... 1A. E Weissenborn, Spokane 9 .. ea . ..««.»..»»....».«». ...«<>».<>.« 1C. B* Hunt, Plant City ....... ..,...,......».*...»..........». 1Jo F,, Smith, Jr., Denver .,.*... . e ....,....,«,..,..........»». 1No Mo Denson, Denver ».».e».«» »o..........»..«.»*...*..»... * 1Ro Wo Swanson, Spokane ..«..«,... «,. ........<,...«.....»»...... 1L» S 0 Gardner, Albuquerque .. ,.»..»<>«.»*......».....«»*..»»... 1A« H. Koschmann, Denver ooe «. «,.....»......»»...«,..«...»«,.....«. 1E. Ho Bailey, San Francisco ...... o* »«...««..<.«..»««..»..*.*»«». 1J. R. Cooper,, 'Denver 0 «,. 0 .«o..«,«,...«.. .....».«»<>... .......««.<>. 1W 0 P Williams, Joplin ........*.................*....... ..... 1C..E. Dutton, Madison ..,..,.*.,>...*.*..,,.......«.......,»...».* 1R e A. Laurence, Knoxville ,... . ..........<,.........»..«.«..«.. 1Ro Jo Roberts, Salt Lake City .............«..«>....««....*..... 1J. D. Love, Laramie ................. .,............*.»......«>.. 1Qo Do Singewald, Beltsville eff000 o 0 ............................ 1TEPCO, Washington:Resource Compilation Section « 0 o......«,., ..<,«... »»........ . « .2

CONTENTS

Page

Abstract a.«o*»«».«»*,»,»<.. .»...« .«...*... » .*«.«.,»».» .». 4 Introduction . ..»«...»«»,»....,.......,,.....»*».*, »...*.«»* 4

Lc studies »...»...»....».*»,.,»...*...»..,,,. «,**...* 6Megascopic characteristics ..o, 9 «,o 0 »**.».«»*.*« ...».».*.» 6 Microscopic characteristics » »»»,..»,,..,.....,»*.«.«»..»«.. 6Chemical and spectrographic analysis «. «» ,»»«.««, »*» ». 8 X-ray studies ...,».»,.. ...«.*.......»...... ,..*,,«...., 11Mineral composition ...,.,...,*...»....*»«*,,.«*.»,,*...,. 15

and conclusions .,»,, «,,..»..»*»,...................... 17Literature cited * ...... ,...,..*.., ..*,...». ....»*. .«...». 18

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1. Photomicrograph of phosphatic quartz sandcontaining millisite and pseudowavellite ,,,.,.,... 7

2 0 X-ray spectrogram of rock minus most of quartz *, . 9 3» Portions of X-ray spectrogram of rock (figure

2) run at slower speed «»......... ,,«.*«. «»,*.. 94. X°ray powder patterns of millisite . .*.....».,«.... 1J

TABLES

Table 1. Chemical analysis of -200 mesh concentrate ofleached-zone rock , ...*... ,..,.». ...o............... 10

2. Semiquantitative spectrographic analysis, in percent, of -200 mesh concentrate of leached- zone rock . ,.».,» ..».,.«,,«... ....,..,,.,.»»......10

J. Interplanar spacings of millisite, wardite, andpseudowavellite from X-ray powder patterns (A)<£«.... 12

4. Mineral composition of the rock from Homelandpit, Florida .....,* »..,.............«..«..........l6

5. Composition of millisite from Homeland, calculatedon basis of NasK ratios .............«.«...«.......*. 17

THE OCCURRENCE OF MILLISZTE AND PSEUDOWAVELLITE

IN THE LEACHED ZONE AT HOMELAND, FLORIDA

By J. P. Owens, R a Berman, and Z. S Altschuler

ABSTRACT

MiHisite and pseudowavellite are locally abundant in the leached

zone of the highly phosphatic Bone VaUey formation in west-central

Florida.

A sample of a phosphate-cemented quartz sand from Homeland, Fla.,

-was found to contain millisite j~(Na,K)CaAl6(P04 )4(0:H)9-3H20] and pseudo­

wavellite rCaAlQ (P04)2 (OH)5'H20"] as the principal cementing agents.

These minerals are similar in their physical properties and occur as

ndcrocrystalline intergrowths thus preventing separation in quantity by

sizing, specific gravity, or magnetic methods. Optical determinations

on hand-picked material showed that the aggregate index of refraction

of millisite (n = 1*63) is higher than that reported for the type millisite

from Fairfield, Utah, whereas the aggregate index of refraction of pseudo-

wavellite (n = 1.59-l»6l) is in the lower range of known pseudowavellite.

X-ray studies showed that millisite and pseudowavellite have similar

X-ray patterns in some respects. Significant differences exist at certain

positions especially at ^,72 A and 2.80 A where millisite has strong lines,

Other minerals known to be present in the rock are quartz, goethite,

wave Hi te, and accessory heavy minerals,

INTRODUCTION

This report summarizes ndneralogic studies of a sample of leached-zone

rock from the Homeland mine of the Virginia-Carolina Chemical Corp. The

work was done as part of a program undertaken by the Geological Survey on

behalf of the Atomic Energy Commission.

The sample was collected from the east-west cut of the mine approxi­

mately 100 yar&s east of Florida State highway 17- The mine is located at

the northeast corner STrTL/k sec. 33, T. 30 S. ? K. 25 E. ? Polk County, Fla,

The leached zone in this area is well developed and approximately 10

to 13 ft thick* The lower portion of this zone is coarsely vesicular.

The sample described here was taken about 5 ft above the base of the leached

zone.

The work done on this sample is part of the program of systematic

petrographic study of the leached zone which was described in a previous

report (Altschuler, 1952) containing some early results. The sample was

selected as representative of pseudowavellite material (crandallite, Palache

et al 0> 1951) from the leached zone. During the course of the work it was

found that the sample also contains millisite as a major constituent.

The main objectives of this work were to study the mineralogy and

uranium distribution of the rock and the possible methods of fractionating

the rock and thereby concentrating its uranium

The sample studied consists of phosphate-cemented quartz sand. The

phosphate matrix is nonclastic; all coarse fragments of the material are

rock fragments rather than original pebbles or granules. Hence disaggregation

was not a problem and the rock was merely rough-cruslied and split after

drying for 2k hours at 100 C. The material was then stage-ground to 200

mesh at which size a fourfold concentration of the phosphate was established

because the quartz, which constituted from 75 to 80 percent of the rock ?

was only 20 percent of the 200 mesh material.

MIMALOGIC STUDIES

Megascopic characteristics

The sample of leached-zone rock is a coarsely porous, ivory-colored,

phosphate-cemented, medium-grained, quartz sandstone. Its porosity is

approximately 50 percent of the volume, and the individual cavities range

from microscopic pores to holes 1 mm in diameter. A thin glazed greenish

coating of secondary phosphate lines most of the cavities, occurs as

septa separating cavities, and is dispersed generally throughout the rock.

In addition, a secondary coating of goethite causes patchy orange-

colored staining. Goethite is also found as small nodules in some of the

cavities. As a result of the secondary phosphatic and ferruginous cements,

the rock is indurated although friable. The bulk specific gravity of

the rock ranges from 1.5 to. 1.7. No apatite pebbles were observed.

Microscopic characteristics

Under the microscope the rock is seen to be composed of isolated

quartz grains, ranging in size from medium sand to silt, in a matrix of

"brown phosphatic cement (fig, l). The quartz is clear, subangular to sub-

rounded, and lacks evidence of strain or inclusions.

The phosphatic matrix is optically isotropic or only faintly bire-

frigent, the birefrigence "being distributed in patches of pin-point

extinction somewhat like chert. The index of refraction of the matrix

ranges from 1.615 to 1.630. Only an aggregate index is obtainable. Gener­

ally the more birefringent material (&-(*) =< O.«00j) is associated with

the secondary cement, in other words with the greenish coatings visible

in the hand specimen. In addition, the birefringent material has higher

Figure 1. Photomicrograph of phosphatic quartz sand

containing millisite and pseudowavellite (x 100).

Uncrossed nicols.

M219U

8

indices, -generally from 1,625 to 1.630* The interstitial matrix is a

fine-grained mixture of isotropic low~index material (1,615) and of

birefringent high-indjex material (1.650), All variations of this mix­

ture can be seen under the microscope but only the higher index mate-

ria.1 can be isolated in an almost pure state. This material proved to

be millisite I/ when X-rayed, (figs. 2 and 3), The lower index material

was never successfully isolated but it is presumed to be pseudowavellite

which is known to be present from the X-ray cLata 0

A birefringent deep»yellow to dark-brown material is present as

secondary crusts or nodules. The mass index of the see<sndary crusts

varies from 1.70 to 1.80| that of the nodules is as high as 1*93* Goethite

was found in all this material by X-ray studies. The lower index material

is impure, being presumably mixed with secondary phosphate minerals.

Chemical and spectrographic analysis

Chemical and spectrographic analyses were made on the -200 mesh

concentrate of the leached-zone rock. The results are listed in tables

1 and 2*

The chemical analysis in table 1 is not complete; the difference

between the total shown and 100 is accounted for by the constituents that

are shown in the spectrographic analysis but were not determined chemically.

The figure for acid insoluble is practically identical with SiO^ as quartz

is essentially the only mineral present that would be undissolved in 1:1

nitric acid. The figure for loss on ignition is essentially equal to

water of constitution as the sample was dried at 105 C before processing

I/ The formula for millisite is (Na,K)CaAle(K>4)4(OH)0-5HgO. formula for pseudowavellite (erandallite) is CaAle(K)4)2(QH)5*H2Q* Wardite (Na4CaAli2CP04)8(OH)i8*6H2Qj forms a series with millisite, and is found with it at Fairfield, Utah (Palache et al. f 1951)-

CM b &o

o 8 ^

b

| 8 § S §

5 CM 3

6>

O

6<

O

10

Table 1. Chemical analysis of -200 mesh concentrate of leached-zone rock. (Analyst: S. J. Lundine, M. Delevaux, and A. Sherwood).

Constituents Percentage

......................... 26,1

Fe203 ......................... 4.9

P205 ......................... 21.9

CaO ......................... 6.k

U ......................... 0.033

Loss on ignition ......................... 1^-9

Acid insoluble in M03 (1 + l) ......................... 22 .9

Na-20 .......................... 1.35

K20 ......................... 0.27

Total ......................... 98.6

Table 2.--Semiejuantitative spectrographic analysis, in percsfct, of -200 mesh concentrate of leaehed-zone rock. (Analyst; H. W. Worthing).

Over 10 1.0-10.0 0.1-1.0 0.1-0.01 0.01-0.001 0.001-0.0001

Al Si Ca P Na Ti Mg Ba Pb Ga Ni Y Tb Be Fe Cr Sr Cu Mn Sc

B V Zr

u

and does not contain detectable carbonates or organic Matter«

X-ray studies

As the mterial studied is a micr^eryetalliae intergrorth (with

the exception of the c^iartz, @®me gjoethitej and stray accessory minerals),

it irets necessary to use X~ray studies to identify the principal phosphate

constituents* ^tee thorough descriptions of the phosphate minerals occur~

ring at 5&lrfield (to*sea, 1^2) 'a&d the availability at the tJ# S» Batloaml

Museum ®f pure staki4aris baseCon these Descriptions greatly aided these

studies «

A c0mparis0B. of the spectrograms of the quartz-free fraction and of

the green, secondary, blrefria^snt materials with spectrograms of pure

standards shovg the green ijnaterial t®.be a member ;^f the, mrdite-ffliHislte

series* The other fflaj&r coastitueat, exclusive of ^uart^, is pseud0«mYellite*

Wardite and millisite haire similar X-ray patterns but they differ in

detail, both la 4 spaclngs and in the presence or absence of sqae 3J.nes»

The material from the Bonelaad mine corresponds s®st closely to milllsite ,

Table 5 e^sitains a list ®f spacimgs and intensity measuresients Of nardite,

millisite, and pseud0w&Tellite from Airfield, Utah, amd «f millisite and

pseutoratTellite as measured «at spectrograms -odf the Homeland roek* X-ray

powder patterns of the BiQBasland millisite and vt the standard material from

^airfield (fig* k) shonr them to be nearly Identical*

Iron phosphates were at first investigated because phosphosiderite had

been reported in a similar ore (Hill et al** 1950) and because an appreciable

quantity of irom ms rj&etsrdeil from the chemical analysis* A survey of X-ray

patterns mf the Isofiiog^rphOuS series, variscite-strengite aad metavariseite-

, (MeConaell, 1939) as well as those of other Iron-

Tabl

e 3*

~=Interplanftr spacings of

millisite,

-wardite

? and ps

eudo

mvel

lite

from X=ray po

mler

pa

tter

ns (A

) (CuK& ra

diat

ion)

.

Wardite

Fair?ield, Utah

d

.6,6

55.

685.

044.

743.

953.

483.

103.

002.

832.

622.

602,

552.

392.

332.

262

2*16

62.

115

2.07

62.

036

2.00

61.

969

1.93

1.87

1.84

1.82

1,77

1.65

51.

636,

1.59

1.55

81.

535

1.51

6l«

46i

Inn

I 3 3 3 10 4 4 9 9 I1

/2 I1/2 1 1 1 1 2 1/2

1/2

1/2 1 1 1/2

1/2

1/2 3 1 1/2

1/2 1/2 2 2 1 T

Mill

isit

e Fairfield, Ut

ahd

6.58

5.68

4.98

4.74

3-93

5.48

3.40

3-29

3-09

2.99

2.8o

2*59

2.42

2«30

2,25

2.166

2*10

82*058

1.997

1.965

lo933

1.888

1.838

1*790

1.768

1.74

61«

725

1,667

1.637

1.532

I«5l4

l°46l

1.423

I 3 3 1 10 4 3 1 l 9 9 9 2 1/2 1 1 1/2

-1 1 1/2

1/2

1/2

1/2 1

1/2 1 1 1/2 1 1 2 2 1/2 1

Mill

isit

e Ho

mela

nd pit,

Florida

d 6.56

5.66

4,95

4.72

3«93

3.49

3»4p

5.28

3-07

2,97

2«8l

2.57

2043

2.30

2,25

2»08

1,993

1.89

91.781

1.768

1.669

1.645

1.542

1,48

6

I 3 1 1/2

.10 2 1 1 1 6 8 8 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1

Pseu

domv

ellite

Fairfield. Utah

Ps eudomvellit e

d 5-72

k*86

3-51

2«98

2.95

2,70

2.37

2.21

2*16

1-993

1-89

51-

755

1.514

l.lj-92

1.1*69

1.43

1

I k k if 5 10 1 1/2 3 k 1

-A k 1/2

1/2

1/2 1

d 5.68

4.

85

2^8

2.95

1-99

3 1.

895

I 1 10* 3 7 10 1 3

to

^Int

ensi

ties

in this

saai

ple are

in d

oufe

t . as re

sult

of the

intimate in

terg

rowt

h of thi

s mi

neral

irit

h millisite.

13

B

Figure 4. X-ray powder patterns of mlllisite. The notches above

pattern A indicate apatite lines, those "below pattern B indicate

quartz lines.

A = millisite from Fairfield, Utah

B = millisite from Homeland mine, Florida

4 219 M

Ik

bearing phosphate minerals proved fruitless' in identifying our material,

Although parts of the pattern of phosphosiderite correspond to patterns

of the Homeland rock, two moderately strong lines of phosphosiderite

(d = ^-.37 A and d = 3-62 A) are consistently absent

In many spectrograms of Homeland rock three peaks," occurring con­

sistently between 18.2 and lS.8 degrees 2® (fig. 3)? were equal to or

higher in intensity than any other peaks in the pattern. A line at 18.8

corresponds to the strongest line of millisite and one at 18.3 corre­

sponds to a moderately strong line of pseudowavellite. The other line

(18 ,,5) can be accounted for "by glbbsite but not by pseudowavellite or

millisite. Glbbsite is a mineral with very few lines in its pattern and

only one very strong line. Therefore, the fact that the only peak

unaccounted for corresponds to the only strong line of gibbsite makes

plausible the assumption that gibbsite is present. In addition a

computation of the metal balances of the rock shows an excess of alumina

after all oxide deductions for minerals proved to be present*

The fact that the pseudowavellite peak in this rock at 18,5 degrees

29 has an unusual intensity is explained by its proximity to the two

strong peaks at 18.5 and 18,75 (figs. 2 and 3).

The identification of pseudowavellite in this rock need discussion.

Almost every peak in a pseudowavellite pattern corresponds to the position

of a millisite peak. Two strong lines, however, are distinct one at 30.3

and the other at 18.3 degrees 29. Study of these regions at slow speed

and enhanced resolution (fig. 3) proves both peaks to be present. Further

proof of the presence of pseudowavellite is obtained by comparing the

intensities of the lines of the X-ray pattern of the whole rock from

Homeland with those of lines of virtually pure millisite from Homeland.

15

Thus the peak at 25.5 in figure 2 has a relative intensity of 4. The

same peak in the film pattern of Homeland millisite (table l), tL= 5^9 A,

has an intensity of 1. The greater intensity in the spectrogram of the

whole rock is explained by the coincidence of pseudowavellite and millisite

at that position.

Mineral composition

Because of the impossibility of determining the complete mineral

composition optically or by mechanical separation methods, the mineral

composition of the rock shown in table k has been calculated from the chemi­

cal composition (table 2). In this computation all the Ha and K present

was assigned to millisite and corresponding amounts of CaO, Al20a, and

PaPs were deducted from the whole. All the remaining CaO was then used

to compute pseudowavellite, the only other lime-bearing mineral found.

After corresponding deductions of A1203 and P205 for pseudowavellite, small

amounts of A1203 and P205 remained unassigned. All of this remaining P205/

was assigned to wavellite with corresponding deductions of A1203 . The

basis of the last step was the microscopic identification of trace amounts

of wavellite. There still remained about 3 percent of A1203 . As kaolinite

and probably gibbsite were shown to be present by X-ray patterns, the

remaining AlgOa was assigned collectively to these minerals. It was not

deemed worth while to analyze for soluble silica as a guide to the quantity

of kaolinite because both kaolinite and gibbsite are minor constituents.

The 23 percent insoluble residue was examined and found to be almost entirely

quartz.

It is known (Palache et al., 1951) that the ratio of Na to K in pure

millisite is 10 ik whereas that in wardite is approximately 10:1. The ratio

16

Table ^.--Mineral composition of the rock from Homeland pit, Florida

Percentage

Quartz 2J

Millisite 32

Pseudowavellite JO

Goethite 6V

Wavellite 2

Gibbsite + kaolirdte 5

Miscellaneous I/ Tr

Total 98

I/ Miscellaneous includes zircon, rutile, sillimanite, ilmenite ? and tourmaline. _________________________.___

of Na to K in the Homeland material is 1012 -which would make it more nearly

like the millisite from Fairfi&Ld than wardite 0 This variation in chemical

composition may explain the minor differences in the X-ray patterns of the

millisites. However, it is possible that the ratio of Ha to K may be slightly

in error because these Homeland determinations were djone on the whole rock.

The Na and K may exist in trace amounts in other minerals. A calculated

composition of the Homeland millisite is listed in table 5> based on the

Na:K ratio of 10:2.

Table 5. Composition of millisite from Homeland, calculated on basis of NasK ratios

Constituents Percent

Na20 4.16

K20 0,85

CaO 6,00

A1203 36.bQ

PgOg 5^.00

H20 18.CO

Total 99 Al

SUMMARY AKD CONCLUSIONS

The deposit at the Homeland mine is the second reported occurrence andt

the largest known concentration of millisite in the United States. These

facts plus the recent report of millisite found in quantity in Senegal

(Visse, 1952) probably indicate that the mineral is more widespread than

has been supposed.

Millisite is found as an alteration product of pre-existing phosphate

minerals in sedimentary deposits and is usually associated with pseudo-

wavellite and other secondary phosphate minerals.

The chemical composition of millisite seems to vary with the ratio

of Na to K. This ratio is 10s2 in Florida, 5:2 in Utah, with K absent in

the Senegal deposit, This chemical variation may explain some anomalous

results obtained from the Florida millisite. For example, the aggregate

index of refraction of the Florida millisite (n = 1.65 + 0.005) is higher

than any of the indices of the Utah millisite, a = 1-584, £ = 1-598, and

18

7 = 1.602 (Larsen and Shannon, 1930). The X-ray patterns of the minerals

from both areas match in the low-angle range but show variations in the

high-angle range. The Florida millisite is p§KLe green, whereas the Utah

millisite is white to light gray,

LITERATURE CITED

Altschuler, Z. S., 1952, Progress report on sampling of leached zone materials of Florida for mineralogic and metallurgical study 0. U. S. Geol. Survey Trace Elements Mem. Rept.

Hill, W. L., Armiger, W. H., and Gooch, S. D., 1950, Some properties of pseudowavellite from Florida ; Mining Engineering, vol. 187, pp. 699-702.

Larsen, E, S., Jr., and Shannon, E. V., 1930, The minerals of the phos­ phate nodules from near Fairfield, Utah: Am. Mineralogist, vol. 15, PP. 307-337.

Larsen, E. S., 3d, 19^2, The mineralogy and paragenesis of the variscite nodules from near Fairfield, Utah? Am. Mineralogist, vol. 27, pp. 281-300, 350-372,

McConnell, D., 1939, Symmetry of phosphosiderite; Am. Mineralogist, vol. 2k, pp. 636-6i*-2.

Palache, C,, Herman, H., and Frondel, C 0 , 1951, Dana's system of mineralogy, 7th edition, vol. 2, John Wiley and Sons, 112^ pp.

Visse, L. D», 1952, Pseudowavellite and millisite in the white so-called lateritoid phosphate ore of the Thiess region (Senegal )s Acad. sci. Paris Comptes rendus., vol. 23^, pp. 1377-1378.