COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Abbottabad

ABSTRACT

2010

IMRAN KHAN FA08-ERS-052

M.JAWAD NIAZI FA08-ERS-074

EARTH SCIENCES DEPARTMENT CIIT-ATD

7/15/2010

GEOLOGICAL FIELD REPORT

Abstract

The studying of the brief geology of South Eastern Hazara Division West Pakistan the places we study there are very difficult due to vegetation but the have great importance due to complex structures which is occurred due to tectonic activates they have different type of fossils and different rock on the basis of geography they have different groups such as (Kakul group) and different formation .there age ranges from Precambrian to Miocene.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are thankful to department of our earth sciences of comsats institute of information technology abbottabad that helps in arranging our field trip. We are also thankful to dr. umar , sir tahir abbas , sir javed iqbal , and sir murtaza .that they have given us our precious time and knowledge that make us able to write this report.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. 1........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

CHAPTER 01.................................................................................................................5INTRODUCTION:....................................................................................................5

CHAPTER 02.................................................................................................................6HAZARA GROUP:...................................................................................................6UNCONFORMITY....................................................................................................6KAKUL FORMATION:............................................................................................7SIRBAN FORMATION:...........................................................................................7TARNAWAI GROUP…...........................................................................................7

GULDANIAN FORMATION:..............................................................................8HAZIRA FORMATION:.......................................................................................8

ABBOTTABAD GROUP;.......................................Error! Bookmark not defined.MURREE FORMATION:.....................................................................................8KULDANA FORMATION:..................................................................................8MARGALA LIMESTONE:...................................................................................9KUZAGALI SHALE:............................................................................................9CHANALI FORMATION:..................................................................................10

THANDIANI GROUP:............................................................................................10SIKHAR LIMSTONE:.........................................................................................11MIRA FORMATION:.........................................................................................11

CHAPTER 3:...............................................................................................................12HAZARA GROUP:.................................................................................................12SIRBAN FORMATION:.........................................................................................12SIKHAR LIMESTONE;..........................................................................................12MARGALLA LIMESTONE:..................................................................................12

1 CHAPTER 01

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

The areas which are under study are mainly consist of South Eastern parts of the Hazara district, West Pakistan and little portions of northwest of the Rawalpindi. The grid reference of area is between longitude 73.00 and 73.30 east and latitude 33.43 and 34.20 To get the knowledge about basic field skills (e.g., use of Bruntun compass, outcrop alysis, geologic mapping). The area of study in Abbottabad is in Mirpur Village and Murree formations are in Muree along the road and it is easily accessible by local transport or by own transport facility. It’s a very difficult task for a geologist to perform field work in Hazara because of its complexibility and also have a lot of vegatation. Area round the abbottabad has the following formations Hazira , sirban , galdanian ,Kakul formation. And also have Hazara group.the area around the murree have the following .Kuzagali Shale , Mari Limestone etc.

2 CHAPTER 02

STARIGRAPHY AROUND ABBOTTABAD AND MURREE AREAS

2.1 HAZARA GROUP:

Age of Hazara group is precambrain Ferly known as the "Slate series", MIDDLEMISS, 1896, and recently identified as the "Hazara Slate formation", MOHAMMAD ALI, 1962, Lithology is seplentary Shale interbedded slate and sandy limestone. The weathered color of splintery shale is blackish brown to light dark brown while the fresh color is yellowish brown and other place the weathered color is yellowish brown and fresh color is radish brown. the beds are thick to thin beds. Beds thickness is about 11/2 to 3 feet on out crop. The upper contact of Hazara has tanaki conglomerate while lower contact will not exposed. Texture of shale is fine grained and become thick to thin bedded about 1 cm to 1 foot The thickness of bed on different places are different like 95cm and 18cm The Sedimentary structure is Parallel lamination, Cross bedding at large scale Gradational bedding The Fossils inarticulate brachiopods similar to Protobolella CHAPMAN and Acrotretid,Strike: 118 Dip: 37NEStrike: 125 Dip: 40NE

UNCONFORMITY...

Base of Kakul group is conglomerate which in literature is Thanaki conglomerates.and this is the contect between Hazara group and Kakul group.The age of this conglomerates is cambrain which shows unconformity.Braccia is also present with some clasts (inter and intra).The thickness of this conglomerates is 13ft 2

inches.

2.2 KAKUL FORMATION:

The age is cambrain.The formation is named after its occurrence near Kakul and is composed of angular to subangular conglomerate identified as Tanakki Member at the base derived from the underlying HazaraGroup of rocks Lithology of this group is dolomitic limestone, sandstone, shale. The weathered color of sandstone is yellowish and fresh color is radish, the weathered color of shale is purple black and fresh color is light purple and dolomitic limestone weathered color is blackish purple and fresh color is light purple. And dolomitic limestone with phosphatic bands. conformabale contact between kakol group upper contact and sarban formation as lower contact. The sedimentary structure is parallel lamination, cross bedding with Bioterbition. Strike:158 Dip:40SEStrike:115 Dip:30SE

2.3 SIRBAN FORMATION:

The age of Sarbon limestone is cambrain. MOHAMMAD ALI, 1961, the unit is named after its occurrence in the Sirban hill near Abbottabad. Lithology of sarban formation is dolomiticlimestone. The weathered color is blackish gray and fresh color is purple to light gray. Age of sarban formation is Cambrian. The upper contact of sarban formation with hazira sandstone is conformable and the lower contact is with kakul shale.Strike:100 Dip:50NEStrike:180NE Dip:29SW

2.4 TARNAWAI GROUP….

The age of Tarnawai group is also cambrain.Tarnawai group has two members

2.4.1 GULDANIAN FORMATION:

The lithology of guldania formation is sandstone. The weathered color is blackish brown while the fresh color is brown. The sandstone is porous and consists of gluconite mineral with high density. Texture is medium grained size. The parallel lamination and calcite will be observed. Guldanian formation is lower part of Tarnawai group whose lower contect is with Sarbon limestone .

2.4.2HAZIRA FORMATION:

We are unable to collect the notes of this formation we only saw it from far away.

2.5 MURREE FORMATION:

The age of murree formation is Palaeocene. The lithology of murree formation is limestone, Dolomitic shale, sandstone. The weathered color of sandstone is radish brown and fresh color is light brown while in other place the weathered color is maroon and fresh color is dark gray. The weathered color of shale is brown to dark brown while fresh color is pale cream to purple. A cup like channel is present on road side. The current direction of this channel is toward west and lithology is shale and sand stone. The texture is fine to coarse grain. The grain size increases upward. The murree formation has parallel laminations, amalgamation, calcitic veins. Strike; 270 0. Dip; 490 NE, 350 WN.

2.6 KULDANA FORMATION:

The age shows a range from the top of the Lower Eocene to the base of Middle Eocene. Lithology of Kuldana formation is limestone and splintery shale. The weathered color of this limestone is light gray and fresh color is dark gray .The weathered color is of shale is reddish brown.The texture is medium grained. Strike; is 70 0 NE.Dip; is 580 NS. Sedimentary structures are Slikinslide, Striation, step and also calcite veins are present. The micro fossils are present in this formation. The small pits of marls and gypsum sheet are present.

2.7 MARGALA LIMESTONE:

The age is Eocene. Lithology margala limestone the weathered color is gray and fresh color is dark gray. The rocks are intraclastic type. Micritic limestone (finely crystalline limestone), arenaceous limestone and load cost are present. And become brachiated bedding (due to differential stress).The nodular limestone is being present in Ayubia track. The weathered color is light gray and fresh color is dark gray. Limestone bedding at some places is vertical. Stiolites, clast. Load ostoolitic structure are presents

Dip; 750 NE Strike is 65 0SW.

2.8 KUZAGALI SHALE:

The age is Eocene.The formation constitutes of the lower part "shales" of the 4th unit of the "Nummulitic series" introduced by MIDDLEMISS, 1896. The unit is recognised as a formation and is named after its maximum development near Kuzagali Lithology is Shale in Kuzagalli. The weathered colour is yellowish grey and fresh colour is light grey to grey.This is splentary shale which shows the presence of hydrocarbons. The

shale has laminea’s bed which is less then 1cm. Strike:118 Dip: 37NE 2.9 CHANALI FORMATION: The age is upper cretaceous. MIDDLEMISS, 1896, identified the rocks as "Grey limestones" and described and mapped them as the basal part of this "Nummulitic series", The author, 1962, identified them as "Upper Cretaceous Limestone" on the basis of planktonic microfossils as seen in thin sections. The limestones]are recognised as a distinct formation and are named after Chanali, where they show a maximum development. The formation is composed mainly of fine grained light grey limestones which weather in grey to pale cream colours. The limestones are generally thinly bedded though occasionally they occur as thickly bedded as well. The lower part of the sequence is marley, the middle thinly to thickly bedded and upper slightly arenaceous. There is a conspicuous variation in lithology from one section to the other.Strike 235 Dip 470 NW

2.10 THANDIANI GROUP:

Formerly known as the Triassic series', MIDDLEMISS, 1896, is recognized as a group and is name dafterits occurrence in the vicinity of Thandiani, where it sows a maximum development. It follows the Abbottabad Group with a break in deposition and is found in contact with its various formations and sometimes even the Hazara Group. A microconglomerate at the base has been noticed and is composed of fragments of the rocks belonging to the Abbottabad Group. The group constitute of the following formations. 1. Sikhar Limestone 2. Maria Formation

2.10.1SIKHAR LIMSTONE:

Formerly known as "Upper limestones" of the "Triassic series", MIDDLEMISS, 1896, it is recognised as a formation and is named after its occurrence in the Sikhar Mountain near Thandiani, where it shows a maximum development .The formation is composed mainly of limestones though some marley intercalations are also present, in the lower part. The limestones are grey in colour and are quite massive. The highest beds show the presence of fossils like Nerinea .

2.10.2 MIRA FORMATION:

The age of this formation is Jurassic.The lithology of this formation is dominant limestone with clast and black shale. The weathered color of limestone is pale yellow to cream while the fresh color is blackish to dark grey. Strike:50 .Dip:70SLIP.

3 CHAPTER 3:

3.1 STRUCTURE GEOLOGY;

HAZARA GROUP:

The fault has observed in the Hazara group shown in the fig A

SIRBAN FORMATION:

The structure observed in sirban formation is fault and fold is also present shown in the fig B

SIKHAR LIMESTONE;

The shikar has Asymmtrical and chevon folds is observed shown in the fig C

MARGALLA LIMESTONE:

Fold is also observed in the margalla formation shown in the fig D

GROUP FORMATION AGE Lithology

Rawalpindi Group

Muree Formation Lower MioceneDominent shale and sandstone.

Galis Group Kuldana Formation Lower/Middle Eocene

Shale and patches of marl.

Marghalla hill Limestone

Lower Eocene Thick bedded nodoular limestone.

Kuzaghali shale Upper Paleocene Splintary and soft shale.

Hothla Group Chanali Formation Upper CreateousThick bedded limestone with interbedded shale.

Spiti shale Upper Jurassic Data not collected.

Thandiani Group

Sikhar Limestone Middle JurassicThick bedded limestone somewhere shale is present.

Maria Limestone Lower Jurassic Dominent limestone and minor sandstone,shale and marl.

AbbottabadGroup

Hazira formation Triassic

Data not collected.

Galdanian Formation Permian

Sandstone with calcite veins.

Sarban Formation Carboniferous Limestone, dolomite and minor marl.

Kakul Formation Cambrian Sandstone,dolomite and minor shale.

Hazara Group Pre CambrianMajor slate and minor shale.

TABEL

FIELDS PICTURES

Fig.1.1 shows areneceous limestone Fig1.2.shows splintery shale inIn Hazara group. Hazara group.

fig1.3 shows conglomerate which Fig1.4show the shale in kakulis also called Tanaki conglomerate. Group.

Fig1.5 shows phosphatic Fig1.6 shows cross bedding inBands in Kakul formation. Kakul formation.

Fig1.7 shows parallel lamination Fig1.8 shows chert nodules inIn Sirbon formation. Sarbon formation.

Fig1.9 shows Hamaki cross Fig2 shows amalgamation Bedding in Sirbon formation. In Sirbon formation.

Fig2.1 shows Travertine deposits Figure2.2 shows sandstone i in Sirbon formation. Galdanian formation.

Fig2.3 shows black shale in Fig2.4 shows mud clast in Maira formation. Maira formation.

Fig2.5 shows Sikhar limestone. Fig2.6 shows Chinali Formation.

Fig2.7 shows Kuzagali shale. Fig2.8shows amalgamation in Margala Hill limestone.

Fig2.9 shows micritic limestone Fig.3 shows oolitic limestoneIn Margala hill limestone. In Margalla hill limestone.

Fig3.1 shows Margala hill Fig3.4shows slikensides andLimestone. Steps.

Fig3.5 shows parallel lamination Fig3.6 shows bioturbation and In Marree formation. Calcitic vain in Marree formation.

STRUCTURE GEOLOGY PICTURES

FigA showns fault in Hazara group FigB show fold in sirban formation

FigC shows Asymmetrical fold in FigD shown chevon fold in shikhar formation shikhar formtion

REFRENCES

1. Latif, M.A. (1962) “An upper creteceous linestone in the Hazara District. Geol.Bull.Panj.uni v.2,57.”

2. Latif, M.A. (1967) “The revision of the sedimentary stratigraphy south- east Hazara district, west Pakistan”

3. Marks,P. & Ali, C.M.(1961) “ The geology of Abbottabad area,with special reference to the infra-trias.Geol.Bull.Panj.Univ.1,47-55.”

4. Davis, R.G & Gardezi, A.H (1965)”The presence of Bouleiceras in Hazara and its geological implications”.

5. Dr. H. Klipper (1970),” BEITRÄGE ZUR GEOLOGIE VON PAKISTAN”

6. Middlemiss, C.S. (1896) “The geology of Hazara and the Black Mountain.” Mem.G.S.T.26.

7. Munir.H.M & Mirza. K(2007) “Stratigraphic aspect of recent Earthquake occurred along the Balakot –Bagh fault,North-West Himalayas,Pakistan.”

8. Verchere, A.(1867) “Kashmir, the western Himalaya and the Afghan mountains, a geologic paper with a note on the fossils.”

9. Waggen,W. & Wynne,A.B (1872)”the geology of mount Sarban in the upper Punjab.Mem.G.S.I. 9, 331-350.”

10. Wynne, A.B (1872)” Notes from the Progress report on the geology of parts of the upper Punjab Rec.G.S.I.6.”

MADE BYMUHAMMAD JAWAD NIAZI & IMRAN KHAN

STUDENTS OF EARTH SCIENCE IN SEMESTER 4