Geologic Framework for the Tengiz and Korolev Fields, Kazakhstan – Tangiz_Carboniferous Isolated...
-
Upload
parvez-butt -
Category
Documents
-
view
325 -
download
0
Transcript of Geologic Framework for the Tengiz and Korolev Fields, Kazakhstan – Tangiz_Carboniferous Isolated...
Geologic Framework for the Tengiz and Korolev Fields, Kazakhstan – Carboniferous Isolated Carbonate Platforms*
By Paul M. (Mitch) Harris1
Search and Discovery Article #20060 (2008)
Posted June 26, 2008 *Adapted from 2000-2001 AAPG International Distinguished Lecture 1Chevron Petroleum Technology Company, Houston, TX; currently ETC, Chevron, San Ramon, CA, USA. ([email protected])
Abstract The supergiant Tengiz field exhibits depositional features typically observed in isolated carbonate platforms but rare for the Carboniferous: extensive inner and outer platform deposits, a raised rim feature, steep platform margins, and thick flank deposits. Many of the same platform and slope features observed in Tengiz are inferred from much less well data for Korolev. Platform Growth and Stratigraphic Framework The Tengiz and Korolev platforms formed during the Carboniferous on the Primorskian Arch, one of several structural highs in the southeast portion of the PriCaspian Basin in western Kazakhstan. The platform edges are abrupt, showing a relatively rapid change from the platform top (platform, shoal, or platform margin) to slope environment. Platform deposition includes cycles shoaling upward from open marine packstones to shoal grainstones. A reef (microbial boundstone with scattered megafossils) is localized to a very narrow belt along the platform margin. Boundstones give way downslope to breccias and finally argillaceous lime mudstone beds. A variety of open porosity types are present; karst zones are best developed in the rim, and fractures characterize both the rim and flanks. A hierarchy of cycles, sequences, and composite sequences is developed by integrating core and well logs with newly acquired 3D seismic data. The stratigraphic framework, although not finalized, explains many aspects of the reservoir quality. The buildup (actual thickening) of the platforms was seemingly initiated in the Devonian and accentuated greatly during Visean time. The position of the platform margins is controlled, in part, by deep-seated faults. The areal extent of both platforms generally diminished during the Carboniferous as evidenced by backstepping of the younger margins. Key Platform Well Tengiz well T-220, because of the great amount of continuous core taken in the well, is invaluable from the perspective of understanding the nature of deposition, stratigraphy, diagenesis, reservoir quality, and log response for the interior portion of the platform.
The upper contact of the Bashkirian is significant as it represents the demise of the shallow water platform. Three sequences of similar grainstone-dominated deposits form a composite sequence that comprises most of the Bashkirian. Four sequences recognized within the Serpukhovian form another composite sequence. The boundary between the Bashkirian and Serpukhovian is significant as it represents a major change in the style of deposition on the top of the Tengiz platform and equates with a time gap. Serpukhovian facies reflect slightly deeper water and more skeletal-rich environments. Three composite sequences are tentatively identified within the Visean (Oksky) interval; each contains three sequences consisting of grainstone-packstone cycles that are similar to those of the Serpukhovian. A portion of one sequence recognized within the upper part of the Visean (Tula) contains packstone-grainstone cycles. The difference in the character of the cycles between the Visean (Oksky)-Serpukhovian and the Bashkirian reflects changes in the nature of sea-level variations that occurred between Early and Late Carboniferous. Porosity loss in T-220, and other Tengiz platform wells, is by calcite cementation and minor compaction. The variety of open primary and secondary pore types is a principal reason for the permeability variation that is observed within the well. Core samples are dominantly limestone with local partial dolomitization and silicification associated with tuffs or subaerial exposure. T-220 displays more-or-less constant 15% porosity with 1-10 md permeability, separated by thin tighter intervals at sequence and cycle boundaries. Where bitumen occurs, it displays an inverse correlation with porosity (that is, bitumen is more abundant in rocks with low porosity). Samples with bitumen occur in short intervals, almost always at sequence or cycle boundaries, with long intervals in between with zero bitumen. The downhole porosity logs show an excellent match to core porosities; gamma-ray response increases where tuffs and shales are present. Key Flank Well Tengiz well T-47 is a flank well located off the southeast edge of the platform; it is an important well from the perspective of understanding the nature of deposition, diagenesis, reservoir quality, and log response in the flanks of the platform. The Bashkirian through Visean (Oksky) consists of two general rock types: (1) coarse-grained (rudstones and grainstones rich in boundstone intraclasts), and (2) finer-grained (grainstones, packstones, and wackestones). Both rock types represent debris that was shed down the slope from the platform margin. The Visean (Tula) is predominantly fine-grained slope packstones. The Devonian (Famennian) consists of shallow platform grainstones and packstones. T-47 penetrated a generally limestone stratigraphy, with three important exceptions: (1) dolomite-rich intervals with 50% to 70% dolomite in the basal Serpukhovian, and lower Visean (Tula) through top Devonian; (2) a silica-rich interval in the Visean (Tula); and (3) a barite-rich interval with 0% to 26 wt.% (17 vol.%) barite near the top Devonian. Bitumen fills 10% to 15% of the potential porosity (defined as core measured porosity plus bitumen) in most samples. The Bashkirian through Visean (Oksky) slope deposits have open porosity of three types: isolated vugs, pores between clasts, and microfractures. The Visean (Tula) packstones are varyingly silicified, and a few small, open vugs are the only visible porosity.
Wireline logs indicate a porosity distribution that is generally consistent with the limited core data. Small, isolated, bitumen-stained vugs, fenestral pores, and microfractures remain open in a few Devonian grainstone and packstone samples. Wireline logs indicate a porosity distribution that is generally consistent with the limited core data. Porosity from 0% and 9% typifies the section above the Devonian; porosity generally <4% is representative for the Devonian. The Visean (Oksky) slope deposits appear on an FMI log as irregular layers dipping up to 30° that are rarely continuous across the image, and thin continuous layers gently dipping way from the platform characterize the Visean (Tula) slope deposits. Irregular continuous layers with dips <5° typify the Devonian platform deposits.
Acknowledgements I am grateful to the following coworkers for their collaboration: Michael E. Clark, Tengizchevroil, Tengiz, Kazakhstan; Raymond A. Garber, Chevron Petroleum Technology Company, Houston, TX; and Jeff. L. Warner, LA Petrophysical, La Habra Heights, CA.
GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK FOR TENGIZ AND GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK FOR TENGIZ AND KOROLEV FIELDS, KAZAKHSTANKOROLEV FIELDS, KAZAKHSTAN
CARBONIFEROUS ISOLATEDCARBONIFEROUS ISOLATEDCARBONATE PLATFORMSCARBONATE PLATFORMS
AAPG International Distinguished Lecture TourAAPG International Distinguished Lecture Tour
Paul M. (Mitch) HarrisPaul M. (Mitch) HarrisChevron Petroleum Technology Company Chevron Petroleum Technology Company
Houston, Texas U.S.A.Houston, Texas U.S.A.
OUTLINE OF TALKOUTLINE OF TALK
Geological SettingGeological Setting
Key Platform WellKey Platform Well
Key Flank WellKey Flank Well
SummarySummary
JV BLOCK4000 km 2
TENGIZCHEVROILJOINT VENTURE
Atyrau
KorolevField
Tengiz Field
K A Z A K H S T A N
C a s p i a nS e a
30 Mi
30 Km
LOCATION MAPLOCATION MAP
PLATFORM BUILDPLATFORM BUILD--UPUP
NONNON--DEPOSITIONDEPOSITION
SALT DEPOSITIONSALT DEPOSITION
drowning drowning
unconformityunconformity
As s elian
Noginsky
PrikamskyCheremchanskiy
MelekesskyVereiskiyKashirskyPodol'skiy
MyachkovskyKrevyaninskyKhamovnicheskyDorogomilovskyKlaz'minskiy
Severokel'tenskiy
Krasnopolyansky
Vosnesensky
CherepetskyKizelovskyKos'vinskiy
Pester'kovskiyIlychskiyTul'skiy
AleksinskyMikhailovskiy
VenevskyTarussky
SteshevskyProtvinsky
Zapaltyubinsky
UpperKalinovskyMalevskyUpinsky
Wolfcampian
Missourian
Wabaunsee
BloydWinslow
CherokeeMarmaton
P le a sa nto nKansas CityLansing
D ou gla sSha w nee
St. GenevieveGasperian
Hombergian
Elvirian
Hale
Glen ParkHannibalChouteau
M e ppe nF e rn G le n
B urlin gton
KeokukWarsawSalem
St. Louis
Leonardian
CapitanWord G u a d a lu p ia n
Kungurian
Artins kian
Sakmarian
KazanianUfimian
Khamovnichesky
Severokel'tenskiy
Krasnopolyansky
Radayevsky
Mikhailovskiy
Zapaltyubinsky
Givetian
Eifelian
LowerUpper
MiddleLower
Harland et al.
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
260
270
370
380
Kun
Art
Sac
A s s
Vir
Mss
DesAto/Der
Mor
Chs
Mer
Osa
Kin
Fam
Frs
Giv
Eif
Noginsky
PrikamskyCheremchanskiyMelekesskyVereiskiyKashirskyPodol'skiy
MyachkovskyKrevyaninskyDorogomilovskyPa vlovo -P osa dsky
Voznesensky
CherepetskyKizelovsky
Kos'vinskiy
BobrikovskyTul'skiy
Aleksinsky
VenevskyTarussky
SteshevskyProtvinsky
ZavolzhskyGumerovskyMalevskyUpinsky
D o brya tinsky
DankovskyLebedyanskyZandonsky-Eletsky
LivenskyEvlanskyVoronezhskyMendymskyBuregsky
SemilukskySargayevskyKynovskyPashiysky
MullinskyArdatovskyVorob'yevskyBiysky
KoivenskyAfoninsky
IrenskyPhilipovsky
S a ra ninskyS a rginskyIrch inskyBu rtse vsky
Sterlitamaksky
Tastubsky
ShihahskyHolodnolozsky
CC
C
C
C
D
TIMING OF IMPORTANT EVENTSTIMING OF IMPORTANT EVENTS
Ma (BASE) HORIZONS RUSSIAN STAGES RUSSIAN SERIES311.5 (top)-
312.0312.5
Asatausky (Asa)Tashastinsky (Tas)
LATE
312.8313.2313.6314.0
Askynbashsky (Ask)Akavassky (Ak)Syuransky (Syu)
Bogdanovsky (Bog)
EARLY
BASHKIRIAN EARLY MIDDLECARBONIFEROUS
316.75319.5
Zapaltyubinsky (Zap)Protvinsky (Pr)
LATE
322.25325.0
Steshevsky (St)Tarussky (Tar)
EARLYSERPUKHOVIAN
328.5 Venevsky(Ven)
330.5 Mikhailovsky(Mik)
332.75 Aleksinsky(Al)
OkskySuper-horiz.
335.0 Tulsky (Tul)
LATE
341.5343.0
Bobrikovsky (Bob)Radaevsky (Rad)
EARLY
VISEAN
345.5348.0
Kosvinsky (Kos)Kizelovsky (Kiz)
LATE
349.5351.0352.5354.0
Cherepetsky (Ch)Upinsky (Up)
Malevsky (Mal)Gumerovsky (Gum)
EARLYTOURNAISIAN
LOWERCARBONIFEROUS
364.5 FAMENNIAN369.0 FRASNIAN
LATE DEVONIAN
PLATFORM EVOLUTIONPLATFORM EVOLUTION
UNCONFORMITYUNCONFORMITY
UNCONFORMITYUNCONFORMITY
UNCONFORMITYUNCONFORMITY
DROWNINGDROWNING
TENGIZTENGIZWELLWELL
LOCATIONSLOCATIONSPLATFORMPLATFORM
FLANKFLANK
TENGIZ 3TENGIZ 3--D SEISMICD SEISMIC
TENGIZ 3TENGIZ 3--D SEISMICD SEISMIC
KOROLEVKOROLEVFIELDFIELDMAPMAP PLATFORMPLATFORM
FLANKFLANK
KOROLEV 3KOROLEV 3--D SEISMICD SEISMIC
KOROLEV 3KOROLEV 3--D SEISMICD SEISMIC
TENGIZ 3TENGIZ 3--D SEISMICD SEISMIC
PLATFORMPLATFORMFLANKFLANK FLANKFLANK
DEVONIANDEVONIAN
EARLY VISEANEARLY VISEAN
BASHKIRIANBASHKIRIAN
TENGIZ STRATIGRAPHIC MODELTENGIZ STRATIGRAPHIC MODEL
DEVONIANDEVONIAN
TOURNAISIANTOURNAISIAN
EARLY VISEANEARLY VISEAN
LATE VISEANLATE VISEAN
SERPHUKHOVIANSERPHUKHOVIAN
BASHKIRIANBASHKIRIANDROWNINGDROWNING
RETROGRADINGRETROGRADING
MAJOR SBMAJOR SBFLANK DEPOSITIONFLANK DEPOSITION
PROGRADINGPROGRADINGAGGRADINGAGGRADING
AGGRADINGAGGRADINGFILLFILL--IN RELIEFIN RELIEF
RELIEF ON MAJOR SBRELIEF ON MAJOR SBAGGRADINGAGGRADINGBACKSTEPBACKSTEP
AGGRADINGAGGRADING
MAJOR SBMAJOR SBAGGRADINGAGGRADING
PLATFORM STYLEPLATFORM STYLE
TENGIZ STRATIGRAPHIC MODELTENGIZ STRATIGRAPHIC MODEL
4000
4100
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
4800
4900
5000
5100
5200
5300
5400
5500
5600
5700
3900
4000
4100
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
4800
4900
5000
5100
5200
5300
5400
5500
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
4800
4900
4000
4100
4200
4300
4400
45004500
4600
4700
4800
4900
5000
5100
5200
5300
5400
5500
LATE VISEANLATE VISEAN
BASHKIRIANBASHKIRIANSERPUKHOVIANSERPUKHOVIAN
DEVONIANDEVONIAN
EARLY VISEANEARLY VISEAN
TOURNAISIANTOURNAISIAN
TT--463463
TT--220220 TT--50505050TT--50565056
TT--4141
SWSW NENE
(~ 5X vertical(~ 5X vertical exaggeration)exaggeration)
DROWNINGDROWNING
RETROGRADINGRETROGRADINGMAJOR SBMAJOR SB
FLANK DEPOSITIONFLANK DEPOSITION
PROGRADINGPROGRADING
AGGRADINGAGGRADING
AGGRADINGAGGRADING
FILLFILL--IN RELIEFIN RELIEF
RELIEF ON SBRELIEF ON SB
AGGRADINGAGGRADINGBACKSTEPBACKSTEP
AGGRADINGAGGRADING
MAJOR SBMAJOR SB
AGGRADINGAGGRADING
AGGRADINGAGGRADING
TT--463 T463 T--220 T220 T--5050 T5050 T--50565056
T/BASHT/BASHT/SERPT/SERP
T/L.VIST/L.VIS
T/E. VISEANT/E. VISEAN
T/TOURNT/TOURN
T/DEVT/DEV
T/BASHT/BASH•• MINOR FLANKMINOR FLANK•• GENERALLY RETROGRADATIONALGENERALLY RETROGRADATIONAL
T/SERPT/SERP•• SERP DOMINATES FLANKSERP DOMINATES FLANK•• AGGRADING THEN PROGRADING MARGINAGGRADING THEN PROGRADING MARGIN•• MAJOR BACKSTEPMAJOR BACKSTEP
T/E. VISEANT/E. VISEAN•• RELIEF ON SEQUENCE BOUNDARYRELIEF ON SEQUENCE BOUNDARY•• AGGRADING PLATFORMAGGRADING PLATFORM•• MINOR MARGIN/SLOPEMINOR MARGIN/SLOPE
T/DEVONIANT/DEVONIAN•• FAMENNIAN PLATFORM SMALLERFAMENNIAN PLATFORM SMALLER•• PLATFORM MARGIN/SLOPE POSSIBLEPLATFORM MARGIN/SLOPE POSSIBLE
~312 MA~312 MA
~314 MA~314 MA
~337 MA~337 MA
~354 MA~354 MASBSB
SBSB
SBSB
SBSB
TENGIZ GEOLOGIC MODELTENGIZ GEOLOGIC MODEL
Improved ReservoirQuality
August 2000 August 2000 -- Structural DatumStructural Datum
Kilometers
0 1 2
T-4 1
T-38T-39
T-1 08
T -11 3
T-8
T-122
T-110 0
T-1K
T -1
T-17T-10
T-1 4
T-9
T-1 02
T-3 20
T-4
T-107
T-3 K
T -11 8
T-72
T-42
T-1 06
T-11
T-4 19T-16T-1 101
T -40
T -7
T-10 3
T-1 05T-70
T-43
T-1 11 T-117
T-1 12T-1 5
T-5 K T -19T-3 18T-2 4
T-1 10 T-317
T-115T-1 16
T-2 1T-1 14
T -44
T-104
T-10 9
T-20
T-6
T-11 9
T-120
T-1 21
T-25
T -22
T-505 0T-5
T -10 0
T -37
T-12T-2 3
T-123
T -12 4T-2 9
T-3 0
T-27 T-26
T-28
T-4 7
T-3 1
T-3 4
T-45Tengiz ReservoirTop Bashkirian (m)
North
5,8005,800
5,600
5,2005,000
4,8004,600
4,400
4,2004,4004,6004,8005,000
5,2005,400
5,600
5,400
T-220
KEY KEY PLATFORMPLATFORM
WELLWELLTT--220220
Highstand Facies
Transgressive Facies
Toe-of-Slope(Mud and Grainstone Debris)
Slope(Breccias)
Depositionon Slope
Minor Depositionon Slope
CalcreteKarst
Non-Deposition
Shallow Platform(Cyclic Packstone and Grainstonewith Crinoids, Algae and Locally Reefs)
Packstone with Crinoids,Brachiopods, and Locally Reef Mounds
Lowstand Facies
Shoal(Grainstone)
Platform Margin(Reef and Grainstone)
Fully Developed CarbonatePlatform Top, Margin and Flanks
Deep Platform
Subaerial Exposure
DEPOSITIONALDEPOSITIONALMODELMODEL
PLATFORMPLATFORMFLANKFLANK
PLATFORM SHOAL COMPLEXPLATFORM SHOAL COMPLEX OUTER PLATFORMOUTER PLATFORMPLATFORM MARGINPLATFORM MARGIN TOE OFTOE OF
SLOPESLOPEANDAND
BASINBASINUPPERUPPERSLOPESLOPE
LOWERLOWERSLOPESLOPE
3030-- 5
0 m
50 m
OOID, PELOID,OOID, PELOID,SKELETAL GRAINSTONESKELETAL GRAINSTONE
SKELETAL PELOIDSKELETAL PELOIDGRAINSTONE/PACKSTONEGRAINSTONE/PACKSTONE
SKELETAL PELOIDSKELETAL PELOIDPACKSTONE/GRAINSTONEPACKSTONE/GRAINSTONE
+ MICROBIAL BOUNDSTONE+ MICROBIAL BOUNDSTONE
MICROBIAL
MICROBIAL
BOUNSTONE
BOUNSTONE
ANDANDSLOPESLOPE
DEBRISDEBRIS
PLATFORM ANDPLATFORM ANDSLOPE DEBRISSLOPE DEBRIS
AND MUDSTONEAND MUDSTONEPLATFORM CYCLES THIN, POTENTIALLY DISCONTINUOUSPLATFORM CYCLES THIN, POTENTIALLY DISCONTINUOUS
GOOD INTERPARTICLE POROSITY IN PLATFORMGOOD INTERPARTICLE POROSITY IN PLATFORM
MINOR EQUANT CALCITE FILLING INTERPARTICLE POROSITYMINOR EQUANT CALCITE FILLING INTERPARTICLE POROSITY
mBmBmBmB mBmB
BASHKIRIAN MODELBASHKIRIAN MODEL
SERPUKHOVIAN SERPUKHOVIAN -- LATE VISEAN MODELLATE VISEAN MODEL
PLATFORM SHOAL COMPLEXPLATFORM SHOAL COMPLEX OUTER PLATFORMOUTER PLATFORM PLATFORMPLATFORMMARGIN AND SLOPEMARGIN AND SLOPE
TOE OFTOE OFSLOPESLOPE
ANDANDBASINBASIN
20 m
20 m
SKELETAL PELOIDSKELETAL PELOIDPACKSTONE/GRAINSTONEPACKSTONE/GRAINSTONE
+ MICROBIAL BOUNDSTONE+ MICROBIAL BOUNDSTONE
ACCRETIONARYACCRETIONARYBOUNDSTONE (CPM)BOUNDSTONE (CPM)
BOUNDSTONEBOUNDSTONEBRECCIABRECCIA
LIME MUDSTONELIME MUDSTONEAND PLATFORM CARB.AND PLATFORM CARB.
DEBRISDEBRIS
BEST POROSITY AND MATRIX PERMEABILITY IN PLATFORM FACIESBEST POROSITY AND MATRIX PERMEABILITY IN PLATFORM FACIES
BEST PERMEABILITY IN PLATFORM MARGIN AND SLOPE BOUNDSTONES BEST PERMEABILITY IN PLATFORM MARGIN AND SLOPE BOUNDSTONES --SURFACE SURFACE -- BURIAL KARST AND/OR TECTONIC FRACTURESBURIAL KARST AND/OR TECTONIC FRACTURES
BITUMEN FILLED POROSITY INCR. TOWARD PLATFORM MARGIN AND SLOPEBITUMEN FILLED POROSITY INCR. TOWARD PLATFORM MARGIN AND SLOPE
300
m30
0 m
SKELETAL PELOIDSKELETAL PELOIDGRAINSTONE/PACKSTONEGRAINSTONE/PACKSTONE
DETRITALDETRITALBRECCIABRECCIA
mBmB mBmB
CPM=CLOTTED PELOIDALCPM=CLOTTED PELOIDALMICRITEMICRITE
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
B4
B3
B2
B1 ClasticP/W'stonePackstoneG/P'stoneGrainstone
Lithology Distribution -- Bashkirian Sequences
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
S4
S3
S2
S1 ClasticP/W'stonePackstoneG/P'stoneGrainstone
Lithology Distribution -- Serpukhovian Sequences
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
VO9
VO7
VO5
VO3
VO1
ClasticP/W'stonePackstoneG/P'stoneGrainstone
Lithology Distribution -- Visean (Oksky) Sequences Sequences
STRATIGRAPHYSTRATIGRAPHYAND AND
ROCK TYPEROCK TYPE
PLATFORM CYCLEPLATFORM CYCLEtoptop
Grainstone Grainstone 15.8% 15.8% 3.9 mD3.9 mD
basebase
Packstone Packstone 4.5% 4.5%
0.06 mD0.06 mD
BASHKIRIAN CYCLEBASHKIRIAN CYCLETOPTOP
BOTTOMBOTTOM
4 MM ACROSS FIELD4 MM ACROSS FIELD
SKELETAL SKELETAL -- COATED GRAIN GRAINSTONE COATED GRAIN GRAINSTONE
SERPUKHOVIAN CYCLESERPUKHOVIAN CYCLETOPTOP
BOTTOMBOTTOM
4 MM ACROSS FIELD4 MM ACROSS FIELD
SKELETAL GRAINSTONE AND PACKSTONESKELETAL GRAINSTONE AND PACKSTONE
UPPER VISEAN CYCLEUPPER VISEAN CYCLETOPTOP
BOTTOMBOTTOM
4 MM ACROSS FIELD4 MM ACROSS FIELD
SKELETAL SKELETAL -- PELOID GRAINPELOID GRAIN--PACKSTONEPACKSTONE
SUMMARY OF PLATFORM DIAGENESISSUMMARY OF PLATFORM DIAGENESISEARLY DIAGENESISEARLY DIAGENESIS
RIM AND SYNTAXIAL CEMENTS RIM AND SYNTAXIAL CEMENTS MOLDIC POROSITY AND MICROPOROSITYMOLDIC POROSITY AND MICROPOROSITY
EQUANT CALCITE CEMENTSEQUANT CALCITE CEMENTSKARST KARST -- VUGS, BRECCIA, AND MICROFRACTURESVUGS, BRECCIA, AND MICROFRACTURES
BURIALBURIAL DIAGENESISDIAGENESIS
MICROFRACTURES AND MICROSTYLOLITESMICROFRACTURES AND MICROSTYLOLITESMICROVUGGY POROSITY AND MICROPOROSITYMICROVUGGY POROSITY AND MICROPOROSITY
CALCITE, DOLOMITE, SILICA, OR ANHYDRITE CEMENTSCALCITE, DOLOMITE, SILICA, OR ANHYDRITE CEMENTSBITUMEN EMPLACEMENTBITUMEN EMPLACEMENT
AUTHIGENIC PYRITEAUTHIGENIC PYRITECROSSCROSS--CUTTING FRACTURESCUTTING FRACTURES
COARSE CALCITE IN VUGS, VEINS, AND FRACTURESCOARSE CALCITE IN VUGS, VEINS, AND FRACTURES
MOSCOVIAN (?) SEQUENCEMicroporosity in grains and matrix, minor interparticle porosity, and an openmicrofracture.
UPPER BASHKIRIAN SEQUENCEB1 - Solution-enlarged interparticle and intraskeletal porosity, microfractures,
microporosity in grains and between cement crystals.LOW ER BASHKIRIAN COMPOSITE SEQUENCEB2 - Solution-enhanced interparticle and intraskeletal porosity, moldic porosity,
microporosity in grains, local microvuggy and microfracture porosity.B3 - Cement-reduced interparticle, moldic, microfracture, and microvuggy porosity;
microporosity in grainsB4 - Solution-enlarged interparticle, intraskeletal, vuggy, moldic, and microfracture
porosity; microporosity in grains.SERPUKHOVIAN COMPOSITE SEQUENCES1 - Solution-enhanced interparticle, microvuggy, moldic, and microporosity in grains.S2 - Solution-enhanced interparticle, intraskeletal, moldic, microvuggy and microfracture
porosity; microporosity in grains and matrix.S3 - Interparticle, intraskeletal, moldic, microfracture, and microvuggy porosity;
microporosity in grains and matrix.S4 - Solution enhanced interparticle, intraskeletal, moldic microfracture, and microvuggy
porosity; microporosity in matrix and grains.UPPER VISEAN (OKSKY) COMPOSITE SEQUENCEVO1 - Locally solution-enhanced interparticle and intraskeletal porosity; moldic,
microfracture, and microvuggy porosity. Microporosity in grains and matrix.VO2 - Interparticle and intraskeletal porosity, locally solution enhanced; moldic and
microvuggy porosity; microporosity in matrix and peloids.VO3 - Interparticle, moldic, and intraskeletal porosity; microporosity in grains and
matrix; microvuggy and microfracture porosity.MIDDLE VISEAN (OKSKY) COMPOSITE SEQUENCEVO4 - Solution-enhanced interparticle, intraskeletal, microvuggy, and microfracture
porosity; microporosity in grains.VO5 - Solution-enhanced interparticle, intraskeletal, local microvuggy porosity;
microporosity in grains and matrix.VO6 - Interparticle, intraskeletal, and moldic porosity; microporosity in grains and
matrix.LOW ER VISEAN (OKSKY) COMPOSITE SEQUENCEVO7 - Solution-enhanced interparticle to microvuggy porosity.VO8 - Interparticle, intraskeletal, moldic and microfracture porosity; microporosity in
grains.VO9 - Intraskeletal, moldic, and interparticle porosity.UPPER VISEAN (TULA) COMPOSITE SEQUENCEVT1 – Intraskeletal, moldic, and microfracture porosity; also microporosity in grains.
STRATIGRAPHYSTRATIGRAPHYANDAND
POROSITYPOROSITYTYPETYPE
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Porosity (% BV)
Perm
eabi
lity
(md)
Non-FractureedFractured
T -220All DataN=1,305
PLATFORM RESERVOIR QUALITYPLATFORM RESERVOIR QUALITY
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0 5 10 15 20 25P o ro sity (% B V)
Per
mea
bilit
y (m
d)
T -2 2 0Uppe r V is e a n (Tula )
N = 4 4
0 .001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0 5 10 15 20 25P o ro sity (% B V)
Per
mea
bilit
y (m
d)
N o n -F ra ctu re d
F ra ctu re d
T-2 2 0Low e r V is e a n (O k s k y)
N = 2 4 6
0 .001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0 5 10 15 20 25P o ro sity (% B V)
Per
mea
bilit
y (m
d)
T -2 2 0M iddle V is e a n (O k s k y)
N = 1 4 0
0 .001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0 5 10 15 20 25P o ro sity (% B V)
Per
mea
bilit
y (m
d)
T -2 2 0Uppe r V is e a n (O k s k y)
N = 2 4 40 .001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0 5 10 15 20 25P o ro sity (% B V)
Per
mea
bilit
y (m
d)
N o n -F ra ctu re d
F ra ctu re d
T-2 2 0S e rpuk hovia n
N = 3 5 3
0 .001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0 5 10 15 20 25P o ro sity (% B V)
Per
mea
bilit
y (m
d)
T -2 2 0Low e r Ba s hk ir ia n
N = 2 5 6
STRATIGRAPHY ANDSTRATIGRAPHY ANDRESERVOIR QUALITYRESERVOIR QUALITY
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 5 10 15 20 25
P ote n t ial P o ro s ity (% B V )
Bit
umen
(v
ol.
% o
f Roc
k)75 %
F ille d
1 00 %F ille d
5%F ille d
T -2 20All D a ta
N = 1 ,4 2 0C or r e c te d D a ta
BITUMEN AND POROSITYBITUMEN AND POROSITY
0 20 40 60 80 100
Calcite
Dolomite
Abund an ce (wt.%)
Perm. (m d)
Permeability (m d)
0 5 10 15 20 25
4070
4090
4110
4130
4150
4170 Porosity (% BV)Bitumen (% BV)
Volum e (% BV)
0 20 40 60 80 100
QuartzFeldsparClay
Ab und ance (wt.% )
Artinskian
Moscovian (?)B1
B2
B3
B4
S1
BASHKRIAN RESERVOIR QUALITYBASHKRIAN RESERVOIR QUALITYAND MINERALOGYAND MINERALOGY
0 5 10 15 20 25
4160
4180
4200
4220
4240
4260
4280 Porosity (% BV)Bitumen (% BV)
Volum e (% BV)
Perm. (m d)
Permeability (md)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Calcite
Dolomite
Abund an ce (wt.%)
VO1
S2
S4
S3
B4
S1
0 20 40 60 80 100
QuartzFeldsparClay
Ab und ance (wt.% )
SERPUKHOVIAN RESERVOIR QUALITYSERPUKHOVIAN RESERVOIR QUALITYAND MINERALOGYAND MINERALOGY
0 20 40 60 80 100
QuartzFeldsparC lay
Ab undance (wt.% )
0 5 10 15 20 25
4270
4290
4310
4330
4350
4370
Porosity (% BV)Bitumen (% BV)
Volum e (% BV)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Calcite
Dolomite
Ab undance (wt.%)
Perm. (m d)
Perm eabil ity (md)
VO1
VO3
S4
VO4
VO2
UPPER VISEAN RESERVOIR QUALITYUPPER VISEAN RESERVOIR QUALITYAND MINERALOGYAND MINERALOGY
0 20 40 60 80 100
QuartzFeldsparClay
Ab undan ce (wt.% )
0 20 40 60 80 100
Calcite
Dolomite
Ab undan ce (wt.%)
0 5 10 15 20 25
4350
4360
4370
4380
4390
4400
4410
4420
4430
Porosity (% BV)Bitumen (% BV)
Volum e (% BV)
Perm. (m d)
Perm eabil ity (m d)
VO6
VO3
VO7
VO4
VO5
UPPER VISEAN RESERVOIR QUALITYUPPER VISEAN RESERVOIR QUALITYAND MINERALOGYAND MINERALOGY
0 20 40 60 80 100
Calcite
Dolomite
Abundance (wt.%)
0 20 40 60 80 100
QuartzFeldsparC lay
Ab und an ce (wt.% )
0 5 10 15 20 25
4410
4430
4450
4470
4490
4510
4530 Porosity (% BV)Bitumen (% BV)
Volum e (% BV)
Perm. (m d)
Perm eabil ity (m d)
VO6
VT1
VO7
VO9
VO8
UPPER VISEAN RESERVOIR QUALITYUPPER VISEAN RESERVOIR QUALITYAND MINERALOGYAND MINERALOGY
LogsLogs CoreCore Wireline PressureWireline Pressure
STRATIGRAPHY ANDSTRATIGRAPHY ANDWIRELINE PRESSURESWIRELINE PRESSURES
Major FlowMajor FlowBarriersBarriers Minor FlowMinor Flow
BarriersBarriers
PLATFORM POROSITY DISTRIBUTIONPLATFORM POROSITY DISTRIBUTION
CYCLESCYCLES
PLATFORM POROSITY DISTRIBUTIONPLATFORM POROSITY DISTRIBUTION
CYCLESCYCLES
WELL TIEWELL TIETO 3D TO 3D
SEISMICSEISMIC
Kilometers
0 1 2
T-4 1
T-38T-39
T-1 08
T -11 3
T-8
T-122
T-110 0
T-1K
T -1
T-17T-10
T-1 4
T-9
T-1 02
T-3 20
T-4
T-107
T-3 K
T -11 8
T-72
T-42
T-1 06
T-11
T-4 19T-16T-1 101
T -40
T -7
T-10 3
T-1 05T-70
T-43
T-1 11 T-117
T-1 12T-1 5
T-5 K T -19T-3 18T-2 4
T-1 10 T-317
T-115T-1 16
T-2 1T-1 14
T -44
T-104
T-10 9
T-20
T-6
T-11 9
T-120
T-1 21
T-25
T -22
T-505 0T-5
T -10 0
T -37
T-12T-2 3
T-123
T -12 4T-2 9
T-3 0
T-27 T-26
T-28
T-4 7
T-3 1
T-3 4
T-45Tengiz ReservoirTop Bashkirian (m)
North
5,8005,800
5,600
5,2005,000
4,8004,600
4,400
4,2004,4004,6004,8005,000
5,2005,400
5,600
5,400
T-220
KEY KEY FLANKFLANKWELLWELL
T-220
TT--4747
KUNGURIAN SALTKUNGURIAN SALT
ANHYDRITEANHYDRITE
ARTINSKIANARTINSKIAN
KEY FLANK WELLKEY FLANK WELL
PLATFORMPLATFORM
FLANKFLANK
FLANK DEVELOPMENTFLANK DEVELOPMENT
PLATFORMPLATFORM FLANKFLANK
TOP DEVTOP DEV
TOP BASHTOP BASH
Flank Wells Interior Wells
Highstand Facies
Transgressive Facies
Toe-of-Slope(Mud and Grainstone Debris)
Slope(Breccias)
Depositionon Slope
Minor Depositionon Slope
CalcreteKarst
Non-Deposition
Shallow Platform(Cyclic Packstone and Grainstonewith Crinoids, Algae and Locally Reefs)
Packstone with Crinoids,Brachiopods, and Locally Reef Mounds
Lowstand Facies
Shoal(Grainstone)
Platform Margin(Reef and Grainstone)
Fully Developed CarbonatePlatform Top, Margin and Flanks
Deep Platform
Subaerial Exposure
DEPOSITIONALDEPOSITIONALMODELMODEL
PLATFORMPLATFORMFLANKFLANK
OUTCROP OF PLATFORM FLANKOUTCROP OF PLATFORM FLANK
ASTURIAS, SPAINASTURIAS, SPAIN
FLANK FACIES DISTRIBUTIONFLANK FACIES DISTRIBUTION
BOUNDSTONEBOUNDSTONEAND GRAINSTONEAND GRAINSTONE
DETRITAL BRECCIADETRITAL BRECCIA
DEPOSITIONALDEPOSITIONALMODELMODEL
FORFORSLOPESLOPE
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Devonian Deep
Devon. Sha llow
Visean (Tula )
Vise an (Oksky)
Serpukhovian
Bashkirian
Artinskian
All Tengiz-47 Mudstone
W ackestone
P/W 'stone
Packstone
G/P'stone
Gra instone
Breccia /Rudstone
STRATIGRAPHY AND ROCK TYPESTRATIGRAPHY AND ROCK TYPE
SLOPE BOUNDSTONE AND CLASTSSLOPE BOUNDSTONE AND CLASTS
BOUNDSTONEBOUNDSTONE
CLASTSCLASTS
LOWER SLOPE PACKSTONESLOWER SLOPE PACKSTONES
SILICASILICAREPLACEMENTREPLACEMENT
FRACTUREFRACTURE
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0 3 6 9 12 15
Porosity (%)
Perm
eabi
lity
(m
d)
BashkirianSerpukhovianVisean (Oksky)Visean (Tula)
Fractured
SLOPE RESERVOIR QUALITYSLOPE RESERVOIR QUALITY
0
3
6
9
0 3 6 9 12 15
Potential Porosity (%)
Bitu
men
(v
ol.%
)All Tengiz-47Bashkirian
100% Filled
10% Filled
30% Filled
BITUMEN AND POROSITYBITUMEN AND POROSITY
SLOPESLOPEDIAGENESISDIAGENESIS
BURIALBURIAL(HYDROTHERMAL?)(HYDROTHERMAL?)
DOLOMITEDOLOMITESILICASILICABARITEBARITE
URANIUMURANIUM
0 10 20 30 40 50
QuartzC layBarite
Abund ance (wt.%)
V
Devonian
Visean (Tula)
Visean (Oksky)
Serpukhovian
Bashkirian
Deb
ris S
lope
Slope
Plat
form
SGR0 200
CGR0 200
BARITECALCITE
SIDERDOLOMPYRITE
LOGSLOGS CORECORE
FRACTURES AND VUGSFRACTURES AND VUGS
SOLUTIONSOLUTION--ENLARGEDENLARGEDFRACTURESFRACTURES
VUGS IN FLANK WELLSVUGS IN FLANK WELLS
IMAGE_STATIC.IMVI
4556
4557
DEPTHMETRES
IMAGE_DYNAMIC.IMVIWIRE.HSGR_2
GAPI0 150
WIRE.HCGR_3GAPI0 150
FBSTB_DSSTB_S_1.C1_1MM150 275
FBSTB_DSSTB_S_1.C2_1MM150 275
WIRE.PHIX_DN_10.3 0
WIRE.CMRP_3MS_20.3 0
WIRE.AT90_22 2000
WIRE.PEFL_19 19
Large Vug
IMAGE_STATIC.IMVI
4516
DEPTHMETRES
IMAGE_DYNAMIC.IMVIWIRE.HSGR_2
GAPI0 150
WIRE.HCGR_3GAPI0 150
FBSTB_DSSTB_S_1.C1_1MM150 275
FBSTB_DSSTB_S_1.C2_1MM150 275
WIRE.PHIX_DN_10.3 0
WIRE.CMRP_3MS_20.3 0
WIRE.PEFL_19 19
WIRE.AT90_22 2000
FRACTURES IN FLANK WELLSFRACTURES IN FLANK WELLS
Fractures
FRACTURES IN FLANK WELLSFRACTURES IN FLANK WELLS
IMAGE_STATIC.IMVI
4576
4577
DEPTHMETRES
IMAGE_DYNAMIC.IMVIWIRE.HSGR_2
GAPI0 150
WIRE.HCGR_3GAPI0 150
FBSTB_DSSTB_S_1.C1_1MM150 275
FBSTB_DSSTB_S_1.C2_1MM150 275
WIRE.PHIX_DN_10.3 0
WIRE.CMRP_3MS_20.3 0
WIRE.AT90_22 2000
WIRE.PEFL_19 19
Fracture with whole mud invasion
TENGIZ AND KOROLEV
4576
4577
TENGIZ AND KOROLEVTENGIZ AND KOROLEV
STRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORKSTRATIGRAPHIC FRAMEWORK
RESERVOIR QUALITYRESERVOIR QUALITY
SUMMARY POINTSSUMMARY POINTS
•• Carboniferous Isolated Carbonate Carboniferous Isolated Carbonate Platforms with Steep FlanksPlatforms with Steep Flanks
•• Platform Growth Viewed in Sequence Platform Growth Viewed in Sequence Stratigraphic ContextStratigraphic Context
•• Reservoir Quality in Platform Controlled Reservoir Quality in Platform Controlled by Stratigraphy and Limited Diagenesisby Stratigraphy and Limited Diagenesis
•• Reservoir in Flanks Related to Fracturing Reservoir in Flanks Related to Fracturing and Diagenesisand Diagenesis