Geography revision guide

Geography Revision

Guide

ContentsUnit 1 coastal erosion Unit 2.2 how to use keysUnit 1.1 abrasion Unit 2.3 type of mapsunit 1.2 why it happens End of unit 2 quizUnit 1.3 the effects on local peple Unit 3 weather and climate Unit 1.4 how we can stop it Unit 3.1 what is weatherEnd of unit 1 quiz Unit 3.2 what is climate Unit 2 maps Unit 3..3 the effects on weather unit 2.1 Why we need them End of unit 3 quiz

Unit 4 the earths core Unit 5 rivers

Unit 4.1 volcanos Unit 5.1 rivers

Unit 4.2 tectonic plates Unit 5.2 lakes

Unit 4.3 earth quakes & the pacific ring of fire

Unit 5.3 streams

Unit 4.4 continetal drift End of unit 5 quiz

End of unit 4 quiz

Coastal erosion

• Coastal erosion is the wearing away of land and the removal of beach or dune sediments by wave action, tidal currents, wave currents, drainage or high winds (see also beach evolution). Waves, generated by storms, wind, or fast moving motor craft, cause coastal erosion, which may take the form of long-term losses of sediment and rocks, or merely the temporary redistribution of coastal sediments; erosion in one location may result in accretion nearby. The study of erosion and sediment redistribution is called 'coastal morphodynamics'. It may be caused by hydraulic action, abrasion, impact and corrosion.

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Abrasion

• Abrasion is the mechanical scraping of a rock surface by rubbing between rocks and moving particles during their transport by wind, glacier, waves, gravity, running water or erosion. After rubbing, the moving particles dislodge loose and weak remains from the side of the rock.

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Why it happens One cause of natural coastal erosion is an increasing gradient in transport rate in the direction of the net transport. This can be due to gradients in the wave conditions at certain stretches, a curved coastline, or special bathymetric conditions. An example of this kind of coastal condition is the West Coast of Skaw Spit, the northernmost tip of Denmark. The presence of the headland and the port at Hirtshals, combined with the shadow effect of southern Norway, results in increasing transport along the section of coastline some kilometres east of Hirtshals to Gammel Skagen. For this reason the entire NW-oriented section of the Skaw spit is exposed to erosion.

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The effects on local people

• Many homes and buildings are constructed on coastal regions, as beach-front homes are often in high demand and coastal towns are often popular resort areas. Some homes at the water's edge risk of being submerged by the sea or falling over in a landslide. Homes in neighborhoods in coastal areas risk flooding if beach erosion isn't controlled. Even though flooding happens rarely it can produce serious property damage.

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How we can stop it

• Coastal erosion is a huge problem. You might be asking yourself why you should be worried about the condition of some beach, but in truth it does have an impact on the economy that you might not have even though of. Did you know that people live along coastlines mostly for the beaches? With the threat of coastal erosion, many people may end up moving elsewhere, which will cause a downfall of that particular area. That's why it is so important to make sure coastal erosion is stopped in its tracks.

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mapsMany maps are static two-dimensional, geometrically correct (or nearly correct) representations of three-dimensional room, while others are dynamic or interactive, even three-dimensional. Although most usually used to depict geography, maps may represent any space, real or imagined, without regard to context or scale; e.g. brain mapping, DNA mapping and extraterrestrial mapping.

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How to use keys

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Type of maps • Climate maps• give general information about the climate and precipitation

(rain and snow) of a region. Cartographers, or mapmakers, use colors to show different climate or precipitation zones.

• Economic or resource maps• feature the type of natural resources or economic activity that

dominates an area. Cartographers use symbols to show the locations of natural resources or economic activities. For example, oranges on a map of Florida tell you that oranges are grown there.

• Physical maps• illustrate the physical features of an area, such as the

mountains, rivers and lakes. The water is usually shown in blue. Colors are used to show relief—differences in land elevations. Green is typically used at lower elevations, and orange or brown indicate higher elevations.

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Weather and climate

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What is weather

• The weather is all around us, all the time. It is an important part of our lives and one that we cannot control. Instead the weather often controls how and where we live, what we do, what we wear and what we eat. Someone who studies the weather is called a meteorologist. Weather predictions are made by forecasters who you see on television.

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What is climate

• Climate is the average weather in a place over many years. While the weather can change in just a few hours, climate takes hundreds, thousands, even millions of years to change

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The effects on weather

• The weather really does affect our moods and health as dramatically as it can affect our roads. Everyone has noticed it to some degree throughout their lives. Folks living in hot climates with the sun looming viciously overhead notice an energy level entirely different from those living further north. Even people just visiting climates completely different from their own are often taken aback by the vast differences in the general attitude of locals compared to that of people back home.

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Volcanos

• A volcano is a rupture on the crust of a planetary mass object, such as the Earth, which allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.Earth's volcanoes occur because the planet's crust is broken into 17 major, rigid tectonic plates that float on a hotter, softer layer in the Earth's mantle.[1] Therefore, on Earth, volcanoes are generally found where tectonic plates are diverging or converging. For example, a mid-oceanic ridge, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates pulling apart; the Pacific Ring of Fire has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates coming together. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's interior plates, e.g., in the East African Rift and the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field and Rio Grande Rift in North America. Contents

Volcanos video

Tectonic plates

• Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that describes the large-scale motion of Earth's lithosphere. This theoretical model builds on the concept of continental drift which was developed during the first few decades of the 20th century. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor spreading were later developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Contents

Earth quakes and the pacific ring of fire

• An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.

• The Ring of Fire is an area where a large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean. In a 40,000 km (25,000 mi) horseshoe shape, it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic belts and/or plate movements. It has 452 volcanoes and is home to over 75% of the world's active and dormant volcanoes.[1] It is sometimes called the circum-Pacific belt or the circum-Pacific seismic belt.

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Continental drift

• Continental drift is the movement of the Earth's continents relative to each other, thus appearing to drift across the ocean bed. The speculation that continents might have 'drifted' was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596. The concept was independently and more fully developed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, but his theory was rejected by some for lack of a mechanism (though this was supplied later by Holmes) and others because of prior theoretical commitments. The idea of continental drift has been subsumed by the theory of plate tectonics, which explains how the continents move.

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Rivers

• A river is a natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a sea, or another river. In some rare cases a river could flow into the ground and dry up completely at the end of its course, without reaching another body of water. Small rivers may be called by several other names, including stream, creek, brook, rivulet, and rill. There are no official definitions for generic terms, such as river, as applied to geographic features, although in some countries or communities a stream may be defined by its size. Many names for small rivers are specific to geographic location; examples are "run" in some parts of the United States, "burn" in Scotland and northeast England, and "beck" in northern England. Sometimes a river is defined as being larger than a creek, but not always: the language is vague

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lakes

• lake is an area, (prototypically filled with water, also of variable size), localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake. Lakes lie on land and are not part of the ocean, and therefore are distinct from lagoons, and are also larger and deeper than ponds. Lakes can be contrasted with rivers or streams, which are usually flowing. However most lakes are fed and drained by rivers and streams

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Streams

• A stream is a body of water[1] with a current, confined within a bed and stream banks. Depending on its location or certain characteristics, a stream may be referred to as a branch, brook, beck, burn, creek, "crick", gill (occasionally ghyll), kill, lick, mill race, rill, river, syke, bayou, rivulet, streamage, wash, run, or runnel.

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• QUIZ

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Coastal Erosion

• What is a main cause of erosion• Waves rain

• What are HAAC processes

• Hydraulic action attrition corrosion.

• Hydraulic action abrasion corrosion

• How can we stop it • Sea defences

• Don’t go outContents

maps

• Types of maps• Climate maps • Economic or resource maps• Key maps• Keys• Keys a little symbols to show somethi

ng• A key to open something

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Weather and climate

• What's weather sun precipitation Sun precipitation wind• What's climate the highness in the sky

• What’s the effect on weather

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Volcanos

• Different types of volcanos• Cone shield • Cone shield composite • Pacific ring • North sea • Pacific ocean

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Coasts

maps

Weather

climate

volcanoContents

volcano

Weather

climate

maps

coasts

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