GEOGRAPHY OF AGRICULTURE. INTRODUCTION DEFINITION RECENT TRENDS TYPES OF AGRICULTURE.

GEOGRAPHY OF GEOGRAPHY OF AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

DEFINITIONDEFINITIONRECENT TRENDSRECENT TRENDSTYPES OF AGRICULTURETYPES OF AGRICULTURE

TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE TYPES OF SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

SHIFTING CULTIVATION (SC)SHIFTING CULTIVATION (SC)

–TROPICAL FORESTS TROPICAL FORESTS –SOIL FERTILITY LOWSOIL FERTILITY LOW


–SC MAINTAINS SOIL FERTILITY SC MAINTAINS SOIL FERTILITY

–BY ROTATING THE FIELDS BY ROTATING THE FIELDS

–NOT CROP ROTATIONNOT CROP ROTATION

–A VARIETY OF CROPSA VARIETY OF CROPS


INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE INTENSIVE SUBSISTENCE AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE –A SMALL PARCEL OF LAND A SMALL PARCEL OF LAND

UTILIZED FOR MAXIMUM YIELD UTILIZED FOR MAXIMUM YIELD –CONSIDERABLE USE OF CONSIDERABLE USE OF

HUMAN AND ANIMAL LABOURHUMAN AND ANIMAL LABOUR–PEASANTS – FAMILY LABORPEASANTS – FAMILY LABOR


–OTEN ‘TRADITIONAL’ TOOLS OTEN ‘TRADITIONAL’ TOOLS (E.G. PLOW)(E.G. PLOW)


–HEAVY USE OF HEAVY USE OF MANURE/FERTILIZERMANURE/FERTILIZER


–INTENSIVE USE OF HILL-INTENSIVE USE OF HILL-SLOPESSLOPES


–DOUBLE CROPPING IN SOME DOUBLE CROPPING IN SOME PLACESPLACES

–CAN SUPPORT LARGE CAN SUPPORT LARGE POPULATIONSPOPULATIONS

–PARTLY REFLECTS HIGH PARTLY REFLECTS HIGH POPULATION DENSITIESPOPULATION DENSITIES

–RICE AND OTHER GRAINS RICE AND OTHER GRAINS DOMINATEDOMINATE


PASTORALISMPASTORALISM–BREEDING AND HERDING OF BREEDING AND HERDING OF

ANIMALS ANIMALS –USUALLY IN DESERTS, USUALLY IN DESERTS,

GRASSLANDS AND LIGHTLY GRASSLANDS AND LIGHTLY WOODED GRASSY PLAINSWOODED GRASSY PLAINS

–PARTS OF AFRICA, MIDDLE PARTS OF AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA.EAST AND CENTRAL ASIA.


–TWO VARIANTS: SEDENTARY TWO VARIANTS: SEDENTARY PASTORALISM AND NOMADICPASTORALISM AND NOMADIC

–GRAZING OF CATTLE, SHEEP, GRAZING OF CATTLE, SHEEP, GOATS, CAMELS, ETC.GOATS, CAMELS, ETC.

–TRANSHUMANCETRANSHUMANCE


–PRACTICE OF BARTERPRACTICE OF BARTER

–MAY CULTIVATE CROPSMAY CULTIVATE CROPS

– IN DECLINEIN DECLINE

THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL THE INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE

WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL-WHAT IS INDUSTRIAL-COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE?COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE?– IMPORTANCE OF FARM IMPORTANCE OF FARM

CHANGEDCHANGED–RELATION TO CAPITALISM RELATION TO CAPITALISM –CONCENTRATION OF MEANS CONCENTRATION OF MEANS

OF PRODUCTIONOF PRODUCTION


AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIALIZ-AGRICULTURAL INDUSTRIALIZ-ATION INVOLVES:ATION INVOLVES:–MACHINES VS HUMAN AND MACHINES VS HUMAN AND

ANIMAL LABORANIMAL LABOR– INCREASING USE OF INCREASING USE OF

INDUSTRIAL INPUTS (E.G. GM INDUSTRIAL INPUTS (E.G. GM SEEDS; CHEMICAL SEEDS; CHEMICAL FERTILZERS)FERTILZERS)– SUBSTITUTESSUBSTITUTES


UNEVENNESS OF INDUSTRIALIZ-UNEVENNESS OF INDUSTRIALIZ-ATION OF AGRICULTUREATION OF AGRICULTURE

GREEN REVOLUTION AS AN GREEN REVOLUTION AS AN EXAMPLE OF –INDUSTRIALIZED EXAMPLE OF –INDUSTRIALIZED COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURECOMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE–WHAT IS THE GR?WHAT IS THE GR?–BORLAUGBORLAUG–WHY PEACE PRIZE?WHY PEACE PRIZE?


–POSITIVE EFFECTSPOSITIVE EFFECTSYIELD INCREASE>FOOD YIELD INCREASE>FOOD

SELF-SUFFICIENCYSELF-SUFFICIENCY


FARMERS INCOME INCREASEFARMERS INCOME INCREASELABORERS’ BENEFITSLABORERS’ BENEFITS–PRODUCTIVITYPRODUCTIVITY

–DOUBLE CROPPINGDOUBLE CROPPING

–SPIN-OFF EFEFCTS (REPAIRS)SPIN-OFF EFEFCTS (REPAIRS)HENCE HENCE GREEN GREEN REVOLUTION REVOLUTION


NEGATIVE EFFECTSNEGATIVE EFFECTS–ECOLOGICALECOLOGICAL

VULNERABILITY OF VULNERABILITY OF NEW SEEDS TO PESTSNEW SEEDS TO PESTSWATER LOGGINGWATER LOGGINGLOW RATIO OF PRODUCTION LOW RATIO OF PRODUCTION

PER WATER USE PER WATER USE REDUCTION IN ECOLOGICAL REDUCTION IN ECOLOGICAL

DIVERSITY (A FEW VARIETIES OF DIVERSITY (A FEW VARIETIES OF RICE)RICE)


CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF CHEMICAL POLLUTION OF LAND AND WATER LAND AND WATER

PHYSICAL DISABILITY DUE PHYSICAL DISABILITY DUE TO FAULTY MACHINES, TO FAULTY MACHINES, EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES, EXPOSURE TO PESTICIDES, ETC.ETC.


SOCIAL-ECONOMICSOCIAL-ECONOMIC– LARGER FARMERS BENEFIT LARGER FARMERS BENEFIT MOREMORE

– SMALLER FARMERS IN DEBTSMALLER FARMERS IN DEBT– REVERSE TENANCY AND REVERSE TENANCY AND CAPITALIST FARMINGCAPITALIST FARMING


– LABOUR REPLACEMENTLABOUR REPLACEMENT

– WOMENWOMEN

WOMEN FORCED TO WOMEN FORCED TO WORK AS LABOURERS WORK AS LABOURERS


GEOGRAPHICALLY UNEVEN GEOGRAPHICALLY UNEVEN DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT–WHEAT AND RICE, ETC. NOT WHEAT AND RICE, ETC. NOT

GROWN EVERYWHERE GROWN EVERYWHERE –LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN LACK OF INFRASTRUCTURE IN

POOR COUNTRIES (E.G. IN POOR COUNTRIES (E.G. IN AFRICA) AFRICA)


– INTRA-COUNTRY INEQUALITY INTRA-COUNTRY INEQUALITY AND THE STATE’S SPATIAL AND THE STATE’S SPATIAL STRATEGYSTRATEGY

LOCATIONAL PATTERN OF LOCATIONAL PATTERN OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURECOMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE

GENERAL PRINCIPLE GENERAL PRINCIPLE UNDERLYING LANDUSEUNDERLYING LANDUSE

VON THUNEN’S VON THUNEN’S AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURAL LOCATION LOCATION THEORYTHEORY– ASSUMPTIONSASSUMPTIONS

LOCATIONAL PATTERN OF LOCATIONAL PATTERN OF COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURECOMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE– RESULTSRESULTS

CROP THEORYCROP THEORYINTENSITY THEORYINTENSITY THEORY

– REAL WORLD EXAMPLESREAL WORLD EXAMPLES

ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

SHOULD VON THUNEN THEORY BE SHOULD VON THUNEN THEORY BE ‘MADE TO BE WRONG’?‘MADE TO BE WRONG’?

GEOGRAPHY OF AGRICULTURE. INTRODUCTION DEFINITION RECENT TRENDS TYPES OF AGRICULTURE.

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