GEOGRAPHY A - gifs.africa€¦ · GEOGRAPHY A.Ellan Subject Teacher : Geography Grades 8-11...
Transcript of GEOGRAPHY A - gifs.africa€¦ · GEOGRAPHY A.Ellan Subject Teacher : Geography Grades 8-11...
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GEOGRAPHY A.Ellan
Subject Teacher : Geography Grades 8-11
EFFINGHAM SECONDARY SCHOOL
DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
What are you doing as a geographer to save your planet ?
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How do we know what the Earth is made of?
Geophysical surveys: seismic, gravity, magnetics, electrical, geodesy
Acquisition: land, air, sea and satellite
Geological surveys: fieldwork, boreholes, mines
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CONTINENTAL DRIFTING
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What is Continental Drifting ?
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The Theory of Continental Drifting
A German scientist named Alfred Wegener formed the hypothesis that the continents had moved!
He proposed that all the continents had once been joined together in a single landmass and have since drifted apart.
Wegener named this supercontinent Pangea.
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If you look at a map of the world, you may notice that some of the continents could fit together like pieces of a puzzle.
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ALFRED WEGENERTHEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
Found evidence for PANGAEA and proposed the theory of continental drift.
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Continents
“fit together”
like puzzle
pieces
WEGENER’S EVIDENCE
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WEGENER’S EVIDENCE
Fossil Evidence•fossils are remains of living things that lived long ago.•similar fossils have been discovered in matching coastlines on different continents.
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Evidence for Continental Drift
Evidence from fossils
A fossil is any trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock.
Glossopteris fossils have been found in rocks in Africa, South America, Australia, India, and Antarctica.
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WEGENER’S EVIDENCE Climatic evidence such as glaciers in areas
that are now close to the Equator
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Evidence for Continental Drift
Evidence from climate
Fossils of tropical plants have been found too far south to have survived.
Glacier deposits are found too far north to have existed.
These clues provide evidence that continental drift really happened.
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WEGENER’S EVIDENCE
Mountains
Some mountain ranges on different continents seem to match.
Ex: ranges in Canada match Norway and Sweden
Ex: Appalachian Mtn. match UK mtn
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Evidence of Continental Drift
Evidence from landforms:
Mountain ranges and other features on the continents provided evidence for continental drift.
Mountain ranges in South Africa line up with mountain ranges in Argentina.
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ORAL ACTIVITY &
RECAP
1. Who is the scientist that proposed the theory of Continental Drifting ?
2. What is the name of the supercontinent that was formed?
3. Which present day continent evidently still exists from the continent of Laurasia ?
4. How many continents exist today ?
5. Which present day continent was once linked with Africa?
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THE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH AND PLATE TECTONICS
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RECAP:Structure of the Earth
The Earth is made up of 3 main layers:
Core
Mantle
Crust
Inner core
Outer core
Mantle
Crust
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The Crust
This is where we live!
The Earth’s crust is made of:
Continental Crust
- thick (10-70km)
- buoyant (less dense
than oceanic crust)
- mostly old
Oceanic Crust
- thin (~7 km)
- dense (sinks under
continental crust)
- young
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WHAT IS PLATE
TECTONICS?The scientific theory of plate tectonics
supports the theory of continental drifting.
According to the theory the crust is divided into several sections called plates
There are oceanic and continental plates
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Plate Tectonics
The Earth’s crust is divided into 12 major plates which are moved in various directions.
This plate motion causes them to collide, pull apart, or scrape against each other.
Each type of interaction causes a characteristic set of Earth structures or “tectonic” features.
The word, tectonic, refers to the deformation of the crust as a consequence of plate interaction.
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World Plates
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What are tectonic plates made of?
Plates are made of rigid lithosphere.
The lithosphere is
made up of the
crust and the upper
part of the mantle.
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What lies beneath the tectonic plates?
Below the lithosphere (which makes up the tectonic plates) is the asthenosphere.
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Plate Movement
The plates are capable of horizontal movement
“Plates” of lithosphere are moved around by the underlying hot mantle convection cells
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WHAT HAPPENS AT TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARIES?
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Divergent
Convergent
Transform
Three types of plate boundary
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Spreading ridges
As plates move apart new material is erupted to fill the gap
Divergent Boundaries
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Age of Oceanic Crust
Courtesy of www.ngdc.noaa.gov
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Iceland has a divergent plate boundary running through its middle
Iceland: An example of continental rifting
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There are three styles of convergent plate boundaries
Continent-continent collision
Continent-oceanic crust collision
Ocean-ocean collision
Convergent Boundaries
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Forms mountains, e.g. European Alps, Himalayas
Continent-Continent Collision
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Himalayas
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Called SUBDUCTION
Continent-Oceanic Crust Collision
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Oceanic lithosphere subducts underneath the continental lithosphere
Oceanic lithosphere heats and dehydrates as it subsides
The melt rises forming volcanism
E.g. The Andes
Subduction
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When two oceanic plates collide, one runs over the other which causes it to sink into the mantle forming a subduction zone.
The subducting plate is bent downward to form a very deep depression in the ocean floor called a trench.
The worlds deepest parts of the ocean are found along trenches. E.g. The Mariana Trench is 11 km deep!
Ocean-Ocean Plate Collision
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Where plates slide past each other
Transform Boundaries
Above: View of the San Andreas
transform fault
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…what’s the connection?
Volcanoes and Plate
Tectonics…
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Volcanism is
mostly
focused at
plate
margins
Pacific Ring of Fire
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- Subduction - Rifting - Hotspots
Volcanoes are formed by:
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Pacific Ring of Fire
Hotspot
volcanoes
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Hot mantle plumes breaching the surface in the middle of a tectonic plate
What are Hotspot Volcanoes?
Photo: Tom Pfeiffer / www.volcanodiscovery.com
The Hawaiian island chain are
examples of hotspot volcanoes.
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The tectonic plate moves over a fixed hotspot
forming a chain of volcanoes.
The volcanoes get younger from one end to the other.
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…what’s the connection?
Earthquakes and Plate
Tectonics…
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As with volcanoes, earthquakes are not randomly distributed over the globe
At the boundaries between plates, friction causes them to stick together. When built up energy causes them to break, earthquakes occur.
Figure showing
the distribution of
earthquakes
around the globe
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Where do earthquakes form?
Figure showing the tectonic setting of earthquakes
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Plate Tectonics Summary
The Earth is made up of 3 main layers (core, mantle, crust)
On the surface of the Earth are tectonic plates that slowly move around the globe
Plates are made of crust and upper mantle (lithosphere)
There are 2 types of plate There are 3 types of plate boundaries Volcanoes and Earthquakes are closely linked
to the margins of the tectonic plates
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Ashlin Ellan
Subject Teacher & Examiner