GE GRAPHY secondary 1

NICCO ALYSSHA PARIKH

THE EARTH SOLAR SYSTEM : Planets -MECURY - SUN -VENUS - STARS ( BALLS OF GAS )-EARTH -MARS-JUPITER-SATURN-URANUS-NEPTUNE-PLUTO ( DWARF PLANET )

ABOUT THE EARTH -EARTH IS A SPHERE SHAPED PLANET .-IT IS THE 3RD PLANET FROM THE SUN. - THE DISTANCE FROM THE EARTH TO THE SUN IS 150 MILLION

KILOMETERS.- IT IS THE 5TH LARGEST PLANET IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM- The surface of the Earth is 70% water and 30% land masses .- There are 7 continents - There are 5 oceans 1)Europe 1) Pacific ocean 2) Asia 2) Indian ocean 3) North America 3) Southern ocean 4) South America 4)Atlantic ocean 5)Africa 5) Arctic ocean 6) Australia 7)Antarctica

LIFE ON EARTHATMOSPHERE - Oxygen ( 21%) , Nitrogen

(78%), Carbon Dioxide (0.03%), Water Vapour (1%).

Plants flourish Animals flourish Food Temperature – Not too cold and Not too hot ideal for life Carbon dioxide keeps average temperature

bearable to 15 Degree Celsius 97% of the Water on Earth – sea water 3% of the water on Earth – Fresh water

Glaciers/Ice=2%

Rivers = 1%

Temperatures Lowest temperature on Earth : -20 CHighest temperature on Earth : 47 C

Lowest temperature in the solar system : -500 C

Highest temperature in the solar system : 400 C

o

o

o

o

Earth’s Movements Earth has 2 movements – Rotation about its AXIS Revolution around the SunThe Earth is rotating while it is revolving .- The movement of the Earth involves a rotating Earth , revolving

round the Sun . * It takes 24 hours / 1 day to complete 1 rotationThe Earth rotates from the West to the East .= Rotation causes day and night * Earth moves along the Orbit (Path the Earth follows)

It takes 365.25 days to complete 1 revolution ¼ x 4 = 1 extra day 365+1=366 days ( leap year ) : every 4 years ( February 29 )

Earth’s TiltEarth tilts at 66.5 degrees ( has a major impact ) : tilts towards the sun = gets more heat & sunlight : tilts away from the sun = gets less heat & sunlight As Earth moves around the sun , different parts of

the Earth will tilt towards the sun at the different times of the year.

E.g. ) China (Northern hemisphere )

Australia ( Southern hemisphere)

Causing the 4 seasons

Day in Summer : sun’s ray directly shining on Earth North Pole – 24 hours of sunlight

Day in Winter : no sun’s ray - Winter solstice - North Pole – 24 hours of darkness

Twice a year : Equal hours of sunlight and darkness - Equinox - Spring and Autumn

STEPS TO DRAWING EARTH’S REVOLUTION

STEPS1) Draw the sun FOR PICTURE PLEASE REFER2) Draw 4 positions of the Earth ( smaller than the sun) TO THE NEXT SLIDE.3) Directions of revolution ( West to East )4) Draw the tilted axis (to show northern & southern hemisphere )5) Draw equator ( to show hemispheres also )6) Label diagram 7) Label months 8) Divide Earth : summer and winter 9) Label solstices and equinox

Longest day in summer or winter

Day when there are equal hours of daylight

EXTRAS !!!!!!!! Different countries experience seasons in different times of the year . Singapore is always facing towards the sun

20 March

21 June

22 September

21 December

HUMAN’S POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPACTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT(INTERRELATIONSHIP)

POSITIVE NEGATIVE Cloud seeding DeforestationRe-planting LEADS TO – SOIL EROSION

IMPACT …

Introducing the Physical Environment

Natural vegetation , such as trees , takes in carbon dioxide from the surrounding air and gives out oxygen through the process of photosynthesis . The trees also take in water that has fallen onto Earth’s surface when it rains and that flows into the river and lakes the moisture given out by the trees, evaporate and becomes water vapour in the air .The trees grow in soil that is from broken rocks and the trees take in nutrients that are from decayed natural vegetation . These are some ways the components of the physical environment are interrelated. When something happens to one component , the others will be affected too.

CLIMATE & NATURAL VEGETATION INTERRELATIONSHIP

• Rainfall & temperature determines type of natural vegetation found in an area

• Water(rainfall) & heat(temperature) affect plant growth

• Forests thrive in places with high rainfall (>1500mm annual rainfall)

• Grasslands thrive in places with moderate rainfall (< 750mm annual rainfall)

• Desert vegetation are found in places with low rainfall (<250mm annual rainfall )

Acid Rain

• Burning of fossil fuels releases sulphates and nitrates into air

• Sulphates and nitrates mix with water vapor in air and form sulphuric acid and nitric acid

Contamination of lakes

• Lakes and ponds can become so contaminated that no life can live in them and we will have no food to eat .

Deforestation

• Population growth leads to the loss of natural habitats

• Cut down trees to build new homes

• Loss of biodiversity• Loss of oxygen producers

and CO2 eliminators

CFC’s

• Carbon-Flouro-Carbons in aerosols were leaking into the atmosphere and eating away the ozone layer .

Pollution

• Water Pollution– Oil Spills– Gasoline spills

Gets into drinking water

Global Warming

• Increase in CO2• Increase in greenhouse

effect• Increase in global

temperatures

HOW THE !KUNG BUSHMEN ADAPT TO THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

The !kung bushmen live in the Kalahari Desert in Africa . They only take what they need not what they want . They live in huts that are easily washed or blown away .The hunter-gatherer will hunt for food and collect berries and some plants to eat . For water bottles , the !kung bushmen use ostrich eggs .

The !kung bushmen live closely to the physical environment unlike Singaporeans who destroy the physical environment . Transportation is also an issue in the Kalahari desert , they walk as far as 3 kilometers with an empty stomach to help the villagers to find food ( THEY WALK BAREFOOTED ON THE ROCKY GROUNDS AND UP AND DOWN HILLS).

LONGITUDE AND LATITUDE - Measured in degrees- Imaginary lines encircling THE EARTH - All latitude lines are parallel to each other - All longitude lines are parallel to each other - Latitude lines : EW ( HORIZONTAL)- Longitude lines: NS (VERTICAL )- CALCULATE latitudes BEFORE longitudes• How To remember this … A comes before O in the alphabet

LONGITUDE -Lines that encircle in NS direction - Cuts through the north and south pole - Increases in value as you move away from the Prime

meridian / Greenwich meridian ( 0-180 degrees E,0-180 degrees W): same line

- -reference lines are the Prime meridian / Greenwich meridian

International date line *separates 2 consecutive days *gain +(1) day if you travel from EW

Place in England called Greenwich

Add one day subtract one day

LATITUDE - Lines that encircle in EW direction- Increases value as you move away from the equator (0-90

degrees NORTH ,0-90 degrees SOUTH)- 90 degrees N : north pole - 90 degrees S : south pole- Equator – 0 degrees , divides Earth into 2 hemispheres

(northern and southern hemispheres)*major latitudes -Arctic circle (66.5 degrees N) -Tropic of cancer (23.5 degrees N) -Tropic of Capricorn (23.5 degrees S) -Antarctic circle (66.5 degrees S)

90 degrees is the MAX

Special Latitudes

• Tropic of Cancer (23.5degrees N)• Tropic of Capricorn (23.5degrees S)• North Pole (90 degrees N)• South Pole (90degrees degrees S)• Equator ( 0 degrees )• Arctic circle (66.5 degrees N)• Antarctic circle (66.5 degrees S)

SINGAPORE :1 degrees 22’0” North (Latitude)103 degrees 48’ East (Longitude)

MAPS*different maps have different features using symbols , colours and

scales .*LEGENDS- help us locate a place

TYPES OF MAPS-1) Political Maps- countries , cities (NO physical features)2) Climate Maps- weather , temperature , rainfall3) Economic Maps/Resource Maps- economic activities , type of

natural resources .4) Road Maps – roads , highways , streets , train tracks5) Physical Maps – physical features ( e.g.-: hills , rivers..)6) Topographical Maps- HUMAN environment features+shape and

elevation/ height of physical features –REPRESENTED BY CONTOUR LINES

READING MAPS- BEARINGS: MEASURED IN DEGRESS- Northings : horizontally - Southings : vertically Measure Northings before Southings .6 digit and 4 digit figure . Finding postal codes – 6 digit figures (Example) ::-E.g : 6 digit figure- 469991 :-E.g : 4 digit figure- 0503

Reading maps • The darker the colour in the climate maps , the

more the rainfall….• Mountain ranges , deserts …... are all reflected in

the physical maps .• Topographical maps have IMAGINARY lines

measuring the height of some physical features called CONTOURS or contour lines .

• Atlases are books that contain many different kind of maps – of different countries , cities , neighbourhood , world and more …

THE EARTH’S LANDFORM

-Mount Elbert : in Colorado , highest peak in the rocky mountain - Andres : world’s longest continental mountain

range - Mount Everest: In Himalayas , Nepal . Tallest

mountain ever - Mount Fugi : 3000m in height , dormant volcano *Volcanoes ARE mountains BUT a mountain may not be a volcano.

Hills

Gentler slopes Less than 600 m in height e.g :loess hills

MountainsSteep slopes More than 600m in height e.g: Himalayas ,Alps , the Rockies ,Andes

PlateauPlateau : “flat”- “plate” in French Raised flat surface landform collapsed mountains older than mountains bounded on one or more sides by steep slopes e.g : Tibetan plateau , mount Conner’s plateau

Plains

Extensive piece of flat land Usually lower than land around theme.g : Tone Sap in Cambodia

Valley

Long and narrow stretch or land found between higher ground . E.G : V-shaped valley in Nepal

HOW LANDFORMS AFFECT PEOPLE

Positive Effects:

Natural resources – Hydro-electric power , Geothermal energy , mining , human settlement and agricultural activities . Academic value -: Knowing how Earth changes over time.

Negative Effects:

Natural Barriers – Mountains limit movement , barriers to construction of networks and poor accessibility

Technological Hindrance- Steep terrain difficult to use.

Difficult on farms difficult to farm

Natural Hazards- Avalanches “snow slides” , landslides , volcanic eruptions.

VOLCANOES AND HOW THEY AFFECT HUMANS

• Positive impacts

Rocks and Minerals

Geothermal Energy

Fertile soils

Tourist attraction

• Negative impacts

Eruptions

Ash Clouds

Lava Flow

FOLD MOUNTAINS AND VOLCANOES

CORE

It is the innermost part of the Earth.

It is 2900 km THICK and is made out mainly of iron and nickel

It is also subject to very high temperatures ( about 5000 Degrees Celsius )

MANTLE

It lies above the core and it makes up nearly 80% of the Earth’s volume . It is about 2900 km thick.

It is mostly solid except for its upper layers , which consists of molten rocks or MAGMA

CRUST

It is the outermost layer of the Earth , the surface on which we are living .

It floats on the DENSER mantle and it is about 60 km thick .

It is broken up into pieces called CRUSTAL PLATES.

There are 2 kinds of crustal plates , namely the CONTINENTAL PLATE and the OCEANIC PLATE .

The continental plate is lighter than the oceanic plate

CRUSTAL PLATES

THE ARROWS SHOW THE DIRECTIONS IN WHICH THE PLATES MOVE . The place where two PLATES MEET is called the PLATE BOUNDARY .

CRUSTAL MOVEMENTS

THE CONVECTION CURRENTS WITHIN THE EARTH’S CRUST .

The Earth’s crustal plates float on the mantle . Extreme heat from the interior of the Earth’s crust causes convection currents to be generated .

These internal forces cause crustal movements on the Earth’s surface .

CROSS-SECTION OF A VOLCANO

PARTS OF A VOLCANOCone : It is build up by successive layers of cooled and solidified lava , mixed with ash and rock fragments .

Crater : It is the opening at the top of the volcano through which lava , rock fragments , gases and ash are ejected .

Lava : It refers to molten rocks that have been erupted onto the Earth’s surface

Pipe : It is the channel that joins the magma chamber to the top of the volcano and through which molten rock flows .

Vent : It is the opening in the Earth’s crust which allows magma to rise to the surface .

Magma chamber : It is an underground cavity which contains molten rocks.

VULCANICITY AND VOLCANOES

Vulcanicity is the process which molten materials are forced onto the Earth’s surface . A volcano is a mountain formed by the successive layers of cooled and solidified lava that erupted from a VENT .

Volcanoes are normally formed along plate boundaries where plates either collide or spread apart .

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONSVOLCANIC ERUPTIONS occur when hot magma , driven by its gases , rises up from the Earth’s mantle and breaks through the Earth’s surface.

As it rises , the molten rock pushes and fractures whatever gets in the way, causing earthquakes.

Enormous amounts of ash and rock fragments can be ejected hundreds of metres into the atmosphere because of intense heat and pressure . A violent eruption is often characterised.

It is characterised by an enormous ejection of ash and rock fragments into the atmosphere followed by gushing torrents of red hot lava flowing down the slopes of the volcano .

Crustal Plates move towards each other When the convection currents within the magma pulls two crustal plates towards each other , the plates collide . The lighter plate will float above the denser plate as they collide

INDIAN PLATE (Moving North and East)

EURASIAN PLATE (Moving South )

Crustal Plates move away from each other Plates can also move away from each other when the heat within the magma drives the plates apart.

FRACTURE ZOESIn some cases , two plates slide horizontally past one another . This forms a fracture zone when a large crack called a fault develops . The most famous example is the San Andreas Fault in California , western U.S.A .

DISTRIBUTION OF FOLD MOUNTAINS IN THE WORLD

FOLD AND FOLDING MOUNTAINSWhen two crustal plates collide , the tremendous forces created by the collision causes some rock layers to be folded and warped , forming mountains . This process is called FOLDING . The Andes (Aconcagua , 6960m) , the Rocky mountain (Mt Elbert , 4399m) and the Himalayas (Mt Everest , 8848 m) are the world’s three LONGEST mountain ranges . THEY ARE ALL FORMED BY FOLDING.THE HIMALAYAS IN

ASIA IS STILL GROWING TALLER EVERY YEAR .

PACIFIC RING OF FIRE

THE LOUDEST SOUND IN THE WORLD – THE ERUPTION OF KRAKATAU

In 1883 , Krakatau erupted , producing the loudest sound ever historically recorded by the human beings . The eruption was heard as far away as the Philippines , Australia and even Rodriguez Island in Mauritius 4653 km away. The island erupted with a loud of 100 megatons of TNT ( Trinitrotoluene , an explosive ), which is similar to the power of 21548 atom bombs . During the eruption , a lot of volcanic materials were ejected and these materials settled over and area of 777000 KM(2) .(about 1000 times the SIZE of SINGAPORE)! The eruption ejected huge amounts of ash (fine volcanic materials ) which blocked out the sunlight and plunged Jakarta into complete darkness. The catastrophic eruption was caused when sea water entered the magma chambers of Krakatau . The superheated steam generated by this mixture built tremendous pressure within the volcano , resulting in a massive explosion . The force was so great that the volcano collapsed a caldera that was 6km in diameter . Two-thirds of the original Krakatau was destroyed.

Aftermath of the Krakatau eruption

CLASSIFICATION OF VOLCANOES- Can be classified in 3 types : active , dormant and extinct .

It is a volcano that is currently erupting or is likely to erupt soon .

It is a volcano that is presently inactive but may erupt in the future

It is a volcano that is not expected to erupt again

WEATHER , CLIMATE AND PEOPLE

POSITIVE IMPACTS

1)Harness energy from sun (solar energy )

Solar panels on roofs can covert solar energy into electricity used for heating and supplying hot water to homes .

2) Harness energy from wind

Wind power can help to generate electricity that does not pollute the environment .

: Commonly found in countries that receive an abundance of strong winds (eg; China , USA , Germany ….)

“wind turbines”

3) Farming

Favorable weather conditions ensure good quality of crops grown .

(eg; carrots need short frost period in order to be sweet . )

Certain climate allows more than one crop to be grown ( MORE VARIETY OF CROPS )

(eg; tropical climate ) Singapore can grow a lot

4) Tourism

Weather and climate can attract tourists to visit a particular country .

(eg ; tourists from colder regions may flock to Maldives to sun tan and swim at the tropical beaches)

NEGATIVE IMPACTS

1) Extreme water issues ( floods and droughts) heavy and prolonged rain can cause rivers to overflow their banks and flood the surrounding areas lives lost , damages buildings and transportation networks

Prolonged and abnormally dry periods can issue rivers and reservoirs to dry up drought crop failure famine (widespread food scarcity )

RAINFALL

Rain is a type of precipitation. Snow is also a type of precipitation.

How is rainfall measured?Rainfall is measured using a rain gauge.Rainfall is usually measured in millimetres (mm).

PARTS OF A RAIN GAUGE

- FUNNEL - CYLINDER- COLLECTING BOTTLE - OUTER CYLINDER

Where should the rain gauge be placed?

• In an open area / field– So that nothing will block

the rain from being collected in the rain gauge.

Where should the rain gauge be placed?

• A rain gauge should not be place near trees.– So that excess water collected from the leaves will

not drip into the rain gauge making reading inaccurate .

OR– The tree prevent water from being collected in the

rain gauge make the reading inaccurate.

Where should the rain gauge be placed?

• A rain gauge should not be place near buildings.– So that excess water from the rooftop will not drip

into the rain gauge making reading inaccurate .– The building could also radiate heat causing the

water collected to evaporate.

Where should the rain gauge be placed?

• It should be partially buried in the ground– to prevent it from being

topple.

Where should the rain gauge be placed?

• It should be placed 30 cm above the ground– to prevent rain splash

entering the rain gauge making the reading inaccurate.

Climograph• It is a graph that shows the

monthly precipitation and temperature conditions for a selected place.

• Precipitation is shown by the bar graph.

• A line graph shows temperature.

• What is the rainfall for the month of July?

• Which month experiences the highest temperature?

• What is the temperature range for the whole year?

• What is the average precipitation from May to July?

SIX’S THERMOMETERA Minimum and Maximum Thermometer ( Six’s

Thermometer)

Minimum thermometer Maximum thermometer

Contains alcohol , mercury and a metal index

Measure the minimum temperature

Temperature rises> mercury expands

Why is alcohol used?

mercury pushes the index up

Temperature falls > mercury contracts and stays in place

How do you reset t he thermometer?

1 .) White in color

reflects heat

2.) Raised above ground

shelters the instruments form the heat radiating from the ground

3.)Face north and south

Do not get the direct heat from the sun

4.) Placed in open field

Does not have interruptions

STEVENSON’S SCREEN

FORMULAS

CLIMATES

TROPICAL –

- Does not face the 4 seasons.- Places NEAR the equator - High rainfall: 1000-2000 mm-High temperature

CLIMATES

TEMPERATE—

- Summer : as high as 34 degrees Celsius- Winter : below 0 degrees Celsius - Rainfall 300-1000mm

CLIMATES

POLAR-

- Low rainfall- Low temperature - Longer winters , shorter summers

WIND VANES

Wind vanes tell us the direction of which the wind is blowing from .

THE ARROW POINTS AT the DIRECTION of where the wind is coming FROM .

PHOTOGRAPHS

PHOTOGRAPHS

FOREGROUND

BACKGROUNDMIDDLEGROUND

Oblique Photographs

• Photographs that are taken at a high point taken at an angle.– These can be taken from aircraft such as a plane or

hot air balloon.– Can also be taken from a cliff looking down at an

oblique angle • Using this angle we are able to discover more

of the features in the background

Vertical Photographs

• Usually taken from a specially equipped plane with a camera mounted underneath – pointing straight down.

• The maximum tilt of the camera is 3° degrees, If it goes over this angle it will be classified as an oblique photograph

• These photos will show less detail but more area of the environment

Satellite Imagery• A satellite is an object that orbits a planet.

These are able to capture larger areas of the Earth’s Surface.– Gathering information from satellites is called

Remote Sensing.

Photographs show changes overtime -seasonal