Geography 409

Advanced Spatial Analysis and GIS

Principles of Effective Cartographic Design

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Julia Siemer U of R, Winter 2006

2/14J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2

Cartography

Principles of Effective Cartographic Design

Geographic Modelling and Mapping

Datamodel

Realworld

Database

Visuali-sationin GIS

Carto-graphicmodel

Conceptual generalisation Cartographic generalisation

Geographic analyses

Maps,reports

3/14J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2

Cartography

Principles of Effective Cartographic Design

Cartographic Generalisation

Basic techniques SelectionRelevance, size

SimplificationMajor characteristic

4/14J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2

Cartography

Principles of Effective Cartographic Design

Cartographic Generalisation

Basic techniques CombinationSize, distance, relevance

Locational shift andsize exaggeration

Distance, relevance

5/14J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2

Cartography

Principles of Effective Cartographic Design

Cartographic Generalisation

Type of mape.g. statistical map (cartograms)

or topographic map Natural and man-made featurese.g. coastline or administrative

unit/border

6/14J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2

Cartography

Principles of Effective Cartographic Design

Qualitative and Quantitative Information Qualitative informatione.g. road types, countries, animals,…

Quantitative informatione.g. population density, (absolute) number of

immigrants,…

Different kind of data - geographic primitivesPoints, lines or areas

7/14J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2

Cartography

Principles of Effective Cartographic Design

Quantitative Mapping

Choropleth maps (area or shaded maps) Colour shading applied to areas(administrative/statistical areas)

Variety of classification methods todepict the spatial array of data

Represented data need to be=> relative values like ratios, proportions

=> of intensive spatial form like

population density (people/km2)

=> no absolute numbers (e.g. people/district)

8/14J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2

Cartography

Principles of Effective Cartographic Design

Quantitative Mapping

Areal display of absolute values=> only with regular grid as

spatial units

9/14J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2

Cartography

Principles of Effective Cartographic Design

Quantitative Mapping

Colour schemes for choropleth maps Univariate maps => one theme Unipolar data Use changes of colour value and intensity Low values: light value/intensity High values: high value/intensity

Inhabitants per sq km

50

150

300

600

-

-

-

-

<

<

<

<

50

150

300

600

1200

10/14J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2

Cartography

Principles of Effective Cartographic Design

Quantitative Mapping

Colour schemes for choropleth maps Bipolar maps => one theme with naturalor meaningful dividing point

=> increase/decrease

=> above/below the mean Use complementary colours

Internal Migration Balanceas % of Population

+15

0

-

0

-

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>

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+15

0

-15

-15

Colour circle

11/14J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2

Cartography

Principles of Effective Cartographic Design

variable variable

Quantitative Mapping Bivariate maps: two variables and

their correlation

0 variable 1 100

0

100

Variable 1

Variable 2

variable 2

12/14J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2

Cartography

Principles of Effective Cartographic Design

Quantitative Mapping

Bivariate map

13/14J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2

Cartography

Principles of Effective Cartographic Design

Quantitative Mapping

Colour schemes Use conventionsyellow-orange-red

for populations data

red: female, blue: male Use associationsred: warm, blue: cold,

green: vegetation Cultural influences

14/14J. Siemer – U of R – Winter 2006 GEOG 409 – 2

Cartography

Principles of Effective Cartographic Design

Quantitative MappingNature of colours Additive colour primaries(electronic display)

Subtractive colour primaries(printing, painting)