Geography 1st CSE

IES COMPLUTENSE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY Jorge-Elías de la Peña y Montes de Oca

1st CSE YEAR UNIT 1. PREHISTORY

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Social Science 1st CSE Geography

Jorge Elías de la Peña y Montes de Oca

Teacher at the Bilingual Section Department of Geography and History

IES Complutense. Alcalá de Henares


1st CSE YEAR UNIT 6. THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

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Social Science 1st CSE

UNIT 6: The Universe and the Earth

IES COMPLUTENSE 1ST YEAR CSE

DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

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UNIT 6: THE UNIVERSE AND THE EARTH

1. THE EARTH IN THE UNIVERSE

The Earth is the only known inhabited planet. It is located in the Solar System,

which belongs to the Milky Way galaxy.

o In the Universe there are many galaxies (circa 100 billions), nebulae and

black holes.

It is thought that the Universe was created after the Big Bang, circa

13,700,000,000 years ago.

Our closest galaxy is called Andromeda, which is around 2.2 million

light years.

o Within the Milky Way there are more than 250 Solar Systems.

o Our Solar System was created when the big cloud of gas and dust reached

11,000,000ºC, which permitted the formation of a star, the Sun.

o The Earth was formed around 4.5 billion years ago out of a group of rocks

that revolved around the sun after the Big Bang.

In our Solar System there are eight planets and five dwarf planets.

o They have different sizes and satellites revolving around.

o Moreover there are comets, asteroids, satellites, and meteorites.

Planet

Distance to the

sun

(million km)

Diameter

(thousand km) Satellites

Orbit’s period

(years)

Rotation’s period

(days)

Inner

planets

Mercury 58 4.8 - 0.24 58.6

Venus 108 12.3 - 0.72 -243

Earth 149 12.8 1 1 1

Mars 228 6.9 2 1.88 1.03

Asteroids’ belt

Outer

planets

Jupiter 778 142 65 11.86 0.414

Saturn 1,428 120 62 29.46 0.426

Uranus 2,873 50.7 27 84.01 0.718

Neptune 4,498 48.6 13 164.79 0.675



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o All the planets of the Solar System revolve around an only star, the Sun,

whose diameter is around 1,391,000 kilometres.

o The orbits on which they revolve are elliptical.



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o The inner planets are mostly rocky and small, whereas the outer planets

are gaseous, big and they have many satellites revolving around them.

Dwarf

planet

Distance to the sun

(million km)

Diameter

(km) Satellites

Orbit’s

period

(years)

Rotation’s

period

(days)

Ceres 415.5 952.4 - 4.59 0.38

Pluto 5850 2,302 4 247.92 -6.39

Haumea 6501 ? 2 285.4 0.16

Makemake 6868 ? - 309.9 ?

Eris 10,200 2,398 1 557 ?



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The Earth’s only satellite is called the Moon:

o It is around 384,000 kilometres away from the Earth.

o It revolves around the Earth and takes 28¼ days to do it.

o The moon has four different phases that can be appreciated from the Earth:

New moon. The moon faces to the Earth its invisible side (not lit by

the sun).

Waxing crescent (First quarter).

Full moon. Its visible side is completely lit by the sun and can be

seen from the Earth.

Waning crescent (Third quarter).



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The Earth has a spherical shape, but its poles are slightly flattened and the equator is

a little widened. That is the reason why it is said that its shape is a geoid.

o The Earth has an axial tilt of 23º 27’ from the vertex, whose result is the

seasonal change in climate.

o Its surface is around 510 million square kilometres (the sun is circa

1,300,000 bigger than the Earth).

The 70% consists of water (oceans, seas, rivers, and lakes.

The 30% consists of land (continents and islands).

Life can exist on the Earth thanks to several factors:

o Mild temperature (around 15ºC average).

o There is liquid water on the surface.

o Our atmosphere contains the vital gases we need (21% oxygen, 78%

nitrogen and 1% of other gases).

It avoids excessive cooling and heating of the Earth.

It filters the harmful solar radiations (UVA Rays and X Rays).

2. THE REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH

The Earth has two kinds of movements:

o Earth’s orbit around the sun. Our planet moves at 30 km/sec following its

elliptical orbit around the sun, which takes 365¼ days (that explains the leap

years every four years, which have 366 days).

It fixes the duration of the day and the night according to the season.

It provokes the seasonal change due to the axial tilt.

Spring. In the southern hemisphere it is autumn.

Summer. In the southern hemisphere it is winter.

Autumn. In the southern hemisphere it is spring.

Winter. In the southern hemisphere it is summer.



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Climates are caused by this movement. There are three different kind

of climate zones in the world:

One warm zone (Torrid Zone). It is located around the

equator up to the tropics.

Two temperate zones. They are located between the tropics

and the polar circles.

Two cold zones (Frigid Zones). They are above the polar

circles.

o Rotation. The Earth spins on its own axis, which takes 24 hours:

It moves from west to east.

Day and night are caused by the rotation since the sun just lights half

of the Earth.

The revolution of the Earth causes:

o Equinoxes. It is the moment in which the sun is vertical to the equator.

Day and night have the same duration across the world.

There are two during the year:

21 March. It is the vernal equinox (northern hemisphere).

21 September. It is the autumnal equinox (northern

hemisphere).

o Solstices. It is the moment in which the sun falls vertically on one of the two

tropics (located at 23º 27’ N and 23º 27’S):

When there is a solstice the day or the night have their maximal

duration (it depends on which solstice it is).

21 June. The sun strikes over the Tropic of Cancer (23º

27’N) and it makes that the maximal day time is in the

northern hemisphere. It is the summer solstice (northern

hemisphere).

21 December. The sun falls on the Tropic of Capricorn (23º

27’ S) and it makes that the maximal day time is in the

southern hemisphere. It is the winter solstice (northern

hemisphere).

o Seasons. There are four different seasons in the temperate zones. Their

beginning is marked by the equinoxes and solstices that take place due to the

Earth’s orbit. They change according on the hemisphere:

o Eclipses. They are caused by the movement of the Earth around the sun and

of the moon around the Earth.



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3. PARTS OF THE EARTH

The Earth has an external composition:

o Atmosphere:

It has several layers:

Troposphere (<15 km).

Stratosphere (15-50 km). It contains the ozone layer (25-40

km), which protects us from any radiations.

Mesosphere (50-85 km).

Thermosphere (50-600 km).

Exosphere (600-10,000 km).

o Hydrosphere. It is composed of seas, rivers, lakes, ice, and subterranean

waters. It is more than 70% of the world. There are five oceans in the world:

Atlantic Ocean.

Pacific Ocean.

Indian Ocean.

Arctic Ocean.

Antarctic Ocean.



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o Lithosphere. It is composed of continents and the seabed. There are six

continents in the world:

Asia.

America.

Africa.

Europe.

Oceania.

Antarctica.

The Earth also has an internal composition:

o Crust. It is the most external and thinnest layer of the Earth.

Continental crust. It is composed by the emerged lands. It can reach

up to 20 or 70 km. Its main composition is based on rocks and sands.

Oceanic crust. It is composed by the land that in submerged under

the sea. It only reaches 10 km under the oceans.

o Mantle. It is mostly composed of magma (molten rock) and constitutes the

70% of the Earth’s thickness. It is not a rigid layer. The crust lies above this

layer.

Upper mantle. It is just below the crust and has a depth of 70 to 700

km.

Lower mantle. This layer has a depth of 700 to 3,000 km.

o Core. It is the central part of the Earth and is composed of heavy metals,

iron, and nickel.

4. REPRESENTATION OF THE EARTH: MAPS

The way to represent the Earth has changed in the history.

o Until the 15th

century it was thought that it was flat. Christopher Columbus

and other explorers proved that it was not such.

o Scientists helped measure the Earth and represent it. That was the origin of

the cartography, the science in charge of representing the Earth.



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There are several ways to represent the Earth:

o It can be done through a terrestrial globe. It is a three-dimensional scale

model of the Earth. It is quite accurate but it cannot have many details.

o The most common way to represent the Earth is through maps:

They are two-dimensional scale models of the Earth.

They are done basing on mathematical formulas called projections,

which adapt the geoidal shape of the Earth into a plan. There are

several kinds of projections that depend on what we want to represent

better, the most common ones are:

Cylindrical projection. It represents the whole planet, taking

the equator as its centre, so the farther the regions are from

the equator the more distorted they are. The most known

cylindrical projection is called Mercator, after its

cartographer.

Conical projection. It represents high latitudes and the poles.

The result is a map with semi-circular parallels and radial

meridians.

Azimuthal or planar projection. It just represents one

hemisphere. The pole is the centre of the projection. That fact

explains that the farther the region is from the pole the more

distorted it is.



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There are several kinds of maps:

Topographic maps. They show the relief or physical

characteristics of the planet. It also shows the altitude of the

region through the contour lines.

Thematic maps. They can have different subjects:

o Physical maps.

o Political maps.

o Population maps.

o Vegetation maps.

o Climate maps...



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Maps are now done through photographs, normally taken from

satellites. There are also modern techniques such as GIS (Geographic

Information System) or remote sensing.

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeZ1QtaFFROHdXS2c

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54Dkec3ZUbVg3UGVTZ0k

There are several major elements on a map or on a terrestrial globe:

o Cardinal Points. They help the orientation and can be known thanks to

nature or to other artificial means, such as the compass:

North.

South.

East.

West.

o Coordinates. They help find an exact point on a map through imaginary

lines. The units taken for that measure are degrees (º), minutes (’), and

seconds (’’).

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeZ1QtaFFROHdXS2c

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54Dkec3ZUbVg3UGVTZ0k



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Meridians. They are the imaginary lines that link the poles (they go

from the north to the south or vice versa). They fix the longitude,

which can be either east or west. All the meridians measure the same

and there are 360 (up to 180ºE and 180ºW).

In 1884 it was agreed to fix the location of the Prime

Meridian (0º) in Greenwich, hence its name. It has its

antipodes at 180º.

Meridians fix the time zones, which are 24 in total basing on

the location of each region and the sun (each time zone

stretches 15º). The time we use as a reference is called

Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). As we move eastwards,

clocks move forward the same number of hours as time zones

travelled. On the contrary, if we move westwards, clocks go

back the same number of hours as time zones travelled.

Parallels. They are imaginary lines that are parallel to the equator

(parallel 0º). There are 180 in total (90ºN and 90ºS). They fix the

latitude (north or south) and divide the world into two parts, the

northern and the southern hemispheres. There are several major

parallels.

Equator. It is located at 0º and it separates the northern and

the southern hemispheres.



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Tropics. They are the imaginary lines that are the maximal

point of perpendicular fall of the sun onto the Earth. They are

caused due to the axial tilt.

o Tropic of Cancer. It is located at 23º27’N.

o Tropic of Capricorn. It is located at 23º27’S.

Polar Circles. They are the imaginary lines above which

there is at least 24 hours of day-time or night-time in a row.

They are also caused by the axial tilt.

o Arctic Circle. It is located at 66º33’N

o Antarctic Circle. It is located at 66º33’S.

o Scale. It is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance

on the ground.

It helps get the real distances.

It can be represented in two ways:

Numerical scale. It is a ratio or a fraction from which we can

get the distance (1:x, 1/x, 1 to x). It means that one centimetre

on the map is actually x.

Bar, linear or graphic scale. It is a line marked at intervals

to show the distance on the earth or object which the distance

on the scale represents.

Maps change their scale according to what it has been represented,

the larger the scale is the more detail there is on the map (so the

represented region is smaller):

Small scale. It has very few details and represents large areas,

it is above 1:100,000.

Medium scale. It represents smaller areas and its scale

stretches from 1:50,000 to 1:100,000.

Large scale. It is the most detailed map that shows smaller

regions. The scale is smaller than 1:50,000.



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o Key (or Legend). Every map has always a key to explain the symbols that

appear on it. It is usually located at a corner of the map.



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Unit 6. The Universe and the Earth

Exercises

1. What is the Milky Way?

2. How many planets are there in our Solar System? How many dwarf planets are

there?

3. Match the words to the correct groups:

Pluto

Milky Way

Sun stars

Saturn galaxies

Earth planets

Jupiter dwarf planets

Ceres

Mars

4. Answer true or false and correct the wrong sentences:

a. There are three dwarf planets.

b. The eight planets are divided into three groups.

c. The smallest planet is Venus.

5. Which planet is nearest to the Sun? Which is the furthest from the Sun? What is

the Earth’s position?

6. Which planet is nearest to the Earth? Which is the farthest planet from the

Earth?

7. Which is the largest planet of the Solar System? And the smallest one?

8. Complete the sentences and choose the correct words:

a. The Earth in a(n) perfect/imperfect___________ sphere.

b. The Equator divides the Earth into two equal poles/

hemispheres_____________.

c. One reason there is life on Earth is because there is liquid

water/gas___________.

d. The temperature/atmosphere_______________ protects us from harmful

radiation.

9. Complete the sentences with the next figures:

40,009 510,000,000 1,000 2 40,077

a. The equator is _____________ km long.

b. The Earth is made up of ____________ hemispheres.

c. At ______________ km2, the total surface of the Earth is ________

times bigger than Spain.

d. A meridian is _______________ km long.

10. Why does the Earth look blue when seen from space?

11. In which hemisphere are most of the Earth’s continents?



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12. Complete the chart with the main characteristics of the two movements made by

the Earth.

Rotation Revolution

Duration

Direction of movement

What it consists of

Consequences

13. Look at the picture and answer the following questions:

a. How many cardinal points are there?

b. How can we explain the apparent movement of the Sun?

c. At what cardinal point does the sun rise?

14. Match each date with the correct information:

23 September Autumn equinox in the northern

hemisphere and spring equinox in

the southern hemisphere

21-22 December Spring equinox in the northern

hemisphere and autumn equinox in


20-21 June Winter solstice in the northern

hemisphere and summer solstice in


21 March Summer solstice in the northern

hemisphere and winter solstice in


15. What season is it when both hemispheres receive the same amount of light?

16. What season is it in the north when the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun?

17. Complete the sentences:

a. The Earth consists of ________ large sections: the core, the _________,

and the crust.

b. The mantle is ____________% of the Earth’s total volume.

c. The Earth’s ___________ is between 10 and ______ kilometres thick.



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d. _____________ is the highest point in the world at _______ metres.

18. Are the following sentences true or false? Correct the wrong ones.

a. The core is the Earth’s outer layer.

b. The mantle consists only of solid rock.

c. The continents are on the crust of the Earth.

d. The Earth rotates towards the west.

19. Make a drawing of the layers of the atmosphere.

20. Which atmospheric layer is being described?

a. Meteorological phenomena happen here.

b. It is where the ozone layer is located.

c. Temperatures are very high in this layer.

d. Most of the air we breathe is located in this layer.

21. How can the atmosphere protect the Earth?

22. Draw a map of the Earth and add the main parallels (Equator, Tropic of Cancer,

Tropic of Capricorn, Arctic Circle, Antarctic Circle), the prime meridian, South

Pole and North Pole.

23. In an atlas locate your town or city and write down what parallel and meridian it

is on.

24. Match each word to one of the two concepts below:

North

Greenwich

Tropic of Cancer

Longitude parallels

Latitude meridians

West

Arctic Circle

Time zones

25. What do the lines represent in this diagram of the world?

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

f.



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26. In an atlas, find the geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) of the

following cities.

a. Tokyo.

b. New York.

c. Moscow.

d. Johannesburg.

e. Madrid.

f. Montevideo.

g. Sydney.

27. In an atlas find five countries that the Equator runs through and five that the

Greenwich meridian goes through.

28. Is there any place in the world at latitude 110ºN or 110ºS. If yes, say where it is.

If not, explain why.

29. Only one of these names of parallels and meridians is correct. Write the others

correctly.

a. Tropic of Equator.

b. Circle of Cancer.

c. Arctic Circle.

d. Meridian of Capricorn.

e. Tropic of Greenwich.

30. With the help of an atlas, answer this question. What time is it in the following

cities if in Greenwich it is 4 p.m.?

a. Warsaw.

b. Baghdad.

c. Wellington.

d. Lima.

e. Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.

31. How many time zones are there in the world? How wide is each time zone?

32. Do all places in Spain share the same time?

33. Why is it necessary to use cartographic projections to depict the Earth?

34. What type of projection is depicted on the map?

35. What part of the world will be more distorted if we use a cylindrical projection?

And if we use a conical projection?

36. Order the letters to make words from the unit:

a. Mdianeri

b. Lallraep

c. Ltdeitua

d. Itngudelo

e. Uareqto

f. Tpirocs

g. Cphyrtogra

h. Tatiroon



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37. Match four of the words from the previous activity to the definitions below:

a. An imaginary circle that divides the Earth into two equal halves.

b. The practice of drawing maps.

c. The distance between any point of the Earth’s surface and the 0º

meridian.

d. The 24-hour movement of the Earth.

38. Draw the position of the Earth, the Sun and the Moon during a solar eclipse.

39. Answer the following questions:

a. What is a map?

b. What are maps used for?

c. How did maps emerge in the past?

40. Which is the best projection to represent...?

a. The poles.

b. The areas in middle latitudes.

c. The world.

41. Find the following cities on the map:

a. Porto Novo (32ºS, 52ºW).

b. Cracow (50ºN, 20ºE).

c. Castellón de la Plana (40ºN, 0ºE).

d. Singapore (0ºN, 104ºE).

e. Miami (30ºN, 80ºW).

42. To represent the continent of Africa, would you use a small- or large-scale map?

Explain your answer.

43. What are the two forms of representing scale on maps.

44. Correct the following sentence: A large-scale map represents a large geographic

area while a small-scale map represents a small geographic area.

45. Look at the map of Spain below and basing on the scale find out the real

distance between Seville and Barcelona. Which is the numerical scale used in

the map?



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46. On a map with a scale 1:400,000, two points are 5 cm apart. How may km

separate them in reality? How many km would be equivalent to 7 cm on that

same map?

47. True or false. Correct the false ones:

a. There are 15 time zones of 24º each.

b. In a cylindrical projection, the Earth is inscribed on a cylinder.

c. It is the same time in all countries of the world.

d. Aerial photography obtains images from artificial satellites.

e. Numerical scale is expressed by fraction in which the numerator

represents the unit on the map and the denominator expresses the real

size.

f. On large-scale maps, very large areas of the Earth are represented with

very little detail.

48. Match each term with its definition:

Rotation Longitude Meridian Latitude

a. The distance, measured in degrees, from any point on Earth to the

Greenwich meridian.

b. The movement of the Earth around its axis.

c. The distance, measured in degrees, from any point on Earth to the

equator.

d. The imaginary line that goes from the North Pole to the South Pole.

49. Complete the chart with the missing noun or verb.

Verb Noun

Rotate

Projection

Revolve

Representation

Locate

Reduction



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50. Complete the sentences with a noun or verb from the previous exercise:

a. The Earth ___________ on its axis.

b. A map is the _____________ on a plane of part of the Earth’s surface.

c. To represents the Earth on a map, we use _______________.

d. The cardinal points help us to ______________ specific places on the

Earth.


1st CSE YEAR UNIT 7. RELIEF AND WATER

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UNIT 7: Relief and water



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UNIT 7: RELIEF AND WATER

1. EARTH’S RELIEF

Despite the name, the Earth is mostly covered by water:

o Hydrosphere is around 71% of the surface.

o Only 29% are emerged lands.

The continental relief has several formations:

o Mountains. They are elevations of the land with different origin.

They were created during the orogenies some millions years ago.

The highest mountains emerged in more recent periods. Their

profiles are steeper. They usually form mountain ranges:

The highest mountain range are the Himalayas (Everest is the

highest mountain in the world, 8,848 m).

The longest mountain range is the Andes (together with

Sierra Madre and the Rocky Mountains).

The oldest mountains are lower and rounder. They are called

massifs. They used to be high but they were eroded.

o Plateaux. They are large flat high areas higher than 400 metres. The highest

ones in the world are the Tibetan Plateau and the Altiplano (Bolivia), they

exceed 3,000 metres high. Most of Spain is composed by the Iberian

Plateau.

o Plains. They are flat and low-lying lands that do not exceed 200 metres high.

They are usually along the coast (coastal plains) or by the rivers (river

plains).

o Valleys. They have been created by the rivers in their flow towards their

mouth. They are usually low lands between mountains.

o Depressions. They are large areas located below sea level, such as the Dead

Sea (-395 m), Death Valley (-86 m) or the Caspian Sea (-28 m).

The coastal relief is composed of several types:

o Beaches. They are geological landforms along the shoreline of an ocean, sea,

lake or river. It usually consists of loose particles which are often composed

of rock, such as sand, gravel, shingle, pebbles or cobblestones.



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o Rias. Coastal inlets formed by the partial submergence of a non-glaciated

river valley.

o Fiords. Coastal inlets formed by the partial submergence of a glaciated

valley.

o Cliffs. They are a significant vertical, or near vertical, rock exposure.

o Coastal lagoons. Saltwater lagoons separated from the sea by narrow sand

strips.

o Marshlands. They are a type of wetland that is subject to frequent or

continuous flood.

o Bays and gulfs. They are areas of water mostly surrounded by land.

o Capes. They are points or bodies of land extending into a body of water,

usually the sea.

o Peninsulas. Piece of land that is bordered by water on three sides but

connected to mainland through an isthmus.

o Isthmus. They connect peninsulas to a continent.

o Islands. Area of land completely surrounded by water. If there is a group of

islands it is called archipelago.

The submarine relief has also several kinds of formations:

o Continental shelf. They are vast coastal plateaux that are not deeper than

200 metres. Their width is around 100-500 km. Most of the fishing grounds

are in this part of the ocean.

o Continental slope. It is a steep step that descends from the continental shelf

to the ocean basin.

o Ocean basin or abyssal plain. It is a major deep plain that is around 3,000-

5,000 metres deep. There can be two other formations within the ocean

basin:

Oceanic trenches, which are narrow but deep depressions of sea

floor (the deepest one is the Mariana Trench, 11,022 m).

Submarine ridge. They are submerged mountain ranges that are

around 3,000 metres higher than the abyssal plain. They are usually

the boundary of the tectonic plates. Therefore magma comes out

from the summit of these ranges. There can be volcanic islands on

their highest points (Iceland, Azores).



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2. RELIEF FORMATION

The Earth is constantly changing. The formations of the Earth are not permanent.

The German scientist Alfred Wegener proposed in 1912 the Theory of the

continental drift which hypothesised that the continents were slowly drifting

around the Earth. Basing on his theory the evolution of the continents was as

follows:

o 300,000,000 years ago only Pangaea existed. It was an only continent

completely surrounded by the Thetys Sea.

o 180,000,000 years ago that only continent split into two supercontinents:

Laurasia. It was composed of North America and Eurasia.

Gondwana. It was composed of South America, Africa, Antarctica,

Australia, and India.

o 150,000,000 years ago Gondwana split into several continents:

A block was composed of Antarctica, India, and Australia.

The other block was composed of South America and Africa.

o 135,000,000 years ago there were several modifications in the continents:

Laurasia split into two other continents and the North Atlantic Ocean

was created:

North America.

Eurasia.

Australia and India split up from Antarctica and moved northwards.

o 30,000,000 years ago there was a major change that made the world similar

to ours:



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Both two Americas joined and the Isthmus of Panama was created.

India crashed on Asia, which created the Himalayas.

Africa moved northwards and the Mediterranean Sea was created.

Australia moved northwards.

o Nowadays the Earth is still changing and there are some movements:

America is moving away from Europe. The North Atlantic Ocean is

thus wider.

Africa is getting closer to Eurasia which involves the reduction of the

Mediterranean Sea.

India is setting into Asia, which makes the Himalayas much higher.

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeR01GcXFvY3RsU0k

The reason why these changes take place is due to the Plate tectonics that explains

that the lithosphere is broken up into several tectonic plates (like a jigsaw puzzle)

that ride on the astenosphere, a viscous and weak region of the upper mantle of the

Earth:

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeNkJOR0RwN25FRWc

o These plates crash on each other and there are either vertical or horizontal

forces that cause different geological formations:

Folds. They are caused when the geological materials are plastic and

the Earth’s surface undulates when plates collide.

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeR01GcXFvY3RsU0k

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeNkJOR0RwN25FRWc



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Faults. They are caused when the geological materials are rigid and

they crack when plates collide.

o Mountains are created by this process called orogeny or orogenesis.

There are some internal agents that modify relief:

o Volcanoes. They are openings that expel magma through the vent and

crater. They are usually located at the plate boundaries. They usually expel

lava, ashes, and gases. There are three categories of volcanoes:

Active volcanoes. They have frequent eruptions.

Dormant volcanoes. They are volcanoes which are recharging their

lava supply. Meanwhile they repose.

Extinct volcanoes. They are unlikely to erupt again because they

have no lava supply.



7

o Earthquakes. They are sudden movements of the tectonic plates that

fracture. They can also occur owing to volcanic eruptions.

They have destructive seismic waves that expand the movement and

their origin are really located at two points:

Hypocentre (focus). It is the position where the strain energy

stored in the rock is first released, marking the point where

the fault begins to rupture. This occurs at the focal depth

below the epicentre.

Epicentre. It is the point on the Earth's surface that is directly

above the hypocentre, the point where an earthquake or

underground explosion originates.



8

The intensity of the earthquakes is known thanks to the

seismographs, which base on the Richter magnitude scale.

Submarine quakes are called seaquakes and usually provoke tidal

waves (tsunami), which travel faster than 800 km/h. These waves can

be higher than 15 metres.

Magnitude Description Earthquake effects Frequency of

occurrence

Less than 2.0 Micro Micro earthquakes, not

felt. Continual

2.0–2.9 Minor Generally not felt, but

recorded

1,300,000 per year

(est.)

3.0–3.9 Minor Often felt, but rarely

causes damage. 130,000 per year (est.)

4.0–4.9 Light

Noticeable shaking of

indoor items, rattling

noises. Significant

damage unlikely.

13,000 per year (est.)

5.0–5.9 Moderate

Can cause major

damage to poorly

constructed buildings

over small regions. At

most slight damage to

well-designed buildings

1,319 per year

6.0–6.9 Strong

Can be destructive in

areas up to about 160

kilometres across in

populated areas.

134 per year

7.0–7.9 Major

Can cause serious

damage over larger

areas.

15 per year

8.0–8.9 Great

Can cause serious

damage in areas several

hundred kilometres

across

1 per year

9.0–9.9 Great

Devastating in areas

several thousand

kilometres across.

1 per 10 years (est.)

10.0+ Massive

Never recorded,

widespread devastation

across very large areas.

Extremely rare

(Unknown/May not be

possible)



9

3. RELIEF EXTERNAL AGENTS

There are three different external agents that modify relief:

o Erosion. Rocks wear away and they dissolve.

o Carriage. It carries all the eroded materials from the rocks.

o Sedimentation. It deposits all the eroded and carried materials.

Erosion is caused due to several factors:

o Temperatures. Abrupt temperature changes cause the erosion of the rocks

such as the solifluction together with water since it infiltrates through rocks

and when it freezes, it expands and the rocks break.

o Water. It is a constant action over the rocks. It can be stronger depending on

the kind of stone (limestone can be eroded more easily).

Rain. It can create valleys and ravines.

Rivers. They have different parts where the erosion changes. It is

harder in the upper course due to the slope and the speed of waters.

Instead it is very scarce is the lower course, since the speed of the

flow is much smaller.

Sea. Waves and currents cause different coastal geological

formations such as cliffs or beaches.

Groundwater. It can cause caves and underground rivers.

o Wind. It wears away the rocks and detaches some particles that attack other

rocks, polish and model them. It is called aeolian or wind erosion. Dunes

are the most typical formations created by aeolian erosion.

o Vegetation. Most of the times, plants help fix soil but their roots can also

split rocks.

o Human beings. We transform environment for agriculture, stockbreeding,

cities, felling, reservoirs, fires, mining...

4. WORLD’S RELIEF

The Earth has six continents:

o Asia. It is the largest continent in the world with 44,000,000 sq km.

It is separated from Europe by the Ural Mountains and the Caspian

Sea.

It is bathed by the Pacific, Indian, and Arctic Oceans.

It is mostly located in the northern hemisphere.

o America. It is the second largest continent with 42,000,000 sq km.

It is divided into two major sections united by the Isthmus of

Panama:

North America. It is composed by the largest part of the

continent and stretches from the Arctic Ocean to the Isthmus

of Panama.

South America. It is smaller than North America and

stretches from the Isthmus of Panama to the Antarctic Ocean.

It is a very long continent that is bathed by the Arctic, Atlantic,

Antarctic, and Pacific Oceans.

o Africa. It has 30,000,000 sq km. It is quite symmetrical in both two

hemispheres.

It is separated from Europe by the Strait of Gibraltar and from Asia

by the Red Sea.



10

It is bathed by the Atlantic and the Indian Ocean.

o Europe. It is actually a peninsula of Asia and has just 10,500,000 sq km.

The Ural Mountains separate Europe from Asia.

It is just bathed by the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.

Its coastal relief is quite broken with many seas and peninsulas.

o Oceania. It is the smallest continent of the world, only 9,000,000 sq km.

It is composed of many islands, out of which Australia is the largest

one (7,500,000 sq km).

Some other major islands are New Zealand and New Guinea.

It is mostly located in the Pacific Ocean, although it has some coasts

by the Indian Ocean.

o Antarctica. It has 13,800,000 sq km and is located around the South Pole.

It is quite unknown since it has never been inhabited (but scientists in

modern times).

Its average altitude is the highest in the world (2,000 metres).

It is completely bathed by the Antarctic Ocean.

5. WATERS

Most of the Earth is covered by water (71%), which is essential for life.

Water is continuously moving on or below the surface of the Earth. That is the

water cycle:

o Water in the seas evaporates and the liquid turns into vapour.

o Water vapour rises, cools and condensates creating clouds

o Wind moves the clouds.

o Condensed vapour falls as precipitation (rain, snow or hail).

o Some water infiltrates into the ground.

o Groundwater goes into the sea.

o River water goes into the sea and other rivers.

Only 3% is fresh water:

o Only 0.014% can be consumed, since the rest is glacial ice (Arctic and

Antarctic).



11

o Most of the water has been regulated by engineering, such as canals,

reservoirs, dikes, dams for hydroelectric power stations...

o Fresh water has been polluted due to population growth.

A river is a natural watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, a

lake, a sea, or another river.

o They get its water through rain or thaw.

o The river that flows into another river is called tributary.

o There can be permanent rivers or seasonal rivers (called wadis).

o When a river is analysed it is important to know:

Source. Many rivers start from groundwater which rises and form

springs, whereas some others originate from glaciers or lakes. It will

explain the flow and some other characteristics of the river.

Basin. It is an extent or an area of land where surface water

converges to a single point, where the waters join another river or

sea. The larger it is the more flow the river will have.

Length. It measures the kilometres of the river. The longest ones in

the world are the rivers Amazon (6,800 km) and Nile (6,756 km).

Flow or volume. It measures how much water flows in the river. The

more it rains the larger the flow will be. The river with a largest flow

is the Amazon (average flow: 225,000 m3/sec).

River regime. It depends on what kind of water is supplied to the

river:

Melting regime. The flow of the river just comes out of

snow. The flow will be larger in spring due to the thaw.

Rainfall regime. The flow of the river just comes out of rain,

so the flow will be larger in the rainy season.

o They have different areas where the erosion and sedimentation varies:

Upper course. Erosion is hard due to the fast water flow and to the

slope.

Middle course. The river flows slower and there is less erosion. It is

the part where the eroded materials are carried. It is common that the

river makes meanders owing to the slow speed of the flow.

Lower course. Most of the materials are deposited and the soil is

filled with this alluvial materials.

o Rivers can have three different kinds of mouths:

Estuary. The mouth opens to the sea and is caused by strong tides.

Fresh water mixes with saltwater from the sea. Major examples are

the estuaries of River Plate, Tagus or Thames.



12

Delta. They are accumulation of materials deposited by the river in a

shallow part of the coast where it meets the sea. It is usually

triangular-shaped. Major examples are the deltas of the Nile,

Amazon, Ganges or Ebro.

Ria. Coastal inlet formed by the partial submergence of a non-

glaciated river valley. Major examples can be found on the coast of

Galicia.



13

A lake is a body of relatively still fresh or salt water of considerable size, localised

in a basin, which is surrounded by land.

o Their surface may vary. The largest one is the Caspian Sea (371,000 sq km)

and the deepest one is Lake Baikal (1,638 m).

o Water can be supplied by rivers, glaciers, and aquifers.

Groundwater runs and is stored under the ground. It is 25% of the water on the

continents.

o Most of groundwater comes from precipitation and infiltration.

o It is stored in aquifers and underground rivers and lakes.

o It can find a way to the surface, a spring.

Glaciers make up most of the Earth’s fresh water. They are masses of ice created by

the accumulation of snow.

o They are found in the polar regions and top of mountains.

o They cover 10% of the Earth’s surface.

o Glaciers have several parts:

Cirque. It is a bow-shaped depression formed at the head of the

glacial valley.

Moraine. It is the accumulation of debris caused by the glacial

erosion.

Glacial valleys or toes. They are the region through which the

glacier flows. They are usually long and narrow and are highly

erosive.



14

Sea water is 97% of the Earth’s waters.

o It is salty due to the salt dissolution.

o It is saltier in hotter and seas surrounded by land (i.e. Dead Sea) where there

is more evaporation.

o Seas move constantly:

Waves. They are caused by the wind and are undulations of the

surface of the water. Their shape changes when they come into

contact with the sea floor.

Tides. They are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined

effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the moon and the sun

and the rotation of the Earth:

High tide. It is the maximal level of the tide.

Low tide. It is the minimal level of the tide.

Ocean currents. It is a continuous, directed movement of ocean

water generated by the forces acting upon the water. There can be

two kinds:

Surface currents. They are caused by the wind and they

influence over the coastal climates. There can be two kinds:

o Warm currents. Their source is in the equator and

the tropics and move towards the poles. They usually

temper the temperatures in high latitudes.

o Cold currents. Their source is in polar areas and

move towards the equator. They make rains difficult

and are associated to the best fishing grounds.

Deep currents. They flow around 4 or 5 km deep. They are

caused by the salinity or temperature difference.



15



16

Unit 7. Relief and waters

Exercises

1. Correct the sentence: Most of the Earth’s oceans are in the northern hemisphere,

while most of the land masses are in the southern hemisphere.


a. Europe and Asia are part of the same continent land mass.

b. The Atlantic Ocean is the biggest and deepest ocean.

c. Capes are coastal areas that stick out into the sea.

3. Which oceans do these seas belong to?

a. Ross.

b. Baltic.

c. Red.

d. Barents.

e. Mediterranean.

f. Caribbean.

g. Arabian.

h. Philippines.

4. Which of these terms do not relate to the ocean floor?

a. Cliff.

b. Abyssal plain.

c. Ocean ridge.

d. Continental slope.

e. Focus.

f. Gulf.

5. What kinds of relief can you find on continents?

6. What kinds of relief can you find under seas and oceans?

7. Correct the mistakes in the sentences:

a. Oceanic ridges are narrow depressions.

b. The continental slope has a mild decline.

c. The abyssal plains are vast territories in shallow waters.

d. Submarine trenches are narrow depressions.

e. The continents extend underneath the oceans forming the continental

shelf.

8. Look at the map of tectonic plates and answer:

a. Where are the most unstable places in the world? Where are the more

stable places?

b. Which areas of Spain are the most unstable?

c. Explain why the Mediterranean Sea is an area of volcanoes and

earthquakes.



17

9. If there is an earthquake...

a. Where are the tremors most intense on the surface?

b. Where does the earthquake start?

c. Can the seismic waves pass though rock?

10. Complete the chart and put the things below into the correct columns.

What should you do if there is

an earthquake?

What should you not do if

there is an earthquake?

a. Stay in the building.

b. Turn off the lights.

c. Panic.

d. Turn off the gas and the water.

e. Move objects that might fall on you.

f. Leave the house if the floor starts to tilt.

g. Stay in the car if you are already in it.

h. Use things that need lighting with matches or gas.

11. Describe the parts of a volcano.

12. What happens in a volcanic eruption?

13. List all the external relief agents.

14. Complete the following chart:



18

Continent Africa America Antarctica Asia Europe Oceania

Oceans

15. Correct the sentences:

a. Fast rivers deposit sediment and create valleys.

b. When ice in rocks melts, it can break them apart.

c. Cliffs are made when waves and currents deposit sediment on the coast.

d. Wind erosion is greater in places with lots of vegetation.

e. Building roads and cities does not change the landscape.

16. Explain the difference between a delta and an estuary.

17. Explain the difference between the upper course and the lower course of a river.

18. Match the course of the river (upper, middle, or lower) to the characteristics.

a. It can cause erosion.

b. It has a lot of curves.

c. It is the highest part of the river.

d. It may form a delta.

19. Where does the water in a rainfall regime river come from?

20. Where does the water in a melting regime river come from?

21. Put the words in the order they occur in the course of a river:

a. Delta

b. Erosion

c. Waterfall

d. Meander

e. Sea

f. Mouth

g. Glacier

h. Sedimentation

22. Find the words to match these definitions:

a. The place where a river flows into the sea.

b. A frozen mass of water at the head of a river.

c. A part of the river where the water falls vertically.

23. What is an aquifer?

24. Find out what happens of you ever bathe in the Dead Sea.

25. What are the sentences describing?

a. They are produced by the action of the wind on the surface of the water.

b. The Moon’s gravitational pull produces them.

c. The time in a day when the level of the sea on the coast is at its lowest.

d. They can be warm or cold and move like big rivers across oceans.

26. Which picture shows high tide? Which one shows low tide?



19

27. Look at an atlas and find at least two rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean,

two into the Indian Ocean and two into the Arctic Ocean.

28. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence:

a. An ocean is bigger/smaller ___________ than a sea.

b. An ocean ridge is lower/higher __________ than a trench.

c. The upper course of a river flows slower/faster __________ than the

middle course.

d. The Antarctic Ocean is warmer/colder __________ than the Pacific

Ocean.

29. Match each description to the correct term:

Mountain large mass of ice

Glacier deep inlet of the sea

Gulf high elevation on the Earth’s surface

Plateau large areas of flat or slightly hilly land

Stream flow of water with less volume than a river

30. Look at the picture and answer:

a. Which oceans contain large blocks of ice?

b. What are these blocks called?

c. Do you think they could be dangerous? Why/why not?

31. Are the following sentences true or false? Correct the wrong ones:

a. The hydrosphere is the mass of all fresh water on Earth.

b. Fresh water is mainly found on Earth as ice.

c. The cold areas on Earth are bathed by warm currents.

d. The wind moves the deep areas in the sea to cause the waves.


1st CSE YEAR UNIT 8. CLIMATE

1


UNIT 8: Climate



2

UNIT 8: CLIMATE

1. CLIMATE’S ELEMENTS

Climate and weather are different concepts that are usually confused:

o Weather is the present condition of these elements and their variations over

shorter periods. It is studied by the meteorology.

o Instead, climate is the term for the average atmospheric conditions over

longer periods of time (usually over 30 years). It is studied by the

climatology.

To identify a climate some elements are measured:

o Temperature. It measures how hot the air is.

It can be expressed in several kinds of degrees:

Celsius (ºC). They base on the different states of water (solid,

liquid, gaseous). Below 0ºC water freezes, over 100ºC water

boils and turns into vapour.

Fahrenheit (ºF). It is widely used in North America and has

no relationship to states of water.

Kelvin (K). It bases on the absolute zero (-273ºC).

The thermometer measures the temperatures.

They are usually represented on the maps through isotherms.

There are several factors that make temperatures vary:

Latitude. The sun falls on the earth in a different way

according to the latitude, hence the difference of temperatures

of the regions.

Altitude. It descends as we are higher in a proportion of

0.6ºC every 100 metres (c. 1ºC every 160 m).

Coastal locations. Sea currents influence over the

temperatures and make them milder. The farther a place is

from the coast the more extreme its temperatures are.

o Precipitations. It is the water fallen from the sky in a solid (snow or hail) or

liquid state (rain).



3

They are expressed either in millimetres (mm) or litres/square

kilometre (l/km2).

They are measured with a pluviometer or rain gauge.

They are represented on the maps through isohyets.

There are also several factors that make precipitations vary:

Latitude. There are many more precipitations in the equator

due to the warm and humid air that eases evaporation.

Altitude. It rains more in high areas.

Coastal location. Warm sea currents also favour rains, but

cold sea currents make them difficult. Anyway coastal

regions are usually rainier than inland regions.

o Atmospheric pressure. It is the weight of air above the surface.

In meteorology it is expressed in millibars (mb) or hectopascals

(hPa).

It is measured with the barometer.



4

It is represented on the maps through isobars.

Pressure is lower as the altitude increases because there is less air

above those regions.

o Air moisture. It is the amount of water vapour in the air.

When it is the relative air moisture it is expressed in percentages

(%).

It is measured with the hygrometer.

Cold air cannot withstand much air moisture. Instead warm air can

do.

o Wind. It is the movement of air due to the pressure differences. It re-

establishes pressure balance.

It is expressed in kilometres/hour (km/h).

It is measured with an anemometer.

Its direction is known thanks to the weathercock or weather vane.

2. CLIMATE’S FACTORS

All the climatic phenomena take place in the troposphere (the lowest atmospheric

layer).

The atmospheric circulation explains why climates are different and why weather

changes:



5

o Air masses. It is a volume of air defined by its temperature and water vapour

content.

Their characteristics depend on the source region they are originated.

They can either be dry or humid; either warm or cold.

They move due to the difference of temperatures, air moisture, and

pressure.

o Pressure centres. The average pressure is 1013.5 mb or hPa but the

atmosphere is never stable:

Above 1013.5 mb or hPa it is high pressure or anticyclone. It

circulates clockwise in the northern hemisphere, whereas in the

southern hemisphere it does counterclockwise.

High pressures usually involve dry and sunny weather. It can

be either cold or warm.

The usual high pressure areas are the poles and the tropics.

Below 1013.5 mb or hPa it is low pressure or low or depression. It

circulates counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere, whereas in

the southern hemisphere it does clockwise.



6

Low pressures involve rainy and unstable weather.

The usual low pressure areas is the equator and at mid-

latitudes.

High pressure areas move towards the low pressure areas.

Weather fronts are created in the boundary areas, which

usually bring rain.

Their circulation causes wind.

o Jet Stream. It is an air stream that circulates at 7-12 kilometres above sea

level.

It moves west-eastwards at 150 km/h average.

Its speed may vary and that causes several major weather

phenomena, such as the cold drop in the Mediterranean Sea.

High pressures circulate at the right of the Jet Stream, whereas low

pressures do at the left.



7

3. CLIMATES OF THE EARTH

There are several climate zones in the world:

o One hot zone between both two tropics. It is due to the sun, which falls on

the surface vertically.

o Two temperate zones between the tropics and the polar circles in each

hemisphere. The sun falls on the surface in an oblique way.

o Two cold zones above each polar circle. Insolation is minimal since the sun

falls on the surface extremely obliquely.

Climates are represented on climographs or climate charts, where temperatures

and precipitations are shown in a graphic.

Hot climates. They are located between the tropics and their average temperatures

exceed 18ºC. They have high insolation:

o Tropical rainforest or equatorial climate. It is located around the equator,

so it is only found in Africa, America, Indonesia and some Oceania’s

islands.

Its temperatures are quite stable throughout the year and are usually

25ºC average.

It is a really humid climate since its precipitations exceed 2,000

mm/year.

There is not any seasonal change.



8

o Tropical or savannah climate. It is located between the equator and the

tropics, so it is just found in Africa, America and some parts of Australia. It

is a hot climate that has a dry and a humid season, so there are two kinds of

tropical climates:

Wet tropical climate:

Its temperatures are quite high, although it is warmer during

the humid season. They are never below 18ºC.

It has a humid season with high precipitations. Total amount

is between 500 and 2,000 mm/year.

It has a short dry season when precipitations are almost

nonexistent.

Dry tropical climate. This climate gets drier as it gets closer to the

tropic.

Its temperatures are really high.

It has irregular rain during the summer.

This climate is a transition to the desert climate.



9

o Hot desert climate. It is usually located close to the tropics.

It is a really hot climate during the day (c. 50ºC), but it cools during

the night (c. 0ºC). However its average temperature is above 18ºC.

It is extremely dry, since it rains less than 250 mm/year. When it

rains in falls as heavy downpours.



10

Temperate climates. They are located between the tropics and the polar circles. All

of them have four different seasons with changes in temperatures and precipitations.

o Oceanic climate. It is usually a climate located on the west coasts of the

continents at mid-latitude:

Its temperatures are quite mild, since its average is between 10 and

15ºC.

It has regular and abundant rain, more usual in winter. It exceeds

1,000 mm/year.



11

o Mediterranean climate. It is mostly located around the Mediterranean Sea,

although it has some other locations in South Africa, California, Chile, and

Australia:

Its winter is quite mild, but its summer is hot and dry. Its average

temperature is around 15ºC.

Precipitations are quite irregular and non-abundant (never over 800

mm/year). They are more common in spring and autumn.



12

o Continental climate. It is a climate with very little maritime influence since

it is usually inland. It can only be found in the northern hemisphere (Europe,

Asia, North America):

Temperatures vary a lot between summers (hot) and winters (really

cold). Its average temperature is around 9ºC.

Precipitations are irregular and they fall mostly in summer (circa 700

mm/year).

o Humid sub-tropical or Chinese climate. It can be mostly found in China,

southeast of the USA, River Plate, and east of Australia:

Its winter is mild and dry.



13

Summer is really hot (almost tropical) and rainy.

Precipitations are above 1,000 mm/year, whereas the average

temperature is between 15 and 20ºC.

Cold climates. They are located in high latitudes and altitudes.

o Polar climate. It is located above the polar circles:

There is not any warm summer.

Average temperatures are around 0ºC and they can reach up to -50ºC.

There are very few precipitations (less than 300 mm/year), although

they remain frozen due to the extremely low temperatures.



14

o Alpine climate. It is located in the highest mountains of the world:

Its temperatures are quite low, since their average does not exceed

5ºC.

It is a rainy climate with more than 1,500 mm/year.

4. CLIMATIC HAZARDS

There are some climatic risks that can affect many regions of the world:

o Drought. It happens when it does not rain over a long period of time. It is

quite typical in some areas such as the Horn of Africa.

o Flooding. It happens when it rains a lot over a short period of time and the

land cannot absorb all the water. It is quite common in areas like southeast

China.

o Cyclones (hurricane in the Caribbean area, typhoon in Southeast Asia,

willy willies in Australia). They are very strong winds that bring heavy rain.

There are 5 categories following the Saffir-Simpson scale, which

measures the wind speed.

Sustained winds can reach more than 250 km/h.

They are really destructive.

They form swirling clouds around an eye, which is the centre of the

cyclone.



15

They take place when the temperature of the ocean exceeds 27ºC and

between 5-15º N/S.

o Tornadoes. They are violent, dangerous, rotating column of air that is in

contact with both the surface of the earth and a cloud.

There are also 5 categories based on the Fujita scale (F0-F5).

They are common in the centre of the USA at 20-50ºN.

They can reach more than 480 km/h.



16

Unit 8. Climate

Exercises

1. Who speaks about the weather and who does it about climate?

a. It rains a lot in spring in my town.

b. It is very hot and sunny today. Let us go to the beach.

2. Which sentences speak about weather and which ones about climate?

a. It does not usually rain in Seville in summer.

b. Yesterday, there was a very heavy storm in Zaragoza.

c. It is very cold in Siberia in winter.

d. I heard on the radio that is it going to be very cold in Valladolid

tomorrow.

3. Where do atmospheric phenomena exist?

4. Order the letters to make words. Then write the definition for each word:

a. Sephmoreat

b. Roetaptinpic

c. Aimtcle

d. Inwd

5. Match each term to the correct measuring instrument.

Temperature weather vane

Atmospheric pressure thermometer

Wind speed barometer

Precipitation wind gauge/anemometer

Wind direction rain gauge/pluviometer

6. How does altitude modify temperature?

7. What is the temperature oscillation?

8. How does the sea affect temperatures in summer?

9. Say the words that define the following items:

a. The study of climate.

b. The study of atmospheric phenomena.

c. The layer of gases around the Earth.

d. Area of high pressure.

e. Water falling from the atmosphere.

f. Area or low pressure.

10. Answer whether it is true or false. Correct the wrong ones.

a. The higher the altitude, the greater the atmospheric pressure.

b. Warm air rises because it weighs less.

c. Depressions are caused by cold air.

d. When air moves from low pressure areas to high pressure areas, winds

are produced.

11. What is the instrument that measures the amount of water fallen? How is it

expressed?

12. Many expressions in English refer to the weather. Use a dictionary to match

each expression to the correct meaning:

She’s a bit under the weather. She’s got a lot of work to do.

She’s snowed under. She’s not in touch with the

real world.

She’s got her head in the clouds. She’s not feeling very well.



17

She’s got a face like thunder. She looks very angry.

13. Look at the isobars’ map below and answer the questions:

a. Where do winds come from in Britain?

b. How fast do winds blow in Britain?

c. Are those winds humid or dry? Why?

14. Using an atlas, name five cities in each climatic zone, from the northern and

southern hemispheres.

15. Say in which climatic zones the following countries are located:

a. Angola.

b. Norway.

c. The Sudan.

d. Australia.

e. Cuba.

f. Colombia.

g. Argentina.

h. Iceland.

i. South Africa.

j. Spain.

16. Write down the names of the different climate zones of the picture:



18

17. Match each climate to its climate zone:

Mediterranean

Tropical

Alpine Hot

Polar Temperate

Equatorial Cold

Continental

Oceanic

Desert


a. Which climates have the most precipitation?

b. And which the least?

19. In what way is the equatorial climate different from the wet tropical climate?


a. What are temperatures like in a polar climate?

b. Is there much precipitation? Is it in form of rain or snow?

c. What is the main difference between the Mediterranean climate and the

humid sub-tropical climate?

21. Which climate type has the lower temperatures?


a. An equatorial climate is always humid and hot.

b. The polar and alpine climates have the lowest temperatures.

c. The tropical climate is a kind of temperate climate.

d. The oceanic climate is hot in summer and cold in winter.

23. Match each natural hazard to the correct definition:

Hail very strong wind and heavy rain

Storm small, hard balls of ice

Drought period of very hot weather

Cyclone long period without rain

High temperatures heavy rain, thunder and lightning

24. Are the following statements true or false? Correct the wrong ones.

a. The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds the Earth.

b. Meteorological phenomena occur in the atmosphere.

c. Climate is the same all over the planet.

d. The temperate zone is located between 30º and 60º latitude north and

south.

e. The equatorial climate has very little precipitation and strong contrasts in

temperature.

f. Cyclones can cause great disasters.

25. Complete the chart with the actions below in the correct columns.

What to do in a

drought

What to do in a

flood

What to do in a

storm



19

a. Put bottles of water in the toilet cistern to reduce its capacity and save

water.

b. In the countryside, do not go near rivers, torrents or flooded areas.

c. At home, shut doors and windows to stop air currents because they attract

lightning.

d. Turn off the tap when you brush your teeth.

e. In the countryside, do not climb to the top of hills or shelter under trees.

f. If the house is flooded, do not shelter in the cellar or on the ground floor.

g. Do not park or camp near a river in case the water level rises.

h. Only use the washing machine and the dishwasher when they are full.

i. Switch off your mobile phone.

j. Do not touch metal objects.


1st CSE YEAR UNIT 9. THE EARTH’S LANDSCAPES

1


UNIT 9: The Earth’s landscapes



2

UNIT 9: THE EARTH’S LANDSCAPES

1. HOT CLIMATE LANDSCAPES

1.1. Equatorial landscapes

This landscape is affected by the equatorial climate.

The typical vegetal formation is the rainforest.

o It is really thick and evergreen.

o Trees are quite high and do not let sunlight go down.

o There are some shrubs, ferns, creepers, and lianas.

o The typical trees are mahogany, ebony and rubber trees.

Rivers are regular and have a large flow. The main examples are the Amazon, and

the Congo.

Its fauna is really varied of species, such as jaguar, monkey (chimpanzee, gorilla,

and orangutan), snake (anaconda), spider, hummingbird, parrots, some

insects...

Soils are quite poor and make agriculture difficult. They are mostly leached and

have very few nutrients.

o The inhabitants of this region practise traditional and semi-nomadic

agriculture by felling the forest.

They mostly grow tubers such as yam and cassava (or manioc).

o On the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, Antilles and Guiana it is quite typical

the agriculture of plantation:

It is mostly developed by international companies.

It is based on monoculture crops, such as sugar, coffee, rubber,

tobacco...

It is usually sold abroad.

1.2. Tropical landscapes

This landscape varies according to the kind of tropical climate.



3

The wet tropical climate has a very similar landscape to the equatorial climate.

The dry tropical climate can have several kinds of landscapes:

o The most important formation is the savannah:

It is a grassland ecosystem characterised by the trees being

sufficiently small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close.

They typical species are acacia and baobab.

The open canopy allows sufficient light to reach the ground to

support an unbroken herbaceous layer.

They can grow up to 4 metres in the humid season.

o Around the rivers grows the gallery forest composed of species than need a

lot of water and that make a quite thick forest.

o Next to the desert areas the steppe is usual, since there is very little water

and that does not let trees grow.

Rivers are slightly irregular with high rises in flow during the humid season and

low water during the dry season. Major tropical rivers are the Orinoco, the

Zambezi, and the upper course of the Nile.

Its fauna is really important since the great mammals live in this kind of landscape,

such as the lion, cheetah, elephant, giraffe, zebra, hyena, rhinoceros,

hippopotamus, antelope...

Soils are not really rich either and that makes agriculture difficult. It is mostly

unirrigated agriculture with several kinds of crops.

1.3. Monsoon Asian landscapes

It is located in Southeast Asia (India, Bangladesh, Burma, Indochina and southeast

China).

This landscape is affected by the monsoon, a kind of wind with two major

characteristics basing on the season:

o Winter monsoon. It is cold and dry wind that blows from Central Asia

towards the Indian Ocean.

o Summer monsoon. It is a warm and humid wind that blows from the Indian

Ocean towards Central Asia.

The vegetation is exposed to massive summer rainfalls:



4

o Deciduous forest: Teak, shorea.

o Monsoon forest: Bamboo.

Rivers have a large flow and their level rises during the humid season: Ganges,

Brahmaputra, Yangtze (Blue), Indus, Mekong.

It is common to find a varied fauna, such as elephant, tiger, panda, snakes, or

spiders.

Soils are quite rich due to the rainfalls. Rice is its most common crop. Tea is also

appreciated.

This landscape is overpopulated between the Ganges and the Yangtze.

1.4. Desert landscapes

It is an extremely arid landscape due to the scarce and irregular rainfalls.

Vegetation is quite poor:

o Plants have thick prickles and deep roots to get some water, such as cactus,

esparto grass, or palmetto.

o Around the oasis there is a wider range with palm trees, fig trees, apricot

trees or pomegranate trees.

Rivers are inexistent due to the lack of water. There are just irregular streams when

it rains, which are called wadis. The only permanent waters are the oases.

There is little fauna which is adapted to the heat such as camels, dromedaries,

coyotes, foxes, lizards, beetles, snakes or scorpions.

There are three kinds of desert landscape:

o Sand desert (erg): It is composed of dunes (hills of sand built by the wind).

o Stony desert (hamada): It is flat and composed of stones.

o Rocky desert (reg): It is a vast extension of land covered of rocks.



5

2. TEMPERATE CLIMATE LANDSCAPES

2.1. Oceanic landscape

The mild temperatures and the abundant precipitation let have a lot of vegetation:

o Oceanic deciduous forest: It is mostly composed of high trees such as oak,

beech, chestnut tree, elm or ash.

o Scrubland or moors: In the areas where the oceanic forest disappears it is

common to have bushes such as retama or heather.

o Grasslands: It is common in the plains and it is the basis of the pastures.



6

Rivers are quite regular due to the rainfall. They do not have any rise or low levels.

Major rivers are the Rhine, Seine, Loire or Thames.

There is a wide variety of fauna composed of foxes, boars, deer or bears.

Soils are really fertile and help agriculture and stockbreeding.

o It is a very industrial production in these fields.

o The landscape has been strongly modified by the exploitation of the soil.

2.2. Mediterranean landscape

The Mediterranean landscape has its vegetation adapted to the irregular rainfall and

to the severe and dry summers:

o Mediterranean forest: It has evergreen trees with very deep roots to get

water. The mains species are the holm oak and the cork oak inland and pine

in coastal areas.

o Scrublands are typical in this landscape due to the reduction of the

extension of the Mediterranean forest. The main formations are:

Maquis. It has high bushes like strawberry tree, rock rose, salvia,

and mastic.

Garrigue. It is composed of minor bushes such as thyme, rosemary,

lavender, and retama.

Steppe. When there is little water and the other scrublands have

disappeared it is common to find palmetto, esparto grass and

asparagus.



7

Rivers are quite irregular and have major rises and low level periods.

o Most of them are quite short due to the fact that their source is close to the

sea.

o The main rivers are Ebro, Rhone, and Po.

It has a quite varied fauna composed of rabbits, foxes, deer, wolves, boars,

squirrels, eagles, vultures, and sparrows.

Soils are quite poor, but in the valleys. There are different kinds of agriculture:

o Unirrigated agriculture: It is the most common agriculture, based on three

typical crops: wheat, vines, and olive tree.

o Irrigated agriculture: It is common in the coastal plains and in other

regions with greenhouses. They usually grow vegetables, legumes or fruits.

Tourism has developed a lot in this landscape. It is mostly based on sun and

beaches.

2.3. Continental climate

The northernmost continental landscape is defined by the coniferous forest (taiga):

o It has evergreen trees such as the pine and fir.

o Some other trees are larch or birch.

The southern continental landscape is defined by two kinds of formations:

o The areas which are cooler and more humid have large prairies, composed

of high grass, such in the American Midwest.

o The areas which are warmer and drier have steppes, composed of low grass,

like in East Europe or Central Asia.



8

Rivers have a large flow with important rises in the level in spring because of the

thaw. They are frozen in winter. Major rivers are Volga, Danube or Missouri.

Its fauna is adapted to the extreme temperatures and it is mostly composed by

moose, reindeers, bears, lynxes, wolves, otters, marmots, ferrets, ravens and

owls.

Soils are really different according to the region:

o Prairies are quite fertile and make agriculture possible. It is quite common

to have large plantations of corn and wheat.

o Steppes and taiga are quite barren and are almost uninhabited.

3. COLD CLIMATE LANDSCAPES

3.1. Polar landscape

It is located above the Polar circles.

There is no vegetation owing to the perpetual ice.

There are not rivers either.

Its fauna is adapted to the extreme cold. There are animals like penguins, whales,

polar bears, seals, and walrus.

In the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans it is common to have floating ice blocks called

icebergs that are fragments which have detached from the icefield that covers the

whole ocean.

Antarctica is a continent completely covered of snow and really thick ice over the

land called ice sheet.

o It is a completely uninhabited continent. Only scientists have settled there to

study it.



9

Border lands have a milder climate:

o Their vegetation appears after the thaw and it is based on tundra, which is

composed of lichens and moss.

o Their soils are quite infertile and their surface is quite muddy after the thaw,

but it remains frozen in lower strata. They are called permafrost.

3.2. Alpine landscape

This landscape is adapted to the severe cold winters

Vegetation is in tiers and varies according to the altitude owing to the difference of

temperatures and humidity.

o In the lower levels the vegetation has the same features of the region where

the mountains are.

o In middle levels deciduous forest is common, alternating with some conifers.

o In the upper levels meadows and little flowers are the only species that can

grow due to the fact that part of the year this stratum is completely covered

of snow.

The fauna is composed of major birds such as the condor, vulture or eagle and

some mammals such as the mountain goat and chamois.

Soils are not fertile due to the erosion.

In developed countries it is common to build ski resorts in this area.

In hot areas (Africa, South America), these regions are overpopulated owing to the

milder weather conditions.



10

Unit 9. The Earth’s landscapes

Exercises

1. Complete the chart:

Type of climate Natural landscape

Equatorial

Continental

Polar


a. There are no hot climate landscapes in the southern hemisphere.

b. There are grasslands and steppes in both hemispheres.

c. Tundra is a typical landscape in temperate climate zones.

3. Research which trees grow in the savannah.

4. Which animals live in the savannah?

5. Find the odd one out and explain why.

a. Savannah, hot desert, palm, steppe.

b. Snake, lion, scorpion, camel.

c. Equatorial rainforest, tropical rainforest, hot desert, perpetual ice.

d. Oak, teak, grass, acacia.

6. Match the landscape in each photo to the right term: savannah, hot desert,

equatorial rainforest.



11

7. One of the following animals could not live in the hot desert. Which one? Why?

a. Jackal.

b. Dromedary.

c. Snake.

d. Seal.

8. Match each landscape to the animal that lives there:

Tropical rainforest ape

Equatorial rainforest giraffe

Hot desert puma

Savannah camel

9. Correct the sentences:

a. Deserts are usually very hot at night.

b. A tundra environment is made up of deciduous and coniferous forests.

c. There are many rivers in desert landscapes.

10. Research what thyme and rosemary are used for and what products are obtained

from holm oaks and cork oaks.

11. Find out how tree in the Mediterranean forest adapt to drought.

12. Complete the sentences with the words below:

Evergreen mild scrubland flooding

a. Mediterranean winters are __________ because of the proximity to the

sea.

b. Mediterranean forests are made up of ___________ trees.

c. Maquis and Garrigue are types of ____________.

d. Intense autumn storms can cause __________.

13. Match each type of vegetation to the landscape in which it is found:

beech

rosemary

Mediterranean scrubland thyme

Deciduous forest bamboo

Humid sub-tropical forest pine

oak

14. Match each adjective to its right definition:

Leafy with leaves all year round

Deciduous losing their leaves in autumn

Coniferous lasting forever

Evergreen with a lot of trees and plants

Perpetual producing cones and with needle-like

leaves

15. Why do you think the continental climate does not exist in the southern

hemisphere?



12

16. What kind of vegetation can be found the following landscapes:

a. Moor.

b. Steppe (continental).

c. Meadow.

d. Taiga.

17. Say which of these natural landscapes it is nearly impossible for a human being

to survive in and why:

a. Deciduous forest.

b. Coniferous forest.

c. Perpetual ice.

d. Hot desert.

18. Complete the chart with the kinds of climate:

Natural landscape Climate

Tundra

Savannah

Coniferous forest

Equatorial rainforest

Deciduous forest


1st CSE YEAR UNIT 10. THE CONTINENTS

1


UNIT 10: The continents: Africa, Asia, America, and Oceania



1

UNIT 10: THE CONTINENTS:

AFRICA, ASIA, AMERICA, AND OCEANIA

1. AFRICA

SEAS OF AFRICA/MARES DE ÁFRICA

Atlantic Ocean Océano Atlántico

Indian Ocean Océano Índico

Mar Mediterráneo Mar Mediterráneo

Red Sea Mar Rojo

STRAITS AND CHANNELS OF AFRICA/ESTRECHOS Y CANALES DE ÁFRICA

Strait of Gibraltar Estrecho de Gibraltar



2

ISLANDS OF AFRICA/ISLAS DE ÁFRICA

Canary Islands

Islas Canarias Madagascar

Madeira Comoros

Comoras Cape Verde Cabo Verde

Seychelles São Tomé e Príncipe Santo Tomé y Príncipe

GULFS AND BAYS OF ÁFRICA/GOLFOS DE ÁFRICA

Gulf of Guinea

Golfo de Guinea Gulf of Gabes

Golfo de Gabés Gulf of Sidra

Golfo de Sidra Gulf of Aden

Golfo de Adén

CAPES OF AFRICA/CABOS DE ÁFRICA

Verde Agulhas

López

Guardafui Good Hope Buena Esperanza



3

PENINSULAS OF AFRICA/PENÍNSULAS DE ÁFRICA

Somalia

MOUNTAIN RANGES OF AFRICA/CORDILLERAS DE ÁFRICA

Mountain Range Sistema montañoso

Peaks Picos

Atlas Toubkal (4,167 m.)

Drakensberg

Tibesti Mountains Macizo del Tibesti Ahaggar Mountains

Macizo del Ahaggar Ethiopian Highlands

Macizo Etíope Cameroon Mountains Montes Camerún

Cameroon (4,070 m.) Camerún

Kilimanjaro (5,895 m.)

Kenya (5,199 m.)

Ruwenzori (5,109 m.)



4

PLAINS AND PLATEAUS OF AFRICA/LLANURAS Y MESETAS DE ÁFRICA

Congo Basin Gran Cubeta del Congo

South African Plain

Meseta Sudafricana

RIVERS OF AFRICA/RÍOS DE ÁFRICA

Drainage Basin

Vertiente River

Río

Mediterranean Sea Mar Mediterráneo

Nile (6,650 km.) Nilo


Senegal (1,790 km.)

Niger (4,180 km.)

Níger Congo (4,700 km.) Orange (2,200 km.)


Limpopo (1,750 km.)

Zambezi (3,540 km.)

Zambeze

LAKES OF AFRICA/LAGOS DE ÁFRICA

Victoria Tanganyika Tanganica

Turkana Malawi

Albert

Alberto Chad

DESERTS OF AFRICA/DESIERTOS DE ÁFRICA

Sahara

Sáhara Kalahari

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeVzBuNERKSWZla1U

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeM0JuYlBPS0RtRmM

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeVzBuNERKSWZla1U

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeM0JuYlBPS0RtRmM



5

COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS OF AFRICA/PAÍSES Y CAPITALES DE ÁFRICA

ALGERIA ARGELIA

Algiers Argel

MADAGASCAR Antananarivo

ANGOLA Luanda MALAWI Lilongwe

BENIN BENÍN

Porto Novo MALI MALÍ

Bamako

BOTSWANA Gaborone MAURITANIA Nouakchot Nuakchot

BURKINA FASO Ouagadougou Uagadugú

MAURITIUS MAURICIO

Port Louis

BURUNDI Bujumbura MOROCCO MARRUECOS

Rabat

CAMEROON

CAMERÚN Yaoundé

Yaundé MOZAMBIQUE Maputo

CAPE VERDE CABO VERDE

Praia NAMIBIA Windhoek

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC REPÚBLICA CENTROAFRICANA

Bangui NIGER NÍGER

Niamey

CHAD N’Djamena N’Yamena

NIGERIA Abuja

COMOROS COMORAS

Moroni RWANDA RUANDA

Kigali

CONGO Brazzaville SÃO TOMÉ E PRÍNCIPE SANTO TOMÉ Y PRÍNCIPE

São Tomé Santo Tomé

D.R. OF THE CONGO

R.D. DEL CONGO Kinshasa SENEGAL Dakar

DJIBOUTI YIBUTI

Djibouti Yibuti

SEYCHELLES Victoria

EGYPT EGIPTO

Cairo El Cairo

SIERRA LEONA Freetown

EQUATORIAL GUINEA GUINEA ECUATORIAL

Malabo SOMALIA Mogadishu Mogadiscio

ERITREA Asmara SOUTH AFRICA REPÚBLICA SUDAFRICANA

Cape Town, Pretoria and Bloemfontein Ciudad del Cabo,...

ETHIOPIA ETIOPÍA

Addis Ababa Addís Abeba

SOUTH SUDAN SUDÁN DEL SUR

Juba

GABON GABÓN

Libreville SUDAN SUDÁN

Khartoum Jartum

THE GAMBIA GAMBIA

Banjul SWAZILAND SWAZILANDIA

Mbabane

GHANA Accra TANZANIA Dodoma

GUINEA Conakry TOGO Lomé

GUINEA BISSAU Bissau TUNISIA TUNICIA/TÚNEZ

Tunis Túnez

IVORY COAST COSTA DE MARFIL

Yamoussoukro Yamusukro

UGANDA Kampala

KENYA KENIA

Nairobi WESTERN SAHARA SÁHARA OCCIDENTAL

El Aaiún

LESOTHO Maseru ZAMBIA Lusaka

LIBERIA Monrovia

ZIMBABWE Harare LIBYA LIBIA

Tripoli Trípoli



6



7

2. ASIA

SEAS OF ASIA/MARES DE ASIA

Arctic Ocean Océano Glacial Ártico

South China Sea Mar de la China Meridional

Bering Sea Mar de Bering

Philippine Sea Mar de Filipinas

Pacific Ocean Océano Pacífico


Sea of Okhotsk Mar de Ojotsk

Arabian Sea Mar Arábigo

Yellow Sea Mar Amarillo

Red Sea Mar Rojo

East China Sea

Mar de la China Oriental Mediterranean Sea

Mar Mediterráneo

Sea of Japan

Mar del Japón Black Sea

Mar Negro



8

STRAITS AND CHANNELS OF ASIA/ESTRECHOS Y CANALES DE ASIA

Strait of Bosphorus

Estrecho del Bósforo Strait of Malacca Estrecho de Malaca

Strait of Dardanelles

Estrecho de los Dardanelos Formosa Strait

Estrecho de Formosa

Strait of Ormuz

Estrecho de Ormuz Bering Strait

Estrecho de Bering

ISLANDS OF ASIA/ISLAS DE ASIA

Kuril Islands and Sakhalin

Islas Kuriles y Sajalín Indonesia: Java, Borneo, Celebes, Sumatra,

Timor

Japanese Archipelago: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu

Archipiélago del Japón:…

Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

Ceilán

Taiwan Taiwán

Maldives Maldivas

The Philippines: Luzon, Mindanao

Filipinas: Luzón,… Cyprus

Chipre



9

GULFS AND BAYS OF ASIA/GOLFOS DE ASIA

Gulf of Thailand

Golfo de Tailandia Gulf of Oman

Golfo de Omán Bay of Bengal Golfo de Bengala Gulf of Aden

Golfo de Adén Persian Gulf

Golfo Pérsico

CAPES OF ASIA/CABOS DE ASIA

Comorin Comorín

PENINSULAS OF ASIA/PENÍNSULAS DE ASIA

Anatolian peninsula Península de Anatolia

Malay peninsula Península de Malaca

Arabian peninsula Península arábiga

Korean peninsula Península de Corea

Hindustan Península del Indostán

Kamchatka Indochina

Península de Indochina

MOUNTAIN RANGES OF ASIA/CORDILLERAS DE ASIA

Mountain Range

Sistema montañoso Peaks

Picos

Himalayas

Himalaya Everest (8,848 m.)

K2 (8,611 m.)

Hindu Kush Tirich Mir (7,690 m.)

Pamir Mountains

Meseta del Pamir Ismoil Somoni/Comunism (7,495 m.)

…/Comunismo Altay Mountains

Montes Altai

Zagros Mountains Montes Zagros Caucasus

Cáucaso Yablonovy Mountains

Montes Yablonovi Stanovoiy Range Montes Stanovoi Verkhoyansk Range

Verjoyansk Ural Mountains

Urales Japanese Alps Alpes Japoneses

Fuji (3,776 m.) Fujiyama



10

PLAINS AND PLATEAUS OF ASIA/LLANURAS Y MESETAS DE ASIA

Tibetan Plateau

Meseta del Tíbet Iranian Plateau

Meseta Iraní

Deccan Plateau

Meseta del Decán China Plain

Llanura de China

Indo-Gangetic Plain

Llanura Indo-Gangética West Siberian Plain

Llanura de Siberia occidental

RIVERS OF ASIA/RÍOS DE ASIA

Drainage Basin

Vertiente River

Río


Yenisey (4,090 km.) Yeniséi

Ob (2,962 km.)

Obi Lena (4,472 km.)

Kolyma (2,129 km.)

Kolima

Pacific Ocean

Océano Pacífico

Amur (2,824 km.)

Huang He/Yellow (5,464 km.) Huang Ho/Amarillo

Yangtze Kiang/Blue (6,300 km.) Yangtsé Kiang/Azul Sikiang/Black (1,930 km.)

Sikiang/Negro Mekong (4,909 km.)

Indian Ocean

Océano Índico

Brahmaputra (2,900 km.)

Ganges (2,510 km.)

Indus (3,100 km.) Indo

Tigris (1,850 km.)

Euphrates (2,850 km.)

Éufrates

Aral Sea

Mar de Aral

Amu Darya (2,400 km.) Amu Daria Syr Darya (2,212 km.)

Sir Daria

LAKES OF ASIA/LAGOS DE ASIA

Caspian Sea

Mar Caspio Lake Baikal

Lago Baikal Aral Sea Mar de Aral

Lake Balkhash Lago Baljash

DESERTS OF ASIA/DESIERTOS DE ASIA

Gobi Desert

Desierto del Gobi Arabian Desert

Desierto de Arabia



11



12

COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS OF ASIA/PAÍSES Y CAPITALES DE ASIA

AFGHANISTAN AFGANISTÁN

Kabul MALAYSIA MALASIA

Kuala Lumpur

ARMENIA Yerevan Ereván

MONGOLIA Ulan Bator

AZERBAIJAN AZERBAIYÁN

Baku Bakú

NEPAL Kathmandu Katmandú

BAHRAIN BAHREIN

Manama NORTH KOREA COREA DEL NORTE

Pyongyang

BANGLADESH Dacca OMAN OMÁN

Muscat Mascate

BHUTAN

BHUTÁN Thimphu

Timbu PAKISTAN

PAKISTÁN Islamabad

BURMA/MYANMAR BIRMANIA/MYANMAR

Naypyiadaw THE PHILIPPINES FILIPINAS

Manila

BRUNEI Bandar Seri Begawan QATAR CATAR

Doha

CAMBODIA CAMBOYA

Phnom Penh * RUSSIA RUSIA

Moscow Moscú

CHINA Beijing Pekín

SAUDI ARABIA ARABIA SAUDÍ

Riyadh Riyad

*CYPRUS CHIPRE

Nicosia SINGAPORE SINGAPUR

Singapore Singapur

GEORGIA Tbilisi Tiflis

SOUTH KOREA COREA DEL SUR

Seoul Seúl

INDIA New Delhi Nueva Delhi

SYRIA SIRIA

Damascus Damasco

INDONESIA Jakarta Yakarta

SRI LANKA Colombo

IRAN IRÁN

Tehran Teherán

THAILAND TAILANDIA

Bangkok

IRAQ IRAK

Baghdad Bagdad

TAIWAN TAIWÁN

Taipei

ISRAEL Jerusalem Jerusalén

TAJIKISTAN TAYIKISTÁN

Dushanbe

JAPAN JAPÓN

Tokyo Tokio

TIMOR-LESTE/EAST TIMOR TIMOR ORIENTAL

Dili

JORDAN JORDANIA

Amman Ammán

TURKMENISTAN TURKMENISTÁN

Ashgabat

KAZAKHSTAN

KAZAJSTÁN Astana

*TURKEY

TURQUÍA Ankara

KUWAIT Kuwait City Ciudad de Kuwait

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES EMIRATOS ÁRABES UNIDOS

Abu Dhabi

KYRGYZSTAN KIRGUIZISTÁN

Bishkek UZBEKISTAN UZBEKISTÁN

Tashkent

LAOS Vientiane VIETNAM Hanoi

LEBANON LÍBANO

Beirut

YEMEN Sana MALDIVES MALDIVAS

Male Malé

* Also considered European countries

* También son considerados países europeos



13

3. AMERICA



14

SEAS OF AMERICA/MARES DE AMÉRICA


Antarctic Ocean Océano Glacial Antártico

Bering Sea

Mar de Bering Atlantic Ocean

Océano Atlántico

Pacific Ocean

Océano Pacífico Caribbean Sea

Mar Caribe



15

STRAITS AND CHANNELS OF AMERICA/ESTRECHOS Y CANALES DE AMÉRICA

Bering Strait Estrecho de Bering

Strait of Magellan Estrecho de Magallanes

ISLANDS OF AMERICA/ISLAS DE AMÉRICA

Greenland Groenlandia

Puerto Rico

Baffin Lesser Antilles

Pequeñas Antillas Newfoundland

Terranova Falkland Islands

Islas Malvinas

Cuba Tierra del Fuego

Hispaniola

La Española Galapagos Islands

Islas Galápagos

Jamaica Aleutian Islands

Islas Aleutianas



16

GULFS AND BAYS OF AMERICA/GOLFOS DE AMÉRICA

Baffin Bay

Bahía de Baffin Gulf of California

Golfo de California Hudson Bay

Bahía de Hudson Gulf of Alaska Golfo de Alaska Gulf of Mexico

Golfo de México



17

CAPES OF AMERICA/CABOS DE AMÉRICA

Horn

Hornos São Roque

San Roque

São Tomé Santo Tomé

San Lucas

PENINSULAS OF AMERICA/PENÍNSULAS DE AMÉRICA

Alaska Florida

California Labrador

Yucatán

MOUNTAIN RANGES OF AMERICA/CORDILLERAS DE AMÉRICA

Mountain Range


Picos

Andes

Aconcagua (6,962 m.)

Ojos del Salado (6,891 m.)

Huascarán (6,768 m.) Chimborazo (6,267 m.)

Guiana Highlands

Macizo de las Guayanas

Sierra Madre del Sur

Sierra Madre Oriental Orizaba (5,747 m.) Popocatepetl (5,500 m.)

Sierra Madre Occidental

Rocky Mountains

Montañas Rocosas McKinley (6,194 m.)

Appalachian Mountains

Montes Apalaches

Sierra Nevada Whitney (4,418 m.)

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkedUptS2RTODlUS28

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkedUptS2RTODlUS28



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19

PLAINS AND PLATEAUS OF AMERICA/LLANURAS Y MESETAS DE AMÉRICA

Altiplano (Bolivian Plateau)

Altiplano de Bolivia Pampa

Mato Grosso Plateau

Meseta del Mato Grosso Great North American Plains

Grandes Llanuras Norteamericanas Amazon Plains Llanuras del Amazonas

RIVERS OF AMERICA/RÍOS DE AMÉRICA

Drainage Basin

Vertiente River

Río

Atlantic Ocean Océano Índico

Amazon (6,800 km.)

Amazonas

Orinoco (2,140 km.)

River Plate: Paraguay (2,621 km.), Paraná (4,880

km.), Uruguay (1,600 km.) Río de la Plata:…

Mississippi (3,764 km.)-Missouri (3,767 km.)

Misisispi-Misuri

Saint Lawrence (1,197 km.)

San Lorenzo

Pacific Ocean Océano Pacífico

Colorado (2,334 km.)

Yukon (1,984 km.) Yukón


Mackenzie (1,738 km.)

LAKES OF AMERICA /LAGOS DE AMÉRICA

Great Bear Lake Gran Lago del Oso

Great Lakes: Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie,

Ontario

Grandes Lagos: …, Hurón,…

Great Slave Lake Gran Lago del Esclavo Lake Titicaca

Lago Titicaca Lake Winnipeg

Lago Winnipeg

DESERTS OF AMERICA/DESIERTOS DE AMÉRICA

Atacama Desert Desierto de Atacama Mojave Desert

Desierto de Mojave Sonora Desert

Desierto de Sonora



20



21

COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS OF AMERICA/PAÍSES Y CAPITALES DE AMÉRICA

ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ANTIGUA Y BARBUDA

Saint John’s GUYANA Georgetown

ARGENTINA Buenos Aires HAITI HAITÍ

Port-au-Prince Puerto Príncipe

BAHAMAS Nassau HONDURAS Tegucigalpa

BARBADOS Bridgetown JAMAICA Kingston

BELIZE BELICE

Belmopan MEXICO MÉXICO

Mexico City México D.F.

BOLIVIA La Paz and Sucre NICARAGUA Managua

BRAZIL BRASIL

Brasilia PANAMA PANAMÁ

Panamá

CANADA CANADÁ

Ottawa PARAGUAY Asunción

CHILE Santiago de Chile PERU PERÚ

Lima

COLOMBIA Bogotá PUERTO RICO San Juan

COSTA RICA San José ST. KITTS AND NEVIS SAN CRISTÓBAL Y NIEVES

Basseterre

CUBA Havana La Habana

SAINT LUCIA SANTA LUCÍA

Castries

DOMINICA Roseau

ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES SAN VICENTE Y LAS GRANADINAS

Kingstown

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC REPÚBLICA DOMINICANA

Santo Domingo SURINAME SURINAM

Paramaribo

ECUADOR Quito TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TRINIDAD Y TOBAGO

Port of Spain Puerto España

EL SALVADOR San Salvador UNITED STATES ESTADOS UNIDOS

Washington D.C.

FRENCH GUIANA GUAYANA FRANCESA

Cayenne Cayena

URUGUAY Montevideo

GRENADA GRANADA

Saint George’s VENEZUELA Caracas

GUATEMALA Guatemala



22

4. OCEANIA



23

SEAS OF OCEANIA/MARES DE OCEANÍA

Pacific Ocean

Océano Pacífico Timor Sea

Mar de Timor

Indian Ocean Océano Índico Coral Sea

Mar del Coral Tasman Sea Mar de Tasmania

STRAITS AND CHANNELS OF OCEANIA/ESTRECHOS Y CANALES DE OCEANÍA

Torres Strait Estrecho de Torres

Cook Strait Estrecho de Cook



24

ISLANDS AND ARCHIPELAGOS OF OCEANIA/ISLAS Y ARCHIPIÉLAGOS DE OCEANÍA

Australia

Melanesia: Solomon Islands, Bismarck

Archipelago, New Caledonia, Fiji, Vanuatu Melanesia: Islas Salomón, Archipiélago de Bismarck, Nueva Caledonia, Fiyi,…

Tasmania

Micronesia: Marshall Islands, Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Guam, Palau, Kiribati

Micronesia: Islas Marshall, Islas Carolinas, Islas Marianas,…

New Zealand: North Island, South Island

Nueva Zelanda: Isla del Norte, Isla del Sur Polinesia: Hawaiian Islands, Tuvalu, Samoa,

Tonga, Cook Islands, French Polinesia, Easter

Island Polinesia: Hawai,…, Islas Cook, Polinesia Francesa, Isla de Pascua

New Guinea Nueva Guinea

GULFS AND BAYS OF OCEANIA/GOLFOS DE OCEANÍA

Island Isla

Gulf or Bay Golfo

Australia

Great Australian Bight

Gran Bahía Australiana

Gulf of Carpentaria

Golfo de Carpentaria



25

CAPES OF OCEANIA /CABOS DE OCEANÍA

Island

Isla Cape

Cabo

Australia York

PENINSULAS OF OCEANIA/PENÍNSULAS DE OCEANÍA

Island

Isla Peninsula

Península

Australia Cape York Peninsula (Australia)

Península del Cabo York (Australia)

MOUNTAIN RANGES OF OCEANIA/CORDILLERAS DE OCEANÍA

Island Isla


Peaks Picos

Australia Great Dividing Range

Gran Cordillera Divisoria Kosciusko (2,228 m.)

New Zealand Southern Alps Alpes Neozelandeses

Cook (3,764 m.)

RIVERS OF OCEANIA/RÍOS DE OCEANÍA

Island

Isla Drainage Basin

Vertiente River

Río

Australia Indian Ocean

Océano Pacífico Murray (2,375 km.)-Darling (1,472

km.)

DESERTS OF OCEANIA/DESIERTOS DE OCEANÍA

Island

Isla Desert

Desierto

Australia

Great Sandy Desert

Gran Desierto de Arena

Great Victoria Desert Gran Desierto Victoria Simpson Desert

Desierto Simpson Gibson Desert

Desierto Gibson

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54Dkea1lOXzg5TWFRWDg

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54Dkea1lOXzg5TWFRWDg



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COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS OF OCEANIA/PAÍSES Y CAPITALES DE OCEANÍA

AUSTRALIA Canberra PALAU Melekeok

FIJI FIYI

Suva PAPUA NEW GUINEA PAPÚA NUEVA GUINEA

Port Moresby

KIRIBATI Tarawa SOLOMON ISLANDS ISLAS SALOMÓN

Honiara

MARSHALL ISLANDS ISLAS MARSHALL

Majuro TONGA Nuku’alofa

MICRONESIA Palikir TUVALU Funafuti

NAURU Yaren VANUATU Port Vila

NEW ZEALAND NUEVA ZELANDA

Wellington WESTERN SAMOA SAMOA OCCIDENTAL

Apia


1st CSE YEAR UNIT 11. EUROPE AND SPAIN

1


UNIT 11: Europe and Spain



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UNIT 11: EUROPE AND SPAIN

1. EUROPE

SEAS OF EUROPE/MARES DE EUROPA

Atlantic Ocean

Océano Atlántico Black Sea

Mar Negro

Arctic Ocean Oceano Glacial Ártico

Sea of Marmara Mar de Mármara

Mediterranean Sea

Mar Mediterráneo Cantabrian Sea

Mar Cantábrico Aegean Sea

Mar Egeo North Sea

Mar del Norte Adriatic Sea Mar Adriático

Norwegian Sea Mar de Noruega

Tyrrhenian Sea

Mar Tirreno Baltic Sea

Mar Báltico

Ligurian Sea

Mar de Liguria White Sea

Mar Blanco Ionian Sea Mar Jónico

Barents Sea Mar de Barents



3

STRAITS AND CHANNELS OF EUROPE/ESTRECHOS Y CANALES DE EUROPA


Strait of Dover

Paso de Calais Strait of Messina

Estrecho de Mesina Skagerrak

Estrecho de Skagerrak Strait of Bonifacio Estrecho de Bonifacio

Kattegat Estrecho de Kattegat

Strait of Bosphorus

Estrecho del Bósforo Denmark Strait

Estrecho de Dinamarca

Strait of Dardanelles

Estrecho de los Dardanelos English Channel

Canal de la Mancha

ISLANDS OF EUROPE/ISLAS DE EUROPA

Iceland

Islandia Sardinia

Cerdeña

British Isles: Great Britain, Ireland, Isle of Man, Hebrides, Orkney Islands

Islas Británicas: Gran Bretaña, Irlanda, Isla de Man, Islas Hébridas, Islas Órcadas

Sicily

Sicilia

Channel Islands

Islas Anglo-Normandas Malta

Shetland Islands Islas Shetland

Ionian Islands: Corfu Islas Jónicas: Corfú

Faroe Islands Islas Feroe

Crete Creta

Danish Islands: Zealand

Islas Danesas: Selandia Cyclades: Andros, Naxos, Santorini

Cícladas : Andros, Naxos, Santorini Balearic Islands: Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza, Formentera

Islas Baleares: Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera

Northern Sporades

Espóradas Septentrionales

Corsica

Córcega Dodecanese: Rhodes

Dodecadeno: Rodas

GULFS AND BAYS OF EUROPE/GOLFOS DE EUROPA

Bay of Biscay Golfo de Vizcaya

Gulf of Venice Golfo de Venecia

Bay of Cádiz

Golfo de Cádiz Bay of Pomerania

Golfo de Pomerania

Gulf of Valencia Golfo de Valencia

Gulf of Finland Golfo de Finlandia

Gulf of Lion

Golfo del León Gulf of Bothnia

Golfo de Botnia Gulf of Genoa Golfo de Génova



4

CAPES OF EUROPE/CABOS DE EUROPA

North Cape Cabo Norte

São Vicente San Vicente

Land’s End Punta de Tarifa

Point du Raz

Punta de Raz Nao

Finisterre Matapan/Tainaron

Matapán/Ténaro Roca

PENINSULAS OF EUROPE/PENÍNSULAS DE EUROPA

Scandinavia Escandinavia

Italian peninsula Peninsula italica

Kola Balkan peninsula

Península Balcánica Jutland Jutlandia

Peloponnese/Peloponnesus Peloponeso

Iberian peninsula

Península Ibérica Crimean peninsula

Península de Crimea



5

MOUNTAIN RANGES OF EUROPE/CORDILLERAS DE EUROPA

Mountain Range


Picos

Caucasus

Cáucaso Elbrus (5,642 m.)

Alps Alpes

Mont Blanc (4,810 m.) Monte Rosa (4,634 m.)

Pyrenees Pirineos

Aneto (3,404 m.) Monte Perdido (3,355 m.)

Baetic Ranges

Sistemas Béticos Mulhacén (3,478 m.)

Veleta (3,398 m.)

Ural Mountains Urales

Narodnaya (1,895 m.)

Balkan Mountains Balcanes

Olympus (Olimpo, 2,917 m)

Dinaric Alps

Alpes Dináricos

Carpathian Mountains Cárpatos Apennines Apeninos

Corno Grande (2,912 m.)

Central Massif

Macizo Central Puy de Sancy (1,886 m.)

Scandinavian Mountains Alpes Escandinavos

Scottish Highlands Highlands escoceses

Ben Nevis (1,344 m.)

PLAINS AND PLATEAUS OF EUROPE/LLANURAS Y MESETAS DE EUROPA

Iberian Plateau

Meseta central ibérica

Pannonian Plain

Llanura de Panonia

European Plain: North European Plain,

East European Plain Gran Llanura Europea: Llanura septentrional europea, Llanura oriental europea



6

RIVERS OF EUROPE/RÍOS DE EUROPA

Drainage Basin Vertiente

River Río

Caspian Sea

Mar Caspio Volga (3,690 km)

Ural (2,428 km.)

Black Sea Mar Negro

Danube (2,860 km.)

Danubio Dnieper (2,290 km.) Dniéper Dniester (1,352 km.) Dniéster Don (1,950 km.)

Mediterranean Sea

Mar Mediterráneo

Ebro (960 km)

Rhone (815 km.)

Ródano Po (682 km.)


Elbe (1,091 km.)

Elba Rhine (1,236 km.) Rin Seine (776 km.)

Sena Loire (1,012 km.)

Loira Garonne (575 km.) Garona Duero (897 km)

Tagus (1,038 km.) Tajo Guadiana (818 km.)

Guadalquivir (657 km.)

Thames (346 km.) Támesis

Baltic Sea Mar Báltico

Oder (854 km.)

Vistula (1,047 km.)

Vístula

Arctic Ocean

Océano Glacial Ártico

Northern Dvina (744 km.) Dvina Septentrional

Pechora (1,809 km.)

LAKES OF EUROPE/LAGOS DE EUROPA

Caspian Sea

Mar Caspio Lake Onega

Lago Onega Lake Ladoga Lago Ladoga

Lake Geneva/Léman Lago de Ginebra/Lemán

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeNmw3NGhSRDVUUVk

https://docs.google.com/open?id=0Bwe1dU-54DkeNmw3NGhSRDVUUVk



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8



9

COUNTRIES AND CAPITALS OF EUROPE/PAÍSES Y CAPITALES DE EUROPA

ALBANIA Tirana LUXEMBOURG LUXEMBURGO

Luxembourg Luxemburgo

ANDORRA Andorra la Vella Andorra la Vieja/Vella

F.Y.R. OF MACEDONIA MACEDONIA

Skopje

AUSTRIA Vienna Viena

MALTA Valletta La Valeta

BELGIUM BÉLGICA

Brussels Bruselas

MOLDOVA MOLDAVIA

Chisinau

BELARUS BIELORRUSIA

Minsk MONACO MÓNACO

Monaco Mónaco

BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA Sarajevo MONTENEGRO Podgorica

BULGARIA Sofia Sofía

THE NETHERLANDS/ HOLLAND PAÍSES BAJOS/HOLANDA

The Hague and Amsterdam La Haya y Ámsterdam

CZECH REPUBLIC CHEQUIA/REPÚBLICA CHECA

Prague Praga

NORWAY NORUEGA

Oslo

CROATIA CROACIA

Zagreb POLAND POLONIA

Warsaw Varsovia

CYPRUS CHIPRE

Nicosia PORTUGAL Lisbon Lisboa

DENMARK DINAMARCA

Copenhagen Copenhague

ROMANIA RUMANÍA

Bucharest Bucarest

GERMANY ALEMANIA

Berlin Berlín

RUSSIA RUSIA

Moscow Moscú

ESTONIA Tallinn

Tallín SAN MARINO San Marino

FINLAND FINLANDIA

Helsinki SERBIA Belgrade Belgrado

FRANCE FRANCIA

Paris París

SLOVAKIA ESLOVAQUIA

Bratislava

GREECE GRECIA

Athens Atenas

SLOVENIA ESLOVENIA

Ljubljana Liubliana

HUNGARY HUNGRÍA

Budapest SPAIN ESPAÑA

Madrid

ICELAND ISLANDIA

Reykjavik Reikiavik

SWEDEN SUECIA

Stockholm Estocolmo

IRELAND IRLANDA

Dublin Dublín

SWITZERLAND SUIZA

Bern Berna

ITALY ITALIA

Rome Roma

TURKEY TURQUÍA

Ankara

LATVIA LETONIA

Riga UNITED KINGDOM REINO UNIDO

London Londres

LIECHTENSTEIN Vaduz UKRAINE UCRACIA

Kiev/Kyiv Kiev

LITHUANIA LITUANIA

Vilnius Vilnius/Vilna

VATICAN CITY/HOLY SEE VATICANO/SANTA SEDE

Vatican City Ciudad del Vaticano



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2. SPAIN

SEAS OF SPAIN/MARES DE ESPAÑA

Atlantic Ocean Océano Atlántico Cantabrian Sea

Mar Cantábrico Mediterranean Sea

Mar Mediterráneo

STRAITS OF SPAIN/ESTRECHOS DE ESPAÑA




11

ISLANDS OF SPAIN/ISLAS DE ESPAÑA

Balearic Islands: Majorca, Minorca, Ibiza,

Formentera, Cabrera Islas Baleares: Mallorca, Menorca, Ibiza, Formentera, Cabrera

Medas

Canary Islands: Tenerife, La Gomera, La Palma, El Hierro, Gran Canaria,

Fuerteventura, Lanzarote Islas Canarias:…

Columbretes

North African Islands: Chafarinas Islands,

Peñón de Alhucemas, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, Perejil

Islas norteafricanas: Islas Chafarinas,…

Galician Atlantic Islands: Cíes, Sálvora, Ons

Islas atlánticas gallegas: Cíes,…

Alborán

GULFS AND BAYS OF SPAIN/GOLFOS DE SPAIN

Gulf of Rosas Golfo de Rosas

Gulf of Mazarrón Golfo de Mazarrón

Gulf of San Jorge

Golfo de San Jorge Gulf of Almería Golfo de Almería

Gulf of Valencia Golfo de Valencia

Bay of Cádiz Golfo de Cádiz

Gulf of Alicante

Golfo de Alicante Bay of Biscay

Golfo de Vizcaya

CAPES OF SPAIN/CABOS DE ESPAÑA

Creus San Vicente

San Jorge Roca

San Antonio Finisterre

Nao Punta de Estaca de Bares

Palos Ortegal

Gata Peñas

Sacratif Ajo

Punta de Tarifa Machichaco

Trafalgar

PLAINS AND PLATEAUS OF SPAIN/LLANURAS Y MESETAS DE ESPAÑA

Iberian Plateau Meseta Central: Submeseta norte o septentrional, Submeseta sur o meridional.

DEPRESSIONS OF SPAIN/DEPRESIONES DE ESPAÑA

Guadalquivir Ebro



12

MOUNTAIN RANGES OF SPAIN/CORDILLERAS DE ESPAÑA


Ranges Sierras

Peaks Picos

Sistema Central

Sierra de Ayllón Ocejón (2,049 m.)

Somosierra Pico de las Tres Provincias (2,130 m.)

Sierra de Guadarrama Peñalara (2,428 m.)

Sierra de Gredos Pico del Moro Almanzor (2,592 m.)

Sierra de Gata Peña de Francia (1,723 m.)

Montes de Toledo

Montes de León Teleno (2,188 m.)

Cantabrian Mountains Cordillera Cantábrica

Macizo Asturiano

Picos de Europa

Torre Cerredo (2,650 m.)

Peña Vieja (2,617 m.) Peña Santa de Castilla (2,598

m.) Naranjo de Bulnes (2,519 m.)

Montaña cántabra

Iberian System Sistema Ibérico

Montes de Oca

Sierra de la Demanda

Picos de Urbión

Sierra del Moncayo Moncayo (2,313 m.)

Sierra de Albarracín

Serranía de Cuenca

Sierra de Javalambre

Sierra de Gúdar

Sierra del Maestrazgo

Sierra Morena

Sierra Madrona

Sierra de los Pedroches

Sierra de Aracena

Macizo Galaico

Sierra del Faro

Sierra del Courel

Sierra del Eje

Sierra Segundera

Sierra de Queixa Cabeza de Manzaneda (1,781

m.)

Sierra de los Ancares

Basque Mountains

Montes Vascos

Sierra de Aralar

Aizgorri Aizgorri (1,528 m.)

Gorbea Peña Gorbea (1,482 m.)

Pyrenees

Pirineos

Western or Navarran Pyrenees

Pirineos occidentales o navarros Mesa de los Tres Reyes

(2,424 m.)

Central or Aragonese Pyrenees

Pirineo central o aragonés

Aneto (3,404 m.) Monte Perdido (3,355 m.)

Maldito (3,350 m.) Maladeta (3,308 m.)

Eastern or Catalan Pyrenees

Pirineo oriental o catalán Pica d’Estats (3,140 m)

Puigmal (2,909 m.)

Catalan Coastal Range

Cordillera Costero Catalana

Sierra del Montseny Turó de l’Home (1,712 m.)

Sierra de Monstserrat

Sierra de Montsant



13

Baetic System: Cordillera

Penibética

Sistemas Béticos: Cordillera Penibética

Serranía de Ronda

Sierra Nevada Mulhacén (3,482 m.) Veleta (3,398 m.)

Sierra de Gádor

Sierra de los Filabres

Baetic System: Cordillera Subbética

Sistemas Béticos: Cordillera

Subbética

Sierra de Grazalema

Sierra Mágina

Sierra de Cazorla

Sierra de Segura

Sierra de Espuña

Sierra de Aitana

Sierra de Tramontana (Majorca)

Sierra de Tramontana (Mallorca)

Puigmajor (1,445 m.)

Canarian volcanoes Volcanes canarios

Teide (Tenerife, 3,718 m.)

Roque de los Muchachos (La

Palma, 2,426 m.)

Pico de las Nieves (Gran Canaria, 1,949 m.)



14

RIVERS OF SPAIN/RÍOS DE ESPAÑA

Drainage Basin

Vertiente River

Río Tributary

Afluente

Cantabrian Sea Mar Cantábrico

Bidasoa (67 km.)

Nervión (69 km.)

Pas (57 km.)

Besaya (58 km.)

Sella (56 km.)

Nalón (129 km.) Narcea

Eo (79 km.)


Tambre (134 km.)

Ulla (126 km.)

Lérez (60 km.)

Miño (310 km.) Sil

Duero (897 km.)

Pisuerga (Arlanza, Carrión) Valderaduey

Esla Adaja-Eresma

Tormes Águeda

Tagus (1,038 km.)

Tajo

Jarama (Henares,

Manzanares, Tajuña) Guadarrama

Alberche

Tiétar Alagón

Guadiela Almonte

Guadiana (818 km.)

Cigüela

Záncara Jabalón

Zújar Matachel

Ardila

Odiel (121 km.)

Tinto (93 km.)

Guadalquivir (657 km.)

Guadiana Menor

Genil Guadaíra

Guadalimar

Guadalete (173 km.)

Mediterranean Sea Mar Mediterráneo

Guadalhorce (154 km.)

Almanzora (105 km.)

Segura (325 km.) Mundo

Sangonera o Guadalentín

Júcar (498 km.) Cabriel

Turia (280 km.)

Mijares (156 km.)



15

Ebro (960 km)

Aragón (Ega, Arga)

Gállego Segre (Cinca, Noguera

Pallaresa, Noguera Ribagorzana)

Jalón (Jiloca) Guadalope

Llobregat (157 km.)

Ter (209 km.)

Fluviá (98 km.)

LAKES OF SPAIN/LAGOS DE ESPAÑA

Lagunas de Ruidera Bañolas

Sanabria



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REGIONS AND PROVINCES OF SPAIN

Autonomous Region Comunidad autónoma

Capital Province/s Provincia/s

Andalusia Andalucía

Seville Sevilla

Almería Cádiz Córdoba Granada Huelva Jaén Málaga Sevilla

Aragon Aragón

Zaragoza Huesca Teruel

Zaragoza

Principado de Asturias Oviedo Asturias

Balearic Islands Islas Baleares

Palma de Mallorca Islas Baleares

Canary Islands Islas Canarias

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Santa Cruz de Tenerife

Cantabria Santander Cantabria

Castile and Leon Castilla y León

Valladolid

Ávila Burgos León Palencia Salamanca Segovia Soria

Valladolid Zamora

Castilla-La Mancha Toledo

Albacete Ciudad Real Cuenca Guadalajara Toledo

Catalonia Cataluña

Barcelona

Barcelona Gerona Lérida Tarragona

Extremadura Mérida Badajoz Cáceres

Galicia Santiago de Compostela

La Coruña Lugo Orense Pontevedra

Comunidad de Madrid Madrid Madrid

Región de Murcia Murcia Murcia

Navarre Comunidad Foral de Navarra

Pamplona Navarra

Basque Country País Vasco

Vitoria Álava (Vitoria) Guipúzcoa (San Sebastián) Vizcaya (Bilbao)

La Rioja Logroño La Rioja

Comunidad Valenciana Valencia Alicante Castellón Valencia

Ceuta (Autonomous City/Ciudad autónoma)

Melilla (Autonomous City/Ciudad autónoma)



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Geography 1st CSE

Documents

Transcript of Geography 1st CSE