Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial...
-
Upload
esther-thompson -
Category
Documents
-
view
213 -
download
0
Transcript of Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial...
![Page 1: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Geographic Template
• Environmental variables exhibit non-random patterns
• Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation of all biogeographic patterns
• Biota and interactions of biota form gradients in response to geographic template
![Page 2: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Geographic Template
• Energy driving spatial and temporal dynamics– Earth’s core and gravity– Sun – heat transfer, angle and seasons
![Page 4: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Local to Global Effects(S-facing slopes in N.Hemisphere (opp in S. Hem.
![Page 5: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Elevational Effects
• Why glaciers at tropics?
• Properties of Air
• Density and pressure of air decreases with elevation
• Air moving up a mountain loses heat due to reducing density
• Loses heat energy (adiabatic cooling) as molecules move apart
![Page 6: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Greenhouse Effect
• Water vapor and carbon dioxide (as well as methylated metals) trap longer energy wavelengths
• Holds heat
• Moist environments – limited diel temp fluctuation
• Dry environments – diel temp flux
![Page 7: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Wind and Rainfall
• Climatic cells – differential heating
• Coriolis effect – wind patterns
• Surface winds create ocean currents
![Page 8: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
• Temperature + Winds + Ocean Currents = global pattern of precipitation
•Predictable general trends•Rainy season in tropics tied to equinox•Horse latitudes (30 – 35° N and S) – descending air absorbs moisture•Mediterranean climate – west side of continents – hot, dry summer; mild, wet winter
![Page 11: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Rain Shadow
![Page 13: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Climate and Scale
• Climate scales down to millimeters
• Creates patchy distribution
• Inhospitable environment can contain hospitable meso- and microclimates
![Page 15: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Soils
• Distinct pedogenic regimes
• Close correlation with global climate cycles (compare Figures 3.7 and 3.12)
• Soil types can range from limited (Great Plains) to complex mosaic (mountains)
• Tell story of temporal development of global geographic template (and a time-travelling map)
![Page 17: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
![Page 19: Geographic Template Environmental variables exhibit non- random patterns Patterns of spatial variation comprise the geographic template, forms the foundation.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081603/5697bf761a28abf838c809c9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Aquatic Environments
• Main points to get are diversity of space and time
• Patchiness (clinal zones in lakes, intertidal to abyssal in oceans)