Geographic Data modeling and the Geodatabase
Transcript of Geographic Data modeling and the Geodatabase
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Geographical Data Modeling
UML and Data Modeling ElementsExamples from the Marine Data Model and ArcHydro
(Thanks to Dawn Wright)
Longley et al., ch. 8
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Models for GISrepresentation of reality --> modelGIS itself is based on a model of complexity and used to model complexityNot a full representation of reality: even at 1:1
data model = limited representation of reality a discretization or partitioning of space finite, discrete nature of computing devices
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Data Model
Representation of information about a form or a processE.g. a weather map with isothermsFIELD … “grid”OBJECT … “isoline”A good model allows us to infer processFIELD or OBJECT … “geo-relational”
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3 Data Models
geo-relational coverage (object view; from classic ArcInfo polys) geo-relational shapefile (object view; from ArcView)geodatabase (object-oriented; new in ArcGIS 8,9 etc.)
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Object Oriented GIS (p. 191)
Object: a self-contained package of information describing an entityCollection of objects – classObjects can have behavior – encapsulationInheritance – reusable objectsPolymorphism-objects can have their own implementation for application-e.g. create, draw, delete
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AB
command line interfaceUnix, NT, WindowsArcView as interface
Georelational Data Model:“Classic” ArcInfo and ArcView
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ArcInfo Coverage as a Data Structure
Image courtesy of Louisville/Jefferson County Information Consortium, Kentucky
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Data StructureNot tied to process at allConcerned simply with what can be computed and what can’tWay in which the data model is represented in the GISDEM for grid or layer model (e.g. array)contour for isoline modelTIN for Delaunay triangulation modelcoverages, shapefiles for geo-relationalgeodatabase for OO geodatabase
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ArcGIS 9 Iconsyellow coverage
gray geodatabase
green shapefile
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GeodatabaseFeatures and attributes as objectsRelationships among features encodedValidation or editing rules, behaviors“Container” for Vector, raster, tabular
data Relationships Topology
MS-Office
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Relationships for a feature
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ArcGIS Data Modelssupport.esri.com/datamodels.cfm
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ArcMarine dusk.geo.orst.edu/djl/arcgis
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Data Modeling for Spatial Analysis
What is spatial analysis? "a set of methods whose results change when the
locations of the objects being analyzed change"Methods for working with spatial data to detect patterns, anomalies to find answers to questions to test or confirm theories
deductive reasoning-general to specific to generate new theories and generalizations
inductive reasoning-specific to general
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What is Spatial Analysis (cont.)
Methods for adding value to data in doing scientific research in trying to convince others
A collaboration between human and machineHow do we set up the framework for spatial analysis? Data model to data structure
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A Georelational to a Geodatabase Model
Coverage and shapefile data structures homogenous collections of points, lines, and
polygons with generic, 1- and 2-dimensional "behavior" as operations
Can’t distinguish behaviors Point for a marker buoy, same as point for
observation“smart features” in a geodatabase lighthouse must be on land, marine mammal siting must be in ocean
Objects can “self-police”
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Basic template for implementing GIS projects input, formatting, geoprocessing, creating
maps, performing analyses
Basic framework for writing program code and maintaining applicationsdevelopment of tools for the community
Promote networking and data sharing through established standardscommon model=interoperability
Purpose of ArcHydro, ArcMarine etc.
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ArcMarine Design Strategy
“Generic” Marine Data Model
User GroupData Model
User GroupData Model
User GroupData Model
ProjectData Model
ProjectData Model
ProjectData Model
Inhe
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ce
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Geodatabase ConceptsESRI's data object-oriented data model objects, features, behaviors
Geodatabase collection of feature data sets, rasters, TINs all data in relational tables behavior is coupled with features through rules (object-
orientation) Supports model-builder for processes
Feature data set contains feature classes defines topological role of features has a coordinate system
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Geodatabase Concepts ( cont. )
Feature classstored in a relational tablespecial field for geometric shape geometric data incorporated into the
databasePoint, multipoint, segment, path, ring, polyline,
polygon
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Geodatabase Feature Class Geometries
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Real World Objects and relationships
DatabaseSchema
(Object state)
Physical Model
Modeling ProcessConceptual Model
Lists, flow diagrams, etc
Logical ModelDiagram in CASE
Tool
Graphic courtesy of ESRI
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Data Model Levels
IncreasingAbstraction
Reality
Conceptual Model
Logical Model
Physical Model
Human-oriented
Computer-oriented
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Specific Steps in Data Modeling(1) Conceptualize the user's view of data
what are the basic features needed to solve the problem?
(2) Select the geographic representation points, lines, areas, rasters, TINs
(3) Define objects, features, and relationships draw a UML diagram, specify relationships,
“behaviors”(4) Match to geodatabase elements
Refine relationships, “behaviors”(5) Organize geodatabase structure, add data
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( 1 ) User’s View of Data
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( 1 ) User’s View of Data cont.
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(2)Select
geographic rep.
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Steps in Data Modeling(1) Conceptualize the user's view of data
what are the basic features needed to solve the problem?
(2) Select the geographic representation points, lines, areas, rasters, TINs
(3) Define objects and relationships draw a UML diagram, specify relationships,
“behaviors”(4) Match to geodatabase elements
Refine relationships, “behaviors”(5) Organize geodatabase structure, add data
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Unified Modeling LanguageEntity-relationship diagramsDesign the methodologies, diagram notationsUMLNot a design methodologyJust a diagrammatic notation based on
methodsEndorsed by leading software and database
companies
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UML ( cont. )
Diagrammatic notation = “visual language”...For constructing a data modelDrawings, relationships constructed in Visio (other tools available)Tools to input a drawing into ArcGIS input drawing to the data model
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UML Notation
a class is shown as a box top part contains the name of the class lower part contains the attributes methods associated with the class lines connect boxes and indicate relationships
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Graphic courtesy of Maidment et al., ArcHydro team
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UML Notation ( cont. )
Abstract class specify subclasses
underneath Mammals w/human or
dog feature classes no new instances
Feature Class Specify subtypes
underneath Human, dog, cat
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Objects and Features
Object (real world) in ArcGIS an object is non-spatial it is NOT a point, line, or area it has no geographic location it has no shape attribute in its table Drainage network, ship, vehicle, … customer,
lake, house, etc.Feature (spatial context) an object that has geographic location a point, line, area, TIN, raster
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Relationships
Links between classes, shown as linesOne to oneOne to manyMany to many
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Relationships (cont.)
1:1 - solid line one record in Class A linked to one record in Class
B “is married to” the class of state capitals linked to the class of states
1:n - solid line with * at one end one record in Class A linked to any number of
records in Class B "owns" the class of states linked to the class of area codes
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Relationships (cont.)
m:n - solid line with * at both endsany number of records in Class A linked to
any number of records in Class B"has visited”"was never married to" the class of mountain lions linked to the class of
wilderness areas
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Graphic courtesy of Maidment et al., ArcHydro team
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Type Inheritance
White triangleClass B inherits the properties (attributes, methods) of Class Athe class street inherits from the class transportation network
Solid diamondthe parts and the whole depend on each other
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Graphic courtesy of Maidment et al., ArcHydro team
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Steps in Data Modeling(1) Conceptualize the user's view of data
what are the basic features needed to solve the problem?
(2) Select the geographic representation points, lines, areas, rasters, TINs
(3) Define objects and relationships draw a UML diagram, specify relationships,
“behaviors”(4) Match to geodatabase elements
Refine relationships, “behaviors”(5) Organize geodatabase structure, add data
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Steps in Data Modeling(1) Conceptualize the user's view of data
what are the basic features needed to solve the problem?
(2) Select the geographic representation points, lines, areas, rasters, TINs
(3) Define objects and relationships draw a UML diagram, specify relationships,
“behaviors”(4) Match to geodatabase elements
Refine relationships, “behaviors”(5) Organize geodatabase structure, add data
e.g., Marine Data Model tutorial