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Transcript of Geo-Sustainable Stabilization of Collapsible Loess soil Deposits James Mahar, Ph.D., LPG, PG, PHG...
![Page 1: Geo-Sustainable Stabilization of Collapsible Loess soil Deposits James Mahar, Ph.D., LPG, PG, PHG Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081513/55168fd1550346a25b8b4e79/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Geo-Sustainable Stabilization of Collapsible Loess soil Deposits
James Mahar, Ph.D., LPG, PG, PHG
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
![Page 2: Geo-Sustainable Stabilization of Collapsible Loess soil Deposits James Mahar, Ph.D., LPG, PG, PHG Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081513/55168fd1550346a25b8b4e79/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Presentation Outline
I. Introduction
II. Scope of Work
III. Research Soil Characterization
IV. Soil Stabilization Methodology
V. Results
VI. Conclusions and Recommendations
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History of Development Lime (CaOH, CaO) Fly Ash (Class C, Class F)
I. Introduction
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II. Background
Lime stabilization Fly Ash stabilization Lime-Fly Ash (LFA) stabilization
Reduced Plasticity Higher strength Increased CBR values Lower thickness of pavement
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III. Research Soil Characterization
Geologic setting of Eastern Idaho Soil properties based on USDA soil Survey
McDole Series Research Soil
Silt soil Other Soil units in Pocatello
Pocatello Silt loam Delphic Silt
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Idaho soil distribution dominated by Silt soilResearch soil is representative of Southeast Idaho soil distribution Best suited soil for LFA stabilization
Research Soil Characterization, Cont’
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Location of the site
Courtesy City of Pocatello
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Location of the site
Courtesy City of Pocatello
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Research Soil Characterization
Soil properties considered
Plasticity Index (PI) Proctor Compaction test Gradation Soil PH Unconfined Compression Test (UCC) California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
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TABLE 1 - DATA SUMMARY SOIL CHARACTERIZATION
UNTREATED SOIL - BENCHMARK I
TEST PIT SOIL DEPTH NATU. PLASTICIY INDEX SEIVE STANDARD # # (ft) ω% ANAL. PROCTOR COMP. ωL ωP PI AASHTO USCS (%) max γdry opt ω% (pcf)
1 STP-1 SP-1 1.2 24.5 37 24 12 A-6 CL 77.3 102.5 16.5 SP-2 3.42 17.8 34 26 8 A-4 ML 77.3 102.5 16.5
2 STP-3 B-3/1 1.42 14.3 29 24 5 A-4(2) CL-ML 77.3 102.5 16.5 SP-1 1.42 14.3 32 26 6 A-4 ML 77.3 109.0 12.0 SP-2 2.7 7.1 33 24 9 A-4 CL 77.3 109.0 12.0
3 STP-5 B-5/1 2 13.7 38 27 11 A-4(10) CL 82.3 99.5 19.5 SP-1 1.25 20.3 36 27 9 A-4 ML 82.3 109.5 16.0 SP-2 2.58 13.7 39 27 12 A-6 CL 82.3 109.5 16.0 B-5/3 0.5-1.67 13.7 40 27 13 A-7-6 ML 82.3 99.5 19.5
4 STP-5 B-5/4 0.5-1.67 10.7 40 27 13 A-7-6 ML 82.3 99.5 19.5
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TABLE 2 - DATA SUMMARY ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF THE UNTREATED SOIL
TEST # 1 2 3 4SOIL LOCATION
TEST PIT # STP-5 STP-5 STP-5 STP-5SOIL # B-5/4 B-5/3 B-5/1 SP-1
DEPTH OF SOIL
DEPTH, FT 0.5FT - 1.67FT 0.5FT - 1.67FT 2 FT 1.25 FTMOISTURE CONTENT
NATURAL ω% 11% 11% 11% 11%ATTERBERG LIMIT TEST
LIQUID LIMIT, ωL 40 40 38 36PLASTIC LIMIT, ωP 27 27 27 27
PLASTICITY INDEX, PI 13 13 11 9AASHTO A-7-6 A-7-6 A-4 (10) A-4
USCS ML ML CL MLGRADATION TEST
SIEVE ANALYSIS, % 82.3% 82.3% 82.3% 82.3%SOIL PH
PH AT NATURAL ω% 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.9
PH AT OPTIMUM ω% 8 8 8 8STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST
MAX γdry 109.5 PCF 109.5 PCF 109.5 PCF 109.5 PCFOPTIMUM ω, % 19.5% 19.5% 19.5% 19.5%
CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TESTCBR, UNSOAKED 4 4 4 4
CBR, SOAKED 3 3 3 3UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TEST
UCC, qu 48 PSI 46 PSI 46 PSI 56 PSICohesion, c 24 PSI 23 PSI 23 PSI 28 PSI
SOIL DESCRITPTIONSOIL DESCRIPTION BROWN BROWN BROWN BROWN
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Summary of Properties of Untreated Soil
Very deep and well drained Wind-blown deposits Slope/stream wash on to Flood plain Liquid Limit ranges between 20 to 30% Plasticity Index ranges between 5 to 12% Soil classified as ML/A-7-6 Low plasticity soil
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Summary of Properties of Untreated Soil
Low active clay content Fairly low undrained shear strength Alkaline Low strength soil Susceptible to moisture content change Ideal for Lime-Fly ash treatment
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IV. Soil Stabilization
Mechanism of stabilization Pozzolanic reation of pozzolans (Al2O3, SiO2) with lime
(CaOH, CaO) in the presence of water Lime and Fly Ash Proportion Lime to Fly Ash ratio – 1:2 and 1:3 Lime-Fly Ash percentage by dry weight LFA – 2%, 3%, 4%, 6%, 8%,10% and 12%
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Soil Stabilization Cont’d
Soil properties considered
Plasticity Index (PI) Proctor Compaction test Soil PH Unconfined Compression Test (UCC) California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Subgrade Modulus – R Value
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V. Results
Atterberg Limit Test
TABLE 3 - INDEX PROPERTY OF TREATED SOIL
Depth QL+FA"F"(ft) Percentage ωL PI USCS AASHTO
STP-5 0.5-1.7 ft 0% 40 27 ML A-7-6STP-5 0.5-1.7 ft 2% 39 12 CL A-6STP-5 0.5-1.7 ft 4% 37 10 ML A-4STP-5 0.5-1.7 ft 4% 43 14 ML A-7-5STP-5 0.5-1.7 ft 6% 33 6 ML A-4STP-5 0.5-1.7 ft 6% 38 11 ML A-6STP-5 0.5-1.7 ft 6% 35 7 ML A-4STP-5 0.5-1.7 ft 8% 35 4 ML A-4STP-5 0.5-1.7 ft 8% 34 7 ML A-4STP-5 0.5-1.7 ft 8% 42 14 ML A-7-6STP-5 0.5-1.7 ft 10% NP NP - -STP-5 0.5-1.7 ft 12% NP NP - -
Location Atterberg Limit Test Soil Classification
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Results Cont’d
Standard Proctor Compaction Test
TABLE 4 - STANDARD PROCTOR COMPACTION
Location
Depth QL+FA"F" Standard Proctor
(ft) PercentageOpt ω%
Max γd (pcf)
STP-5 2 ft 0% 19.5% 99.5STP-5 2 ft 4% 21.4% 97.1STP-5 2 ft 4% 20.2% 98.6
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
Dry U
nit W
eigh
t, γ d
, pcf
Water Content, ω%
Untreated Soil Treated Soil - QL+FA"F" - 4% with MC after mixing Zero Air-Void Line
Zero Air Void Line100% Saturation
Figure 3 – Standard Proctor Compaction Curve for treated and Untreated Soil
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Results Cont’d…
Soil pH Test
TABLE 5 - Soil pH
Soil Type UntreatedLFA Percentage 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
ω% 19.5% 19.5% 19.5% 19.5% 19.5% 19.5% 19.5%Soil pH 8 11 12 12 11 12 12
Treated- QL+FA"F"
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TABLE 6 - CBR VALUES OF TREATED SOIL
Depth QL+FA"F"(ft) Percentage ω% γd (pcf) CBR ω% CBR Swell %
STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 0% 20.5% 118 3 21.6% 2 1.1%STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 2% 18.7% 103 16 21.9% 28 0.6%STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 3% 16.5% 104 25 31.9% 58 0.2%STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 4% 18.3% 100 26 26.7% 56 0.1%STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 6% 17.9% 101 28 21.7% 86 0.3%STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 8% 17.6% 100 30 23.4% 91 0.1%STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 10% 16.6% 107 31 24.5% 96 0.2%STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 12% 16.1% 104 46 24.1% 173 -STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 20% 23.7% 97 17 28.6% 51 1.0%
Location Before soaking After Soaking
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1625 26 28 30 31
4628
58 56
86 91 96
173
30
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13%
CBR
VALU
ES
LFA PERCENTAGE, %
SOAKED CBR
UNSOAKED CBR
Figure 1- CBR versus lime-fly ash percentages for untreated and treated soil
UNTREATED
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90
5
10
15
20
25
SUBGRADE CBR
RE
QU
IRE
D T
HIC
KN
ES
S A
BO
VE
S
UB
GR
AD
E,
INC
HE
S
Figure 2- CBR based thickness design chart
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0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 505
10
15
20
25
SUBGRADE CBR
RE
QU
IRE
D T
HIC
KN
ES
S A
BO
VE
S
UB
GR
AD
E,
INC
HE
S
Figure 3- CBR based thickness design chart for treated and untreated soil
UNTREATED SOIL
TREATED SOIL
TABLE 4 - CBR VALUES VERSUS LIME-FLY ASH PERCENTAGESCBR RESULT CHART
LFA CBR VAULESPERCENT UNSOAKED SOAKED(%)
0% 4 32% 16 283% 25 584% 26 566% 28 868% 30 91
10% 31 9612% 46 173
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Correlation between CBR and Subgrade Modulus
TABLE 7 - CORRELATION BETWEEN CBR AND SUBGRADE MODULUS
Depth QL+FA"F" Soaked(ft) Percentage CBR Mr (lb/in2) R
STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 0% 2 3000 3STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 2% 28 42000 74STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 3% 58 87000 155STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 4% 56 84000 149STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 6% 86 129000 230STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 8% 91 136500 244STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 10% 96 144000 257STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 12% 173 259500 465STP-5 0.75 - 1.4 ft 20% 51 76500 136
Location Correlation Values
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Correlation between CBR and Subgrade Modulus
050100150200250300350400450500
05
101520253035404550
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12%
R Valu
e
UnSo
aked
CBR
LFA QL+FA"F" Percentage, %
LFA versus CBR LFA versus R value
Figure 4 Correlation Curve among LFA percentage, Unsoaked CBR and R-Value
NOTE – Correlation between CBR and R-value was made based on: CBR = 1500 Mr
Mr = 1155 + 555 R(Papaginannakis, 2008)(Pavement Design and Materials)
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VI. Conclusions and Recommendations
LFA stabilization increases CBR values significantly Improves soil strength Reduces Plasticity Reduces pavement thickness Improves Subgrade Modulus values
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Conclusion and Recommendations cont’
LFA stabilization (CBR > 16) Lime stabilization (CBR > 21) Fly Ash stabilization (CBR > 23) Economic impact Environmental impact Type of soil Purpose of stabilization Availability of materials
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Questions ?