Geo l26 world geo_china_japan
Transcript of Geo l26 world geo_china_japan
World Geography
Asia
Africa
Australia
Europe
North America
South America
World Geography
China Japan Russia
SE Asia West Asia
ASIA
Self StudyNCERT: Discover Geography Class 6
Section III Asia
Additional reading:Discover Geography:Class 6 and class 7
South Asia
China
Hills and Plateaus of China:
Altai Shan
Tien Shan
Kunlun Shan Altun Shan Qilian Shan
Qinling Shan
Tai hang Shan
Great
Khi
ngan
Tibetan plateau
Shandong peninsula
Yunnan plateau
Southern Hills
G. Of Tonkin
Loess plt.
Basins of China
Altai Shan
Tien Shan
Kunlun Shan Altun Shan Qilian Shan
Qinling Shan
Tai hang Shan
Great
Khi
ngan
Dzungarian
Tarim
Qiadam
SichuanTibetan plateau
Shandong peninsula
Yunan plateau
Southern Hills
G. Of Tongking
Loess plt.
Deserts of China
Altai Shan
Tien Shan
Kunlun Shan Altun Shan Qilian Shan
Qinling Shan
Tai hang Shan
Great
Khi
ngan
Dzungarian
Tarim
Qiadam
Sichuan
Takla makan Gobi desert
Ordos
Tibetan plateau
Shandong peninsula
Yunan plateau
Southern Hills
G. Of Tongking
Loess plt.
Plain regions of China
Altai Shan
Tien Shan
Kunlun Shan Altun Shan Qilian Shan
Qinling Shan
Tai hang Shan
Great
Khi
ngan
Dzungarian
Tarim
Qiadam
Sichuan
Takla makan Gobi desert
Ordos
Manchurian Plain
Tibetan plateau
Shandong peninsula
Yunan plateau
North China Plain
Southern Hills
G. Of Tongking
Loess plt.
1/3th of China is mountainous
90% of population live on east coast
•Kunlun Shan•Tien shan•Altai Shan•Qaidam basin•Turfan basin•Takla Makan•Gobi desert•Ordos desert
•Great Khingan range•Shandong peninsula•Loess plateau•Hwang He river•Yangtze river (Chang Jiang)•Pearl river (Xi Jiang)•Amur river
Physical features to note in China
•Dry region•Surrounded by steppe grassland•Uighur population•Russia’s Irtysh river: inland drainage•Urumqi – capital of XinJiang Uyghur autonomous region- located here
Dzungarian Basin
Irtysh river
Tien Shan
Dzungarian
Altai Shan
Urumqi
•Drained by Tarim river•Lop Nur lake- nuclear testing center of China
Tarim Basin
Tien Shan
Kunlun ShanAltun Shan
Tarim
Takla makanLop Nur lake
•salt marshy land•Large Petroleum reserve - Mangnai• Iron ore – Golmud•Source of Potash, boron•Wheat cultivation using irrigation
Qaidam Basin
Kunlun Shan
Altun Shan Qilian ShanQaidam basin
•Qaidam basin is located in Qinghai province •Qinghai – China’s largest producer of Lithium. •Source of potassium, silicon, magnesium•More than 30 salt lakes
Qaidam Basin
Kunlun Shan
Altun Shan Qilian ShanQaidam basin
Climate of China
Laurentian type
China type
•Rainfall throughout the year •summer –intense heating of central Asia•south east monsoon
China Type climate
• In winter -> north-west monsoon •Siberian plateau – HP anticyclone, cold air flow outwards as North West monsoon- snow fall and rain on windward side of the mountains
China type
Yellow sea
•Rainfall is also due to local storms – typhoons (China) in late summers
China Type climate
• In china – summer max•summer – intense heating of land – rainfall - wind from pacific•Winter – anti-cyclonic condition in the heart of Asia – cold wind blows out – snow fall in mountainous area
Laurentian type climate, China
•High rainfall, warm temp, long growing season•Evergreen vegetation – broadleaved forest – grass, ferns, bamboos, palms
Vegetation in China
•10-15% of China is arable• Intensive agriculture•Rice cultivation – largest rice production•Largest producer of rice, wheat, cotton, ground nut, rapeseed, silk
Agriculture in China
Important rivers of China
Grand canal
G. Of Bo Hai Rivers –
west to east flowing
•Hwang He (yellow river)– perennial river•Highest sediment carrying river in the world – cut loess plt•Flood prone- shifting course due to silting• Important for wheat cultivation
Agriculture: Hwang He basin
OrdosGrand canal
•Half of the China’s agro-produce•Sichuan basin – rice bowl of China• cotton, wheat, barley, corn (maize), beans• 35% population of China• Intensive agriculture• Irrigation – 3 gorges dam
Agriculture: Yangtze basin
•Silk•Vineyard, apple, pears•Tea• Iron-ore and Gold is abundant
Agriculture: Shandong peninsula
•Rich black soil•Long winter season•Major soya bean growing area•Spring wheat, sweet potato, corn (maize), rice, sorghum, and flax•Live stock grazing
Agriculture: Manchurian basin
•Petroleum•Coal• Iron•Copper, lead, zinc•Uranium•Lumbering, paper industries
Manchuria region
Political map of China
23 provinces 5 autonomous
regions4 centrally
administrative regions
2 special administrative
regions
Coal (3th largest)
Iron (4th largest)
Tin
Petroleum
Rare Earth (monopoly)
Important Minerals of China
Coal reserve of China
Qaidam
Shanxi
Inner Mongolia
Liaoning
ShandongHebei
Shaanxi
Shanxi: 2/3th
China’s coalDatongXishan
HedongHunan
Yunnan
AnhuiSichuan
Iron reserve of China
Liaoning
Hebei
Inner Mongolia
Shanxi
AnhuiSichuan
ShandongGansu
Petroleum reserve of China
Daqing
Jilin
LioaheTarim Basin
ShangliDadang
Changqin
ZhongyuanJiangsu
Karumai, Dushanzi Qidam basin
•China largest producer of Tin and Manganese•Gejiu, Yunnan – Tin capital of the world
Minerals: Tin
Gejiu
China produces more than 90% of the world's supply of rare earth
Rare earth 17 chemically similar elements: Monazite, Zircon etc.
Rare earth - manufacturing of high-tech products, smartphones, wind turbines, camera lenses, magnets, solar panels and missile defence systems.
Rare Earth
Rare earth Usage lanthanum oil refineriesneodymium and praseodymium
used in magnets for motors
dyprosium used in hybrid vehicles, wind turbines and stealth helicopters
yttrium Used in military jet engines
Importance of rare earths
Rare earth reserve of China
Bayan Obo MineBaotou cityInner Mongolia
Toxic acids used in the refining rare earthsProcessing one ton of rare earths produces 2,000 tons of toxic waste
Toxic include radio active substances like, Thorium
Baotou's rare earths enterprises produce 10m tons of wastewater per year.
Ground water reserve have become toxic, about to reach Hwang He waters
Rare earth: environmental damage
2010, China imposed export restrictions and raised tariffs – cut exports 40%
1) higher prices to help cover the huge environmental costs of production
2) To encourage the growth of domestic industries that use rare earths
Japan, USA and EU filed complaint at WTOWTO verdict in 2014 – China’s restriction is discriminatory
China’s monopoly in rare earth production
Indian PM visit to Japan in 2014One of the agreement between them: India will supply rare earth to Japan
Japanese assistance in refining and processing
India 2nd largest producer of rare earthKR, Odisha and TN account for nearly 95% of the country’s production of rare earths.
Japan-India agreement on rare earth
Mukden triangle
Beijing-Tianjin region
Yangtze basin
Guangzhou- Macau region
Industrial regions of China
•Liaoning province•Reserve of Iron, boron, diamonds•Good reserve of crude oil and natural gas•Liaohe oil field•Petroleum in gulf of Bo hai
Mukden triangle
•Shenyang – Anshan –Fushun•Steel triangle of China•Electronics, petrochemicals•Automobile, aircrafts, heavy machinery• important port - Dalian
Mukden triangle: Liaoning province
•Beijing – Tianjin•Tianjin – highest per capita GDP of China•Metallurgical & ship building industries•Now hub of shipping and logistics•Textile, automobile, petrochemical
Bo Hai economic Rim
•Yangtze river•Sichuan basin- rice bowl of China•Highest navigable river in China•Three gorge dam•World’s largest power station•To increase navigation in Yangtze
Yangtze basin region
•Shanghai –steel, textile, ship building• Largest port of China• world’s busiest container port•financial center of China
Yangtze region: Shanghai
•Nanking –textile•Wuhan – steel industries•Chengdu – petroleum reserve, iron reserve, Petro- chemical industries
Yangtze region
•Guangzhou:•On pearl river•Earliest SEZ of China•Famous for finished goods and light industries•Close to Hong Kong and Macau
Guangzhou- Macau region
China Japan Russia
SE Asia West Asia
ASIA
Japan
Hokkaido
Honshu
ShikokuKyushu
Ryuku
Islands of Japan
Physical geography of Japan
Sea of Japan
Korea strait/
western Channel
La Perouse strait
Tsugaru strait
• Japan at the junction of 3 plates•Ocean-ocean collision – volcanic mountains in Japan•Frequent earthquake and possibilities of Tsunami
Geology of Japan
•80% of Japan rugged topography•Most of the population live on eastern coast•Rivers – small and swift run-off•No large river system in Japan
Physical Geography of Japan
•Hokkaido – Laurentian type (Cool temperate eastern margin))•Rest of Japan temperate monsoon – China type (Warm temperate eastern margin)
Climate of Japan
•Rainfall from south east monsoon in summer •north west monsoon in winter – dry wind from Siberia – become moist from east china sea•Maritime influence
Climate of Japan
Sea of Japan
•Only 20% of land suitable for agriculture•Wet paddy and terraced paddy•Wheat, Barley, Soya bean, potatoes, Sweet potatoes
Agriculture in Japan
•The humid climate inside is maintained• Instead of soil, the plants are raised hydroponically, a method where nutrients and fertilizer is drip-fed and absorbed through recycled water in a measured, controlled manner.
Indoor farming in Japan
•LED fixtures sitting atop are programmed to automatically adjust their illumination in a cycle that maximizes photosynthesis during the day and breathing at night•High productivity and better quality of produce
Indoor farming in Japan
•One of the largest fishery sector in the world•Deep sea fishing, aqua-culture, artificial insemination, modern hatching techniques
Fishery in Japan
1) Meeting of cold current Oyashio and warm current Kuroshio
2) Indented coastline3) Shallow
continental shelf4) Temperate waters
Reason:Flourishing fishery sector in Japan
•Whale is a chief source of protein in Japan. •Whale meat – special food at festivities•Whale meat, whale bones, blubber and oil•After, WWII, destruction of Japan’s infra, whale consumption increased
Whaling in Japan
International Whaling Commission’s global moratorium on commercial hunting in 1986.
Japanese whaling program known as JARPA II
Japan hunting whales in Southern Ocean (Antarctic Ocean) since 2005 in the name of scientific research
Japanese Whaling Program
Environmental groups have been opposing Japanese whale hunting, because whale are chief predator. Their decrease in population can disturb the marine food chain
2010: Australia filed a case in ICJ claiming, Japanese whaling program is not scientific.
Australia: Japan had caught more than 3000 whales since 2005, but the scientific output was limited.
International opposition
Use of DNA samplings and remote monitoring, scientist do not need to kill whales for research.
If at all, dead whale is needed for research – dead whales found on the beach around the world. The scientists can use those dead whales
International Whale Commission
JARPA II is not is not a scientific research permitted under International Whaling Commission Rules.
JARPA II violates the International Whaling Commission’s global moratorium on commercial hunting (1986).
Verdict of ICJ on Japan’s whaling
ICJ asked Japan to halt lethal methods for whale research
Japanese govt. announced not to hunt in 2014-15 season
Japan need to produce fresh proposal in accordance with the verdict, if it wants to continue with the hunt.
Verdict of ICJ on Japan’s whaling
Japan is world’s largest importer of coal and Natural gas
2nd largest importer of oilCoal – Ishikari coal field in HokkaidoPetroleum- Nigata, Akita
Mineral resources in Japan
Coal resources in Japan
Ishikari
Kushiro
Ube
Petroleum resources in Japan
Akita
Nigata
Iron ore resources in Japan
Kaomaishi
Copper resources in Japan
Fukusima
Industrial Regions
Kwanto plain
Kinki plain
Nobi/Nagoyaplain
Kyushu plain
•1/4th of Japan’s agriculture land•wheat, soybeans, potatoes, sugar beet•Timber industry, tourism•Sapporo – important city (tourism, paper, steel)•Murorun city – steel industries
Hokkaido
•Kyoto, Chiba, Kawasaki, Yokohama•Chief steel producing region of Japan• Iron from India, Australia•Coal from Australia
Kwanto plain
TokyoKawasaki
Yokohama Chiba
•Yokohama – world’s finest natural harbour•Tokyo – electrical and engineering goods•Kawasaki -Electronics, automobile, cement, glass
Kwanto plain
TokyoKawasaki
Yokohama Chiba
•Nagoya, Gifu, Hamamatsu•Leading textile producing region•Nagoya automobile capital of Japan
Nagoya Plain
Nagoya
Gifu
Hamamatsu
•Kyoto-Kobe and Osaka •Kyoto – old capital of Japan, ancient city•Osaka – textile, footwear•Kobe – oil refinery, petro-chemical•Major port and ship building
Kinki Plain
KyotoKobe
Osaka
•Hiroshima, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Nagasaki•Kitakyushu merger of [Yahata, Kokura, Moji, Tobata, Wakamatsu]
-Steel industries
•Fukuoka and Nagasaki – steel industries
Kyushu Plain
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
UbeKitakyushu
Fukuoka
•Hiroshima – automobile and ship building•Ube – chemical industries
Kyushu Plain
Hiroshima
Nagasaki
UbeKitakyushu
Fukuoka
Strength of Japan
people’s attitude Knowledge hubAvailability of natural ports
Cheap HEP
Ageing populationHigh population density
Prone to earthquake, volcanism and Tsunami
Shikoku – only island without volcano
Weaknesses of Japan