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Geo-Hydrological study of Gandheshwari Sub-watershed using ... · generation of slope using ‘3D...
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES
Volume 3, No 1, 2012
© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0
Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380
Submitted on May 2012 published on July 2012 204
Geo-Hydrological study of Gandheshwari Sub-watershed using Remote
Sensing and GIS Techniques Subodh Chandra Pal
1, Manisa Shit
2
1- Research Scholar, Visva-Bharati, Santiniketan, W.B., India
2- M.A. in Geography, C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur, India
ABSTRACT
The present study was conducted on Gandheshwari sub-watershed situated in Bankura
district of West Bengal. The remote sensing and GIS techniques have been proved to be very
efficient in identification geo-hydrological aspects of the study area. The various thematic
maps have been generated like Geology, geomorphology, hydro-geomorphology, geo-
hydrology, structure, soils and land use land cover helped in identification of the potential
zones for development planning and forecasting. Lineaments and their intersections appear to
be potential sites for groundwater. The study shows that the integration of all attributes
provide more accurate results in identification of geo-hydrological characteristics.
Key words: Geo-hydrology, hydro-geomorphology, remote sensing, GIS and GPS.
1. Introduction
Geo-hydrology and groundwater exploration means to identify and to locate the zone of
recharge of groundwater in a particular river basin or a catchment. Geological set up is
established for knowing about surface and subsurface nature of terrain. Topographic and
surface features are mapped in order to determine from highest to lowest area, where water
from different higher places can move and accumulate. These particular zones are present in
various terrains. The identification of such places from the entire area, are thus selected for
groundwater exploration. Remote sensing and GIS providing some useful information for
integrated resources development and environmental management in composition with
ground truths on soils, land use, vegetation, surface & groundwater, geology, landforms,
topography, settlements, among others, in a regional perspective. Remote Sensing techniques
are now being widely used for land resource surveys like this.
1.1 Study area
The study area is located in the upper reaches of Dwarkeswar watershed, from latitudes
23013'15", to 23
031'25" and from longitudes 86
053'11" to 87
08'. Gandheshwari is a tributary
of Dwarkeswar River which covers an area of 388.6015 km2. The climate is extreme with
maximum temperature up to 420C
and minimum temperature down to 6
0C. The annual
rainfall of the study area varies between 1055 and 1070.3 mm. The maximum amount of
rainfall received during the monsoon season from June to September about 80.73%. The
relative humidity in the month of April is 61(2008) and in the month of September is 99
(2008). The maximum altitude is 435 mt., demarcated in the middle part and the minimum
elevation is about 80 mt. observed in the southern part of the sub-watershed. This absolute
relief map is generated as shown in figure-6.
Geo-Hydrological Study of Gandheshwari Sub-watershed using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
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Volume 3 Issue 1, 2012 205
Figure 1: Map showing the study area
1.2 Data used
Survey of India (SOl) topographical sheets (73 M/3, 73 I/14 and 73 I/15) on 1:50,000 scales
have been used as a base map for the preparation of geo-hydrological study. Contours
available on SOI topographical maps have been used for the preparation of Digital Elevation
Model (DEM). SRTM data, Geological map (1:253,440 scale) published by Geological
Survey of India was also used. Except these, one satellite data (Table-1) is also used for this
work which is in the following.
Geo-Hydrological Study of Gandheshwari Sub-watershed using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
Subodh Chandra Pal, Manisa Shit
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 3 Issue 1, 2012 206
Table 1: Details of the satellite data used in this study
Satellite Sensor Path/Row Bands Date of
acquisition
Spatial
Resolution
LANDSAT ETM+ 108/56 1,2,3,4 Nov. 18th
2006 30*30mts.
2. Objectives
The main objective of the present paper is to identify the geo-hydrological condition of the
entire study area.
2.1 Methodology
The methodology includes the generation of thematic layers on geomorphology, lithology,
slope and land use/ land cover of the area (described earlier). Geographic Information System
(ArcGIS 9.1) was used for the preparation of thematic layers. The weightages of individual
themes and feature score were fixed and added to each layers depending on their suitability to
hold groundwater. This process includes overlay analysis of several no of layers. A
probability weighted approach has been adopted that allows a linear combination of
probability weights of each thematic map and different categories of derived thematic maps
have been assigned scores, by assessing the importance of it in groundwater occurrence.
The maximum value is given to the feature with highest groundwater potentiality and the
minimum being to the lowest potential feature. The procedure of weighted linear combination
dominates in raster based GIS software systems. After assigning the weightages and scores to
the themes and features, all the themes were converted to raster format using ‘Spatial
analyst’, extension of ArcGIS software. The hydrogeomorphological map of the area was
finalized after field checks at selected locations for verifying the doubtful units. A detailed
ground water quality survey was also conducted to understand the groundwater flow of the
entire study area.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Drainage Network
Drainage network analysis is important for geo-hydrological studies. Drainage pattern
reflects the characteristic of surface as well as subsurface formation. Drainage density (in
terms of km/km2) indicates closeness of spacing of channels as well as the nature of surface
material. More the drainage density, higher would be runoff. Thus, the drainage density
characterizes the runoff in the area or in other words, the quantum of relative rainwater that
could have infiltrated. Hence lesser the drainage density (Figure-3), higher is the probability
of recharge or potential groundwater zone. Hence, drainage density is an important index in
geo-hydrological studies, and can be evaluated from the satellite images or others. Drainage
map (Figure-2) of the study area reveals only two types of drainage patterns viz. dendritic and
radial.
Geo-Hydrological Study of Gandheshwari Sub-watershed using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
Subodh Chandra Pal, Manisa Shit
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Volume 3 Issue 1, 2012 207
Figure 2: Map showing the Stream Orders
Figure 3: Map showing the Drainage Density
Geo-Hydrological Study of Gandheshwari Sub-watershed using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
Subodh Chandra Pal, Manisa Shit
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3.2 Slope Analysis
Slope is one of the factors controlling the infiltration of groundwater into subsurface; hence
an indicator for the suitability for groundwater prospect. In the gentle slope area the surface
runoff is slow allowing more time for rainwater to percolate, whereas high slope area
facilitate high runoff allowing less residence time for rainwater hence comparatively less
infiltration. For the generation of slope, the digital elevation model (DEM) has done (Figure-
5) by the interpolation of contours, which in turn digitized from SOI Toposheets using
ArcGIS. DEM is a digital representation of continuous variation of topographic surface with
the elevation or ground height above any geodetic datum. The generated DEM is used for
generation of slope using ‘3D analyst’ an extension tool of ArcGIS. This helps for
appreciating, the terrain and a supporting factor for the slope analysis. The slope analysis has
been carried out in the sub-watershed level (Figure-4) and is divided into several classes
according to groundwater holding capacity.
Figure 4: Map showing the Average Slope
Geo-Hydrological Study of Gandheshwari Sub-watershed using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
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Figure 5: Map showing the Digital Elevation Model
Figure 6: Map showing the Absolute Relief
Geo-Hydrological Study of Gandheshwari Sub-watershed using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
Subodh Chandra Pal, Manisa Shit
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Volume 3 Issue 1, 2012 210
3.3 Lithology
In order to understand the groundwater conditions of the study area, a general lithological
map has been prepared with the help of LANDSAT ETM+ satellite imagery, geological map
(GSI) and ground truth. This may provide some information about the movement and storage
of ground water. As it is the extended part of the Chotonagpur plateau region therefore the
area is mainly covered with gneiss, granitic gneiss, pyroxene granulite, felspathic schist etc
(Figure-7). At places these are out cropped while at other places there are underlain by
weathered formation as evinced from the lithology of wells in the area. It is this weathered
and fractured zone, which forms potential groundwater zones. There are thin strips of
alluvium deposits seen along the stream course, which could be potential groundwater zones.
Figure 7: Map showing the Geological Structure
3.4 Structure
Lineament study (Figure-8) of the area from remotely sensed data provides important
information on sub-surface fractures that may control the movement and storage of ground
water (Pradeep Raj et al., 1996). Sub-surface permeability is a function of fracture density of
rocks (Sharma, 1979). In all 22 lineaments have been identified and marked in the area. They
are having varying dimensions and areal extents as well. Lineaments are nothing but the
manifestation of linear features that are identified from remote sensing data. These linear
features usually represent faults, fractures or shear zones and are identified on satellite images
on the basis of tonal contrast, stream / river alignment, and differences in vegetation and
knick-points in topography. The concentrations of lineaments are more in southern region of
the study area than the northern region. Therefore the density of lineaments increases to
words the lower reach of Gandheshwari river basin than the upper reach as well.
Geo-Hydrological Study of Gandheshwari Sub-watershed using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
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Volume 3 Issue 1, 2012 211
Figure 8: Map showing the Lineament Density
Figure 9: Map showing the Hydrogeomorphological Units
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3.5 Hydro-Geomorphology
The drainage basin is a fundamental geomorphic unit and the watershed acts as a source area
for precipitation that eventually provide to the stream channels by various path. The drainage
basin morphology being an important aspect of geomorphic analysis has been undertaken in
the present context to determine the various properties of form elements, their distributional
variation, interrelationship, determination of correlation coefficients etc. Remote sensing
studies provide an opportunity for better observation and more systematic analysis of various
hydro-geomorphological units coupled with geological parameters in this study area which is
considered very useful technique in preparing integrated hydro-geomorphological maps for
targeting groundwater. The study area was broadly divided into several hydrogeomorphic
units (Figure-9), which are based on the visual interpretation of satellite imagery,
topographical map and field check. The delineation of the hydrogeomorphic unit aimed at
demarcating areas of ground water potential zones for development. These hydrogeomorphic
units (Table-2) were identified and verified during field checks and then a hydro-
geomorphological map was prepared.
Table 2: Details of hydro-geomorphological units and their characteristics
Hydro-
geomorphological
units
Description
Soil characteristics and
existing land use /land
cover
Groundwater
prospects
Alluvial plain/Flood
plain
Flat surface adjacent to
stream/river, composed by
Clay, Silt and Sand.
Moderately deep to deep, fine
textured moderately well drained
soils. Moderate limitation of
wetness. Single crop cultivation.
Good
Colluvial Valley fills
Accumulation zone of
colluvial materials derived
from surrounding uplands;
shallow to deep; fine loamy
to clayey soils.
Moderately deep to deep, fine
textured moderately well drained
soils. Moderate limitation of
wetness. Single crop mainly
terrace cultivation.
Moderate to
good
Buried pediment
(shallow)
Nearly flat to gently
sloping topography,
shallow to moderately
deep, loamy soils
followed by regolith
zone.
Very shallow to shallow coarse
textured soil with occasional
weathered outcrops of country
rocks. Wastelands with or
without scrub. Shallow to
moderately deep, loamy skeletal
soil. Single crop area low
productive potential
Poor
Buried pediment
(moderate)
Gently sloping topography;
very deep, clayey to fine
loamy soils.
Moderately deep to deep, fine
textured loamy skeletal to coarse
loamy soil. Single crop area with
marginal ‘rabi’ crops. Medium
productive potential.
Moderate
Buried pediment
(deep)
Gently sloping zone of
colluvial and alluvial
sediments at the foot of the
hill.
Moderately deep to deep, fine
textured loamy soil. Single crop
cultivation with low productive
potential.
Moderate
Washed plains
Nearly flat surface along the
rivers formed of recent
sediments.
Moderately deep to deep, fine
textured loamy soil. Single crop
cultivation with moderate
productive potential.
Good
Denudational upland
with Inselberg
Broad uplands of
considerable elevation,
steeply sloping on all
Very shallow, coarse loamy soil
on moderately steep to very steep
hill slopes and escarpments
Poor
Geo-Hydrological Study of Gandheshwari Sub-watershed using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
Subodh Chandra Pal, Manisa Shit
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 3 Issue 1, 2012 213
3.6 Land Use and Land Cover
Land use/land cover is one of the important parameter for the geo-hydrological study because
the land use pattern of any terrain is a reflection of the complex physical processes acting
upon the surface of the earth. These processes include impact of climate, geologic and
topographic conditions on the distribution of soils, vegetation and occurrence of water. So it
is necessary for future development and management to have timely and reliable information
on environmental status through land use studies. The land use /land cover data sets are
generated from the digital image classification of LANDSAT, ETM+ satellite images. This
classification is performed taking nine classes within the entire study area, namely water
body, dense forest, mixed forest, agriculture, agriculture fallow land, lateritic up land, built
up land, dry fallow land and sand (Figure-10). Overall accuracy achieved is 89%, after
carrying out an accuracy assessment using ground truth (reference sample points) data sets.
Figure 10: Land use/ Land cover Map
directions.
having different degrees of
hardness. Open to dense forest
and plantation. Not suitable for
agriculture / pasture /orchards.
Lineaments/faults Linear fractures of joints,
fractures, faults. -----------------------
Good to
moderate
Geo-Hydrological Study of Gandheshwari Sub-watershed using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
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Volume 3 Issue 1, 2012 214
3.7 Groundwater Potential Zones
After the integration of all thematic maps, resulted map has been classified into several
groundwater potential zones (Figure-11). Groundwater potential map clearly indicate that
alluvial plain which is composed of sand, silt and clay with nearly level slope and very low
drainage density has very good potentiality and development and valley fills associated with
lineaments is highly promising area for groundwater extraction. The structural hills,
denudational hills and residual hills are considered as poor to very poor groundwater
potential zone. However, these land landforms act as run-off zones because of their steep
slope. Lineaments particularly joints, fractures and their intersection enhances the potential of
hydrogeomorphic units. Thus the generated groundwater potential map serves as a base line
for future exploration.
Figure 11: Map of the Groundwater Potential Zones
3.8 Ground Water Scenario
The occurrence and movement of groundwater depend upon the rock formations present in
the area. It also depends upon the topography, structure, and geomorphology, as well as
hydro-geological properties of the water-bearing materials. The movement of groundwater
concentrating towards the north-north-west direction to south-south-east direction where the
seasonal groundwater fluctuation are also take in to account which is fully based on the field
data of open dug-well (Figure-12 and 13). Alluvium comprises of silt, sand, and clay
Geo-Hydrological Study of Gandheshwari Sub-watershed using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
Subodh Chandra Pal, Manisa Shit
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 3 Issue 1, 2012 215
particles; it is an excellent aquifer; while rests of the others are showing moderate or poor
aquifer.
3.9 Groundwater favourable Zone
The hydro-geomorphological units (Figure-9) such as Alluvial Plain, Valley Fills, are most
favourable zones for groundwater exploration & development in the study. Hence, these areas
are marked as good to very good favourable zones. In case of Buried Pediment with lateritic
upland (deep, moderate, shallow) region have been identified as a moderate favourable zone
and the region of denudational upland with inselberg with low lineament density has been
identified as the least favourable zone for groundwater exploration & development in the
study. A glance at Figure-11 reveals that the southern part of the study area have excellent
groundwater potential as compared to the upper middle basin and north-north-eastern part of
the basin. These are also verified from field. This information is very useful for the further
groundwater development in the study area.
Figure 12: Map showing the Groundwater condition at Pre-monsoon season
Geo-Hydrological Study of Gandheshwari Sub-watershed using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
Subodh Chandra Pal, Manisa Shit
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 3 Issue 1, 2012 216
Figure 13: Map showing the Groundwater condition at Post-monsoon season
4. Conclusion
Remote sensing and GIS techniques have been used to integrate various geoinformative
thematic maps, which play major role for the geo-hydrological study. The integrated
groundwater potential map has been categorized on the basis of cumulative weightage
assigned to different features of thematic maps. Further, comparison of groundwater yield
data collected from the field also supports that there are more number of high-yield wells in
the favourable zones derived from GIS. The integrated map thus deciphered could be useful
for various purposes such as development of sustainable scheme for groundwater in the area.
From the results it is suggested that, proper rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge
methods and measures should be implemented in the moderate to nil potential zones to
overcome the water scarcity problem.
Geo-Hydrological Study of Gandheshwari Sub-watershed using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
Subodh Chandra Pal, Manisa Shit
International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 3 Issue 1, 2012 217
Acknowledgement
Author express special thanks to Mr. Subrata Pan, Assistant Professor of Geography Dept.
(HOD), Bankura Christian College for given guide lines written this paper.
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International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences
Volume 3 Issue 1, 2012 218
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