Geo dataintro

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Geo-data : the world geographical encyclopedia / John F. McCoy, projecteditor.-- 3rd ed. p. cm.Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index. ISBN 0-7876-5581-3 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Gazetteers. I. McCoy, John, 1976- G103.5 .G36 2002910'.3--dc21

2002010926

Project EditorJohn F. McCoy

EditorialMary Rose Bonk, Pamela A. Dear, Rachel J. Kain, Lynn U. Koch, Michael D. Lesniak, Nancy Matuszak, Michael T. Reade

Imaging and MultimediaRandy Bassett, Christine O'Bryan, Barbara J. Yarrow

Project DesignCindy Baldwin, Tracey Rowens

ManufacturingNekita McKee

© 2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Gale and Design™ and Thomson Learning™ are trademarks used herein under license.

For more information contactThe Gale Group, Inc.27500 Drake Rd.Farmington Hills, MI 48331–3535Or you can visit our Internet site athttp://www.gale.com

ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDNo part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means--graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, record-ing, taping, Web distribution, or information storage retrieval systems--without the written permission of the publisher.

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Permissions DepartmentThe Gale Group, Inc.27500 Drake Rd.Farmington Hills, MI 48331–3535Permissions Hotline:248–699–8006 or 800–877–4253; ext. 8006Fax: 248–699–8074 or 800–762–4058

Cover photographs reproduced by permission of Digital Stock (Taj Mahal, center left), Digi-tal Vision (Fall trees, top left; Waterfall, top right; Water carriers, center; City in smog, center right), and PhotoDisc (Pink buttes, top center; Mountains, bottom).

All of the maps appearing in this book were created to order by XNR Productions, Inc., of Madison, WI. Maps are the property of Gale, © 2002, all rights reserved.

Since this page cannot legibly accommodate all copyright notices, the acknowledgements constitute an extension of this copyright notice.

While every effort has been made to ensure the reliability of the information presented in this publication, The Gale Group, Inc. does not guarantee the accuracy of the data con-tained herein. The Gale Group, Inc. accepts no payment for listing; and inclusion in the pub-lication of any organization, agency, institu-tion, publication, service, or individual does not imply endorsement of the editors or pub-lisher. Errors brought to the attention of the publisher and verified to the satisfaction of the publisher will be corrected in future edi-tions.

GEO-DATA: THE WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA

Printed in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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GEO-DATA: THE WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA ix

PREFACE

Gale is pleased to present the third edition of Geo-Data:The World Geographical Encyclopedia. This is the firstnew edition of Geo-Data since 1989, and it represents acomplete revision and updating of that work. The pur-pose of the book remains unchanged: to provide thereader with the most detailed and comprehensivedescriptions available for the physical geography of coun-tries.

Geo-Data’s focus and design is unique. Many encyclo-pedias, atlases, and other books provide some informa-tion on geography, but it is usually secondary to history,current events, or other topics. In these sorts of refer-ences physical geography receives a few paragraphs ofcoverage per country at best, compared to pages in Geo-Data. Among the few books that can rival Geo-Data cov-erage, none can match its ease of use. There is no need tohunt from one end of a dictionary or gazetteer to another,searching for details on a country's many different fea-tures. In Geo-Data everything is presented in one place.Each of Geo-Data’s entries gives the reader a completeportrait of a country's mountains, fields, forests, deserts,rivers, seas, wetlands, and other features, with additionalinformation on population distribution and naturalresources. Key facts and statistics are highlighted at thebeginning of each entry. In addition to the countryentries, Geo-Data features a World Rankings Appendix,listing the world's tallest mountains, longest rivers, deep-est oceans, largest lakes, most populous countries, andother outstanding features.

Selection CriteriaGeo-Data features 207 entries, each describing a single

country or dependency. Every entry includes a relief mapdepicting the country or dependency. There is a separateentry for each of the world’s 192 countries, including thenew nation of East Timor. In addition, the autonomous

island of Taiwan and the continent of Antarctica have theirown entries, as do 13 dependencies: Anguilla, Aruba, Ber-muda, the British Virgin Islands, the Cayman Islands,French Guiana, Greenland, Guadeloupe, Martinique,Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, the Turks and CaicosIslands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Smaller, less popu-lated, and more remote dependencies, such as the CookIslands, Palmyra Atoll, and Svalbard, are discussed in theentries of their parent states.

Although all countries and dependencies aredescribed in detail, entries can vary greatly in length.This is often due to the obvious reason that some coun-tries are much larger than others. However, countrieswith particularly complicated geography, such as Nepal,may have longer entries than much larger countries withfewer outstanding features, such as Libya. Countries witha large number of dependencies, such as France or theUnited Kingdom, also have longer entries than compara-bly sized countries.

Names and MeasurementsGeography is an imprecise science. Knowledgeable

experts, most of whom have lived, worked, or studiedextensively in the countries about which they wrote, pre-pared the entries for this new edition of Geo-Data. Galeeditors have relied on authoritative sources such as Mer-riam Webster’s Geographical Dictionary, 3rd ed., TheWorld Factbook 2001 of the CIA, The Columbia Gazetteerof the World, and the statistics and geographic divisionsof the United Nations and various countries to check ourfacts. However, the reader should be aware that it is diffi-cult if not impossible to measure exactly such large andirregular features as mountains, lakes, and rivers. Evenauthoritative sources often vary slightly in their informa-tion. Population information can be even more difficultto determine accurately, as many countries do not mea-

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GE O-DATA: THE WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL ENC YCLOPEDIAx

Preface

sure this scientifically and on a regular basis. While basicpopulation statistics are present in every entry, detailedtables and other breakdowns are present only in thoseentries for which accurate and reasonably current infor-mation was available.

It is common for a single geographical feature orcountry to be called by many different names, dependingon the source and context. In Geo-Data we haveattempted to use the names that will be most familiar tothe majority of our readers. These are most commonlyEnglish-language names, but widely used names in otherlanguages and names which have no English equivalentalso appear frequently. In addition, the reader will oftenfind alternative names for the same feature given inparentheses after it is first mentioned in the text.

In the case of country and dependency names, the edi-tors have again opted for using the most easily recognizedversions of their names. Thus the reader will find Brazilunder B, not under F for Federative Republic of Brazil or Rfor República Federative do Brasil. Full, formal, names areused with the two Congos and the two Koreas, but thesecountries still appear under C and K, respectively.

When discussing geography it is impossible to avoidcontroversy. There are many regions around the worldwhose ownership is disputed, sometimes violently.Although Gale does not support or seek to legitimize theviews of any of the parties of these disputes, for the sakeof completeness it was necessary to include these dis-puted regions in one entry or another. The editors havechosen to discuss disputed regions within the entries ofthe countries that physically control them, while at thesame time carefully noting in those entries that theregion is claimed by other countries and its status is notdetermined. Thus the West Bank can be found underIsrael, Jammu and Kashmir within the entries on Indiaand Pakistan, and Taiwan in its own separate entry.

How Each Profile is OrganizedGeo-Data’s 207 entries are organized alphabetically.

All entries follow the same basic structure, beginningwith a collection of Key Facts. The purpose of the KeyFacts is to gather together in one easy to find place thebasic information about each country that readers mostoften need. These facts always include a country’s: area(total and ranked relative to other entries), location rela-tive to the rest of the world, coordinates, border length(overall and with individual countries), coastline length,territorial seas, highest point, lowest point, population(total and ranked relative to other entries), largest city,and capital city. When available and applicable, the long-est distances across the country, its longest river, and itslargest lake are also provided.

Following the Key Facts are eight rubrics. First, theoverall geography and geology of the country is described

in the Overview. Next, Mountains and Hills describes themajor elevations of the country. Inland Waterways thendescribes the country’s lakes, rivers, and wetlands. TheCoast, Islands, and the Ocean gives information on thebodies of water that border on the country, the country'scoasts, and its major islands. Climate and Vegetationdescribes the country’s temperature and rainfall patterns,as well as its forests, grasslands, deserts, and other groundcover. Human Population outlines the major concentra-tions of people in the country. Then Natural Resourcesidentifies the most important resources found within thecountry. Finally, the Further Readings rubric gives aninterested reader suggestions on where to find moreinformation.

All eight rubrics appear in every entry, in the ordergiven above, making it easy to navigate within entries andto compare information across countries. Entries arewritten as a narrative, so the reader looking for the com-plete picture on a country should find the entire entry anenjoyable read. Rubrics are clearly denoted in the text,however, so a reader looking for specific information canfind it easily. Throughout the text, major features areidentified by name, and their height, length, or otherdimensions are provided whenever possible, both inimperial and metric units. Sidebars highlight particularlyunusual and interesting facts.

Geo-Data’s entries are greatly enhanced by theirmaps. Every entry in the book includes a relief map.These maps were created specifically for their entries andgive the user an extremely detailed view of the geographythey are reading about. Since they were created especiallyfor Geo-Data, the reader can be assured that all but thesmallest of features mentioned in the text also appear onthe map. In addition to the maps, most entries featureone or two tables. These tables list the country's largestcities and their populations and the country's provinces,their capitals, area, and populations.

Additional FeaturesReaders looking for comparative information on the

world's most remarkable features will find the WorldRankings Appendix useful. The 19 tables in this sectioninclude lists of the world’s tallest mountains by continentand country; the world’s longest borders; the world’slargest bays and gulfs; the world’s tallest volcanoes; theworld’s deepest oceans; and much more. Geo-Data’sexhaustive subject index can help the reader find moreinformation in the text on these and other features. Aglossary is also provided, for those readers who areunfamiliar with some of the terms used throughout thebook.

AcknowledgementsEarlier edition of Geo-Data were produced by George

Kurian and associates, and distributed by Gale. Gale

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GEO-DATA: THE WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA xi

P reface

thanks Mr. Kurian entrusting us with Geo-Data andallowing us to continue his excellent work. Many assistedGale in producing Geo-Data, for which Gale thank’sthem. Eastword Publications, Inc., of Cleveland, OH,contributed most of the research and writing required forthe book’s text and tables, as well as typesetting the book.Their many contributors are acknowledged below, butGale would like to give special thanks to Eastword’s SusanGall. All maps appearing in Geo-Data were created byXNR Productions of Madison, WI (Tanya Buckingham,Jon Daugherity, Laura Exner, Paul Exner, Andy Grosvold,Cory Johnson, Rob McCaleb, and Paula Robbins). Copy-editing support was provided by Cathy Dybiec Holm,John Krol, Christopher “Rollo” Romig, and Carrie Sny-der. The index was prepared by Synapse Corporation ofFranktown, CO.

ContributorsT. Anne DabbKaren EllicottSusan GallRobert J. Groelsema, Ph.D.Jim Henry

Jeneen Hobby, Ph.D.Tara HohneHendrick IsengingoSarah KunzDavid H. LongDaniel LucasJohn McCoyEdith MiranteChristine SciulliJeanne Marie Stumpf, Ph.D.Michelle TacklaMax WhiteRosalie Wieder

We Welcome Your SuggestionsGale appreciates your comments and suggestions. Pleasedirect all correspondence to:

EditorGeo-Data: The World Geographical EncyclopediaGale Group27500 Drake Rd.Farmington Hills, MI 48331–3535

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GEO-DATA: THE WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA 613

WORLD RANKINGS APPENDIX

Continents by area

Rank Continent Area (sq mi) Area (sq km)

1 Asia 17,139,445 44,391,1622 Africa 11,677,239 30,244,0493 North America 9,361,791 24,247,0394 South America 6,880,706 17,821,0295 Antarctica 5,500,000 14,245,0006 Europe 3,997,929 10,345,6367 Australia 2,967,909 7,686,884

Islands by areaAll measurements are approximate

Rank Island Continent Body of waterArea

(sq mi)Area

(sq km)

1 Greenland N. America Atlantic Ocean 840,000 2,175,6002 New Guinea Oceania Pacific Ocean 305,000 790,0003 Borneo Asia South China Sea 285,000 737,0004 Madagascar Africa Indian Ocean 226,657 587,0405 Baffin N. America Baffin Bay 196,000 507,0006 Sumatra Asia Andaman Sea 164,000 425,0007 Honshu Asia Pacific Ocean 88,000 228,0008 Great Britain Europe North Sea 84,400 219,0009 Victoria N. America Viscount Melville

Sound 83,900 217,000

10 Ellesmere N. America Arctic Ocean 75,800 196,00011 Sulawesi (Celebes) Asia Celebes Sea 67,400 174,00012 South Island (New

Zealand)Oceania Pacific Ocean 58,200 151,000

13 Java Asia Indian Ocean 50,000 129,00014 North Island (New

Zealand)Oceania Pacific Ocean 44,200 114,000

15 Newfoundland N. America Atlantic Ocean 42,000 109,00016 Cuba N. America Caribbean Sea 40,500 105,00017 Luzon Asia Pacific Ocean 40,400 105,00018 Iceland Europe Atlantic Ocean 39,769 103,00019 Mindanao Asia Pacific Ocean 36,500 94,60020 Ireland Europe Atlantic Ocean 32,500 84,10021 Hokkaido Asia Pacific Ocean 30,100 78,00022 Sakhalin Asia Sea of Okhotsk 29,500 76,40023 Hispaniola N. America Atlantic Ocean 29,200 75,60024 Banks N. America Arctic Ocean 27,000 70,00025 Sri Lanka Asia Indian Ocean 25,332 65,61026 Tasmania Australia Indian Ocean 24,900 64,40027 Devon N. America Baffin Bay 21,300 55,20028 Novaya Zemlya Europe North Kara Sea 18,900 48,90029 Grande de Tierra del

FuegoS. America Atlantic Ocean 18,700 48,400

[continued]

30 Marajo S. America Atlantic Ocean 18,500 48,00031 Alexander Antarctica Bellingshausen Sea 16,700 43,20032 Axel Heiberg N. America Arctic Ocean 16,700 43,20033 Melville N. America Viscount Melville

Sound 16,300 42,100

34 Southampton N. America Husdon Bay 15,900 41,20035 West Spitsbergen Europe Arctic Ocean 15,300 39,50036 New Britain Oceania Bismarck Sea 14,600 37,80037 Taiwan Asia Pacific Ocean 13,892 35,98038 Kyushu Asia Pacific Ocean 13,800 35,70039 Hainan Asia South China Sea 13,100 34,00040 Prince of Wales N. America Viscount Melville

Sound 12,900 33,300

41 Novaya Zemlya Europe Barents Sea 12,800 33,30042 Vancouver N. America Pacific Ocean 12,100 31,30043 Timor Asia Timor Sea 10,200 26,30044 Sicily Europe Mediterranean 9,810 25,40045 Somerset N. America Lancaster Sound 9,570 24,80046 Sardinia Europe Mediterranean 9,190 23,80047 Bananal S. America Araguaia River 7,720 20,00048 Halmahera Asia Molucca Sea 6,950 18,00049 Shikoku Asia Pacific Ocean 6,860 17,80050 Ceram Asia Banda Sea 6,620 17,20051 New Caledonia Oceania Coral Sea 6,470 16,70052 Bathurst N. America Viscount Melville

Sound 6,190 16,000

53 Prince Patrick N. America Arctic Ocean 6,120 15,80054 North East Land Europe Barents Sea 5,790 15,00055 Flores Asia Flores Sea 5,520 14,30056 Oktyabrskoy

RevolyutsiiAsia Arctic Ocean 5,470 14,170

57 Sumbawa Asia Indian Ocean 5,160 13,40058 King William N. America Queen Maud Gulf 5,060 13,10059 Samar Asia Pacific Ocean 5,050 13,10060 Negros Asia Sulu Sea 4,900 12,70061 Palawan Asia South China Sea 4,550 11,80062 Kotelnyy Asia Arctic Ocean 4,500 11,70063 Panay Asia Sulu Sea 4,450 11,50064 Bangka Asia Java Sea 4,370 11,32065 Ellef Ringnes N. America Arctic Ocean 4,360 11,30066 Bolshevik Asia Arctic Ocean 4,350 11,27067 Sumba Asia Indian Ocean 4,310 11,20068 Bylot N. America Baffin Bay 4,270 11,10069 Jamaica N. America Caribbean Sea 4,243 10,99070 Dolak Asia Arafura Sea 4,160 10,80071 Hawaii Oceania Pacific Ocean 4,040 10,50072 Viti Levu Oceania Pacific Ocean 4,010 10,40073 Cape Breton N. America Atlantic Ocean 3,980 10,300

[continued]



(sq mi)Area

(sq km)

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GE O-DATA: THE WORLD GEOGRAPHICAL ENC YCLOPEDIA614

Wor ld Rankings Appendix

74 Bougainville Oceania Pacific Ocean 3,880 10,00075 Mindoro Asia South China Sea 3,760 9,73076 Prince Charles N. America Foxe Basin 3,680 9,52077 Kodiak N. America Pacific Ocean 3,670 9,51078 Cyprus Asia Mediterranean 3,571 9,25079 Komsomolets Asia Arctic Ocean 3,480 9,01080 Buru Asia Banda Sea 3,470 9,00081 Corsica Europe Mediterranean 3,370 8,72082 Puerto Rico N. America Atlantic Ocean 3,350 8,68083 New Ireland Oceania Pacific Ocean 3,340 8,65084 Disco N. America Davis Strait 3,310 8,58085 Chiloe S. America Pacific Ocean 3,240 8,39086 Crete Europe Mediterranean 3,190 8,26087 Anticosti N. America Gulf of St. Lawrence 3,070 7,94088 Wrangel Asia Chukchi Sea 2,820 7,30089 Leyte Asia Visayan Sea 2,780 7,21090 Zealand Europe Baltic Sea 2,710 7,02091 Cornwallis N. America Barrow Strait 2,700 7,00092 Wellington S. America Trinidad Gulf 2,610 6,75093 Iturup (Etorofu) Asia Pacific Ocean 2,600 6,72094 Prince of Wales N. America Pacific Ocean 2,590 6,70095 Graham N. America Pacific Ocean 2,460 6,36096 East Falkland S. America Atlantic Ocean 2,440 6,31097 Melville Asia Timor Sea 2,400 6,22098 Novaya Sibir Asia East Siberian Sea 2,390 6,20099 Kerguelen Antarctica Indian Ocean 2,320 6,000100 Andros N. America Grand Bahama Bank 2,300 5,960101 Prince Edward

IslandN. America Gulf of St. Lawrence 2,180 5,660

102 Bali Asia Indian Ocean 2,170 5,620103 Guadalcanal Oceania Solomon Sea 2,170 5,630104 Vanua Levu Oceania Pacific Ocean 2,140 5,530105 Coats N. America Hudson Bay 2,120 5,500106 Santa Ines S. America Pacific Ocean 2,120 5,500107 Lombok Asia Indian Ocean 2,100 5,430108 Chicagof N. America Gulf of Alaska 2,080 5,400109 Madura Asia Java Sea 2,040 5,290110 Amund Ringnes N. America Peary Channel 2,030 5,260111 MacKenzie King

IslandN. America Hazen Strait 1,950 5,050

112 Edge Europe Barents Sea 1,940 5,030113 Faddeyevskiy Asia Arctic Ocean 1,930 5,000114 Espiritu Santo Asia Coral Sea 1,930 5,000115 Caviana S. America Atlantic Ocean 1,920 4,970116 Grande de Gurupa S. America Amazon River 1,880 4,860117 Vendsyssel -Thy Europe Skagerrak 1,810 4,680118 Malaita Oceania Pacific Ocean 1,750 4,530119 Long N. America Atlantic Ocean 1,723 4,462120 Kangaroo Australia Indian Ocean 1,680 4,350121 West Falkland S. America Atlantic Ocean 1,680 4,350122 Hoste S. America Pacific Ocean 1,590 4,110123 Santa Isabel Oceania Pacific Ocean 1,550 4,010124 Berkner Antarctica Weddell Sea 1,500 3,880125 Isabela S. America Pacific Ocean 1,450 3,760126 South Georgia S. America Atlantic Ocean 1,450 3,760127 Euboea Europe Aegean Sea 1,410 3,650128 Majorca Europe Mediterranean 1,400 3,630129 Makira (San

Cristóbal)Oceania Pacific Ocean 1,350 3,500

130 Vaygach Europe Kara Sea 1,310 3,380131 Adelaide Antarctica Bellingshausen Sea 1,270 3,300132 Waigeo Asia Pacific Ocean 1,250 3,250133 Kolguyev Europe Barents Sea 1,240 3,200134 Riesco S. America Strait of Magellan 1,200 3,110135 Gotland Europe Baltic Sea 1,160 3,000136 Fyn Europe Baltic Sea 1,150 2,980137 Zemlya Georga Europe Barents Sea 1,120 2,900138 Zemlya Aleksandry Europe Barents Sea 1,080 2,800139 Manitoulin N. America Lake Huron 1,068 2,766140 Sarema Europe Baltic Sea 1,030 2,680141 Magdalena S. America Moraleda Channel 998 2,580142 Reunion Africa Indian Ocean 970 2,512143 Navarino S. America Nassau Bay 955 2,470144 Ross Antarctica Ross Sea 888 2,300145 Clarence S. America Strait of Magellan 863 2,240146 Hinn Europe Norwegian Sea 849 2,200147 Bioko Africa Bight of Bonny 779 2,020148 Charcot Antarctica Bellingshausen Sea 772 2,000

[continued]



(sq mi)Area

(sq km)

149 Tenerife Africa Atlantic Ocean 745 1,930150 Mauritius Africa Indian Ocean 720 1,860151 Skye Europe Sea of the Hebrides 643 1,670152 Fuerte Ventura Africa Atlantic Ocean 642 1,663153 Zanzibar Africa Indian Ocean 640 1,656154 Lesbos Europe Aegean Sea 629 1,630155 Gran Canaria Africa Atlantic Ocean 592 1,530156 Mexiana S. America Atlantic Ocean 592 1,530157 Sao Luis S. America Atlantic Ocean 465 1,200158 Grande Comore Africa Indian Ocean 443 1,147159 Sao Tiago Africa Atlantic Ocean 384 995160 Pemba Africa Indian Ocean 380 984161 Santa Cruz S. America Pacific Ocean 358 927162 Margarita S. America Pacific Ocean 355 920163 Dahlac Africa Red Sea 347 900164 São Tomé Africa Gulf of Guinea 330 854165 Lanzarote Africa Atlantic Ocean 302 782166 Santo Antao Africa Atlantic Ocean 302 782167 Madeira Africa Atlantic Ocean 286 741168 La Palma Africa Atlantic Ocean 256 662169 Fernandina S. America Pacific Ocean 253 655170 Boa Vista Africa Atlantic Ocean 239 620171 San Salvador S. America Pacific Ocean 199 515172 Djerba Africa Gulf of Gabes 197 510173 San Cristobal S. America Pacific Ocean 185 480174 Fogo Africa Atlantic Ocean 184 476175 Nzwani Africa Mozambique

Channel164 424

176 Mayotte Africa Mozambique Channel

144 374

Oceans and seas by areaAll measurements are rounded to the nearest thousand

Rank NameArea

(sq mi)Area

(sq km)

1 Pacific Ocean 60,060,000 155,557,0002 Atlantic Ocean 29,638,000 76,762,0003 Indian Ocean 26,469,000 68,556,0004 Southern Ocean 7,848,000 20,327,0005 Arctic Ocean 5,427,000 14,056,0006 Coral Sea 1,850,000 4,791,0007 Arabian Sea 1,492,000 3,864,000 8 South China Sea (Nan Hai) 1,423,000 3,685,0009 Weddell Sea 1,080,000 2,796,00010 Caribbean Sea 1,063,000 2,753,00011 Mediterranean Sea 971,000 2,515,00012 Tasman Sea 900,000 2,331,00013 Bering Sea 890,000 2,305,00014 Bay of Bengal 839,000 2,173,00015 Sea of Okhotsk 614,000 1,590,00016 Gulf of Mexico 596,000 1,544,00017 Gulf of Guinea 592,000 1,533,00018 Barents Sea 542,000 1,405,00019 Norwegian Sea 534,000 1,383,00020 Gulf of Alaska 512,000 1,327,00021 Hudson Bay 476,000 1,233,00022 Greenland Sea 465,000 1,205,00023 Bellinghausen Sea 430,000 1,110,00024 Amundsen Sea 400,000 1,036,00025 Arafura Sea 400,000 1,036,00026 Philippine Sea 400,000 1,036,00027 Sea of Japan 378,000 979,00028 Mozambique Channel 376,000 975,00029 Ross Sea 370,000 958,00030 East Siberian Sea 361,000 936,00031 Scotia Sea 347,000 900,00032 Kara Sea 341,000 883,00033 Labrador Sea 309,000 800,00034 East China Sea (Dong Hai / Tung Hai) 290,000 752,00035 Solomon Sea 278,000 720,00036 Laptev Sea 270,000 700,000

[continued]



(sq mi)Area

(sq km)

Geodata.book 14 Tuesday, October 15, 2002 8:25 AM


Wor ld Rankings Append ixW

orld

Ra

nk

ing

s

37 Baffin Bay 268,000 695,00038 Banda Sea 268,000 695,00039 Drake Passage 240,000 620,00040 Timor Sea 237,000 615,00041 Andaman Sea 232,000 601,00042 North Sea 232,000 601,00043 Davis Strait 230,000 596,00044 Chukchi Sea 225,000 582,00045 Great Australian Bight 187,000 484,00046 Beaufort Sea 184,000 476,00047 Celebes Sea 182,000 472,00048 Black Sea 178,000 461,00049 Red Sea 175,000 453,00050 Java Sea 167,000 433,00051 Sulu Sea 162,000 420,00052 Yellow Sea (Huang Hai) 161,000 417,00053 Baltic Sea 147,000 382,00054 Gulf of Carpentaria 120,000 310,00055 Molucca Sea 119,000 307,00056 Persian Gulf 93,000 241,00057 Gulf of Thailand 92,000 239,00058 Gulf of St. Lawrence 92,000 239,00059 Bismarck Sea 87,000 225,00060 Gulf of Aden 85,000 220,00061 Makassar Strait 75,000 194,00062 Ceram Sea 72,000 187,000

Bays, gulfs, inlets and passages by areaAll measurements are rounded to the nearest thousand

Rank Name Continent CountryArea

(sq mi)Area

(sq km)

1 Bay of Bengal Asia India/Myanmar/Sri Lanka

839,000 2,173,000

2 Gulf of Mexico N. America U.S.A./Cuba/Mexico 596,000 1,544,0003 Gulf of Guinea Africa Cameroon/Nigeria/

Equatorial Guinea592,000 1,533,000

4 Gulf of Alaska N. America U.S.A./Canada 512,000 1,327,0005 Hudson Bay N. America Canada 476,000 1,233,0006 Baffin Bay N. America Greenland/Canada 268,000 695,0007 Great Australia

BightAustralia Australia 187,000 484,000

8 Gulf ofCarpentaria

Australia Australia 120,000 310,000

9 Persian Gulf Asia Bahrain/Iran/Qatar/Saudi Arabia/U.A.E.

93,000 240,000

10 Gulf of St. Lawrence

N. America Canada 93,000 240,000

11 Gulf of Thailand Asia Cambodia/Thailand 92,000 239,00012 Gulf of Aden Asia and Africa Somalia/Yemen 85,000 220,00013 Gulf of Oman Asia Iran/U.A.E/Oman 70,000 181,00014 Gulf of California N. America Mexico 62,000 161,00015 Gulf of Tonkin Asia Vietnam/China 45,000 117,00016 Gulf of Bothnia Europe Finland/Sweden 45,000 117,00017 Bight of Benin Africa Benin 26,000 67,00018 Strait of Malacca Asia Malaysia/Indonesia 25,000 65,00019 Gulf of Boothia N. America Canada 23,000 60,00020 Amundsen Gulf N. America Canada 23,000 60,00021 Gulf of Finland Europe Finland/Estonia 12,000 30,000

Ocean trenches by depth

Rank Name Ocean Depth (ft) Depth (m)

1 Mariana Trench Pacific 38,635 11,7842 Philippine Trench Pacific 37,720 11,5053 Tonga Trench Pacific 37,166 11,3364 Izu Trench Pacific 36,850 11,2395 Kermadec Trench Pacific 34,728 10,592

[continued]

Oceans and seas by areaAll measurements are rounded to the nearest thousand

Rank NameArea

(sq mi)Area

(sq km)6 Kuril Trench Pacific 34,678 10,5777 New Britain Trench Pacific 31,657 9,6558 Puerto Rico Trench Atlantic 31,037 9,4669 Bonin Trench Pacific 29,816 9,09410 Japan Trench Pacific 29,157 8,89311 South Sandwich Trench Atlantic 28,406 8,66412 Palau Trench Pacific 27,972 8,53113 Peru-Chile Trench Pacific 27,687 8,44514 Yap Trench Pacific 27,552 8,40315 Aleutian Trench Pacific 26,775 8,16616 Roanche Gap Atlantic 26,542 8,09517 Cayman Trench Atlantic 26,519 8,08818 New Hebrides Trench Pacific 25,971 7,92119 Ryukyu Trench Pacific 25,597 7,80720 Java Trench Indian 24,744 7,54721 Diamantina Trench Indian 24,249 7,39622 Mid America Trench Pacific 22,297 6,80123 Brazil Basin Atlantic 22,274 6,79424 Ob Trench Indian 21,785 6,64425 Vema Trench Indian 19,482 5,94226 Agulhas Basin Indian 19,380 5,91127 Ionian Basin Mediterranean 17,306 5,27828 Eurasia Basin Arctic 16,122 4,917

Rivers by lengthAll measurements are approximate

Rank Name Continent CountryLength

(mi)Length

(km)

1 Nile Africa Egypt, Sudan, Uganda 4,160 6,6932 Amazon S. America Brazil, Colombia, Peru,

Venezuela3,900 6,280

3 Mississippi-Missouri

N. America U.S.A. 3,860 6,211

4 Chang Jiang (Yangtze or Yangtse)

Asia China 3,434 5,525

5 Ob'-Irtysh Asia Kazakhstan, Russia 3,335 5,3806 Paraná S. America Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay 3,030 4,8707 Huang He

(Huang-hoor Yellow)

Asia China 2,903 4,671

8 Irtysh Asia Kazakhstan, Russia 2,760 4,4419 Lena Asia Russia 2,734 4,40010 Amur Asia China, Russia 2,719 4,35011 Congo (Zaire) Africa Angola, Dem. Rep. of the

Congo, Rep. of the Congo

2,700 4,344

12 Mackenzie N. America Canada 2,635 4,29013 Mekong Asia Cambodia, China, Laos,

Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam

2,600 4,200

14 Niger Africa Benin, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria

2,594 4,184

15 Yenisey Asia Russia 2,566 4,12916 Missouri N. America U.S.A. 2,466 3,96817 Mississippi N. America U.S.A. 2,348 3,78718 Volga Europe Russia 2,293 3,68919 Ob' Asia Russia 2,270 3,65020 Euphrates Asia Iraq, Syria, Turkey 2,235 3,59621 Purus S. America Brazil, Peru 2,100 3,38022 Madeira S. America Brazil 2,013 3,24123 Lower

TunguskaAsia Russia 2,000 3,220

24 Indus Asia Pakistan 1,988 3,20025 São Francisco S. America Brazil 1,988 3,19926 Yukon N. America Canada, U.S.A. 1,980 3,18027 Rio Grande N. America Mexico, U.S.A. 1,885 3,03428 Brahmaputra

(Jamuna)Asia Bangladesh, China, India 1,800 2,900

29 Danube Europe Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Slovakia, Yugoslavia

1,775 2,857

30 Salween Asia China, Myanmar 1,770 2,849

[continued]

Ocean trenches by depth

Rank Name Ocean Depth (ft) Depth (m)




31 Darling Australia Australia 1,702 2,73932 Tocantins S. America Brazil 1,677 2,69833 Nelson N. America Canada 1,660 2,67134 Vilyuy Asia Russia 1,650 2,65035 Zambezi Africa Angola, Mozambique,

Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe

1,650 2,650

36 Murray Australia Australia 1,609 2,58937 Paraguay S. America Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay 1,584 2,54938 Amu Dar'ya Asia Afghanistan, Tajikistan,

Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

1,580 2,540

39 Kolyma Asia Russia 1,562 2,51340 Ganges Asia Bangladesh, India 1,560 2,51041 Ishim Asia Kazakhstan, Russia 1,520 2,45042 Ural Asia Kazakhstan, Russia 1,510 2,43043 Japurá S. America Brazil, Colombia 1,500 2,41444 Arkansas N. America U.S.A. 1,460 2,35045 Colorado N. America U.S.A. 1,450 2,33046 Dnieper Europe Belarus, Russia, Ukraine 1,420 2,29047 Negro S. America Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela 1,400 2,25048 Ubangi Africa Central African Rep., Dem.

Rep. of the Congo, Rep. of the Congo

1,400 2,253

49 Aldan Asia Russia 1,390 2,24050 Columbia-

SnakeN. America Canada, U.S.A. 1,390 2,240

51 Syr Dar'ya Asia Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan

1,370 2,200

52 Araguaia S. America Brazil 1,366 2,19853 Olenek Asia Russia 1,350 2,17054 Irrawaddy Asia Myanmar 1,350 2,17055 Kasai Africa Angola, Dem. Rep of the

Congo1,338 2,153

56 Ohio-Allegheny

N. America U.S.A. 1,310 2,109

57 Tarim Asia China 1,300 2,09058 Orange Africa Lesotho, Namibia, South

Africa1,300 2,090

59 Orinoco S. America Venezuela 1,281 2,06160 Shabeelle Africa Ethiopia, Somalia 1,250 2,01161 Xingu S. America Brazil 1,230 1,97962 Columbia N. America Canada, U.S.A. 1,214 1,95363 Mamoré S. America Bolivia 1,200 1,93164 Tigris Asia Iraq, Turkey 1,180 1,90065 Northern

DvinaEurope Russia 1,160 1,870

66 Don Europe Russia 1,153 1,86067 Angara Asia Russia 1,151 1,85268 Kama Europe Russia 1,120 1,80069 Indigirka Asia Russia 1,112 1,78970 Pechora Europe Russia 1,112 1,78971 Limpopo Africa Botswana, South Africa,

Mozambique1,100 1,770

72 Salado S. America Argentina 1,110 1,77073 Guaporé S. America Bolivia, Brazil 1,087 1,74974 Tobol Asia Kazakhstan, Russia 1,042 1,67775 Snake N. America U.S.A. 1,038 1,67076 Red N. America U.S.A. 1,018 1,63877 Sénégal Africa Guinea, Mali, Mauritania,

Senegal1,015 1,663

78 Churchill N. America Canada 1,000 1,61379 Jubba Africa Ethiopia, Somalia 1,000 1,61380 Okavango Africa Angola, Botswana 1,000 1,61381 Pilcomayo S. America Argentina, Bolivia,

Paraguay1,000 1,613

82 Uruguay S. America Uruguay 1,000 1,61383 Volta Africa Burkina Faso, Ghana 992 1,600

Rivers by lengthAll measurements are approximate

Rank Name Continent CountryLength

(mi)Length

(km)

Rivers by drainage areaIn thousands of sq mi and sq km. All measurements are approximate

Rank Name Continent Country

Drainagebasin

(sq mi)

Drainagebasin

(sq km)

1 Amazon S. America Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela

2,375 6,150

2 Congo (Zaire) Africa Angola, Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Rep. of the Congo

1,476 3,822

3 Nile Africa Egypt, Sudan 1,293 3,3494 Mississippi N. America U.S.A. 1,247 3,2305 Paraná S. America Argentina, Brazil

Paraguay1,197 3,100

6 Ob'-Irtysh Asia Kazakhstan, Russia 1,154 2,9907 Yenisey Asia Russia 996 2,5808 Lena Asia Russia 961 2,4909 Niger Africa Benin, Guinea, Mali,

Niger, Nigeria808 2,092

10 Amur (Hei-lung chiang or Heilong Jiang)

Asia China, Russia 716 1,855

11 Chang Jiang (Yangtze or Yangtse)

Asia China 705 1,827

12 Mackenzie N. America Canada 690 1,78713 Saint Lawrence N. America Canada, U.S.A. 550 1,42414 Volga Europe Russia 525 1,36015 Zambezi Africa Angola, Mozambique,

Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe

514 1,331

16 Madeira S. America Brazil 463 1,20017 Indus Asia Pakistan 450 1,16518 Nelson N. America Canada 437 1,13219 Shatt al-Arab* Asia Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey 427 1,10520 Paraguay S. America Argentina, Paraguay 425 1,10021 Murray Australia Australia 408 1,05722 Negro (Guainía) S. America Brazil 386 1,00023 Ganges Asia Bangladesh, India 368 95224 Kasai Africa Angola, Dem. Rep. of

the Congo349 904

25 Orinoco S. America Venezuela 340 88026 Orange Africa Lesotho, Namibia,

South Africa330 855

27 Yukon N. America Canada, U.S.A. 328 85028 Para S. America Brazil 323 83629 Danube Europe Austria, Bulgaria,

Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Slovakia, Yugoslavia

315 816

30 Mekong Asia Cambodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam

313 811

32 Okavango Africa Angola, Botswana 303 78531Salado N. America Argentina 309 800

33 Ubangi Africa Central African Rep., Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Rep. of the Congo

298 773

34 Huang He (Huang-ho or Yellow)

Asia China 297 771

35 Ob' Asia Russia 295 76536 Aldan Asia Russia 281 72937 Shari Africa Cameroon, Chad 270 70038 Columbia N. America Canada, U.S.A. 258 66839 Kolyma Asia Russia 248 64840 Colorado N. America Mexico, U.S.A. 247 64041 São Francisco S. America Brazil 241 62342 Guapore (Iténez) S. America Bolivia, Brazil 232 60043 Brahmaputra Asia Bangladesh 224 58044 Panjnad Asia India, Pakistan 206 53345 Ohio-Allegheny N. America U.S.A. 204 52846 Sungari Asia China 202 52447 Kama Europe Russia 196 50748 Dnieper Europe Belarus, Russia, Ukraine 195 50449 Lower Tunguska Asia Russia 183 47350 Tapajós S. America Brazil 179 46351 Volta Africa Burkina Faso,

Ghana154 398

52 Northern Dvina Europe Russia 138 357

*The Shatt al-Arab is the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers.




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Rivers by discharge rateAll measurements are approximate

Rate River Continent Country

Dischargerate (cu ft

per sec)

Dischargerate (cu m

per sec)

1 Amazon S. America Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela

6,180,000 175,000

2 Congo (Zaire) Africa Angola, Dem. Rep. of the Congo

1,377,000 39,000

3 Negro (Guainía) S. America Brazil 1,236,000 35,0004 Chang Jiang

(Yangtze or Yangtse)

Asia China 1,137,000 32,190

5 Orinoco S. America Venezuela 890,000 25,2006 Paraná S. America Argentina, Brazil,

Paraguay809,000 22,900

7 Madeira S. America Brazil 770,000 21,8008 Brahmaputra Asia Bangladesh, China,

India678,000 19,200

9 Yenisey Asia Russia 622,000 17,60010 Lena Asia Russia 586,000 16,60011 Mississippi N. America U.S.A. 531,000 15,04012 Mekong Asia Cambodia, China,

Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam

501,000 14,200

13 Irrawaddy Asia Myanmar 447,000 12,66014 Zhu (Pearl) Asia China 441,000 12,50015 Ganges Asia Bangladesh, India 440,000 12,46016 Ob'-Irtysh Asia Russia 438,000 12,40017 St. Lawrence N. America Canada, U.S.A. 355,000 10,05018 Salween Asia Myanmar 353,000 10,00019 Kasai Africa Rep. of the Congo,

Dem. Rep. of the Congo

351,000 9,951

20 Amur (Hei-lung chiang or Heilong Jiang)

Asia China, Russia 349,000 9,860

21 Mackenzie N. America Canada 316,000 8,94022 Para S. America Brazil 305,000 8,63023 Volga Europe Russia 285,000 8,06024 Magdalena S. America Colombia 283,000 8,00025 Ohio N. America U.S.A. 272,000 7,71026 Solo Asia Indonesia 268,000 7,60027 Ubangi Africa Central African Rep.,

Rep. of the Congo, Dem. Rep. of the Congo

265,000 7,500

28 Zambezi Africa Angola, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe

250,000 7,070

29 Caqueta S. America Brazil 247,000 7,00031 Indus Asia Pakistan 235,000 6,64032 Yukon N. America Canada, U.S.A. 223,000 6,31033 Danube Europe Austria, Bulgaria,

Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Romania, Ukraine, Slovakia, Yugoslavia

221,000 6,250

34 Araguaia S. America Brazil 217,000 6,14035 Tapajos-Juruena S. America Brazil 212,000 6,00036 Niger Africa Benin, Guinea, Mali,

Niger, Nigeria201,000 5,700

37 Uruguay S. America Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay

194,000 5,490

38 Columbia N. America Canada, U.S.A. 194,000 5,49039 Branco S. America Brazil 191,000 5,40040 Aldan Asia Russia 177,000 5,01041 Putumayo S. America Brazil 177,000 5,01042 Ob Asia Russia 174,000 4,92043 Atrato S. America Colombia 173,000 4,90044 Caroni S. America Venezuela 168,000 4,75045 Ogooue Africa Gabon 165,000 4,67046 Fly Asia Papua New Guinea 157,000 4,45047 Paraguay S. America Argentina, Brazil,

Paraguay155,000 4,400

48 Chindwin Asia Myanmar 141,000 4,00048 Jurua S. America Brazil 141,000 4,00048 Pechora Europe Russia 141,000 4,00049 Northern Dvina Europe Russia 120,000 3,40049 Fraser N. America Canada 120,000 3,40050 Lower Tunguska Asia Russia 117,000 3,30051 Kama Europe Russia 99,000 2,800

Lakes by area All measurements are approximate


(sq mi)Area

(sq km)

1 Caspian Sea Asia Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan

143,000 371,000

2 Superior N. America Canada, U.S.A. 31,820 82,7323 Victoria Africa Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya 26,828 69,4844 Aral Sea Asia Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan 24,900 64,5005 Huron N. America Canada, U.S.A. 23,000 59,5706 Michigan N. America U.S.A. 22,400 58,0207 Tanganyika Africa Burundi, Dem. Republic

of the Congo, Tanzania, Zambia

12,700 32,020

8 Baikal Asia Russia 12,160 31,5009 Great Bear N. America Canada 12,095 31,32810 Great Slave N. America Canada 11,030 28,57011 Erie N. America Canada, U.S.A. 9,920 25,69012 Winnipeg N. America Canada 9,420 24,39013 Malawi Africa Malawi, Mozambique,

Tanzania, 8,680 22,490

14 Ontario N. America Canada, U.S.A. 7,440 19,24015 Balkhash Asia Kazakhstan 7,030 18,20016 Ladoga Russia Russia 7,000 18,13017 Maracaibo S. America Venezuela 5,020 13,01018 Chad Africa Cameroon, Chad, Niger,

Nigeria 4,000–10,000

10,360–25,900

19 Embalse del Río Negro

S. America Uruguay 4,000 10,360

20 Patos S. America Brazil 3,920 10,15321 Onega Europe Russia 3,750 9,72022 Eyre Australia Australia 3,668 9,50023 Volta Africa Ghana 3,276 8,48524 Titicaca S. America Bolivia, Peru 3,200 8,28825 Nicaragua S. America Nicaragua 3,150 8,16026 Athabasca N. America Canada 3,060 7,94027 Reindeer N. America Canada 2,570 6,65028 Smallwood

ReservoirN. America Canada 2,500 6,460

29 Turkana (Rudolf) Africa Ethiopia, Kenya 2,473 6,40530 Issyk Kul Asia Kyrgyzstan 2,360 6,10031 Torrens Australia Australia 2,230 5,78032 Albert Africa Dem. Republic of the

Congo, Uganda2,160 5,590

33 Vanern Europe Sweden 2,160 5,58034 Netilling N. America Canada 2,140 5,54035 Winnipegosis N. America Canada 2,070 5,37036 Nasser Africa Egypt, Sudan 2,026 5,24837 Bangweulu Africa Zambia 1,930 5,00038 Chott el Djerid Africa Tunisia 1,930 5,00039 Urmia Asia Iran 1,879 4,86840 Nipigon N. America Canada 1,870 4,85041 Gairdner Australia Australia 1,840 4,77042 Manitoba N. America Canada 1,800 4,66043 Kyoga Africa Uganda 1,710 4,43044 Khanka Asia China, Russia 1,700 4,40045 Saimaa Europe Finland 1,700 4,40346 Mweru Africa Dem. Republic of the

Congo1,680 4,350

47 Great Salt N. America U.S.A. 1,680 4,35048 Qinghai (Koko) Asia China 1,625 4,20949 Woods N. America Canada 1,580 4,10050 Taymyr Asia Russia 1,540 3,99051 Nasser Africa Egypt 1,522 3,94252 Orumiyeh Asia Iran 1,500 3,88053 Dubawnt N. America Canada 1,480 3,83054 Van Asia Turkey 1,430 3,71055 Tana Africa Ethiopia 1,390 3,60056 Peipus Europe Estonia, Russia 1,386 3,55557 Uvs Asia Mongolia 1,300 3,366




Lakes by depth

Rank Lake Continent CountryDepth

(ft)Depth

(m)

1 Baikal Asia Russia 5,315 1,6212 Tanganyika Africa Burundi, Tanzania, Dem.

Republic of the Congo, Zambia

4,825 1,471


3,363 1,025

4 Malawi Africa Malawi, Tanzania, Mozambique

2,316 706

5 Issyk Kul Asia Kyrgyzstan 2,303 7026 Great Slave N. America Canada 2,015 6147 Matana Asia Indonesia 1,936 5908 Crater N. America U.S.A. 1,932 5899 Toba Asia Indonesia 1,736 52910 Hornindals Europe Norway 1,686 51411 Sarez Asia Tajikistan 1,657 50512 Tahoe N. America U.S.A. 1,645 50113 Chelan N. America U.S.A. 1,605 48914 Kivu Africa Rwanda, Dem. Republic of

the Congo1,575 480

15 Quesnel N. America Canada 1,560 47516 Sals Europe Norway 1,522 46417 Adams N. America Canada 1,500 45718 Mjøsa Europe Norway 1,473 44919 Manapuri Oceania New Zealand 1,453 44320 Poso Asia Indonesia 1,444 44021 Nahuel Huapi S. America Argentina 1,437 43822 Dead Sea Asia Israel, Jordan 1,421 43323 Tazawa Asia Japan 1,394 42524 Great Bear N. America Canada 1,356 41325 Como Europe Italy 1,352 41226 Superior N. America Canada, U.S.A. 1,333 40627 Hawea Asia New Zealand 1,286 39228 Wakatipu Asia New Zealand 1,240 37829 Suldals Europe Norway 1,234 37630 Maggiore Europe Italy, Switzerland 1,221 37231 Fyres Europe Norway 1,211 36932 Chilko N. America Canada 1,200 36633 Pend Oreille N. America U.S.A. 1,200 36634 Shikotsu Asia Japan 1,191 36335 Powell N. America Canada 1,174 35836 Llanquihue S. America Chile 1,148 35037 Garda Europe Italy 1,135 34638 Towada Asia Japan 1,096 33439 Wanaka Asia New Zealand 1,086 32540 Bandak Europe Norway 1,066 32541 Telestskoya Asia Russia 1,066 32542 Eutsuk N. America Canada 1,060 32343 Atitlan N. America Guatemala 1,050 32044 Lunde Europe Norway 1,030 31445 Geneva Europe France, Switzerland 1,017 31046 Morar Europe Scotland 1,017 31047 Kurile Asia Russia 1,004 30648 Walker N. America U.S.A. 1,000 30549 Titicaca S. America Bolivia, Peru 997 30450 Argentino S. America Argentina 984 30051 Iliamna N. America U.S.A. 980 29952 Tyrifjorden Europe Norway 968 29553 Lugano Europe Italy, Switzerland 945 28854 Takla N. America Canada 941 28755 Ohrid Europe Albania, Yugoslavia 938 28656 Atlin N. America Canada 930 28357 Nuyakuk N. America U.S.A. 930 28358 Michigan N. America U.S.A. 923 28559 Harrison N. America Canada 916 27960 Te Anau Oceania New Zealand 906 276

Lakes by volume

Rank Lake Continent CountryVolume(cu mi)

Volume(cu km)


18,882 78,707

2 Baikal Asia Russia 5,517 22,9953 Tanganyika Africa Burundi, Tanzania,

Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia

4,391 18,304

4 Superior N. America Canada, USA 2,921 12,1745 Malawi Africa Malawi, Tanzania,

Mozambique 1,473 6,140

6 Michigan N. America USA 1,169 4,8747 Huron N. America Canada, USA 858 3,5758 Victoria Africa Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda 604 2,5189 Great Bear N. America Canada 550 2,29210 Great Slave N. America Canada 542 2,25811 Issyk Kul Asia Kyrgyzstan 420 1,72512 Ontario N. America Canada, USA 369 1,53913 Aral Sea Asia Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan 348 1,45014 Ladoga Russia Russia 218 90515 Titicaca S. America Bolivia, Peru 198 82716 Erie N. America Canada, USA 111 46217 Winnipeg N. America Canada 89 37018 Hovsgol Asia Mongolia 88 36719 Kivu Africa Rwanda Congo, Dem.

Republic of80 333

20 Onega Europe Russia 70 28521 Maracaibo S. America Venezuela 67 280

Glaciers, ice shelves, and related features, by areaOnly named features are included in this list. All measurements areapproximate. Also note that glaciers and similar features can vary in sizeover time.


(sq mi)Area

(sq km)

1 Antarctic Ice Shelf* Antarctica Antarctica 3,805,235–4,619,957

9,855,570–11,965,700

2 GreenlandIce Sheet

N. America Greenland 659,087 1,707,038

3 Novaya Zemlya Ice Sheet

Asia Russia 8,301–9,112

21,500–23,600

4 Prince of Wales Ice Field


5 Mer de GlaceAgassiz

Europe Switzerland 6,216 16,100

6 Devon IslandIce Cap


7 Southern Patagonian Ice Field

S. America Argentina-Chile 5,019 13,000

8 Bering Glacier N. America U.S.A. 3,800 9,8009 Austfonna Ice Cap Europe Svalbard

(dependency of Norway)

3,248 8,413

10 Vatnajökull Ice Cap Europe Iceland 3,166–3,297 8,200–8,53811 Akaioa Ice Cap N. America Canada 2,799 7,25012 Malaspina Glacier** N. America U.S.A. 847–3,089 2,195–8,00013 Barnes Ice Cap N. America Canada 2,292 5,93514 Bering Glacier N. America Canada-U.S.A. 2,008 5,20015 Axel Heiberg Island

Ice CapN. America Canada 1,969 5,100

16 Northern Patagonian Ice Field

S. America Argentina-Chile 1,622 4,200

17 Hubbard Glacier N. America U.S.A. 1,313 3,40018 Olav V Land

Ice Field Europe Svalbard

(Norway)1,158 3,000

19 Kallstenius Ice Field N. America Greenland 1,050 2,72020 Vestfonna Ice Cap Europe Svalbard

(Norway)967 2,505

21 Juneau Icefield N. America U.S.A. 703 1,82022 Skeidararjökull Europe Iceland 665 1,72223 Asgardfonna

Ice Cap Europe Svalbard

(Norway)635 1,645

24 EdgeoyjokulenIce Cap

Europe Svalbard (Norway)

512 1,300

[continued]




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25 Breidamerkurujökull Europe Iceland 489 1,266.526 Glacier Bruggen

(Pio XI)S. America Argentina-Chile 488 1,265

27 Hinlopenbreen Europe Svalbard (Norway)

482–483 1,248–1,250

28 Negribreen Europe Svalbard (Norway)

456 1,180

29 Brasvellbreen Europe Svalbard (Norway)

448 1,160

30 Etonbreen Europe Svalbard (Norway)

413–440 1,070–1,140

31 Columbia Glacier N. America U.S.A. 422–425 1,093–1,10032 Siachen Glacier Asia India-Pakistan 386 1,00033 Langjökull Europe Iceland 368 95334 Leighbreen Europe Svalbard

(Norway)357 925

35 Holtedahlfonna and Isachsenfonna


347 900

36 Fedchenko Glacier Asia Tajikistan 347 90037 Nabesna Glacier N. America U.S.A. 316 81938 Jostedalsbreen Europe Norway 315 81539 Kvitoyjokulen Europe Svalbard

(Norway)272 705

40 Stonebreen Europe Svalbard (Norway)

270 700

41 Myrdals Glacier Europe Iceland 268.3 69542 Kronebreen Europe Svalbard

(Norway)267.5 693

43 Taku Glacier Europe Svalbard (Norway)

259 671

44 Hochstetterbreen Glacier


224.3 581

45 Kahiltna Glacier N. America U.S.A. 223.9 58046 Barentsjokulen Europe Svalbard

(Norway)220 571

47 Kennicott Glacier N. America U.S.A. 213 55148 Shokalsky Glacier Asia Kazakhstan-

Kyrgyzstan210.4 545

49 Balderfonna Europe Svalbard (Norway)

209.7 543

50 Baird Glacier N. America U.S.A. 205 53251 Muldrow Glacier N. America U.S.A. 199 51652 Baltoro Glacier Asia Pakistan 70 18153 Aletsch Glacier Europe Switzerland 66 171

* Antarctic glaciers are difficult, if not impossible, to list by their surface area, becauseAntarctica is an effectively continuous ice mass and there is no easy way to determinethe boundaries of a given glacier.

** Scientists do not agree on the size of this glacier; area measurements reported reflectthe range of research findings as of 2002.

Glaciers, ice shelves, and related features, by areaOnly named features are included in this list. All measurements areapproximate. Also note that glaciers and similar features can vary in sizeover time.


(sq mi)Area

(sq km)

Deserts by areaAll measurements are approximate


(sq mi)Area

(sq km)

1 Sahara Africa Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, and Tunisia

3,475,000 9,000,000

2 Arabian* Asia Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Jordan, Syria, Iraq

900,000 2,330,000

3 Gobi Asia China, Mongolia 500,000 1,300,0004 Kalahari Africa Botswana, Namibia,

South Africa360,000 930,000

5 Great Victoria Australia Australia 134,652 348,7506 Taklimakan

(Takla Makan)Asia China 125,000 320,000

7 Sonoran N. America United States of America, Mexico

120,000 310,000

8 Kara-Kum Asia Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan

115,830 300,000

9 Kyzyl Kum Asia Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan

115,000 297,850

10 Namib Africa Namibia, South Africa

110,000 285,000

11 Great Sandy Australia Australia 103,185 267,25012 Somali Africa Somalia 100,000 260,00013 Thar Asia India, Pakistan 90,000 233,00014 Tanami Australia Australia 71,235 184,50015 Atacama S. America Chile, Peru 70,000 180,00016 Simpson Australia Australia 68,150 176,50017 Gibson Australia Australia 60,230 156,00018 Little Sandy Australia Australia 43,050 111,500

* Two deserts are commonly referred to by this name. This entry refers to the deserts ofthe Arabian Peninsula and not the Arabian Desert of Egypt, which is part of theSahara.

Mountain peaks by height and continentAll measurements are approximate. Note that many mountains have multiplepeaks, which will appear separately in the table.

Rank Name CountryElevation

(ft)Elevation

(m)

Africa1 Kibo (Mt. Kilimanjaro) Tanzania 19,340 5,8952 Mawensi (Mt. Kilimanjaro) Tanzania 17,100 5,2103 Batian (Mt. Kenya) Kenya 17,058 5,2034 Nelion (Mt. Kenya) Kenya 17,020 5,1905 Margherita Peak (Mt. Stanley) Dem. Rep. of the Congo,

Uganda16,756 5,110

6 Alexandra Peak (Mt. Stanley) Dem. Rep. of the Congo, Uganda

16,700 5,094

7 Albert Peak (Mt. Stanley) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 16,690 5,0908 Savoia Peak (Mt. Stanley) Uganda 16,330 4,9819 Elena Peak (Mt. Stanley) Uganda 16,300 4,97210 Elizabeth Peak (Mt. Stanley) Uganda 16,170 4,93211 Phillip Peak (Mt. Stanley) Uganda 16,140 4,92312 Moebius Peak (Mt. Stanley) Uganda 16,130 4,92013 Vittorio Emanuele (Mt. Speke) Uganda 16,040 4,89214 Ensonga (Mt. Speke) Uganda 15,960 4,86815 Johnston (Mt. Speke) Uganda 15,860 4,83416 Edward (Mt. Baker) Uganda 15,890 4,84617 Umberto (Mt. Emin) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 15,740 4,79818 Semper (Mt. Baker) Uganda 15,730 4,79519 Kraepelin (Mt. Emin) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 15,720 4,79120 Iolanda (Mt. Gessi) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 15,470 4,75121 Bottego (Mt. Gesi) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 15,418 4,69922 Sella (Mt. Luigi) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 15,178 4,62623 Ras Deshen Ethiopia 15,157 4,62024 Weismann (Mt. Luigi) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 15,157 4,62025 Okusoma (Mt. Luigi) Dem. Rep. of the Congo 15,020 4,578

[continued]




Antarctica1 Vinson Antarctica 16,860 5,1422 Tyree Antarctica 16,290 4,9683 Shinn Antarctica 15,750 4,8004 Gardner Antarctica 15,370 4,6905 Epperly Antarctica 15,100 4,600

Asia1 Everest (Zhumulangma Feng) Nepal, China 29,030 8,8502 K2 China, Pakistan 28,251 8,6113 Kanchenjunga India, Nepal 28,169 8,5864 Lhotse China, Nepal 27,890 8,5005 Makalu China, Nepal 27,824 8,4816 Kanchenjunga, south peak India, Nepal 27,800 8,4797 Kanchenjunga, west peak India, Nepal 27,620 8,4248 Lhotse Shar China, Nepal 27,500 8,3889 Dhaulagiri Nepal 26,813 8,17210 Manslu Nepal 26,775 8,15511 Cho Oyu China, Nepal 26,750 8,15012 Nanga Parbat I Pakistan 26,660 8,13013 Masherbrum I Pakistan 26,610 7,81014 Annapurna I Nepal 26,500 8,08015 Gasherbrum I Pakistan 26,470 8,07016 Broad, highest peak Pakistan 26,400 8,05017 Gasherbrum II Pakistan 26,360 8,03018 Gosainthan China 26,290 8,01019 Broad, middle peak Pakistan 26,250 8,00020 Gasherbrum III Pakistan 26,090 7,95021 Annapurna II Nepal 26,040 7,94022 Gasherbrum IV Pakistan 26,000 7,93023 Gyachung Kang China, Nepal 25,990 7,92724 Nanga Parbat II Pakistan 25,950 7,91025 Kangbachen India, Nepal 25,930 7,90926 Manslu, east pinnacle Nepal 25,900 7,90027 Distaghil Sar Pakistan 25,870 7,89028 Nuptse Nepal 25,850 7,88029 Himachuh Nepal 25,800 7,86030 Khiangyang Kish Pakistan 25,760 7,85031 Ngojumba Ri China, Nepal 25,720 7,84732 Dakura Nepal 25,710 7,84233 Masherbrum II Pakistan 25,660 7,82634 Nanda Devi, west peak India 25,650 7,82335 Nanga Parbat III Pakistan 25,650 7,82336 Rakaposhi Pakistan 25,550 7,79337 Batura Mustagh I Pakistan 25,540 7,79038 GasherbrumV Pakistan 25,500 7,77039 Kamet China, India 25,440 7,760

Europe1 El'brus (Elborus), west peak Russia 18,481 5,6332 El'brus (Elborus), east peak Russia 18,360 5,5903 Shkhara Georgia, Russia 17,064 5,2054 Dykh, west peak Russia 17,050 5,2005 Dykh, east peak Russia 16,900 5,1506 Koshtan Russia 16,880 5,1487 Pushkina Russia 16,730 5,1008 Kazbek, east peak Georgia 16,526 5,0409 Dzhangi Georgia 16,520 5,03910 Katyn Georgia, Russia 16,310 4,97511 Shota Rustaveli Georgia, Russia 16,270 4,96212 Mizhirgi, west peak Russia 16,170 4,93213 Mizhirgi, east peak Russia 16,140 4,92314 Kundyum-Mizhirgi Russia 16,010 4,88015 Gestola Georgia, Russia 15,930 4,86016 Tetnuld Georgia, Russia 15,920 4,85017 Mont Blanc, main peak France, Italy 15,772 4,81018 Dzhimariy Georgia 15,680 4,78019 Adish Georgia, Russia 15,570 4,74920 Courmayer (Mont Blanc) France, Italy 15,577 4,74821 Ushba Georgia 15,450 4,710

North America1 McKinley (Denali), south peak U.S.A. 20,323 6,1942 Logan, central peak Canada 19,550 5,9593 Logan, west peak Canada 19,470 5,9304 McKinley (Denali), north peak U.S.A. 19,470 5,9305 Logan, east peak Canada 19,420 5,9206 Pico de Orizaba Mexico 18,701 5,700

[continued]



(ft)Elevation

(m)

7 Logan, north peak Canada 18,270 5,5708 Saint Elias U.S.A., Canada 18,010 5,4909 Popocatepetl Mexico 17,887 5,45210 Foraker U.S.A. 17,400 5,30011 Ixtacihuatl Mexico 17,342 5,28612 Queen Canada 17,300 5,27013 Lucania Canada 17,150 5,23014 King Canada 16,970 5,17015 Steele Canada 16,640 5,07016 Bona U.S.A. 16,500 5,03317 Blackburn, highest peak U.S.A. 16,390 5,00018 Blackburn, southeast peak U.S.A. 16,290 4,96819 Sanford U.S.A. 16,240 4,95020 Wood Canada 15,880 4,840

Oceania1 Puncak Jaya Indonesia 16,503 5,0332 Daam Indonesia 16,150 4,9263 Pilimsit Indonesia 15,750 4,8004 Trikora Indonesia 15,580 4,7525 Mandala Indonesia 15,420 4,7006 Wisnumurti Indonesia 15,080 4,5907 Yamin Indonesia 14,860 4,5308 Wilhelm Papua New Guinea 14,793 4,5099 Kubor Papua New Guinea 14,300 4,36010 Herbert Papua New Guinea 14,000 4,270

South America1 Aconcagua Argentina 22,835 6,9602 Ojos del Salado, southeast peak Argentina, Chile 22,573 6,8803 Bonete Argentina 22,550 6,8704 Pissis Argentina 22,240 6,7805 Mercedario Argentina 22,210 6,7706 Huascarán, south peak Peru 22,204 6,7687 Llullaillaco Argentina, Chile 22,100 6,7308 Libertador Argentina 22,050 6,7209 Ojos del Salado, northwest peak Argentina, Chile 22,050 6,72010 Tupungato Argentina, Chile 21,900 6,67011 Gonzalez, highest peak Argentina, Chile 21,850 6,66412 Huascarán, north peak Peru 21,840 6,66113 Muerto Argentina, Chile 21,820 6,65514 Yerupaja, north peak Peru 21,760 6,63015 Incahuasi Argentina, Chile 21,700 6,61016 Galan Argentina 21,650 6,60017 Tres Cruces Argentina, Chile 21,540 6,56018 Gonzalez, north peak Argentina, Chile 21,490 6,55019 Sajama Bolivia 21,463 6,54220 Yerupaja, south peak Peru 21,380 6,51021 Chimborazo Ecuador 20,681 6,267

Volcanoes by heightAll measurements are approximate.

Rank Name Continent CountryElevation

(ft)Elevation

(m)

1 Tupungato S. America Chile 22,310 6,8002 Tipas S. America Argentina 21,845 6,6603 Cerro el Condor S. America Argentina 21,425 6,5324 Antofallo S. America Argentina 20,008 6,1005 Guallatiri S. America Chile 19,882 6,0606 Lascar S. America Chile 19,652 5,9907 Cotopaxi S. America Ecuador 19,344 5,8968 Kilimanjaro Africa Tanzania 19,341 5,8959 El Misti S. America Peru 19,031 5,80110 Pico de Orizaba N. America Mexico 18,702 5,70011 Tolima S. America Colombia 18,425 5,61612 Popocatépetl N. America Mexico 17,887 5,45013 Yucamani S. America Peru 17,860 5,44414 Sangay S. America Ecuador 17,159 5,23015 Tungurahua S. America Ecuador 16,684 5,08516 Cotacachi S. America Ecuador 16,250 4,93917 Purace S. America Colombia 15,604 4,756

[continued]



(ft)Elevation

(m)




orld

Ra

nk

ing

s

18 Klyuchevskaya Asia Russia 15,584 4,75019 Kronotskaya Asia Russia 15,580 4,74920 Shiveluch Asia Russia 15,580 4,74921 Pichincha S. America Ecuador 15,173 4,62522 Karasimbi Africa Dem. Rep. of

the Congo14,873 4,507

23 Rainier N. America USA 14,410 4,39524 Wrangell N. America USA (Alaska) 14,163 4,31725 Colima N. America Mexico 13,993 4,26526 Tajumulco N. America Guatemala 13,845 4,22027 Mauna Kea Oceania USA (Hawaii) 13,796 4,20528 Mauna Loa Oceania USA (Hawaii) 13,680 4,17029 Cameroon Africa Cameroon 13,353 4,07030 Tacana N. America Guatemala 13,300 4,05331 Kerintji Asia Indonesia 12,483 3,80532 Erebus Antarctica Antarctica 12,448 3,79433 Fuji Asia Japan 12,388 3,77634 Fuego N. America Guatemala 12,346 3,76335 Agua N. America Guatemala 12,307 3,75136 Rindjani Asia Indonesia 12,224 3,72637 Pico de Teide Africa Spain (Canary

Is.)12,198 3,718

38 Tolbachik Asia Russia 12,077 3,68239 Semeru Asia Indonesia 12,060 3,67640 Ichinskaya Asia Russia 11,800 3,62141 Atitlan N. America Guatemala 11,650 3,55142 Torbert N. America USA (Alaska) 11,450 3,48043 Nyirangongo Africa Dem. Rep. of

the Congo11,365 3,465

44 Kroyakskaya Asia Russia 11,336 3,45645 Irazu S. America Costa Rica 11,260 3,43246 Slamet Asia Indonesia 11,247 3,42847 Spurr N. America USA (Alaska) 11,137 3,38548 Lautaro S. America Chile 11,120 3,38049 Sumbing Asia Indonesia 11,060 3,37150 Raung Asia Indonesia 10,932 3,33251 Etna Europe Italy 10,902 3,32352 Baker N. America USA 10,778 3,28553 Lassen N. America USA 10,492 3,18754 Dempo Asia Indonesia 10,390 3,15855 Sundoro Asia Indonesia 10,367 3,15156 Agung Asia Indonesia 10,337 3,14257 Prahu Asia Indonesia 10,285 3,13758 Llaima S. America Chile 10,245 3,12559 Redoubt N. America USA (Alaska) 10,197 3,10860 Tjiremai Asia Indonesia 10,098 3,07861 One-Take Asia Japan 10,056 3,06762 Nyamulagira Africa Dem. Rep. of

the Congo10,026 3,056

63 Iliamna N. America USA (Alaska) 10,016 3,05364 Ardjuno-Welirang Asia Indonesia 9,968 3,03865 San Pedro N. America Guatemala 9,902 3,02066 Gede Asia Indonesia 9,705 2,95867 Zhupanovsky Asia Russia 9,705 2,95868 Apo Asia Philippines 9,692 2,95469 Merapi Asia Indonesia 9,551 2,91170 Marapi Asia Indonesia 9,479 2,89171 Geureudong Asia Indonesia 9,459 2,88572 Bezymianny Asia Russia 9,449 2,88273 Shishaldin N. America USA (Alaska) 9,372 2,85674 Tambora Asia Indonesia 9,350 2,85075 Villarrica S. America Chile 9,318 2,84076 Fogo Africa Cape Verde 9,281 2,82977 Ruapehu Oceania New Zealand 9,175 2,79678 Peuetsagoe Asia Indonesia 9,115 2,78079 Paricutin N. America Mexico 9,100 2,77580 Big Ben Antarctica Heard Island

(dependency of Australia)

9,006 2,745

81 Balbi Oceania Papua New Guinea

8,999 2,743

82 Avachinskaya Asia Russia 8,987 2,74183 Melbourne Antarctica Antarctica 8,957 2,73284 Poas N. America Costa Rica 8,872 2,70485 Papandajan Asia Indonesia 8,744 2,66586 Piton de la

FaournaiseAfrica Reunion

(dependency of France)

8,626 2,631

[continued]



(ft)Elevation

(m)

87 Pacaya N. America Guatemala 8,367 2,55288 Mt. St. Helens N. America USA 8,366 2,55089 Asama Asia Japan 8,300 2,53090 Pavlof N. America USA (Alaska) 8,261 2,51891 Veniaminof N. America USA (Alaska) 8,220 2,50792 Mayon Asia Philippines 8,077 2,46293 Sinabung Asia Indonesia 8,066 2,46094 Yake Dake Asia Japan 8,049 2,45595 Tandikat Asia Indonesia 7,993 2,43896 Canalaon Asia Philippines 7,984 2,43597 Shoshuenco S. America Chile 7,941 2,42298 Idjen Asia Indonesia 7,823 2,38699 Izalco N. America El Salvador 7,828 2,386100 Karthala Africa Comoros 7,746 2,361101 Alaid Asia Russia 7,669 2,339102 Bromo Asia Indonesia 7,636 2,329103 Griggs N. America USA (Alaska) 7,597 2,317104 Ulawun Oceania Papua New

Guinea7,546 2,300

105 Sibajak Asia Indonesia 7,541 2,300106 Ngauruhoe Oceania New Zealand 7,515 2,291107 Beerenberg Europe Jan Mayen Is.

(dependency of Norway)

7,470 2,277

108 Guntur Asia Indonesia 7,377 2,249109 Bamus Oceania Papua New

Guinea7,338 2,248

110 Puyehue S. America Chile 7,331 2,236111 Chokai Asia Japan 7,314 2,229112 Butak Petarangan Asia Indonesia 7,285 2,222113 Galunggung Asia Indonesia 7,113 2,168114 Mageik N. America USA (Alaska) 7,098 2,165115 Douglas N. America USA (Alaska) 7,016 2,140116 Amburombu Asia Indonesia 6,964 2,124117 San Miguel N. America El Salvador 6,957 2,120118 Tokachi Asia Japan 6,814 2,077119 Chiginagak N. America USA (Alaska) 6,777 2,067120 Azuma Asia Japan 6,775 2,065121 Queen Mary's

PeakAfrica Tristan da

Cunha (dependency of the United Kingdom)

6,760 2,060

122 Katmai N. America USA (Alaska) 6,715 2,047123 Kukak N. America USA (Alaska) 6,688 2,040124 Makushin N. America USA (Alaska) 6,678 2,035125 Calbuco S. America Chile 6,567 2,003126 Pogromni N. America USA (Alaska) 6,564 2,002127 Niigata Yakeyama Asia Japan 6,557 2,000128 Tongariro Oceania New Zealand 6,516 1,986129 Zheltovskaya Asia Russia 6,403 1,953130 Kaba Asia Indonesia 6,400 1,952131 Sangeang Api Asia Indonesia 6,390 1,949132 Nasu Asia Japan 6,289 1,917133 Rincon de la Vieja S. America Costa Rica 6,282 1,916134 Hudson S. America Chile 6,246 1,905135 Trident N. America USA (Alaska) 6,111 1,864136 Awu Asia Indonesia 6,102 1,860137 Martin N. America USA (Alaska) 6,098 1,860138 Soputan Asia Indonesia 5,994 1,827139 Tiatia Asia Russia 5,964 1,819140 Manam Oceania Papua New

Guinea5,925 1,807

141 Tanaga N. America USA (Alaska) 5,921 1,806142 Siau Asia Indonesia 5,830 1,778143 El Viejo (San

Cristobal)N. America Nicaragua 5,721 1,745

144 Great Sitkin N. America USA (Alaska) 5,705 1,740145 Kelud Asia Indonesia 5,679 1,731146 Cleveland N. America USA (Alaska) 5,672 1,730147 Batur Asia Indonesia 5,630 1,717148 Askja Europe Iceland 4,954 1,510149 La Soufriere N. America Guadeloupe


4,813 1,467

150 Lopevi Oceania Vanuatu 4,744 1,447151 Pelée N. America Martinique


4,583 1,397

[continued]



(ft)Elevation

(m)




152 Catarman Asia Philippines 4,367 1,332153 Vesuvius Europe Italy 4,190 1,277154 Soufrière S. America St. Vincent and

the Grenadines

4,048 1,234

Waterfalls by heightAll measurements are approximate. If a waterfall has multiple cascades theyare listed separately.

Rank Name Continent CountryHeight

(ft)Height

(m)

1 Angel (upper falls) S. America Venezuela 2,648 8072 Utigord Europe Norway 2,625 8003 Monge Europe Norway 2,539 7744 Mtarazi (Mutarazi) Africa Mozambique,

Zimbabwe2,500 760

5 Itatinga S. America Brazil 2,060 6286 Cuquenán (Kukenaam) S. America Guyana, Venezuela 2,000 6107 Kahiwa N. America U.S.A. (Hawaii) 1,750 5338 Tysse (Tusse) Europe Norway 1,749 5339 Maradalsfos Europe Norway 1,696 51710 Ribbon N. America U.S.A. 1,612 49111 Roraima S. America Guyana 1,500 45712 Della N. America Canada 1,445 44013 Yosemite, Upper N. America U.S.A. 1,430 43614 Gavarnie Europe France 1,385 42215 Tugela (highest falls

in chain)Africa South Africa 1,350 411

16 Krimml Europe Austria 1,250 38017 Silver Strand N. America U.S.A. 1,170 35718 Basaseachic N. America Mexico 1,020 31119 Staubbach Europe Switzerland 980 29920 Vettis Europe Norway 902 27521 King George VI S. America Guyana 850 26022 Wallaman Oceania Australia 850 26023 Takakkaw N. America Canada 838 25424 Hunlen N. America Canada 830 25325 Jog (Gersoppa) Asia India 830 25326 Skykje Europe Norway 820 25027 Sutherland, Upper Oceania New Zealand 815 24828 Sutherland, Middle Oceania New Zealand 751 22929 Kaieteur S. America Guyana 741 22630 Wollomombi Oceania Australia 726 22031 Kalambo Africa Tanzania, Zambia 704 21532 Fairy N. America U.S.A. 700 21333 Feather N. America U.S.A. 640 19534 Maletsunyane Africa Lesotho 630 19235 Bridalveil N. America U.S.A. 620 18936 Multnomah N. America U.S.A. 620 18937 Panther N. America Canada 600 18338 Voringfoss Europe Norway 597 18239 Nevada N. America U.S.A. 594 18140 Angel, Lower S. America Venezuela 564 17241 Augrabies

(Aughrabies)Africa South Africa 480 146

42 Tully Oceania Australia 450 13743 Helmcken N. America Canada 450 13744 Nachi Asia Japan 430 13145 Tequendama S. America Colombia 427 13046 Bridal Veil N. America Canada 400 12247 Illilouette N. America U.S.A. 370 11348 Yosemite, Lower N. America U.S.A. 320 9849 Twin N. America Canada 260 80



(ft)Elevation

(m)

Countries and selected dependencies, by area

Rank Country ContinentArea

(sq mi)Area

(sq km)

Percent ofworld land

area

1 Russia Asia/Europe 6,592,735 17,075,200 112 Antarctica Antarctica 5,405,000 14,000,000 9.43 Canada N. America 3,851,788 9,976,140 6.74 U.S.A. N. America 3,717,792 9,629,091 6.45 China Asia 3,705,386 9,596,960 6.46 Brazil S. America 3,286,470 8,511,965 5.77 Australia Australia 2,967,893 7,686,850 5.18 India Asia 1,269,338 3,287,590 2.39 Argentina S. America 1,072,157 2,776,890 1.910 Kazakhstan Asia 1,049,150 2,717,300 1.811 Sudan Africa 967,493 2,505,810 1.712 Algeria Africa 919,590 2,381,740 1.613 Congo, Dem. Rep.

of theAfrica 905,563 2,345,410 1.6

14 Greenland N. America 840,000 2,175,600 1.515 Mexico N. America 761,606 1,972,550 1.316 Saudi Arabia Asia 756,984 1,960,582 1.317 Indonesia Asia 741,096 1,919,440 1.318 Libya Africa 679,358 1,759,540 1.219 Iran Asia 636,293 1,648,000 1.120 Mongolia Asia 604,247 1,565,000 1.021 Peru S. America 496,223 1,285,220 0.922 Chad Africa 495,755 1,284,000 0.923 Niger Africa 489,189 1,267,000 0.824 Angola Africa 481,350 1,246,700 0.825 Mali Africa 478,764 1,240,000 0.826 South Africa Africa 471,008 1,219,912 0.827 Colombia S. America 439,733 1,138,910 0.828 Ethiopia Africa 435,184 1,127,127 0.829 Bolivia S. America 424,162 1,098,580 0.730 Mauritania Africa 397,953 1,030,700 0.731 Egypt Africa 386,660 1,001,450 0.732 Tanzania Africa 364,879 945,037 0.633 Nigeria Africa 356,667 923,768 0.634 Venezuela S. America 352,143 912,050 0.635 Namibia Africa 318,694 825,418 0.636 Pakistan Asia 310,401 803,940 0.537 Mozambique Africa 309,494 801,590 0.538 Turkey Asia 301,382 780,580 0.539 Chile S. America 292,258 756,950 0.540 Zambia Africa 290,584 752,614 0.541 Myanmar Asia 261,969 678,500 0.542 Afghanistan Asia 250,000 647,500 0.443 Somalia Africa 246,199 637,657 0.444 Central African

RepublicAfrica 240,534 622,984 0.4

45 Ukraine Europe 233,089 603,700 0.446 Botswana Africa 231,803 600,370 0.447 Madagascar Africa 226,656 587,040 0.448 Kenya Africa 224,961 582,650 0.449 France Europe 211,208 547,030 0.450 Yemen Asia 203,849 527,970 0.451 Thailand Asia 198,455 514,000 0.352 Spain Europe 194,896 504,782 0.353 Turkmenistan Asia 188,455 488,100 0.354 Cameroon Africa 183,567 475,440 0.355 Papua New Guinea Oceania 178,703 462,840 0.356 Sweden Europe 173,731 449,964 0.357 Uzbekistan Asia 172,741 447,400 0.358 Morocco Africa 172,413 446,550 0.359 Iraq Asia 168,753 437,072 0.360 Paraguay S. America 157,046 406,750 0.361 Zimbabwe Africa 150,803 390,580 0.362 Japan Asia 145,882 377,835 0.363 Germany Europe 137,846 357,021 0.264 Congo, Rep. of Africa 132,047 342,000 0.265 Finland Europe 130,127 337,030 0.266 Malaysia Asia 127,316 329,750 0.267 Vietnam Asia 127,243 329,560 0.268 Norway Europe 125,181 324,220 0.269 Côte d’Ivoire Africa 124,502 322,460 0.270 Poland Europe 120,728 312,685 0.271 Italy Europe 116,305 301,230 0.272 Philippines Asia 115,830 300,000 0.273 Ecuador S. America 109,483 283,560 0.274 Burkina Faso Africa 105,869 274,200 0.275 New Zealand Oceania 103,737 268,680 0.276 Gabon Africa 103,347 267,667 0.2

[continued]




orld

Ra

nk

ing

s

77 Guinea Africa 94,926 245,857 0.278 United Kingdom Europe 94,525 244,820 0.279 Ghana Africa 92,100 238,540 0.280 Romania Europe 91,699 237,500 0.281 Laos Asia 91,428 236,800 0.282 Uganda Africa 91,135 236,040 0.283 Guyana S. America 83,000 214,970 0.184 Oman Asia 82,031 212,460 0.185 Belarus Europe 80,154 207,600 0.186 Kyrgyzstan Asia 76,640 198,500 0.187 Senegal Africa 75,749 196,190 0.188 Syria Asia 71,498 185,180 0.189 Cambodia Asia 69,900 181,040 0.190 Uruguay S. America 68,039 176,220 0.191 Tunisia Africa 63,170 163,610 0.192 Suriname S. America 63,039 163,270 0.193 Bangladesh Asia 55,598 144,000 0.194 Tajikistan Asia 55,251 143,100 0.195 Nepal Asia 54,363 140,800 0.196 Greece Europe 50,942 131,940 0.197 Nicaragua N. America 49,998 129,494 0.198 Eritrea Africa 46,842 121,320 0.199 Korea, North

(Democratic People’s Republic of)

Asia 46,540 120,540 0.1

100 Malawi Africa 45,745 118,480 0.1101 Benin Africa 43,483 112,620 0.1102 Honduras N. America 43,278 112,090 0.1103 Liberia Africa 43,000 111,370 0.1104 Bulgaria Europe 42,822 110,910 0.1105 Cuba N. America 42,803 110,860 0.1106 Guatemala N. America 42,042 108,890 0.1107 Iceland Europe 39,769 103,000 0.1108 Yugoslavia Europe 39,517 102,350 0.1109 Korea, South

(Republic of)Asia 38,023 98,480 0.1

110 Hungary Europe 35,919 93,030 0.1111 Portugal Europe 35,672 92,391 0.1112 Jordan Asia 35,637 92,300 0.1113 French Guiana S. America 35,135 91,000 0.1114 Azerbaijan Asia 33,436 86,600 0.1115 Austria Europe 32,378 83,858 0.1116 United Arab

EmiratesAsia 32,000 82,880 0.1

117 Czech Republic Europe 30,450 78,866 0.1118 Panama N. America 30,193 78,200 0.1119 Sierra Leone Africa 27,699 71,740 0.05120 Ireland Europe 27,135 70,280 0.05121 Georgia Asia 26,911 69,700 0.05122 Sri Lanka Asia 25,332 65,610 0.04123 Lithuania Europe 25,174 65,200 0.04124 Latvia Europe 24,938 64,589 0.04125 Togo Africa 21,925 56,785 0.04126 Croatia Europe 21,831 56,542 0.04127 Bosnia and

HerzegovinaEurope 19,741 51,129 0.03

128 Costa Rica N. America 19,730 51,100 0.03129 Slovakia Europe 18,859 48,845 0.03130 Dominican

RepublicN. America 18,815 48,730 0.03

131 Bhutan Asia 18,147 47,000 0.03132 Estonia Europe 17,462 45,226 0.03133 Denmark Europe 16,638 43,094 0.03134 Netherlands Europe 16,033 41,526 0.03135 Switzerland Europe 15,942 41,290 0.03136 Guinea-Bissau Africa 13,946 36,120 0.02137 Taiwan Asia 13,892 35,980 0.02138 Moldova Europe 13,067 33,843 0.02139 Belgium Europe 11,780 30,510 0.02140 Lesotho Africa 11,720 30,355 0.02141 Armenia Asia 11,506 29,800 0.02142 Albania Europe 11,100 28,748 0.02143 Solomon Islands Asia 10,985 28,450 0.02144 Equatorial Guinea Africa 10,831 28,051 0.02145 Burundi Africa 10,745 27,830 0.02146 Haiti N. America 10,714 27,750 0.02147 Rwanda Africa 10,169 26,338 0.02

[continued]



(sq mi)Area

(sq km)


area

148 Macedonia Europe 9,781 25,333 0.02149 Belize N. America 8,867 22,966 0.02150 Djibouti Africa 8,494 22,000 0.01151 El Salvador N. America 8,124 21,040 0.01152 Israel Asia 8,019 20,770 0.01153 Slovenia Europe 7,820 20,253 0.01154 Fiji Oceania 7,054 18,270 0.01155 Kuwait Asia 6,880 17,820 0.01156 Swaziland Africa 6,704 17,363 0.01157 East Timor Asia 5,640 14,609 0.01158 Bahamas N. America 5,382 13,940 0.01159 Vanuatu Oceania 4,710 12,200 0.01160 Qatar Asia 4,416 11,437 0.01161 Gambia, The Africa 4,363 11,300 0.01162 Jamaica N. America 4,243 10,990 0.01163 Lebanon Asia 4,015 10,400 0.01164 Cyprus Asia 3,571 9,250 0.01165 Puerto Rico N. America 3,515 9,104 0.01166 Brunei Asia 2,228 5,770 0.004167 Trinidad and

TobagoS. America 1,980 5,128 0.003

168 Cape Verde Africa 1,557 4,033 0.003169 Samoa Oceania 1,104 2,860 0.002170 Luxembourg Europe 998 2,586 0.002171 Comoros Africa 838 2,170 0.001172 Mauritius Africa 718 1,860 0.001173 Guadeloupe N. America 687 1,780 0.001174 Martinique N. America 425 1,100 0.0007175 São Tomé and

PríncipeAfrica 386 1,001 0.0007

176 Netherlands Antilles N. America 371 960 0.0006177 Dominica N. America 291 754 0.0005178 Tonga Oceania 289 748 0.0005179 Kiribati Oceania 277 717 0.0005180 Micronesia Oceania 271 702 0.0005181 Singapore Asia 250 647.5 0.0004182 Bahrain Asia 239 620 0.0004183 St. Lucia N. America 239 620 0.0004184 Andorra Europe 181 468 0.0003185 Palau Oceania 177 458 0.0003186 Seychelles Africa 176 455 0.0003187 Antigua and

BarbudaN. America 171 442 0.0003

188 Barbados N. America 166 430 0.0003189 Turks & Caicos

IslandsN. America 166 430 0.0003

190 Saint Vincent andthe Grenadines

N. America 150 389 0.0003

191 Virgin Islands N. America 136 352 0.0002192 Grenada N. America 131 340 0.0002193 Malta Europe 122 316 0.0002194 Maldives Asia 115 300 0.0002195 St. Kitts and Nevis N. America 101 261 0.0002196 Cayman Islands N. America 100 259 0.0002197 Aruba S. America 75 193 0.0001198 Marshall Islands Oceania 70 181.3 0.0001199 Liechtenstein Europe 62 160 0.0001200 British Virgin

IslandsN. America 58 150 0.0001

201 Anguilla N. America 35 91 0.0001202 San Marino Europe 24 61.2 --203 Bermuda N. America 23 58.8 --204 Tuvalu Oceania 10 26 --205 Nauru Oceania 8.1 21 --206 Monaco Europe 0.7 1.95 --207 Vatican City Europe 0.17 0.44 --



(sq mi)Area

(sq km)


area




Countries and selected dependencies, by population

Rank Country ContinentPopulation(July 2001)

1 China Asia 1,273,111,2902 India Asia 1,029,991,1453 U.S.A. N. America 278,058,8814 Indonesia Asia 228,437,8705 Brazil S. America 174,468,5756 Russia Asia/Europe 145,470,1977 Pakistan Asia 144,616,6398 Bangladesh Asia 131,269,8609 Japan Asia 126,771,66210 Nigeria Africa 126,635,62611 Mexico N. America 101,879,17112 Germany Europe 83,029,53613 Philippines Asia 82,841,51814 Vietnam Asia 79,939,01415 Egypt Africa 69,536,64416 Turkey Asia 66,493,97017 Iran Asia 66,128,96518 Ethiopia Africa 65,891,87419 Thailand Asia 61,797,70020 United Kingdom Europe 59,647,79021 France Europe 59,551,22722 Italy Europe 57,679,82523 Congo, Democratic Republic of the

(Zaire)Africa 53,624,718

24 Ukraine Europe 48,760,47425 Korea, Republic of (South Korea) Asia 47,904,37026 South Africa Africa 43,586,09727 Myanmar Asia 41,994,67828 Colombia S. America 40,349,38829 Spain Europe 40,037,99530 Poland Europe 38,633,91231 Argentina S. America 37,384,81632 Tanzania Africa 36,232,07433 Sudan Africa 36,080,37334 Algeria Africa 31,736,05335 Canada N. America 31,592,80536 Kenya Africa 30,765,91637 Morocco Africa 30,645,30538 Peru S. America 27,483,86439 Afghanistan Asia 26,813,05740 Nepal Asia 25,284,46341 Uzbekistan Asia 25,155,06442 Uganda Africa 23,985,71243 Venezuela S. America 23,916,81044 Iraq Asia 23,331,98545 Saudi Arabia Asia 22,757,09246 Taiwan Asia 22,370,46147 Romania Europe 22,364,02248 Malaysia Asia 22,229,04049 Korea, Democratic People’s

Republic of (North Korea)Asia 21,968,228

50 Ghana Africa 19,894,01451 Sri Lanka Asia 19,408,63552 Mozambique Africa 19,371,05753 Australia Australia 19,357,59454 Yemen Asia 18,078,03555 Kazakstan Asia 16,731,30356 Syria Asia 16,728,80857 Côte d’Ivoire Africa 16,393,22158 Madagascar Africa 15,982,56359 Netherlands Europe 15,981,47260 Cameroon Africa 15,906,50061 Chile S. America 15,328,46762 Ecuador S. America 13,183,97863 Guatemala N. America 12,974,36164 Cambodia Asia 12,491,50165 Burkina Faso Africa 12,272,28966 Zimbabwe Africa 11,365,36667 Cuba N. America 11,184,02368 Mali Africa 11,008,51869 Yugoslavia Europe 10,677,29070 Greece Europe 10,623,83571 Malawi Africa 10,548,25072 Angola Africa 10,366,03173 Niger Africa 10,355,15674 Belarus Europe 10,350,19475 Senegal Africa 10,284,92976 Czech Republic Europe 10,264,21277 Belgium Europe 10,258,762

[continued]

78 Hungary Europe 10,106,01779 Portugal Europe 10,066,25380 Zambia Africa 9,770,19981 Tunisia Africa 9,705,10282 Sweden Europe 8,875,05383 Dominican Republic N. America 8,581,47784 Bolivia S. America 8,300,46385 Austria Europe 8,150,83586 Azerbaijan Asia 7,771,09287 Bulgaria Europe 7,707,49588 Guinea Africa 7,613,87089 Somalia Africa 7,488,77390 Rwanda Africa 7,312,75691 Switzerland Europe 7,283,27492 Chad Africa 7,114,40093 Haiti N. America 6,964,54994 Benin Africa 6,590,78295 Tajikistan Asia 6,578,68196 Honduras N. America 6,406,05297 El Salvador N. America 6,237,66298 Burundi Africa 6,223,89799 Israel Asia 5,938,093100 Paraguay S. America 5,734,139101 Laos Asia 5,635,967102 Sierra Leone Africa 5,426,618103 Slovakia Europe 5,414,937104 Denmark Europe 5,252,815105 Libya Africa 5,240,599106 Finland Europe 5,175,783107 Jordan Asia 5,153,378108 Togo Africa 5,153,088109 Papua New Guinea Oceania 5,049,055110 Georgia Asia 4,989,285111 Nicaragua N. America 4,918,393112 Kyrgyzstan Asia 4,753,003113 Turkmenistan Asia 4,603,244114 Norway Europe 4,503,440115 Moldova Europe 4,431,570116 Croatia Europe 4,334,142117 Singapore Asia 4,300,419118 Eritrea Africa 4,298,269119 Puerto Rico N. America 3,937,316120 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 3,922,205121 New Zealand Oceania 3,864,129122 Ireland Europe 3,840,838123 Costa Rica N. America 3,773,057124 Lebanon Asia 3,627,774125 Lithuania Europe 3,610,535126 Central African Republic Africa 3,576,884127 Albania Europe 3,510,484128 Uruguay S. America 3,360,105129 Armenia Europe 3,336,100130 Congo, Republic of the Africa 3,258,400131 Liberia Africa 3,225,837132 Panama N. America 2,845,647133 Mauritania Africa 2,747,312134 Jamaica N. America 2,665,636135 Mongolia Asia 2,654,999136 Oman Asia 2,622,198137 United Arab Emirates Asia 2,407,460138 Latvia Europe 2,385,231139 Lesotho Africa 2,177,062140 Bhutan Asia 2,049,412141 Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav

Republic ofEurope 2,046,209

142 Kuwait Asia 2,041,961143 Slovenia Europe 1,930,132144 Namibia Africa 1,797,677145 Botswana Africa 1,586,119146 Estonia Europe 1,423,316147 Gambia, The Africa 1,411,205148 Guinea-Bissau Africa 1,315,822149 Gabon Africa 1,221,175150 Mauritius Africa 1,189,825151 Trinidad and Tobago S. America 1,169,682152 Swaziland Africa 1,104,343153 Fiji Oceania 844,330154 East Timor Asia 779,567155 Qatar Asia 769,152

[continued]






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156 Cyprus Asia 762,887157 Guyana S. America 697,181158 Bahrain Asia 645,361159 Comoros Africa 596,202160 Equatorial Guinea Africa 486,060161 Solomon Islands Oceania 480,442162 Djibouti Africa 460,700163 Luxembourg Europe 442,972164 Suriname S. America 433,998165 Guadeloupe N. America 431,170166 Martinique N. America 418,454167 Cape Verde Africa 405,163168 Malta Europe 394,583169 Brunei Darussalam Asia 343,653170 Maldives Asia 310,764171 Bahamas, The N. America 297,852172 Iceland Europe 277,906173 Barbados N. America 275,330174 Belize N. America 256,062175 Netherlands Antilles N. America 212,226176 Vanuatu Oceania 192,910177 Samoa Oceania 179,058178 French Guiana S. America 177,562179 São Tomé and Príncipe Africa 165,034180 Saint Lucia N. America 158,178181 Micronesia, Federated States of Oceania 134,597182 Virgin Islands, U.S. N. America 122,211183 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines N. America 115,942184 Tonga Oceania 104,227185 Kiribati Oceania 94,149186 Grenada N. America 89,227187 Seychelles Africa 79,715188 Marshall Islands Oceania 70,822189 Dominica N. America 70,786190 Aruba N. America 70,007191 Andorra Europe 67,627192 Antigua and Barbuda N. America 66,970193 Bermuda N. America 63,503194 Greenland Europe 56,352195 Saint Kitts and Nevis N. America 38,756196 Cayman Islands N. America 35,527197 Liechtenstein Europe 32,528198 Monaco Europe 31,842199 San Marino Europe 27,336200 British Virgin Islands N. America 20,812201 Palau Oceania 19,092202 Turks and Caicos Islands N. America 18,122203 Anguilla N. America 12,132204 Nauru Oceania 12,088205 Tuvalu Oceania 10,991206 Holy See Europe 890207 Antarctica Antarctica 0

Countries and selected dependencies, by boundary lengthBorders plus coastline

Rank NameTotal boundaries

(mi)Total boundaries

(km)

1 Canada 156,949 252,6842 Russia 35,743 57,6143 Indonesia 35,718 57,4904 Greenland 27,333 44,0875 Australia 22,831 36,7356 China 22,905 36,6717 Philippines 22,499 36,2898 United States 19,991 32,1729 Japan 18,479 29,75110 Norway 15,156 24,44011 Brazil 13,752 22,18212 India 13,084 21,10313 Antarctica 11,230 17,96814 New Zealand 9,404 15,13415 Kazakstan 9,284 14,97616 Greece 9,250 14,886

[continued]



17 Argentina 9,106 14,65418 Mexico 8,617 13,86819 United Kingdom 7,720 12,78920 Chile 7,834 12,60621 Congo, Democratic Republic of the

(Zaire)6,684 10,781

22 Turkey 6,142 9,82723 Italy 5,911 9,53224 Colombia 5,758 9,21225 Iran 5,355 8,62026 Sudan 5,306 8,54027 Venezuela 5,277 8,49328 Mongolia 5,070 8,161.929 Vietnam 5,023 8,08330 Thailand 5,022 8,08231 Peru 4,491 7,95032 Croatia 4,886 7,86333 Pakistan 4,859 7,82034 Myanmar 4,840 7,80635 South Africa 4,686 7,54836 Denmark 4,587 7,38237 Malaysia 4,563 7,34438 Algeria 4,553 7,34139 Ukraine 4,576 7,34040 Mali 4,661 7,24341 Saudi Arabia 4,383 7,05542 Mozambique 4,373 7,04143 Spain 4,272 6,881.844 Angola 4,215 6,79845 Bolivia 4,190 6,74346 Uzbekistan 4,117 6,64147 France 3,925 6,31648 Libya 3,823 6,15349 Micronesia, Federated States of 3,789 6,11250 Germany 3,732 6,00751 Papua New Guinea 3,711 5,97252 Chad 3,700 5,96853 Mauritania 3,622 5,82854 Niger 3,540 5,69755 Congo, Republic of the 3,518 5,67356 Zambia 3,496 5,62757 Afghanistan 3,428 5,52958 Sweden 3,370 5,42359 Namibia 3,373 5,39660 Somalia 3,350 5,39161 Solomon Islands 3,301 5,31362 Ethiopia 3,300 5,31163 Central African Republic 3,233 5,20364 Laos 3,151 5,08365 Eritrea 3,009 5,01566 Egypt 3,109 5,01467 Cameroon 3,095 4,99368 Iceland 3,098 4,98869 Nigeria 3,044 4,90070 Madagascar 3,000 4,82871 Tanzania 2,997 4,82672 Bangladesh 2,995 4,82073 Estonia 2,744 4,42774 Ecuador 2,556 4,24775 Korea, Democratic People’s Republic

of (North Korea)2,590 4,168

76 Botswana 2,488 4,01377 Kenya 2,473 3,98278 Paraguay 2,436 3,92079 Kyrgyzstan 2,410 3,87880 Morocco 2,391 3,852.981 Finland 2,327 3,75482 Turkmenistan 2,322 3,73683 Cuba 2,316 3,73584 Guinea 2,311 3,71985 Iraq 2,291 3,68986 Yemen 2,270 3,65287 Tajikistan 2,264 3,65188 Senegal 2,257 3,63289 Bahamas, The 2,201 3,54290 Oman 2,154 3,46691 Gabon 2,135 3,43692 Poland 2,099 3,379

[continued]




(km)




93 Burkina Faso 1,983 3,19294 Belarus 1,925 3,09895 Zimbabwe 1,905 3,06696 Honduras 1,894 3,05097 Panama 1,892 3,04598 Cambodia 1,873 3,01599 Portugal 1,868 3,007100 Nepal 1,818 2,926101 Guyana 1,811 2,921102 Malawi 1,789 2,881103 Azerbaijan 1,751 2,813104 Romania 1,698 2,733105 Uganda 1,676 2,698106 Korea, Republic of (South Korea) 1,656 2,651107 Ghana 1,635 2,632108 Tunisia 1,597 2,572109 Austria 1,588 2,562110 Vanuatu 1,567 2,528111 Syria 1,520 2,446112 Yugoslavia 1,520 2,445113 Uruguay 1,381 2,224114 United Arab Emirates 1,355 2,185115 Liberia 1,345 2,164116 Bulgaria 1,343 2,162117 Nicaragua 1,330 2,141118 Benin 1,308 2,110119 Suriname 1,297 2,093120 Haiti 1,268.7 2,046121 Guatemala 1,251 2,017122 Hungary 1,248 2,009123 Costa Rica 1,204 1,929124 Czech Republic 1,169 1,881125 Switzerland 1,151 1,852126 Ireland 1,124 1,808127 Georgia 1,098 1,771128 Togo 1,058 1,703129 Latvia 1,043 1,681130 Jordan 1,022 1,645131 Taiwan 973 1,566132 Dominican Republic 977 1,563133 French Guiana 970 1,561134 Palau 944 1,519135 Bosnia and Herzegovina 919 1,479136 Netherlands 918 1,478137 Belgium 900 1,451138 Moldova 864 1,389139 Lithuania 850.4 1,372140 Sierra Leone 250 1,360141 Slovakia 842 1,355142 Sri Lanka 833 1,340143 Israel 795 1,279144 Armenia 778 1,254145 Slovenia 753 1,211.6146 Kiribati 709 1,143147 Fiji 702 1,129148 Albania 672 1,082149 Bhutan 668 1,075150 Guinea-Bissau 667 1,074151 Jamaica 634 1,022152 Burundi 605 974153 Cape Verde 598 965154 Kuwait 598 963155 Lesotho 565 909156 Belize 559 902157 Rwanda 555 893158 El Salvador 530 852159 Equatorial Guinea 517 835160 Djibouti 511 822161 Gambia, The 510 820162 East Timor 492 792163 Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav

Republic of465 748

164 Lebanon 422 679165 Cyprus 403 648166 Maldives 400 644167 Qatar 387 623168 Brunei Darussalam 337 541

[continued]




(km)

169 Swaziland 332 535170 Côte d'Ivoire 2,254 515171 Puerto Rico 311 501172 Seychelles 305 491173 Tonga 260 419174 Samoa 250 403175 Turks and Caicos Islands 241 389176 Netherlands Antilles 232.33 374.2177 Marshall Islands 230 370178 Trinidad and Tobago 225 362179 Luxembourg 221 356180 Martinique 217 350181 Comoros 211 340182 Guadeloupe 197.4 316.2183 Malta 157 253184 São Tomé and Príncipe 130 209185 Singapore 120 193186 Virgin Islands 116.7 188187 Mauritius 110 177188 Cayman Islands 100 160189 Saint Lucia 98 158190 Antigua and Barbuda 95 153191 Dominica 92 148192 Saint Kitts and Nevis 84 135193 Bahrain 78 126194 Grenada 75 121195 Andorra 74.6 120.3196 Bermuda 64 103197 Barbados 60 97198 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 52 84199 British Virgin Islands 50 80200 Liechtenstein 47 76201 Aruba 42.6 68.5202 Anguilla 38 61203 San Marino 24 39204 Nauru 18.6 30205 Tuvalu 15 24206 Monaco 5.2 8.5207 Vatican City 1.2 3.2




(km)




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SELECTED SOURCES

The World Rankings tables in Geo-Data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia, 3rd ed. were based on a large num-ber of sources. A key source of information for all of these tables are the country entries appearing elsewhere in thebook. Each of these entries has its own set of sources, and it would be impossible to list all of them here. However,some sources which cover a large number of tables or were particularly useful are listed below.

Altai Republic Territory and Geography. http://www.altai-republic.com/territory/resp_altay_eng.htm (accessed Sep-tember 2002).

Atlas of Canada. http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/ (accessed July–August 2002).

AUGLIG: Geoscience Australia: Spatial Information for theNation. http://www.auslig.gov.au (accessed July–August2002).

CIA World Factbook 2002. http://www.odci.gov/cia/publica-tions/factbook (accessed July–August 2002).

Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Country Stud-ies. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/cshome.html#toc (accessedJuly–August 2002).

Geo-Data: The World Geographical Encyclopedia, 2nd ed.Detroit: Gale Research, 1989.

Hoelzle, M. and W. Haeberli. World Glacier Inventory. WorldGlacier Monitoring Service and National Snow and IceData Center/World Data Center for Glaciology, Boulder,CO, 1999. http://www.nsidc.org/data/glacier_inventory/(accessed September 2002).

Internal Lake Environment Committee. LakeNet. http://www.worldlakes.org (accessed July–August 2002).

The Living Desert: World Desert. http://www.livingdesert.com/worlddes.htm (accessed July–August 2002).

Merriam-Webster's Geographical Dictionary, Third Edition.Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, Inc., 1997.

Munro, David, ed. Oxford Dictionary of the World. New York:Oxford University Press, 1995.

Peakware World Mountain Encyclopedia. http://www.peak-ware.com/encyclopedia/index.htm (accessed September2002).

River Systems of the World. http://www.rev.net/~aloe/river(accessed July–August 2002).

United States Geological Survey. http://www.usgs.gov/(accessed September 2002);

World Atlas. http://www.graphicmaps.com (accessed July–August 2002).



GLOSSARY

Aboriginal � Someone or something that is the firstor earliest known of its type in a country or region.

Acid rain � Rain (or snow) that has become slightlyacid by mixing with industrial air pollution.

Alluvium � Clay, silt, sand or gravel deposted byrunning water such as a stream or river.

Alluvial plain � Flatlands containing deposits ofalluvium.

Antarctic � Relating to the southernmost part of theEarth.

Aquatic � Of or relating to the water, particularly theanimals and plants that live there.

Aqueduct � A bridge-like structure that carrieswater over obstacles, usually man-made.

Aquifer � An underground layer of porous rock,sand, or gravel that holds water.

Arable land � Land that is naturally suitable forcultivation by plowing and is used for growing crops.

Archipelago � A group of islands, or a body of watercontaining many islands.

Arctic � Relating to the northernmost part of theEarth, or anything that is frigidly and invariably cold.

Arid � Extremely dry, particularly applied to regionsof low rainfall where non-irrigated agriculture isimpossible and there is little natural vegetation.

Artesian well � A type of well where undergroundpressure forces water to the surface.

Asphalt � A substance containing highconcentrations of hydrocarbons that is found innaturally occurring beds, and is also produced as aby-product of petroleum refinining. Used in roadbuilding.

Atmosphere � The air surrounding the Earth’ssurface.

Atoll � An island consisting of a strip or ring of coralsurrounding a central lagoon.

Avalanche � A swift sliding of an accumulation ofsnow or ice down a mountain.

Badlands � Eroded and barren land.Barren land � Unproductive land, partly or entirely

treeless.Barrier island � An island formed by wave and tidal

action, oriented parallel to the shore and serving toprotect the shore from ocean wave action.

Barrier reef � A coral reef that lies parallel to thecoast, often forming a lagoon along the shore.

Basalt � Black or nearly black dense rock, usuallyformed by the solidification or magma or from someother high-temperature geological event.

Basin � A depression on land or on the ocean floor.Usually relatively broad and gently sloped, ascompared to a trench, canyon, or crater.

Bay � An indented body of water surrounded byland on three sides.

Bayou � A stagnant or slow-moving body of water.Beach � Sediment deposited through the action of

waves and the process of erosion along the shorelineof a large body of water.

Bedrock � Solid rock lying under loose earth.Biosphere � All living organisms on Earth.Bluff � Elevated area with a broad, steep cliff face.Bog � Wet, soft, and spongy ground where the soil is

composed mainly of decayed or decaying vegetablematter.



Glossar y

Bora � A very cold wind blowing from the north inthe Adriatic Sea region.

Biome � Ecological community of an area, such astropical rainforest or desert.

Broadleaf forest � A forest composed mainly ofbroadleaf (deciduous) trees, as opposed to aconiferous forest.

Butte � An elevated, flat-topped area, similar to butsmaller than a plateau or mesa.

Caldera � A crater formed by the eruption of avolcano.

Canal � An artificial waterway, either to connect twobodies of water or for irrigation.

Canyon � A deep gorge cut by a river, usually foundin arid regions characterized by plateaus.

Cape � A projection of land that extends away froma landmass out into a body of water.

Catchment � Area that collects water.Cave � Hollow places in the Earth produced by the

combined action of fracture of rock layers and theeroding action of ground water.

Cay � Low-lying island or reef, also called a Key.Caucasus � Region of southeast Europe between the

Black and Caspian seas.Channel � A narrow body of water that connects

two larger areas. An area where water flows through anarrow restricted path.

Chapparal � Dense, shrubby vegetation that growsin regions with hot, dry summers and cooler winters,such as in the southwest United States and northwestMexico.

Cliff � A high, vertical face of rock.Climate � Weather conditions pertaining to a

specific area.Coastal belt � A coastal plain area of lowlands and

somewhat higher ridges that run parallel to the coast.Coastal plain � A fairly level area of land along the

coast of a land mass.Coniferous forest � A forest consisting mainly

evergreen trees such as pine, fir, and cypress trees.Conifers � Plants, mostly evergreen trees and

shrubs, that produce cones.Continent � One of the seven major land masses of

the Earth.Continental climate � A climate typical of the

interior of a continent. Particulars can vary widelydepending on the region, but in general areas with acontinental climate have greater variations intemperature, both on a daily and seasonal basis, thanin areas with a maritime climate.

Continental divide � The geographic line separatingthe drainage basins of a continent.

Continental shelf � A shallow submarine plainextending from the coast of a continent coast into thesea, and varying in width; typically ends in a steepslope to the ocean floor.

Coral reef � A ridge in the warm-water areas of theocean made up of the limestone and calcium depositsof coral animals.

Cordillera � A continuous ridge, range, or chain ofmountains.

Crater � A bowl-shaped depression on the surface ofthe Earth, generally with relatively deep, steep, sides.The most common type of crater is a caldera, formedby volcanic eruption.

Cultivable land � Land that can be prepared byplowing for the production of crops.

Cyclone � A weather occurrence that involves thewind blowing spirally around and in towards a center,creating a powerful storm. In the northernhemisphere, the cyclonic movement is usuallycounter-clockwise, and in the southern hemisphere, itis clockwise.

Dam � A structure built across a river that restrictsits flow, causing a reservoir to form behind it. Damsare often used to generate hydropower.

Deciduous forest � A forest consisting of trees thatshed their leaves on a yearly basis (broadleaf) asopposed to those (coniferous) that retain them.

Deciduous species � Any species of tree or shrubthat sheds or casts off a part of itself after a definiteperiod of time, commonly used to describe trees thatlose their leaves on a yearly basis.

Deforestation � The removal or clearing of a forest,usually to enable the land to be used for anotherpurpose, such as agriculture or settlements.

Delta � Triangular-shaped deposits of soil formed atthe mouths of large rivers. They are formed out of thesilt carried by the river, and have the effect of forcingthe river to split into distributary channels,sometimes over a very wide area.

Density � Number of units in a specific area.Depression � A point on the Earth’s surface that

forms a hollow, or that has sunken or fallen in. Anyplace where the Earth's surface is lower than thesurrounding terrain.

Desert � A dry land area with little precipitation andsparse vegetation.

Desertification � The process wherby land thatsupports vegetation gradually becomes desert as aresult of climatic changes, land mismanagement, orboth.



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Dike � An artificial riverbank built up to control theflow of water.

Discontiguous � Not connected to or sharing aboundary with.

Distributary � A stream which branches off from ariver and never rejoins it, flowing indepdently intoanother body of water.

Doldrums � An area near the equator characterizedby variable winds and periods of calm.

Dormant volcano � A volcano that has notexhibited any signs of activity for an extended periodof time.

Drumlin � A rounded, oval hill rarely more than 250ft (75 m) high or more than a half mile (1 km) long.

Dry climate � Weather patterns characterized bylittle rainfall and dramatic temperature differencesbetween day and night.

Dune � A mound or ridge of loose, wind-blownsand.

Earth � Fifth-largest planet in the solar system; itsorbit is third from the sun, its circumferencemeasured at the equator is 24,900 mi (40,064 km),and measured around the poles is 24,860 mi (40,000km). The diameter at the equator is 7,926 mi (12,753km), and from pole to pole, 7,900 mi (12,711 km).

Earthquake � Shaking or other movement of theearth that is caused by tectonic shifts or volcanicactivity.

Easterlies � Winds or air currents blowing more orless consistently form east to west.

Eastern Hemisphere � The eastern half of the earth’ssurface, as divided by the Prime Meridian and 180thmeridian.

Ecology � The branch of science that studies therelationship between organisms and theirenvironments.

Eddy � An air or water current that follows a coursedifferent from that of the main flow and usually has aswirling circular motion.

Enclave � A political or cultural unit within a regionthat is distinct and different from the territories thatsurround it is an enclave within those territories. Anenclave within one country or culture is often anexclave in respect to another country or culture.

Endangered species � A plant or animal specieswhose existence as a whole is threatened withextinction.

Endemic � Anything that is native to or restricted toa specific place, especially if it is unique to orcharacteristic of that place.

Equator � An imaginary line running around themiddle of the Earth halfway between the North andSouth Poles, identified as 0° latitude, which dividesthe Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

Erosion � Changes in the shape of the earth’s surfaceas a result of wind, water, or ice.

Escarpment � A steep slope that separates areas ofdifferent elevations.

Estuary � The region where a river and a large lakeor sea meet, with their waters gradually blending intoeach other.

Exclave � Part of a country that is separated from thelarger, main portion of the country by foreignterritory. An exclave is considered an enclave inrespect to the foreign country or countries thatsurround it.

Fault � An area of weakness in the Earth’s crustwhere the rock formation splits, allowing theopposing sides shift and adjust to relieve stresses,sometimes causing earthquakes. Most commonlyfound along the boundaries between tectonic plates.Also called a fault line.

Fauna � Animal life.

Fen � Wet, soft, and spongy ground where the soil iscomposed mainly of decayed or decaying vegetablematter and is fed by surrounding soils andgroundwater; fens are similar to bogs but have highernutrient levels.

Fjord � A relatively narrow arm of the sea thatindents deeply into the land, with generally steepslopes or cliffs on each side.

Flood � The flow of excessive quantities of waterover land that is generally above water.

Flood plain � An area of low-lying land bordering astream of water where floods, and the resultingdeposits of alluvium, occur frequently.

Flora � Vegetation.

Front � Weather term describing the point at whichtwo air masses interact.

Game reserve � An area of land reserved for wildanimals that are hunted for sport or for food.

Geothermal energy � Energy derived from the heatthat constantly and naturally radiates out from thecenter of the Earth. Also used to desrcibe theradiation itself.

Geyser � A hot spring that periodically eruptsthrough an opening in the surface of the Earth,spewing boiling water and steam.

Glacier � A large body of permanent ice on theEarth's surface.



Glossar y

Gorge � A deep ravine with steep, rocky walls,through which a stream flows.

Grassland � An area where the vegetation is mostlygrasses and other grass-like plants, often providing atransition between forests and deserts.

Groundwater � Water located below the earth’ssurface, the source from which wells and springsdraw their water.

Growler � A semi-submerged iceberg that poses asea hazard.

Gulf � Inlet of the sea formed by a concaveindentation in the coastline.

Gulf Stream � Warm ocean current flowing fromroughly the Gulf of Mexico northeast along the coastof North America, then east toward Europe.

Hardpan � A layer of hardened clay soil, usuallyunderlying a thin layer of topsoil.

Hardwoods � Deciduous trees, such as cherry, oak,maple, and mahogany, that produce very hard,durable, and therefore valuable, lumber.

Harmattan � An intensely dry, dusty wind felt alongthe coast of Africa between Cape Verde and CapeLopez. It prevails at intervals during the months ofDecember, January, and February.

Headland � Slightly elevated land lying along orjutting into a body of water.

Headstream � Stream that forms the source of ariver.

Headwater � Source of a stream or river.

Heath � Uncultivated land with low shrubs.

Hemisphere � Any half of the globe—north, south,east or west—as divided by the Prime Meridian and180° longitude, or by the equator.

Hill � A rounded area of elevation rising more or lessprominently above the surrounding, flatterlandscape. Hill is generally used to describe anelevation of no more than 1,000 ft (300 m) above thesurrounding land, but this can vary greatly dependingon the region.

Humboldt Current � A cold ocean current that runsnorth from Antarctica along the west coast of SouthAmerica, primarily from June to November.

Hurricane � A tropical storm with winds over 74mph.

Hydropower � Electricty generated by daming riversand using the water to turn turbines. Also calledhydroelectric power.

Hydrosphere � Pertaining to the area of water alongthe Earth’s surface.

Iceberg � A massive block of ice floatingindependently in water that has broken from a glacieror an ice shelf through a process known as calving.

Ice caps � Ice sheets covering less than 19,000 sq mi(50,000 sq km).

Ice sheets � Very large glaciers found in polar andsub-polar regions, generally occupying high andrelatively flat regions.

Ice shelves � Sheets of ice that extend over the seaand float on the water, typically ranging fromapproximately 500–3,500 ft (200–1000 m) thick. TheArctic Ocean is partly covered by ice shelves, and thecontinent of Antarctica is almost completelysurrounded by them.

Inlet � A narrow passage through which water froman ocean or other large body passes, usually into abay or lagoon.

International Date Line � An arbitrary line at aboutthe 180th meridian that designates where one daybegins and another ends.

Island � Land entirely surrounded by water, ofrelatively small area compared to the land mass of acontinent.

Isthmus � A narrow strip of land bordered by wateron two side and connecting two larger bodies of landon the others, such as two continents, a continent anda peninsula, or two parts of an island.

Japan Current � A warm current in the PacificOcean.

Karst � Region of limestone characterized byunderground streams and caverns.

Key � A low flat island consisting of coral or sand,coral fragments, shell fragments, and other debrisdeposited on a coral flat, just above the high waterlevel. Also called a Cay.

Labrador Current � A North Atlantic current thatflows southward from polar waters along the eastcoast of Canada.

Lagoon � A shallow body of water, often connectedwith, or barely separated from, a nearby larger bodyof water.

Lake � An inland body of standing water ofconsiderable size.

Landlocked country � A country that does not havedirect access to the sea; it is completely surrounded byother countries.

Landslide � A flow of muddy soil or loose rock thatis usually triggered by heavy rainfall in areas wherethe terrain is steep.

Latitude � An imaginary line running around theEarth, parallel to the equator. In geography, another



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name for a parallel. The Earth is divided into two setsof lines of latitude, each of 90 degrees, starting at theequator, 0° latitude, and extending north or south tothe poles.

Lava � Molten rock (magma) that has been pouredout on the Earth’s surface, usually through a volcano.

Leeward � The direction identical to that of theprevailing wind.

Littoral � The area between the high water and lowwater marks of a shore or coastal region.

Loam � Light soil consisting of clay, silt, and sand.

Loess � A windblown accumulation of fine yellowclay or silt.

Longitude � An imaginary line that extends alongthe surface of the Earth directly from one pole toanother. Another name for a meridian. The Earth isdivided into 360 degrees of longitude, with 0° beingdesignated the Prime Meridian.

Maghreb � Region in northwest Africa made up ofAlgeria, Morocco, and Tunisia.

Magma � Rock beneath the Earth’s surface that hasbeen melted by the heat of the Earth’s interior. Whenmagma breaches the Earth's surface it is known aslava.

Mangrove � A tree which abounds on tropicalshores in both hemispheres. Characterized by itsnumerous roots which arch out from its trunk anddescend from its branches. Mangroves form thick,dense growths along the tidal muds, reaching lengthshundreds of miles long.

Marsh � An area of soggy land, usually coveredwholly or in part by shallow water, and containingaquatic vegetation.

Maquis � Scrubby, thick underbrush, typical of thatfound along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.

Marginal land � Land that is difficult or unattractivefor cultivation.

Marine life � The life that exists in, or is formed bythe sea.

Maritime climate � The climate and weatherconditions typical of areas bordering large bodies ofwater. Details vary from one region to another, butgenerally areas close to water have more eventemperatures (lower high temperatures and higherlow temperatures) than areas with a continentalclimate.

Massif � Central part of a mountain, or thedominant part of a range of mountains.

Mean temperature � The air temperature unitmeasured by the National Weather Service by adding

the maximum and minimum daily temperaturestogether and diving the sum by 2.

Mediterranean climate � A wet-winter, dry-summer climate with a moderate annual temperaturerange, as is typically experienced by countries alongthe Mediterranean Sea.

Meridian � See longitude.

Mesa � An isolated, elevated, flat-topped area ofland, typically larger than a butte but smaller than aplateau.

Mistral � In southern France, a cold, dry, northerlywind.

Monsoon � Seasonal change in the wind direction ofSoutheastern Asia, leading to wet and dry seasons.The monsoon develops when there is a significantdifference in temperature between the ocean and theland. Monsoon is sometimes used to describe anyheavy rainfall.

Moor � A poorly drained open area containing peatand heath.

Moist tropical climate � A weather pattern typicalto the tropics, known for year-round hightemperatures and large amounts of rainfall.

Moraine � A deposit of rocky earth deposited by aglacier.

Mountain � A lofty elevation of land, generally atleast higher than 1,000 ft (300 m), but varying greatlydepending on the surrounding terrain, with littlesurface area at its peak; commonly formed in a seriesof ridges or in a single ridge known as a mountainrange.

Natural harbor � A protected portion of a sea orlake along the shore resulting from the naturalformations of the land.

Nature preserve � An area where one or morespecies of plant and/or animal are protected fromharm, injury, or destruction.

Nilas � A thin sheet of ice on the surface of the sea,such as the sea around Antarctica, that moves withthe waves but does not break apart.

Northern Hemisphere � The northern half of theEarth’s surface, as divided by the equator.

Nunatak � A mountain that rises above the ice sheetin Antarctica.

Oasis � Originally, a fertile spot in the Libyan Desertwhere there is a natural spring or well and vegetation;now refers to any fertile tract in the midst of awasteland.

Ocean � The interconnected bodies of saltwater thatcover almost three-fourths of the Earth’s surface.



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Oceania � A name used to refer collectively to theislands that lie in the central and south PacificOcean—including the islands of Micronesia (Kiribatiand Marshall Islands, and neighboring islands),Melanesia (Vanuatu and Fiji, and neighboringislands), and Polynesia (Hawaii, Tonga, Tuvalu, andneighboring islands)—that are located far from anycontinent.

Pampa � Grass-covered plain of South America.Panhandle � A long narrow strip of land projecting

like the handle of a frying pan.Parallel � See latitude.Peneplain � A flat land surface that has been

subjected to severe erosion.Peninsula � A body of land surrounded by water on

three sides.Permafrost � A frozen layer of soil that never thaws.Petroglyph � Ancient human carvings on rock,

often found in caves.Piedmont � The terrain at the base of a mountain or

range of mountains.Plain � An expansive area free of major elevations

and depressions.Plateau � A relatively flat area of elevated land.Plate tectonics � A set of theories about the Earth's

structure used by many geologists to explain whylandmasses and oceans are arranged as they are, andwhy seismic activity occurs. According to platetectonics the Earth's surface, including the bottoms ofthe oceans, rests on a number of large tectonic plates.These plates are slowly moving across the interiorlayers of the Earth. Where they grind against eachother, earthquakes and other seismic activity occurs,and the shape of the land gradually changes.

Polar circles � A circle around the Earthdistinguishing the frigid polar zones from thetemperate zones. The Earth has two polar circles, theArctic Circle in the north and the Antarctic Circle inthe south.

Polar climate � A humid, severely cold climatecontrolled by arctic air masses, with no warm orsummer season.

Polar regions � The areas surrounding thenorthernmost (north pole) or southernmost (southpole) points on the Earth, marked by extreme, year-round, cold temperatures.

Polder � Low land recovered from a body of waterand protected by dikes or embankments.

Pole, geographic � The extreme northern andsouthern points of the Earth’s axis, where the axisintersects the spherical surface.

Pole, magnetic � Either of two points on the Earth’ssurface, close to the geographic north pole and southpoles, where the magnetic field is most intense.

Pond � A small body of still, shallow water.

Prairie � An area of level grassland that occurs intemperate climate zones.

Prime Meridian � The meridian designated as zerodegrees in longitude that runs through Greenwich,England, site of the Royal Observatory. All otherlongitudes are measured from this point .

Proved reserves � The quantity of a recoverablemineral resource (such as oil or natural gas) that isstill in the ground.

Rainforest � Forest of tall trees with a high, leafycanopy where the annual rainfall is at least 100 in(254 cm).

Ravine � A narrow, deep valley usually forming thechannel for a stream.

Reef � String of rocks or coral formations, usually ona sandy bottom, that are barely submerged.

Reforestation � Systematically replacing forest treeslost due to fire or logging.

Reservoir � A lake that was formed artificially by adam.

Ring of Fire � Region of seismic activity roughlyoutlined by a string of volcanoes that encircles thePacific Ocean.

River � A substantial stream of water following aclear channel as it flows over the land.

Riverine � Related to a river or the banks of a river.

Roundwood � Timber used as poles or in similarways without being sawn or shaped.

Sahel � Semi-arid plains region in Africa, borderingthe Sahara Desert on the north, stretchingapproximately from the Atlantic Ocean to the RedSea.

Salinization � An accumulation of soluble salts insoil. This condition is common in irrigated areas withdesert climates, where water evaporates quickly inpoorly drained soil due to high temperatures. Seversalinization renders soil poisonous to most plants.

Salt pan � An area of land in a sunny region that isperiodically submerged in shallow water, usually dueto tides or seasonal floods. The sun causes theshallow water to evaporate and leave the salt itcontained behind on the ground. Also called a saltflat.

Sand bar � A deposit of sedimentary material in ariver, lake, or other body of water that lies in shallowwater.



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Savanna � A treeless or near treeless plain of atropical or subtropical region dominated by drought-resistant grasses.

Sea � A body of salt water that is connected to (andtherefore a part of) the ocean.

Season � Regular variations in weather patterns thatoccur at the same times every year.

Seasonal � Dependant on the season. The flow ofrivers and volume of lakes often varies greatlybetween seasons, as can vegetation.

Sedimentary rock � Rock, such as sandstone, shale,and limestone, formed from the hardening ofmaterial deposits.

Seismic activity � Relating to or connected with anearthquake or earthquakes in general.

Semiarid � A climate where water and rainfall isrelatively scarce but not so rare as to prohibit thegrowth of modest vegetation. Semiarid areas are oftenfound around arid deserts, and semiarid land issometimes called a desert itself.

Shoal � A shallow area in a stream, lake, or sea,especially a sand bank that lies above water at low tideor during dry periods.

Sierra � A chain of hills or mountain.Silt � Fine gravely inorganic material, between fine

sand and coarse clay particles in character, that iscarried the flow of a river and deposited along itsbanks. Silt is generally very fertile soil.

Sirocco � Hot, sand-laden wind in Algeria.Skerry � A rocky island.Slough � A marshy pond that occurs in a river inlet.Softwoods � Coniferous trees, whose wood density

as a whole is relatively softer than the wood of thosetrees referred to as hardwoods.

Sound � A wide expanse of water, usually separatingmainland from islands or connecting two largebodies of water; often lies parallel to the oceancoastline.

Southern Hemisphere � The southern half of theEarth’s surface, as divided by the equator.

Spring � Water flowing from the ground through anatural opening.

Stalactites and stalagmites � Deposits of calciumcarbonite formed in a cavern or cave; stalactites hangdown from the ceiling like icicles, and stalagmites risefrom the floor.

Steppe � A flat, mostly treeless, semiarid grassland,marked by extreme seasonal and daily temperaturevariations. Although sometimes used to describeother areas, the term applies primarily to the plains ofsoutheastern Europe and Central Asia.

Strait � Narrow body of water connecting two largerbodies of water.

Stream � Any flowing water that moves generallydownhill from elevated areas towards sea level.

Subarctic climate � A high latitude climate of twotypes: continental subarctic, which has very coldwinters, short, cool summers, light precipitation andmoist air; and marine subarctic, a coastal and islandclimate with polar air masses causing largeprecipitation and extreme cold.

Subcontinent � A land mass of great size, butsmaller than any of the continents; a large subdivisionof a continent.

Subtropical climate � A middle latitude climatedominated by humid, warm temperatures and heavyrainfall in summer, with cool winters and frequentcyclonic storms.

Taiga � An area of open forest made up of coniferoustrees.

Tectonic � Relating to the structure of the Earth’scrust.

Tectonic plate � According to the theory of platetectonics, the outer layer of the Earth consists of aseries of large plates of rock called tectonic plates. Thelargest plates have entire oceans or continents ontheir surface.

Temperate zone � The parts of the Earth lyingbetween the tropics and the polar circles. Thenorthern temperate zone is the area between thetropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle. The southerntemperate zone is the area between the tropic ofCapricorn and the Antarctic Circle. Temperate zonesare marked by the greatest seasonal variations intemperature.

Terraces � Successive areas of flat lands.

Terrain � General characteristics of the Earth’ssurface in a region, including its characteristicvegetation.

Tidal bore � A distinctive type of wave that travelsup a shallow river or estuary on the incoming tide. Itis a dramatic phenomenon that occurs in few placesin the world; the incoming tidal waters are flowingagainst the river’s current.

Tidal wave � See Tsunami.

Tide � The rise and fall of the surface of a body ofwater caused by the gravitational attraction of the sunand moon.

Timber line � The point of high elevation on amountain above which the climate is too sever tosupport trees.



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Topography � The elevations and depressions of aregion are its topography; also, the study of suchfeatures.

Tornado � A violent, whirling wind that form afunnel-shaped cloud that moves in a path over thesurface of the Earth.

Torrid zone � The part of the earth’s surface that liesbetween the tropics, so named for the warm, humid,character of its climate.

Trade winds � Winds that consistently blow fromthe northeast and southeast toward the equator.

Transcaucasia � Region in southeast Eruopebetween the Black and Caspian seas and south of theCaucasus Mountains.

Trench � Steep-sided section of the ocean floorwhere the water is very deep.

Tributary � Any stream that flows into anotherlarger stream.

Tropic of Cancer � A latitudinal line located 23°27’north of the equator, the northernmost point atwhich the sun can shine directly overhead.

Tropic of Capricorn � A latitudinal line located23°27’ south of the equator, the southernmost pointat which the sun can shine directly overhead.

Tropical monsoon climate � One of the tropicalrainy climates; it is sufficiently warm and rainy toproduce tropical rainforest vegetation, but also has awinter dry season.

Tsunami � A powerful, massive, and destructiveocean wave caused by undersea earthquake orvolcanic eruption.

Tundra � A nearly level treeless area whose climateand vegetation are characteristically arctic due to itsposition near one of the poles; the subsoil ispermanently frozen.

Typhoon � Violent hurricane occurring in theregion of the South China Sea, usually in the periodfrom July through October.

Valley � An elongated depression through which astream of water usually flows.

Vegetation � Plants.Veldt � In South Africa, an unforested or thinly

forested tract of land or region, a grassland.Volcano � A hole or opening, usually at the peak of a

cone-shaped mountain, through which molten rockand superheated steam erupt from the interior of theEarth.

Wadi � Dry stream bed, usually in a desert region insouthwest Asia or north Africa.

Waterfall � A steep natural descent of water flowingover a cliff or precipice to a lower level.

Watershed � An area of shared water drainage, thatis, all the rainfall drains into a common river or lakesystem.

Wave � The alternate rising and falling of ridges ofwater, generally produced by the action between thewind and the surface of a body of water.

Weather � Atmospheric conditions at a given placeand time.

Western Hemisphere � The western half of theearth’s surface divided by the Prime Meridian at 180°.

West Indies � Islands lying between North Americaand South America made up of the Greater Antilles(Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, andPuerto Rico) and the Lesser Antilles (Virgin Islands,Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados), and Bahamas.

Wildlife sanctuary � An area of land set aside forthe protection and preservation of animals andplants.

Windward � Facing into the prevailing wind, orlying closest to the direction from which the wind isblowing.



INDEX

Page numbers in bold indicate primary treat-ment of a country; those in italics indicateillustrations; and the letter t following a pagenumber denotes a table. The index is sortedword by word. Entries are in natural languageorder with the exception of country names,which are sorted by their most recognizablename as in the rest of the book (for example:Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of). Vari-ant and abbreviated forms of names are listedas cross references.

A

Aare River (Switzerland), 519Abay River. See Blue Nile RiverAberdare National Park (Kenya), 290Aberdare Range (Kenya), 288Abi-Istada (Afghanistan), 3Abkhazia (Georgia), 200Abperon Peninsula (Azerbaijan), 40Absoraka Range (U.S.), 573Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates), 562–563Abu Hamand (Sudan), 509Abs Msá Island, 257, 563Acapulco (Mexico), 355Acarai Mountains (Guyana), 227Acaray River (Paraguay), 426Accra plains (Ghana), 208Achill Island (Ireland), 263Acid rain, Switzerland, 520Acklins Island (The Bahamas), 42Aconcagua River (Chile), 113Ad Dahna’ Desert (Saudi Arabia), 472–473,

475Ad Dibdibah (Saudi Arabia), 474Ad-Dukhan Hill (Bahrain), 43Adamaoua Plateau. See Adamawa PlateauAdamawa Plateau, 92–94, 402Adam’s Bridge, 246Adam’s Peak (Sri Lanka), 502Addu Atoll (Maldives), 338Adelaide (Australia), 35Adelaide Island (Antarctica), 20Adelie Land. See Southern and Antarctic Lands

(France)

Adelunga Toghi (Uzbekistan), 584Aden (Yemen), 599–601Adgiin Tsagaan Lake (Mongolia), 365Adige River (Italy), 271, 272Adirondack Mountains (U.S.), 571, 574Administrative divisions

Côte d’Ivoire, 141tDjibouti, 157tGrenada, 217tGuadeloupe, 219tHaiti, 231tHonduras, 234tJapan, 280tKiribati, 294tKorea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

296tLaos, 307tMalta, 344tNamibia, 380tNauru, 382tPapua New Guinea, 423tPortugal, 443tSaint Kitts and Nevis, 462tSaint Lucia, 463tSaint Vincent and the Grenadines, 465tSan Marino, 469tSão Tomé and Príncipe, 470tSaudi Arabia, 474tSingapore, 484tSolomon Islands, 490tSomalia, 493tSpain, 499tSri Lanka, 503tSuriname, 512t

Admiralty Islands (Papua New Guinea), 422Adrar des Iforas (Mali), 340Aegean Islands (Greece), 212–213Afar Triangle, 156Affollé Hills (Mauritania), 347Afghanistan, 1–5, 2, 4tAfobaka Dam (Suriname), 510Afram Plains (Ghana), 208

African Tectonic PlateAlgeria, 8Benin, 58Burundi, 87Cameroon, 92Central African Republic, 105Chad, 108Comoros, 127Congo, Democratic Republic of, 130Congo, Republic of, 133Egypt, 167Eritrea, 176Ethiopia, 181Gambia, 198Ghana, 207Greece, 212Israel, 266Jordan, 281Lebanon, 310Lesotho, 312Libya, 316Madagascar, 327Malta, 343Mauritania, 347Mauritius, 350Mozambique, 370Namibia, 377Nigeria, 401Portugal, 440Rwanda, 458Seychelles, 478Sierra Leone, 480South Africa, 494Tunisia, 543Uganda, 556Zambia, 605Zimbabwe, 609

Agadez (Niger), 400Agalega (Mauritius), 351Agam Plateau (Indonesia), 250Aganoa Black Sand Beach (Samoa), 467Agno River (The Philippines), 434


Index


Agricultural chemicalsAzerbaijan, 40Indonesia, 250See also Water pollution

AgricultureAlbania, 6Algeria, 10Antigua, 23Argentina, 27Armenia, 29Austria, 38Azerbaijan, 40Bangladesh, 45, 48Barbados, 49Belarus, 51Bermuda, 61Brazil, 73, 77Bulgaria, 84Burundi, 87Cameroon, 94–95Colombia, 125, 126Comoros, 127–128Congo, Democratic Republic of, 133Costa Rica, 136–137Côte d’Ivoire, 142Cuba, 147, 148Cyprus, 150Denmark, 155Dominica, 158Dominican Republic, 161East Timor, 162, 164Ecuador, 166Egypt, 170Equatorial Guinea, 176Estonia, 180Fiji, 185Finland, 188France, 194Gabon, 197Gambia, 199Georgia, 202Germany, 204, 206Ghana, 207Greece, 213Grenada, 217Guadeloupe, 219Guatemala, 222Guinea-Bissau, 227Haiti, 232Honduras, 234Hungary, 235, 238Iceland, 241India, 248Indonesia, 253–254Iran, 254Israel, 267Japan, 281Jordan, 282, 283Kazakhstan, 286, 288Kenya, 291, 292Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

296Korea, Republic of, 298, 299Kyrgyzstan, 302, 304Laos, 306–307Latvia, 307–308, 309Lebanon, 311

Lesotho, 313Liberia, 315Libya, 318Liechtenstein, 319Lithuania, 320Madagascar, 330Malawi, 331, 333Malaysia, 334Malta, 343–344Martinique, 347Mauritius, 352Mexico, 355, 357Micronesia, 358Moldova, 361–362Mongolia, 367Morocco, 370Mozambique, 372, 373Myanmar, 377Nepal, 386The Netherlands, 389Nicaragua, 398Niger, 400Norway, 405, 407–408Pakistan, 415Panama, 417, 419, 420Papua New Guinea, 423The Philippines, 435, 436Poland, 440Portugal, 443Puerto Rico, 444, 445Romania, 451Russia, 456, 457Rwanda, 459Saint Kitts and Nevis, 462Saint Lucia, 464Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 465Samoa, 468San Marino, 469São Tomé and Príncipe, 471Senegal, 476, 478Seychelles, 480Sierra Leone, 482Somalia, 494Spain, 502Sri Lanka, 505Sudan, 510Swaziland, 513–514Tanzania, 533Thailand, 536Tonga, 540Trinidad and Tobago, 542–543Tunisia, 545Uganda, 558Ukraine, 561United States, 581Uruguay, 583Uzbekistan, 585–586Venezuela, 593Vietnam, 597Yemen, 601Yugoslavia, 605Zimbabwe, 611

Agua (Guatemala), 220Aguán River (Honduras), 233Aguarico River (Ecuador), 165Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary (The

Philippines), 434

Agusan River (The Philippines), 434, 435Ahaggar Mountains (Algeria), 8, 10, 399AIDS, Burkina Faso and, 86Ailinginae Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344Ailinglaplap Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344Aïr Massif (Niger), 399, 400Air pollution

Congo, Republic of, 135Czech Republic, 152Indonesia, 249, 253Iran, 258Nepal, 386See also Pollution

Airolo (Switzerland), 519Airports, Japan, 279Aiviekste River (Latvia), 308Aja’ Mountains (Saudi Arabia), 472Ajaria (Georgia), 200’Ajman (United Arab Emirates), 562Akaishi Mountains (Japan), 276Akan Lowlands (Ghana), 208Akanyaru River (Rwanda), 459Akdzhakaya Depression. See Vpadina

Akchanaya (Turkmenistan)Akhelóos River (Greece), 212Akiyoshi-dai Plateau (Japan), 277Akkeshi-ko (Japan), 278Akosombo Dam (Ghana), 207, 208Akrotiri Bay (Cyprus), 149Akwa-Orlu Uplands (Nigeria), 402, 404Akwapim-Togo Ranges, 207Al Ahsa. See Al-Hasa (Saudi Arabia)Al Amar (Saudi Arabia), 475Al Atrun (Sudan), 509Al Batinah Plain (Oman), 408Al Fujayrah (United Arab Emirates), 562Al Ghab (Syria), 521, 523Al Guedam Canyon (Yemen), 599Al Ha ’ar (Saudi Arabia), 475Al Hajar Ash Sharqi (Oman), 409Al Hamadah Al Hamra (Libya), 316Al Hudaydah (Yemen), 600Al Jafurah Desert (Saudi Arabia), 474Al Jahrah (Kuwait), 300, 301Al Kharj (Saudi Arabia), 473Al Mahra Uplands (Yemen), 599Al Muharraq (Bahrain), 43–44Al Qasrayn. See Kasserine Pass (Tunisia)Ala Tau (Kyrgyzstan), 302Alabama (United States), 571, 574Al-Ahmadj Ridge (Kuwait), 300Alai Mountains, 584Al-’Ajmah Mountains (Egypt), 167Åland Islands (Finland), 188Alantika Mountains, 92, 402Al-’Arab Gulf (Egypt), 169Al-’Aramah Plateau (Saudi Arabia), 472Alaska (United States), 571, 573–574, 576–580Alaska Peninsula (United States), 573, 577, 578Alaska Range (United States), 574, 576Al-’Ayn (United Arab Emirates), 562–563Al-Bahr. See Nile RiverÅlbæk Bay (Denmark), 154Albania, 5–7, 6, 7tAlbany River (Canada), 98Albert Canal (Belgium), 52, 53Albert Nile River, 557


Index


Ind

ex

Albert Peak (DROC), 130Alberta plain (Canada), 100Ålborg Bay (Denmark), 154Al-Burghsth (Syria), 523Aldabra Group. See Groupe d’Aldabra Atoll

(Seychelles)Aldan River (Russia), 454Aldeyjarfoss (Iceland), 240Alegranza Island (Spain), 500Alentejo (Portugal), 441–442, 443Aleppo (Syria), 524Aletsch Glacier (Switzerland), 518Aleutian Islands (United States), 573, 579Aleutian Range (United States), 574Aleutian Trench (United States), 573Alexander Archipelago (United States), 577Alexander Bay (South Africa), 496Alexander Island (Antarctica), 20Algarve (Portugal), 440Algeria, 7–11, 9, 11tAl-Ghazal River (Sudan), 508Algoa Bay (South Africa), 496Al-Hajar Mountains (Oman), 408, 409Al-Hasa (Saudi Arabia), 472, 473Al-Hufuf (Saudi Arabia), 473Al-Huqf Depression (Oman), 409Al-Hursj Al-Aswad Hills (Libya), 316Aliákman River (Greece), 212Alice Springs (Australia), 35Al-Jabal (Sudan), 508Al-Jafr Basin (Jordan), 283Al-Jazjrah. See MesopotamiaAl-Khawr (Qatar), 446Al-Kufrah (Libya), 318“Allah’s minesweepers,” 3Allegheny Mountains (United States), 573–574Allgäuer Mountains (Germany), 202Allier River (France), 191Al-Ljtanj River (Lebanon), 310Almaty (Kazakhstan), 287Al-Mudawwarah Desert (Jordan), 283Alofi (Niue), 394Alpheus River (Greece), 212Alpine Foothills (Germany), 204Alpine-Himalayan Mountains, 546Alps

Austrian, 36, 487Bavarian, 202Bernese, 518Carnic, 36, 269–270Dinaric, 69, 142, 487, 602, 604French, 190Glarus, 518Italian, 269–270Japanese, 276Julian, 270, 487Lepontine, 518North Albanian, 602Pennine, 518Rhaetian, 518Swiss, 517–521Transylvanian, 448, 449, 602, 604

Al-qash. See Mareb RiverAlqueva Reservoir (Portugal), 442Altai Shan, 116, 284, 363–364, 453Altay Shan. See Altai ShanAltiplano (Bolivia), 66–67

Al-Wakrah (Qatar), 446, 447Al-Wusta (Oman), 409Alzette River (Luxembourg), 323, 324Al-Zubayr Canal (Iraq), 261Amadjuak Lake (Canada), 97Amakusa Island (Japan), 279Amatique Bay (Guatemala), 221Amazon rainforests

Bolivia, 67Brazil, 77Ecuador, 166–167See also Tropical rainforests

Amazon River, 73, 74–76, 77, 124, 428–430Ambae (Vanuatu), 587Ambergris Cay (Belize), 56Ambergris Cay Island (Turks and Caicos

Islands), 553Ambohitra Mountains (Madagascar), 327–328Ambolesi National Park (Kenya), 290Ambon (Indonesia), 252Amboseli National Park (Kenya), 291Ambrim Island (Vanuatu), 587Ameland Island (The Netherlands), 388American Samoa (United States), 571, 577–578Amerrique Mountains (Nicaragua), 395Amery Ice Shelf (Antarctica), 19, 21Amindivi Islands (India), 246Amirante Isles. See Les Amirantes (Seychelles)Ammer Lake (Germany), 204Amo Chhu (Bhutan), 63Amour Mountains (Algeria), 8Ampangalana Canal (Madagascar), 329Ampasindava Bay (Madagascar), 329Amsterdam Island (France), 192Amsterdam-Rhine River Canal (The

Netherlands), 388Amu Dar’ya River, 3, 528, 550–551, 583–586Amu River. See Amu Dar’ya RiverAmu-Bukhara canal (Uzbekistan), 585Amundsen, Roald, 20Amundsen Gulf (Canada), 99Amundsen Sea (Antarctica), 20Amundsen-Scott (Antarctica), 21Amur River, 118, 454An Nupayrjyah Mountains (Syria), 521, 523Anáfi (Greece), 213Anai Peak (India), 243Anai Valley gorge (Indonesia), 250Anatolia (Turkey), 548–549Anatolian Plateau (Turkey), 546–547Andalusian Mountains. See Baetic Cordillera

Mountains (Spain)Andalusian Plain (Spain), 501Andaman Islands (India), 246Andaman Sea, 335Andean region (Argentina), 24, 27Andean spurs, 112Andes Mountains, 24, 65–66, 111, 112, 164,

589–590Peru, 428

Andorra, 11, 11–12, 12tAndrews, Roy Chapman, 364Andringitra Massif (Madagascar), 327Andros (Greece), 213Andros Island (The Bahamas), 42Androy Plateau (Madagascar), 328Anegada Island (British Virgin Islands), 79

Anegada Passage (British Virgin Islands), 79Aneityum (Vanuatu), 587Angara River (Russia), 454Angaur Island (Palau), 416Angel, Jimmie, 591Ángel de la Guarda (Mexico), 355Angel Falls (Venezuela), 591Ångerman River (Sweden), 515Anglo-French Condominium of the New

Hebrides. See VanuatuAngola, 12–16, 14, 15tAngonia Highlands (Mozambique), 370, 372Anguilla, 16, 16–17, 568Animal habitats, 385

Angola, 13Belarus, 51Belize, 57Botswana, 72Brunei, 80Burkina Faso, 86Colombia, 124Côte d’Ivoire, 141El Salvador, 173Estonia, 180France, 192in Iberá, Argentina, 26Iceland, 240Kyrgyzstan, 304Latvia, 309Moldova, 361Nicaragua, 396Oman, 409Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461Samoa, 467Saudi Arabia, 473Somalia, 493–494South Africa, 496Tajikistan, 528Tanzania, 530–531Venezuela, 592–593Vietnam, 594, 597Yemen, 601Zambia, 606, 608See also Marine mammals; Wildlife habi-

tats; specific animalsAniwa (Vanuatu), 587Anjou (France), 194Anjouan (Comoros), 127Anju Plain (DPRK), 296Ankara (Turkey), 547–549Ankaratra Massif (Madagascar), 327, 329Ankaratra Plateau (Madagascar), 328Ankobra River (Ghana), 208Ankole District (Uganda), 556An-Nabj Shu’ayb (Yemen), 599Annabón (Equatorial Guinea), 174–175An-Nafud Desert (Saudi Arabia), 472, 475Annamese Cordillera, 305, 594–595Annapurna (Nepal), 384Antanarivo (Madagascar), 330Antarctic Circle, 21Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 20Antarctic Convergence, 20Antarctic Current. See Benguela CurrentAntarctic Lands. See Southern and Antarctic

Lands (France)Antarctic Peninsula, 18, 19, 21


Index


Antarctic Treaty, 18Antarctica, 17–22, 18, 391Anti-Apennines (Italy), 271, 273Anti-Atlas Mountains (Morocco), 369Anticosti Island (Canada), 99Antigua and Barbuda, 22–23, 23, 23tAnti-Lebanon Mountains, 310, 521–523Antongil Bay (Madagascar), 329Antsiranana Bay (Madagascar), 329Anuta Island (Solomon Islands), 489Anzali Mordab (Iran), 257Aozou Strip (Chad), 111Apa River (Paraguay), 426Apaporis River (Colombia), 124Apennines, 269, 270–271Apere River (Bolivia), 66Apia (Samoa), 466–468Apolima Island (Samoa), 466–467Appalachian Chain (Canada), 97Appalachian Mountains (United States), 571,

573–574, 576, 579–580Appalachian Plateaus (United States), 571, 574Approuague River (French Guiana), 195Apulia (Italy), 272Apure River (Venezuela), 591–592, 593Apurímac River (Peru), 430Apuseni Mountains (Romania), 449Aqsu-Zhabaghly Nature Reserve (Kazakhstan),

284Aquidaban River (Paraguay), 426Aquitaine (France), 194Ar Rahad River (Sudan), 508Ar Rayyan (Qatar), 447Arabat Spit (Ukraine), 561Arabian Desert (Egypt), 167, 168, 170Arabian Gulf. See Persian GulfArabian Oryx Reserve (Oman), 409Arabian Peninsula, 472–473Arabian Plateau, 599Arabian Tectonic Plate

Eritrea, 176Iran, 255Israel, 266Jordan, 281Kuwait, 300Lebanon, 310Pakistan, 411Qatar, 446Saudi Arabia, 472–474United Arab Emirates, 562

Arafura Sea, 251, 252Aragats Lerr. See Mount Aragats (Armenia)Arakan Mountains (Myanmar), 375Arakan Yoma Range (India), 244Árakhthos River (Greece), 212Araks River. See Aras RiverAral Sea, 584

Kazakhstan, 286Aran Islands (Ireland), 263Aras River, 28, 29, 40Arauca River, 124, 591Arava (Israel), 268Aravali Range (India), 244Arboletes (Colombia), 124Arbuka Island (Estonia), 180Archaeology

Malaysia, 334

Mongolia, 364Nigeria, 402Peru, 430

Archipiélago de Camagüey, 146Archipiélago de los Canarreos, 146Archipiélago de los Colorados, 146Archipiélago de Sabana, 146Archipiélago Solentiname (Nicaragua), 396Arctic Archipelago (Canada), 95–96, 99Arctic Circle, 214–215, 578Arctic Institute of North America (Canada), 97Arctic islands, 455Arctic Ocean, 455Arctic Slope (United States), 573Arda River (Bulgaria), 83Ardennes highlands (Belgium), 52, 54Ardennes Plateau (France), 190–191Ardennes region (Luxembourg), 323Areicas (Guinea-Bissau), 225Arenal volcano (Costa Rica), 136Argentina, 23–27, 25, 27tArgep River (Romania), 449Arghandab River (Afghanistan), 3Argun River (Russia), 454Arhus Bay (Denmark), 154Ari Atoll (Maldives), 338Arial Khan (Bangladesh), 46Arizona (United States), 579Arkananía (Greece), 211Arkansas (United States), 573Arkansas River (United States), 576Arlberg Pass (Austria), 36Armenia, 28, 28–29, 29tArmenian Plateau, 28, 29Armorican Massif (France), 191“Arms of Gold.” See Bras d’Or Lake (Canada)Árnessýsla (Iceland), 238Arno River (Italy), 271, 272, 273Arosa Estuary (Spain), 501Arquipélago dos Bijagós (Guinea-Bissau), 225Arran (United Kingdom), 566, 568Ar-Razzazah (Iraq), 259Artibonite Plain (Haiti), 231–232Artibonite River (Haiti), 230, 231–232Artibonito River (Dominican Republic), 160Aru Islands (Indonesia), 252Aruba, 29–31, 30, 390Arun River (Nepal), 385Arunachal Pradesh (India), 247Aruvi Aru River (Sri Lanka), 503–504Aruwimi River (DROC), 131Asan Bay (Korea, Republic of), 298Asau (Samoa), 467Ascension (United Kingdom), 568Ash Shariqah (United Arab Emirates), 562–563Ashanti Uplands (Ghana), 207–208Ashmore Island (Australia), 31, 34Ashqelon-Ashdod (Israel), 268Ash-Shaqaya Peak (Kuwait), 300‘Asir Mountains (Saudi Arabia), 472–473, 475Ašmena Highland (Lithuania), 320Asphalt in Trinidad and Tobago, 542As-Summan Plateau (Saudi Arabia), 472Astana (Kazakhstan), 288Astola (Pakistan), 413Astrolabe Bay (Papua New Guinea), 422Asunción (Paraguay), 425, 427

Asveja Lake (Lithuania), 320Aswa River (Uganda), 557Aswan Dam, 508Aswan High Dam, 168Atacama Desert, 112, 114, 431Atacama Plateau (Argentina), 25Atakora Mountains (Benin), 58Atar (Mauritania), 348Atatürk Reservoir (Turkey), 548Atauro Island (East Timor), 163Atbara River, 182, 506, 508–509Atetsu Plateau (Japan), 277Athabasca River (Canada), 98Atlantic Lowlands (Colombia), 124, 125Atlantic Lowlands (Nicaragua), 395–398Atlantic provinces (Canada), 96Atlantic Right Whale, 26Atlas Mountains, 8, 367, 368–369, 543Atoll de Cosmoldeo (Seychelles), 479–480Atoll de Farhuhar (Seychelles), 480Atoll Island (United States), 577Atrai River (Bangladesh), 46Ätran River (Sweden), 515Atrato River (Colombia), 124Atrato swamp (Colombia), 124Atrek River, 256, 550Attersee (Austria), 37Attica (Greece), 211, 213Attock Gorge (Pakistan), 413Atuel River (Argentina), 26Atyras (Kazakhstan), 286–287Auckland (New Zealand), 393, 394Aunuu Island (United States), 578Ausa River (San Marino), 469Australia, 31–35, 32, 35tAustralian Alps, 32Australian Antarctic Territory, 31Australian Capital Territory, 31Australian Tectonic Plate

Australia, 31Fiji, 184Indonesia, 249, 251New Zealand, 391Papua New Guinea, 420Solomon Islands, 489

Austria, 36–39, 37, 38tAuyán Tepuy (Venezuela), 591Avalanches

Kyrgyzstan, 302Switzerland, 518

Avarua (Cook Islands), 394Aveiro Lagoon (Portugal), 442Avenue of the Volcanoes. See Inter-Andean

Lane (Ecuador)Aves Island (Venezuela), 592Aveyron River (France), 191Avon River (United Kingdom), 566Awaji Island (Japan), 279Awash River (Ethiopia), 182Axar Fjord (Iceland), 241Ayapel Mountains (Colombia), 122Aydin Mountains (Turkey), 546Ayers Rock. See Uluru Rock (Australia)Ayeyarwady River. See Irrawaddy River

(Myanmar)Ayrag Nuur Lake (Mongolia), 365Az Zawr (Kuwait), 300


Index


Ind

ex

Azerbaijan, 39, 39–41, 40tAzores (Portugal), 440, 442Azov Upland (Ukraine), 559Azraq Oasis (Jordan), 282Aztec Empire, 354Azuero Peninsula (Panama), 419Azul River (Guatemala), 221

B

Ba River (Fiji), 184Baba Mountains (Afghanistan), 2–3Babelthuap (Palau), 415–416Babuyan (The Philippines), 434Bâc River (Moldova), 361Bactiara River Canyon (Iran), 255Badanjilin Shamo (China), 120Badigeru Swamp (Sudan), 508Badiyat ash Sham Plateau (Saudi Arabia), 472Badly Beacon (Belize), 56Baetic Cordillera Mountains (Spain), 500–501Baffin Bay, 99, 215Baffin Island (Canada), 99Bafing River (Mali), 341Bagirmi. See Chari-Baguirmi (Chad)Bah el Arab River (Sudan), 508The Bahamas, 41–43, 42Bahariya Oasis (Egypt), 170Bahía de Campeche (Mexico), 355Bahía de Monte Cristi. See Bay of Monte Cristi

(Dominican Republic)Bahía de Neiba. See Bay of Neiba (Dominican

Republic)Bahía de Paita (Peru), 430Bahía de Samaná. See Bay of Samaná

(Dominican Republic)Bahía de Sechura (Peru), 430Bahktegan Lake (Iran), 256Bahr Al-Jabal. See White Nile (Sudan)Bahr el Ghazal (Chad), 109Bahr Salamat (Chad), 109Bahrain, 43, 43–44, 44tBaie de Lévrier (Mauritania), 348Baie du Marin (Martinique), 346Baiyangdian Lake (China), 118Baja California Peninsula (Mexico), 352–356Bajuni Islands (Somalia), 492Bakassi Peninsula (Cameroon), 92Baker Island (United States), 577Bakhuis Mountains (Suriname), 510Bakir River (Turkey), 549Bakony Mountains (Hungary), 235, 237–238Bakoye River (Mali), 341Baku (Azerbaijan), 40, 41Bal Ghutah Oasis (Syria), 523Balabac Strait, 335Balbi (Papua New Guinea), 421Balboa (Panama), 419Balearic Islands (Spain), 500Bali (Indonesia), 249, 252Bali Sea, 251Baljkh River (Syria), 522Balkan Mountains (Bulgaria), 82, 84Ballon de Guebwiller (France), 191Balsam Coast. See Costa de Bálsamo (El

Salvador)Balsas Depression (Mexico), 356

Balsas River (Mexico), 352, 355Baltic Highlands (Lithuania), 320Baltic states

Estonia, 178–180Latvia, 307–309Lithuania, 320–322

Baltoro (Pakistan), 411Baluchistan Plateau (Pakistan), 411–414Bamako (Mali), 341Bamenda Highlands (Nigeria), 402, 403Bamingui River (Central African Republic),

105Banaba Island (Kiribati), 292, 293Banados del Este y Franja Costers (Uruguay),

582Banana Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461Banana Islands (Sierra Leone), 481Bananal Island (Brazil), 76Banat (Romania), 448Banat Mountains (Romania), 449Banc d’Arguin National Park (Mauritania), 348Banda Sea, 251Bandai-Asahi National Park (Japan), 278Bandai Plateau (Japan), 277Bandama River (Côte d’Ivoire), 139Bandarban Hill Tract (Bangladesh), 45Bandar-e Anzali (Iran), 257Bandar-e Lengeh (Iran), 257Bandar-e Torkeman Lagoon (Iran), 257Band-e Amir (Afghanistan), 3Bandiagara Plateau (Mali), 340Bandon River (Ireland), 263Bangfai River (Laos), 306Banggi Island (Malaysia), 335Banghiang River (Laos), 306Bangka (Indonesia), 252Bangkok (Thailand), 535Bangla State (India), 242Bangladesh, 45–48, 46, 47t, 242Bango Faros (Gambia), 198Bangweulu Swamp (Zambia), 607Bani River (Mali), 341Banjarmasin River (Indonesia), 250Banjul (Gambia), 198–199Bank Islands (Vanuatu), 587Banks Island (Canada), 99Banks Peninsula (New Zealand), 393Bantry Bay (Ireland), 263Bantu (Zambia), 608Banyas River (Israel), 267Baobab trees, Madagascar, 330Bara Issa River (Mali), 341Barada River (Syria), 523Barail Range (India), 244Baraka River, 177, 508Barba volcano (Costa Rica), 136Barbados, 48–49, 49, 49tBarents Island, 406Barents Sea, 405, 455Bargushat River (Armenia), 29Barisan Mountains (Indonesia), 249Barito River (Indonesia), 251Barlavento (Cape Verde), 102Barlett Deep (Cayman Islands), 104Baro River (Ethiopia), 182Barra (Mozambique), 373Barranca del Cobre (Mexico), 354

Barrancas. See CanyonsBarrier Dam (The Netherlands), 388Barrier reefs

Belize, 56Martinique, 346Mexico, 355Micronesia, 358, 359Palau, 416Turks and Caicos Islands, 552–553See also Coral reefs

Barro Colorado wildlife refuge (Panama), 418Barrow River (Ireland), 263Bartlett Trough, 146, 274Basalt Desert. See Black DesertBasawakkulan Reservoir (Sri Lanka), 503Basel (Switzerland), 519–520Basilan (The Philippines), 435Bass Strait (Australia), 33, 34Bassas da India (France), 192Basse-Terre island (Guadeloupe), 218–219Bassenthwaite Lake (England), 566Basseterre (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461Bassin Blanc (Mauritius), 351Bataan Peninsula (The Philippines), 435Batan (The Philippines), 434Batanghari River (Indonesia), 251Batéké Plateau (Republic of the Congo), 134Batinah Plain (Oman), 409Bathurst Island (Australia), 34Batinah Coast (United Arab Emirates), 563Batticaloa (Sri Lanka), 503Batumi (Georgia), 201, 202Baucau (East Timor), 162Baulai River (Bangladesh), 46Bauxite

Guinea, 224Guyana, 229Jamaica, 275

Bavaria (Germany), 204Bavarian Alps, 202Bavarian Forest (Germany), 206Bay Islands. See Islas de la Bahía (Honduras)Bay of Bengal, 47, 245, 376Bay of Kotor (Yugoslavia), 604Bay of Monte Cristi (Dominican Republic),

160Bay of Neiba (Dominican Republic), 159, 160Bay of Plenty (New Zealand), 393, 394Bay of Port-au-Prince (Haiti), 231Bay of Samaná (Dominican Republic), 160Bay of Wrecks (Kiribati), 293Bayan Mountains (Afghanistan), 3Bayanzag Canyon (Mongolia), 364Bays. See names of specific baysBazardyuze (Azerbaijan), 40Bazaruto Archipelago (Mozambique), 373Bazaruto Island (Mozambique), 373Beaches

Anguilla, 16Antigua, 22Argentina, 26Aruba, 30Australia, 34The Bahamas, 42Bahrain, 44Bangladesh, 47Barbados, 49


Index


Barbuda, 22Belgium, 54Belize, 56Bermuda, 61Brazil, 76British Virgin Islands, 79Bulgaria, 83Cameroon, 94Cape Verde, 102Cayman Islands, 104Comoros, 127Costa Rica, 137Cuba, 146–147Cyprus, 149Djibouti, 156Dominican Republic, 160East Timor, 163Egypt, 169El Salvador, 172–173Eritrea, 177Fiji, 185France, 192French Guiana, 195Gambia, 198, 199Greece, 213Grenada, 217Iceland, 241Indonesia, 252Iran, 257Ireland, 263, 264Italy, 272Jamaica, 275Japan, 279Jordan, 283Kenya, 291Latvia, 309Libya, 316Madagascar, 329Malaysia, 335Maldives, 338Malta, 343Martinique, 346, 347Mauritius, 351Mexico, 355, 357Monaco, 362Mozambique, 373Nauru, 381, 382Pakistan, 413Palau, 416Puerto Rico, 445Romania, 450Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461Saint Lucia, 463Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 464Samoa, 467São Tomé and Príncipe, 471Seychelles, 479Slovenia, 488Somalia, 492–493South Africa, 496Spain, 501Sri Lanka, 504Tanzania, 532Togo, 538Tonga, 539Trinidad and Tobago, 541–542Turkey, 548

Turks and Caicos Islands, 553United States, 578Vanuatu, 587Venezuela, 592Yemen, 600–601Yugoslavia, 604

Beachy Head (United Kingdom), 569Beardmore Glacier (Antarctica), 19Beas River, 244, 413Beata Island (Dominican Republic), 160Beau Bassin/Rose Hill (Mauritius), 351Beaufort Sea (Canada), 99Beerenberg volcano (Norway), 407Beeshazar Tal (Nepal), 385Bei Heng Shan (China), 117Bei River (China), 118Beirut (Lebanon), 311Beitbridge (Zimbabwe), 610Bejaï Plain (Algeria), 10Bekáa Valley (Lebanon), 310, 311Bekambeushi-shitsugen (Japan), 278Belait District (Brunei), 80Belait River (Brunei), 80Belarus, 50, 50–52, 51tBelau. See PalauBelém (Brazil), 76Belgian Lorraine, 52Belgium, 52–55, 53, 54tBelian Cave (Slovakia), 485Belitung (Indonesia), 252Belize, 55, 55–57, 57tBelize Barrier Reef, 56Belize River, 55–57, 221Belle Sound (Turks and Caicos Islands), 553Belle-Île-En-Mer (France), 192Bellevue de l’Inini (French Guiana), 195Bellingshausen, Fabian von, 20Bellingshausen Sea (Antarctica), 20Bellona Island (Solomon Islands), 489Bell’s Beach (Australia), 34Belorussian Ridge (Belarus), 50Belovezhskaya Pushcha Reserve (Belarus), 51Belvedere Park (Vatican City), 588Ben Nevis (Scotland), 566Benelux countries

Belgium, 52–55Luxembourg, 322–324The Netherlands, 386–389

Bengal tigers, 245Benghazi (Libya), 316Benguela Current, 14–15, 134–135, 197, 379Benguerra Island (Mozambique), 373Beni River (Bolivia), 66Benin, 57–59, 58, 59t“Benin window,” 59Bénoué River (Cameroon), 94Bentley Subglacial Trench (Antarctica), 19Benue River (Nigeria), 401, 402–403Bequia Island (Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines), 464Berbak National Park (Indonesia), 251Berbice River (Guyana), 227–228, 229Berchtesgaden (Germany), 202Berezina River, 50–51, 560Bergslagen (Sweden), 517Bering Coast Uplands (United States), 573Bering Sea, 455

Bering Strait, 455Berkner Island (Antarctica), 20Berlin (Germany), 206Berlin Wall, 206Bermejito River (Argentina), 26Bermejo River (Argentina), 26Bermuda, 59–61, 60, 61t, 568Bermuda Triangle, 60Bernese Alps (Switzerland), 518Beskid Mountains, 485Betanza Estuary (Spain), 501Betpaqdala (Kazakhstan), 287Betruit (Malaysia), 335Betsiboka River (Madagascar), 329Bette Peak. See Bjkks Bjttj (Libya)Bhanrer Hills (India), 244Bhubanswar. See Arial Khan (Bangladesh)Bhumiphol Reservoir (Thailand), 534Bhutan, 61–64, 62Bicol Peninsula (The Philippines), 433Bié Plateau (Angola), 13Bíelé Karpaty Mountains, 485Big Sand Cay Island (Turks and Caicos

Islands), 553Bighorn Range (United States), 573Bighorn River (United States), 576Bight of Benin, 58, 403Bight of Biafra, 175, 403Bihor Mountains (Romania), 448–449Bikini Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344, 345Bjkks Bjttj (Libya), 316, 318Bilauktaung Range (Thailand), 533–534Bíle Karpaty Mountains (Czech Republic), 151Biltine highland (Chad), 108Bilugyun Island (Myanmar), 376Binacka Morava River (Macedonia), 326Bintimani. See Mount Loma Mansa (Sierra

Leone)Bío-Bío River (Chile), 113Biosphere Reserve of the Upper Orinoco-

Casiquiare (Venezuela), 593Biosphere reserves

El Salvador, 173Nicaragua, 398Sri Lanka, 504Uruguay, 582Venezuela, 593

Bir Maqsur (Yemen), 599Bird Island (South Africa), 496Birds, 341, 385

Argentina, 26Belize, 56India, 245Iran, 257Ireland, 263, 264Mauritania, 348Namibia, 379The Netherlands, 388New Zealand, 393Oman, 409Pakistan, 413Panama, 418Papua New Guinea, 421, 423The Philippines, 434Sierre Leone, 482Sri Lanka, 504Thailand, 534–535


Index


Ind

ex

Turkey, 548Venezuela, 592–593Zambia, 606–607

Bird’s Head Peninsula (Indonesia), 252Birket Qarsn (Egypt), 169Birkirkara (Malta), 343Birth control, Albania, 7Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan), 304Bismarck Archipelago (Papua New Guinea),

422Bismarck Range (Papua New Guinea), 420Bismarck Sea, 422Bissau (Guinea-Bissau), 225–226Bitterroot Range (United States), 573Biu Plateau (Nigeria), 402Black Desert, 283Black Forest (Germany), 204, 206Black Hills (United States), 571, 575Black Mountain Range (Bhutan), 62Black Mountains (Wales), 566Black River (Jamaica), 274Black River (Vietnam), 595Black River Range (Mauritius), 350–351Black Volta River, 84–85, 208Blacksod Bay (Ireland), 263Blackwater River (Ireland), 263Blanca Bay (Argentina), 26Blantyre (Malawi), 331, 333Bloemfontein (South Africa), 498Blue Hills (Turks and Caicos Islands), 552Blue Lagoon (Malta), 343Blue Lagoon (Nauru). See Buada Lagoon

(Nauru)Blue Mountain Peak (Jamaica), 274Blue Mountains (DROC), 130Blue Mountains (Jamaica), 274, 275Blue Nile River, 182, 506–509Blue poppies, Bhutan, 63Blue Ridge Mountains (United States), 571,

573–574Blue Stack Mountains (Ireland), 262The Bluff (Cayman Islands), 103Bo Hai (China), 119Boa Vista (Cape Verde), 102Boaz Island (Bermuda), 60Bobotov Kuk (Yugoslavia), 602Boby Peak (Madagascar), 327Bocas del Toro Archipelago (Panama), 418, 419Bodele Depression (Chad), 110Bodensee. See Lake ConstanceBoeotia (Greece), 211Bogdaš (Yugoslavia), 602Boggy Peak (Antigua), 22Bogland. See WetlandsBohemia (Czech Republic), 150–152Bohemian Forest, 151, 206Bohemian highlands (Austria), 36, 37Bohemian-Moravian highlands (Czech

Republic), 151Bohol (The Philippines), 433, 434Boiling Lake (Dominica), 157, 158Bojana River (Yugoslavia), 604Bokn Fjord (Norway), 407Bolama (Guinea-Bissau), 225Bolívar Peak (Venezuela), 590Bolivia, 64–68, 65, 68tBolovens Plateau (Laos), 305, 306

Boma National Park (Sudan), 508Boma Plateau (Sudan), 507Bombay. See Mumbai (India)Bombetoka Bay (Madagascar), 329Bombom Island (São Tomé and Príncipe), 471Bon Pays. See Gutland (Luxembourg)Bonaire (Netherlands Antilles), 390Bondi Beach (Australia), 34Bondoc Peninsula (The Philippines), 435Bone Gulf, 252Bong Range (Liberia), 314Bongo Mountains (Central African Republic),

105Bonin Islands (Japan), 279Bonthe (Sierra Leone), 481Booby Island (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461Book of Revelation (St. John), 213Boon Tsagaan Lake (Mongolia), 365Border disputes. See Territorial disputesBoreal forests, Canada, 100Borena plain (Ethiopia), 183Borgo Maggiore (San Marino), 469Borneo, 248, 252, 333–336Bornholm Island (Denmark), 154Bosawás Biosphere Reserve (Nicaragua), 398Boshavica River (Macedonia), 325Bosna River (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 69Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBH), 68–70, 69, 70tBmsm Peninsula (Japan), 279Bosque El Imposible (El Salvador), 173–174Boston (United States), 578Botanical medicines. See Medicinal plantsBoteti River (Botswana), 72Botev (Bulgaria), 82Bothnian Coast (Sweden), 516Botswana, 70–73, 71, 72tBougainville (Papua New Guinea), 422, 423Boundary disputes. See Territorial disputesBouregreg River (Morocco), 369Bournemouth (England), 570Bouvet Island (Norway), 407Boyacá plateau (Colombia), 123Boyne River (Ireland), 263Boyoma Falls (DROC), 131Brac Island (Croatia), 143Bradano River (Italy), 271Brahmaputra River, 45, 46, 63, 244, 245Brakna (Mauritania), 348Bran Castle (Romania), 449Branco River (Brazil), 74Brandberg Massif (Namibia), 378Branfield Rift (Antarctica), 21Brantas River (Indonesia), 251Bras d’Or Lake (Canada), 98Brassey Range (Malaysia), 334Bratislava (Slovakia), 485Bratsk Reservoir (Russia), 454Brava (Cape Verde), 102Brazil, 73–78, 75, 77tBrazilian Highlands, 73–74Breaksea Sound (New Zealand), 393Brecon Beacons (Wales), 566Bregalnica River (Macedonia), 326Breidamerkurjökull (Iceland), 240Breidha Fjord (Iceland), 241Brenner Pass, 36Bridgetown (Barbados), 49

Brienzersee (Switzerland), 519Brindisi (Italy), 272Brisbane (Australia), 35Bristol Bay (United States), 578Bristol Channel (United Kingdom), 569Britain. See Great Britain (United Kingdom)British Honduras. See BelizeBritish Indian Ocean Territory (United

Kingdom), 568British Isles (United Kingdom), 564, 567–568British Virgin Islands, 78–80, 79, 568Brittany (France), 192Brocken Peak (Germany), 204Brooks Range (United States), 574Brothers Islands (Yemen), 600Brugge-Zeebrugge Canal (Belgium), 53Brunei, 80–81, 81, 81t, 248Brunei Bay, 336Brunei River (Brunei), 80Brussels (Belgium), 52Bryce Canyon (United States), 575Bsharrj (Lebanon), 311Buada Lagoon (Nauru), 382Bubaque (Guinea-Bissau), 225Bsbiyan (Kuwait), 301Buccoo Reef (Trinidad and Tobago), 541Bucharest (Romania), 450Budapest (Hungary), 236–237, 238Buddhism, sacred mountain peaks, 117Buenaventura (Colombia), 125Buenë River (Albania), 6Buenos Aires (Argentina), 26, 27Bug River, 51, 438, 559–561Bugti Hills (Pakistan), 412Buhayrat al Assad. See Lake Al-Asad (Syria)Buir Lake (Mongolia), 365Buka (Papua New Guinea), 422Bukidnon-Lanao Plateau (The Philippines),

433, 434, 435Bukit Timah Nature Reserve (Singapore), 484Bukovina (Romania), 450Bulawayo (Zimbabwe), 611Bulgan River (Mongolia), 365Bulgaria, 82–84, 83, 84tBumtang River (Bhutan), 63Bundala National Park (Sri Lanka), 504Bung Khong Long (Thailand), 535Bung Nong Han (Thailand), 534Bur Sudan. See Port Sudan (Sudan)Buraydah (Saudi Arabia), 473Burgaski Zaliv (Bulgaria), 83Buri Peninsula (Eritrea), 177Burica Peninsula (Panama), 419Burkina Faso, 84–86, 85, 86tBurma. See MyanmarBurnt Island. See Islas Quemadas (El Salvador)Burnt Mountain (Namibia), 379The Burren (Ireland), 264Bursa (Turkey), 547Buru (Indonesia), 252Burundi, 86–89, 87, 88tBuruntuma (Guinea-Bissau), 225Busanga Swamp (Zambia), 607Bush Cay Island (Turks and Caicos Islands),

553Bsshehr (Iran), 257Bsshehr Bay, 257


Index


Bushveld (South Africa), 494–495Buško Blato (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 69Buttermere Lake (England), 566Butuan Bay, 435Buurgplaatz (Luxembourg), 323Büyükmenderes River (Turkey), 548Buyyk Agri Dagi. See Mount Ararat (Turkey)Búzi River (Mozambique), 372

C

Ca Mau Peninsula. See Mui Bai Bung (Vietnam)

Cabeza de Duende (El Salvador), 172Cabina (Angola), 13Cablake (East Timor), 162Cabo de Gata. See Cape Gata (Spain)Cabo de la Nao. See Cape Nao (Spain)Cabo de Sines (Portugal), 442Cabot Strait (Canada), 99Cabrera Island (Spain), 500Cacheu River (Guinea-Bissau), 225Cacine River (Guinea-Bissau), 225Cagayan River (The Philippines), 433, 434Cagayan Valley (The Philippines), 435Caha Mountains (Ireland), 262Cahora Bassa Dam (Mozambique), 372, 374Caicos Passage, 41–42, 553Caille Island (Grenada), 217Cairngorm Mountains (Scotland), 566Cairngorm Plateau (Scotland), 566Cajone Cays (Honduras), 233Calabria Peninsula (Italy), 271, 272Calabrian-Sicilian earthquake (Italy), 269Calalien Pass (Marshall Islands), 344Calamian Group (The Philippines), 434Calcutta. See Kolkata (India)Caledon River (Lesotho), 312Caledonian Canal (Scotland), 567Cali (Colombia), 122California (United States), 578, 579Callejón Interandino. See Inter-Andean Lane

(Ecuador)Calving, icebergs and, 20Camargue (France), 192Camayenne Peninsula (Guinea), 224Cambembe Dam (Angola), 14Cambodia, 89–92, 90, 91tCambrian Mountains (Wales), 564, 566Cameron Highlands (Malaysia), 334Cameroon, 92–95, 93, 95tCameroon Mountains, 92Cameroun. See CameroonCammon Plateau (Laos), 305, 306Camotes Sea, 434Campania (Italy), 272Campine. See Kempenland (Belgium)Campo River (Cameroon), 94Campobello Island (Canada), 99Camps Bay Beach (South Africa), 496Canada, 95–101, 96, 100tCanada Basin, 99Canadian River (United States), 576Canadian Rockies, 96–97Canadian Shield, 96–100, 573Canaima (Venezuela), 591Canaima National Park (Venezuela), 592–593

Canal du Midi (France), 192Canal du Nivernais (France), 192Canals

Belarus, 51Belgium, 53China, 119Egypt, 169–170France, 192Germany, 205Iran, 255Kazakhstan, 286Madagascar, 329The Netherlands, 388Panama, 417Sri Lanka, 503Turkmenistan, 551United Kingdom, 566–567Uzbekistan, 585See also names of specific canals

Canaries River (Saint Lucia), 462Canary Islands (Spain), 500Cancún (Mexico), 355Candaba Swamp (The Philippines), 434Canelles River (Saint Lucia), 462Cango Caves (South Africa), 495Cañon del Colca (Peru), 428Cañon del Cotahuasi (Peru), 428Canouan Island (Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines), 464Cantabrian Mountains (Spain), 441, 499–501Canterbury Bight (New Zealand), 393Canterbury Plains (New Zealand), 391, 394Canyonlands (United States), 575Canyons

Bosnia and Herzegovina, 69Burkina Faso, 85China, 117Czech Republic, 151Ethiopia, 182Guatemala, 220Honduras, 233India, 244Indonesia, 250Iran, 255Japan, 278Laos, 306Macedonia, 325Mexico, 354Mongolia, 364Myanmar, 375Namibia, 379Nepal, 384Nicaragua, 396Pakistan, 413Panama, 417Papua New Guinea, 421Peru, 428The Philippines, 433Slovenia, 488Somalia, 491Sri Lanka, 503Thailand, 534Turkey, 547United States, 574–575Venezuela, 591Yemen, 599

Yugoslavia, 602See also names of specific canyons

Cao, Diogo, 380Cap Blanc Peninsula (Mauritania), 348Cap Point (Saint Lucia), 463Cap Timiris (Mauritania), 348Cap Vert Peninsula (Senegal), 476–477Cape Adare (Antarctica), 21Cape Agulhas (South Africa), 496Cape Andreas (Cyprus), 148, 149Cape Arnauti (Cyprus), 149Cape Belle Tete (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461Cape Bon (Tunisia), 543Cape Breton Island (Canada), 99Cape Brett (New Zealand), 393Cape Carvoeiro (Portugal), 442Cape Changgi (Korea, Republic of), 298Cape Chelyuskin (Russia), 455Cape Cod (United States), 578Cape Codera (Venezuela), 590Cape Comorin (India), 246Cape Corrientes (Colombia), 125Cape Corrientes (Mexico), 355Cape Cross (Namibia), 380Cape Darbat ’Alj (Oman), 410Cape Datu (Indonesia), 252Cape Delgado (Mozambique), 373Cape Disappointment (United States), 578Cape Elea (Cyprus), 149Cape Emine (Bulgaria), 83Cape Erimo (Japan), 279Cape Espichel (Portugal), 442Cape Farewell (Greenland). See

Uummannarsuaq (Greenland)Cape Farewell (New Zealand), 393Cape Francés Viejo (Dominican Republic), 160Cape fur seals, 380Cape Gata (Cyprus), 149Cape Gata (Spain), 501Cape Gracias a Dios, 234, 397Cape Greco (Cyprus), 149Cape Guardafui. See Ras Caseyr (Somalia)Cape Kamui (Japan), 279Cape Kidnappers (New Zealand), 393Cape Kormakiti (Cyprus), 149Cape Lara (Cyprus), 149Cape Lopez (Gabon), 197Cape Madonna (Slovenia), 488Cape Mesurado (Liberia), 315Cape Moem (Papua New Guinea), 422Cape Morris Jessup (Greenland), 215Cape Moule à Chique (Saint Lucia), 463Cape Mount (Liberia), 315Cape Nag’s Head (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461Cape Nao (Spain), 500, 501Cape Negrais (Myanmar), 376Cape Nelson (Papua New Guinea), 422Cape of Good Hope (South Africa), 496Cape Palliser (New Zealand), 393Cape Palmas (Liberia), 315Cape Palos (Spain), 501Cape Reinga (New Zealand), 393Cape Reykjanes (Iceland), 241Cape Ristna (Estonia), 179Cape St. Vicente (Portugal), 442Cape San Agustin (The Philippines), 435Cape Santa Clara (Gabon), 197


Index


Ind

ex

Cape Santa Maria (Portugal), 442Cape São Roque (Brazil), 76Cape São Tomé (Brazil), 76Cape Shiretoko-Masakai (Japan), 279Cape Smya (Japan), 279Cape Town (South Africa), 494, 496–498Cape Tres Puntas (Argentina), 26Cape Verde, 101–103, 102, 103tCape Verga (Guinea), 224Cape Vilanandro (Madagascar), 329Cape Ward Hunt (Papua New Guinea), 422Cape Wrath (United Kingdom), 569Cape York Peninsula (Australia), 34, 35Capernaum Valley (Israel), 266Capri (Italy), 272Caprivi Strip (Namibia), 377, 380Caquetá River (Colombia), 124Caracas (Venezuela), 590–591Caravéla (Guinea-Bissau), 225Caraxe (Guinea-Bissau), 225Carbet (Martinique), 346Carcarañá River (Argentina), 26Cardamom. See Krâvanh Range (Cambodia)Cardigan Bay (Wales), 569Cargados Carajos Shoals (Mauritius), 351Caribbean Coastal Plain (Dominican

Republic), 161Caribbean Islands. See specific islandsCaribbean Tectonic Plate

Aruba, 30Barbados, 48Cayman Islands, 103Cuba, 145Dominica, 157El Salvador, 171Guadeloupe, 218Guatemala, 219–220Honduras, 232Jamaica, 274Martinique, 346Nicaragua, 395Panama, 417Puerto Rico, 444Saint Kitts and Nevis, 460Saint Lucia, 462

Cariboo Range (Canada), 97Carinthia (Austria), 37Carlingford Lough (Northern Ireland), 569Carlisle Bay (Barbados), 48Carney Island (Antarctica), 20Carnic Alps, 36, 269–270Carnsore Point (Ireland), 263Carolinas (United States), 576Caroline Islands archipelago, 358, 415–416Caroni Plain (Trinidad and Tobago), 542Caroni River (Trinidad and Tobago), 541Caroni Swamp (Trinidad and Tobago), 541Carpathian Basin, 235–238Carpathian Mountains, 235, 437, 447–448, 450,

559–561Carriacou (Grenada), 217Carson Sink (United States), 575Carstenz Pyramid. See Puncak Jaya (Indonesia)Cartago basin (Costa Rica), 137Carthage (Tunisia), 543Cartier Island (Australia), 31, 34Casablanca (Morocco), 369

Casamance River (Senegal), 476–477Cascade Range (United States), 574Casiquiare Channel (Venezuela), 591Caspian Depression, 285Caspian Sea

Azerbaijan, 40Iran, 257–258Kazakhstan, 286–287Russia, 453–454wetlands, 257

Cassiar Range (Canada), 97Castle Harbor (Bermuda), 60Castles (administrative divisions). See

Administrative divisionsCastries (Saint Lucia), 463Cat Ba Island (Vietnam), 595, 597Cat Island (The Bahamas), 41, 42Catalonia (Spain), 502Cataratas Iguaçu. See Iguazú FallsCattle ranching. See Ranching and grazingCauca River (Colombia), 124Cauca Valley (Colombia), 126Caucasus Mountains (Russia), 453Caura River (Venezuela), 592Cauto River (Cuba), 146Cavalla River, 139, 314Cave paintings, El Salvador, 172Cave Sandstone Foothills (Lesotho), 312, 313Caves

Bulgaria, 82El Salvador, 172Germany, 204Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

295Korea, Republic of, 298Macedonia, 325Malaysia, 334Morocco, 369Myanmar, 375Slovakia, 485Slovenia, 488South Africa, 495

Cayman Bank, 104Cayman Brac, 103–104Cayman Islands, 103–105, 104, 104t, 568Cayman Ridge, 103, 146, 355Cayman Trough, 104, 355Cayon River (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 460, 461Cays

Belize, 56Cuba, 146–147Jamaica, 275See also specific cays

Cébaco Island (Panama), 419Cebu (The Philippines), 434–435Celebes. See Sulawesi (Indonesia)Celebes Sea. See Sulawesi SeaCeltic Sea, 263Census divisions. See Administrative divisionsCentral African Republic, 105–107, 106, 107tCentral Alps (Italy), 269–270Central American Cordillera, 233Central Brahui Range (Pakistan), 412Central Depression (Papua New Guinea), 421Central Fiji. See Lomaiviti (Fiji)Central Highlands (Afghanistan), 1, 2Central Highlands (Brazil), 74–75

Central Highlands (Colombia), 122, 124Central Highlands (Nicaragua), 395–398Central Highlands (Republic of the Congo),

134Central Highlands (Vietnam), 594–597Central Hindu Kush (Afghanistan), 2–3Central Karroo. See Great Karroo Plateau

(South Africa)Central Lowlands (Germany), 205Central Lowlands (Paraguay), 424–427Central Lowlands (Scotland), 564, 570Central Luzon Plain (The Philippines), 434Central Mesa. See Meseta Central (Spain)Central Mexico, 352Central Midlands (England), 566Central Mountains (Cuba), 145Central Pampas (Argentina), 24, 27Central Plains (Australia), 31, 35Central Plateau (Haiti), 230Central Plateau (Mexico), 352–357Central Plateau (Rwanda), 458–459Central Plateau (Switzerland). See MittlelandCentral Plateau (Tanzania), 531Central Range (Taiwan), 525Central Range (Trinidad and Tobago), 541–

542Central Siberian Plateau (Russia), 451, 454, 457Central Suriname Wilderness Nature

Reservation (Suriname), 511Central Uplands (Germany), 203–206Central Valley (Chile), 112–113, 114Central Valley (United States), 574, 579Cephalonia (Greece), 212Ceram (Indonesia), 249, 252Ceram Sea, 251Cerknica (Slovenia), 488Cerro Aconcagua (Argentina), 24Cerro Catedral (Uruguay), 581Cerro Colorado (Panama), 420Cerro de Punta (Puerto Rico), 444Cerro del Aripo. See Mount Aripo (Trinidad

and Tobago)Cerro El Pital (El Salvador), 172Cerro Fitz Roy (Argentina), 25Cerro Jyamy (Peru), 428Cerro Las Minas (Honduras), 233Cerro Mercedario (Argentina), 24Cerro Pináculo (Argentina), 25Cerro Torre (Argentina), 25Cerro Verde National Park (El Salvador), 172Cestos River (Liberia), 314Ceuta, 368, 499Ceyhan River (Turkey), 548Chaabahar Bay (Iran), 257Chacachacare Island (Trinidad and Tobago),

541Chaco Boreal. See Chaco regionChaco region, 27, 424–427Chad, 107–111, 109, 110tChaem River (Thailand), 534Chaeryong Plain (DPRK), 296Chagai Hills (Pakistan), 412Chagos Archipelago (United Kingdom), 568Chagres River (Panama), 418Chaillu Massif (Gabon), 196Chaine de Mateaux (Haiti), 230Chalbi Desert (Kenya), 291


Index


Chalcidice Peninsula (Greece), 212, 213Chalkidhiki Peninsula. See Chalcidice

Peninsula (Greece)Chalky Inlet (New Zealand), 393Chambri Lakes (Papua New Guinea), 421–422Chamelecón River (Honduras), 233Chang Jiang River (China), 117, 118, 119Changane River (Mozambique), 372Changbai Shan (China), 117Changjin River (DPRK), 295Changsan Cape (DPRK), 296Changuinola River (Panama), 418Channel Country (Australia), 33Channel Islands (United Kingdom), 568Channel Tunnel (United Kingdom), 567Chanthaburi Range (Thailand), 534Chao Phraya River (Thailand), 533–535Chao Phraya Valley (Thailand), 533Chaparé River (Bolivia), 66Chaparral. See GrasslandsChapman’s Peak Drive (South Africa), 496Chappal Waddi (Nigeria), 402Charcot Island (Antarctica), 20Chari-Baguirmi (Chad), 108Chari River, 94, 105, 108, 109Charleroi-Brussels Canal (Belgium), 53Chars. See IslandsChashma Barrage (Pakistan), 413Chatham Islands (New Zealand), 393Chatyr-Kul (Kyrgyzstan), 303Cheduba Island (Myanmar), 376Cheju Do (Korea, Republic of), 297–298, 298Cheju Island. See Cheju Do (Korea, Republic

of)Cheleken Peninsula (Turkmenistan), 551Chelif River (Algeria), 9Chemama (Mauritania), 348Chenab River, 244, 413Chennai (India), 242, 245, 246Chepo River (Panama), 418Cherangai Hills (Kenya), 289Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station (Ukraine),

560Chernozem, 361Cherrapunji (India), 246Cherskiy Range (Russia), 453Chesapeake Bay (United States), 577–578Cheviot Hills (United Kingdom), 566Chi River (Thailand), 534Chiang Mai (Thailand), 534Chiang Saen Lake. See Nong Bong Kai

(Thailand)Chiapas (Mexico), 354Chiapas Highlands (Mexico), 354, 356Chibchas Indians, 126Chicama River (Peru), 428Chico River (Argentina), 26Chilas-Gilgit (Pakistan), 414Chile, 111–115, 112, 114tChilka Lake (India), 244, 245Chiloé Island (Chile), 113Chiltepe peninsula (Nicaragua), 396Chimanimani Mountains, 371Chimborazo (Ecuador), 164Ch’i-Mei Yü Island (Taiwan), 525Chin Hills (Myanmar), 375Ch’in Ling Shan. See Qinling Shandi (China)

China, 115–121, 116, 120t, 121t, 242, 524Chincha Islands (Peru), 430Chindwin River (Myanmar), 375Chinko River (Central African Republic), 105Chios (Greece), 212Chipya region, 608Chiquimulilla Canal (Guatemala), 221Chiquinquirá plateau (Colombia), 123Chirac, Jacques, 223Chiredzi (Zimbabwe), 610Chiriquí (Panama), 417Chiriquí Lagoon (Panama), 419Chiriquí Viejo River (Panama), 418Chiri-san (Korea, Republic of), 297Chirripó Grande (Costa Rica), 136Chisinau (Moldova), 360Chitral Hills (Pakistan), 412Chittagong (Bangladesh), 45, 47Chobe River, 72, 379Chocó Plug. See Tapón del Chocó (Colombia)Chocolate Hills (The Philippines), 433Choiseul Island (Solomon Islands), 489–490Cholistan Desert. See Thar DesertCholuteca River (Honduras), 233Chomlungma. See Mount EverestChomo Lhari (Bhutan), 62Ch’ongch’on River (DPRK), 295Chonos Archipelago (Chile), 113Cho’onji Lake (DPRK), 295Choshui River (Taiwan), 525Chota Nagpur (India), 244Chota Nagpur Hills (India), 244Chott el Djerid (Tunisia), 544Chott el Gharsa (Tunisia), 544Chotts. See Salt lakesChrist Church ridge (Barbados), 48Christchurch (New Zealand), 394Christmas Island (Australia), 31, 34Christmas Island (Kiribati). See Kiritimati

Island (Kiribati)Christo Rei Beach (East Timor), 163Chu River (Kyrgyzstan), 303Chu Valley (Kyrgyzstan), 304Chubu region (Japan), 279Chubut River (Argentina), 26Chucunaque River (Panama), 418Chugach Mountains (United States), 574Chugoku region (Japan), 279Chukchi Peninsula (Russia), 455Chukchi Sea, 455Chsgoku Mountains (Japan), 276Ch’unch’on (Korea, Republic of), 298Churchill River (Canada), 98Churia Hills. See Siwalik HillsChuria Range. See Siwalik HillsChuuk Islands (Micronesia), 358–359Chyulu Range (Kenya), 290Ciandra Island (Somalia), 492Cibao Valley (Dominican Republic), 161, 231Ciénaga de Los Olivitos (Venezuela), 592Cimarron River (United States), 576Ciovai Islands (Somalia), 492“City of Ghosts.” See Phae Muang Phi

(Thailand)Ciudad Bolívar (Venezuela), 591Ciula Island (Somalia), 492

Civil warAngola, 15Lebanon, 311See also Wars

Civitavecchia (Italy), 272Clare Island (Ireland), 263Clare River (Ireland), 263Clarence River (New Zealand), 393Clew Bay (Ireland), 263Cliff of Angavo (Madagascar), 328Cliff of Bongolava (Madagascar), 328Cliffs

Denmark, 154–155France, 192Germany, 205Greece, 213Madagascar, 328Martinique, 346Mauritius, 351Oman, 409Romania, 450See also specific cliffs

Clifton Beach (South Africa), 496Climate

Afghanistan, 3–4Albania, 6Algeria, 10Andorra, 12Angola, 15Anguilla, 17Antarctica, 21Antigua, 22Argentina, 26–27Armenia, 28, 29Aruba, 30Australia, 34Austria, 38Azerbaijan, 39–40, 40The Bahamas, 42Bahrain, 44Bangladesh, 47Barbados, 49Barbuda, 22Belarus, 51Belgium, 54Belize, 56–57Benin, 58–59Bermuda, 61Bhutan, 63–64Bolivia, 67Bosnia and Herzegovina, 70Botswana, 72Brazil, 76–78British Virgin Islands, 79Brunei, 81Bulgaria, 83–84Burkina Faso, 85–86Burundi, 88Cambodia, 90–91Cameroon, 94Canada, 100Cape Verde, 102Cayman Islands, 104Central African Republic, 106Chad, 110Chile, 113–114China, 119–120


Index


Ind

ex

Colombia, 125–126Comoros, 127Congo, Democratic Republic of, 132Congo, Republic of, 135Costa Rica, 137–138Côte d’Ivoire, 140–141Croatia, 143Cuba, 147Cyprus, 149Czech Republic, 152Denmark, 155Djibouti, 156Dominica, 158Dominican Republic, 160–161East Timor, 163Ecuador, 166Egypt, 169El Salvador, 173Equatorial Guinea, 175Eritrea, 177–178Estonia, 180Ethiopia, 183Fiji, 185Finland, 188France, 193French Guiana, 195Gabon, 197Gambia, 199Georgia, 201Germany, 205Ghana, 209–210Greece, 213Greenland, 215–216Grenada, 217Guadeloupe, 219Guatemala, 221Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 226Guyana, 228Haiti, 231Honduras, 234Hungary, 237Iceland, 241India, 246Indonesia, 252Iran, 257–258Iraq, 261Ireland, 264Israel, 267Italy, 272Jamaica, 275Japan, 280Jordan, 283Kazakhstan, 287Kenya, 291Kiribati, 293–294Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of, 296Korea, Republic of, 299Kuwait, 301Kyrgyzstan, 303–304Laos, 306Latvia, 309Lebanon, 311Lesotho, 313Liberia, 315Libya, 317Liechtenstein, 319

Lithuania, 321Luxembourg, 323–324Macedonia, 326Madagascar, 329Malawi, 332Malaysia, 336Maldives, 338Mali, 341Malta, 343Marshall Islands, 344–345Martinique, 346Mauritania, 348Mauritius, 351Mexico, 356Micronesia, 359Moldova, 361Monaco, 362–363Mongolia, 366Morocco, 369Mozambique, 373Myanmar, 376Namibia, 380Nauru, 382Nepal, 385The Netherlands, 389Netherlands Antilles, 390New Zealand, 394Nicaragua, 397Niger, 399–400Nigeria, 403Norway, 407Oman, 410Pakistan, 413–414Palau, 416Panama, 419Papua New Guinea, 422–423Paraguay, 426Peru, 431The Philippines, 435Poland, 439Portugal, 442–443Puerto Rico, 445Qatar, 447Romania, 450Russia, 455–456Rwanda, 459Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461Saint Lucia, 463Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 464–465Samoa, 467–468San Marino, 469São Tomé and Príncipe, 471Saudi Arabia, 474–475Senegal, 477Seychelles, 479Sierra Leone, 481–482Singapore, 483–484Slovakia, 486Slovenia, 488Solomon Islands, 490Somalia, 493South Africa, 497Spain, 501Sri Lanka, 504Sudan, 508–509Suriname, 511Swaziland, 513

Sweden, 516Switzerland, 519–520Syria, 523Taiwan, 526Tajikistan, 528Tanzania, 532Thailand, 535Togo, 538–539Tonga, 539–540Trinidad and Tobago, 542Tunisia, 544Turkey, 548–549Turkmenistan, 551Turks and Caicos Islands, 553Tuvalu, 554–555Uganda, 558Ukraine, 561United Arab Emirates, 563United Kingdom, 569United States, 578–579Uruguay, 582Uzbekistan, 585Vanuatu, 587–588Vatican City, 589Venezuela, 592Vietnam, 596Virgin Islands, 598Yemen, 601Yugoslavia, 604Zambia, 607–608Zimbabwe, 610–611

Cloud forests. See ForestsClutha River (New Zealand), 393Clyde River (Dominica), 157Coal

Bangladesh, 48Belgium, 54–55Czech Republic, 152Germany, 206Iran, 258Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of, 297Korea, Republic of, 299Mozambique, 374Nigeria, 404Poland, 440Russia, 453, 457

Coast of Light. See Costa de la Luz (Spain)Coast Ranges (United States), 574Coastal Lowlands. See Costa (Ecuador)Coasts

Albania, 6Algeria, 10Angola, 14–15Anguilla, 16Antarctica, 21Argentina, 26Australia, 34Azerbaijan, 40Bahrain, 44Bangladesh, 47Barbados, 48–49Barbuda, 22Belgium, 54Belize, 56Benin, 58Bermuda, 60–61Bosnia and Herzegovina, 69


Index


Brazil, 76Brunei, 80–81Bulgaria, 83Cambodia, 90Cameroon, 94Canada, 99China, 119Colombia, 125Congo, Republic of, 134–135Costa Rica, 137Côte d’Ivoire, 140Croatia, 142Cuba, 146–147Cyprus, 149Denmark, 154–155Djibouti, 156Dominican Republic, 160East Timor, 163Ecuador, 166Egypt, 169El Salvador, 172–173Equatorial Guinea, 175Estonia, 179Fiji, 185Finland, 188France, 192Gabon, 197Gambia, 198Georgia, 201Germany, 205Ghana, 208–209Greece, 213Greenland, 215Grenada, 217Guatemala, 221Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 225–226Guyana, 228Haiti, 231Honduras, 233–234Iceland, 241India, 246Indonesia, 252Iran, 257Iraq, 261Ireland, 263Israel, 267Italy, 272Jamaica, 275Japan, 279Jordan, 283Kazakhstan, 286–287Kenya, 290–291Kiribati, 293Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of, 296Korea, Republic of, 298Kuwait, 301Latvia, 308–309Lebanon, 311Liberia, 315Libya, 316Lithuania, 321Madagascar, 329Malaysia, 335–336Martinique, 346Mauritania, 348Mauritius, 351

Mexico, 355–356Micronesia, 359Monaco, 362Morocco, 369Mozambique, 373Myanmar, 376Namibia, 380The Netherlands, 388–389New Zealand, 393Nicaragua, 397Nigeria, 403Norway, 404, 407Oman, 409–410Pakistan, 413Palau, 416Panama, 419Papua New Guinea, 422Peru, 430The Philippines, 435Poland, 438–439Portugal, 442Puerto Rico, 445Qatar, 446Romania, 450Russia, 455Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461Saint Lucia, 463Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 464Samoa, 467São Tomé and Príncipe, 471Saudi Arabia, 474Senegal, 477Sierra Leone, 481Singapore, 483Slovenia, 488Somalia, 492–493South Africa, 496Spain, 501Sri Lanka, 504Sudan, 508Suriname, 511Taiwan, 525–526Tanzania, 532Thailand, 535Togo, 538Trinidad and Tobago, 541–542Tunisia, 544Turkey, 548Turks and Caicos Islands, 553Tuvalu, 554Ukraine, 560–561United Arab Emirates, 563United Kingdom, 568–569United States, 578Uruguay, 582Venezuela, 592Vietnam, 596Virgin Islands, 598Yemen, 600–601Yugoslavia, 604

Cobourg Peninsula (Australia), 34Cochabamba-Santa Cruz highway (Bolivia), 68Cochin (India), 245Cockburn Harbor (Turks and Caicos Islands),

553Cockburn Town (Turks and Caicos Islands),

553

Cockpit Country (Jamaica), 274Cockscomb Mountains (Belize), 56, 57Coco-de-mer palm, 479Coco Island (Costa Rica), 137Coco River (Honduras), 233Cocos Islands (Australia), 31, 34Cocos Tectonic Plate

Costa Rica, 136El Salvador, 171Mexico, 352Nicaragua, 395Panama, 417

Codri Hills (Moldova), 360Coetivy Island (Seychelles), 480Coffee

East Timor, 162El Salvador, 174Nicaragua, 395, 398Panama, 417

Coiama Island (Somalia), 492Coiba Island (Panama), 419Cold Canary Current (Cape Verde), 102Colombia, 122–126, 123, 125tColombia Peninsula. See La Guajira Peninsula

(Venezuela)Colombo (Sri Lanka), 504Colón (Panama), 419Colonia (Micronesia), 359Colorado Piedmont (United States), 571Colorado Plateau (United States), 574–576, 579Colorado River, 355, 573–576Colorado River (Argentina), 26Colossus of Rhodes, 212Columbia Plateau (United States), 574–575Columbia River, 98, 574–575, 578Columbus, Christopher

The Bahamas and, 42Saint Kitts and Nevis and, 460

Columbus Passage. See Turks Island Passage (Turks and Caicos Islands)

Columbus Reef (Belize), 56Coma Pedrosa Peak. See Pic de Coma Pederos

(Andorra)Comeragh Mountains (Ireland), 262Comino (Malta), 343–344Cominotto (Malta), 343Commerce and industry

Belarus, 51Denmark, 155Estonia, 180France, 194Greece, 214Japan, 281Liechtenstein, 319Luxembourg, 324The Netherlands, 389Russia, 457Singapore, 484Taiwan, 526United Kingdom, 570See also Manufacturing

Commewijne River (Suriname), 511Commonwealth of Australia. See AustraliaCommonwealth of the Bahamas. See The

BahamasCommunism Peak. See Qullai Ismoili Somoni

(Tajikistan)


Index


Ind

ex

Como (Guinea-Bissau), 225Comoros, 126–128, 127, 127tCompagna (Italy), 272Comté River (French Guiana), 195Conakry (Guinea), 224Concepción (Paraguay), 426, 427Conchos River (Mexico), 354Congo, Democratic Republic of the (DROC),

128–133, 129, 132tCongo, Republic of the 133–136, 134, 135tCongo Basin, 128–129, 134–135Congo River, 13, 105, 128–131, 134Congo-Nile Ridge (Rwanda), 458Coniston Lake (England), 566Connecticut River (United States), 576Connetables (French Guiana), 195Conservation. See Environmental protectionConstantinople. See Kstambul (Turkey)Contador River (São Tomé and Príncipe), 470Contadora Island (Panama), 419Continental Divide (United States), 571Cook Inlet (United States), 577Cook Islands, 391, 393–394Cook Strait (New Zealand), 391, 393Cooper’s Creek (Australia), 33Copacabana (Brazil), 76Copiapó (Chile), 114Copiapó River (Chile), 113Coppename River (Suriname), 511Copper

Cyprus, 149Panama, 420

“Copper Belt” (Africa), 133Copperbelt Mountains (Zambia), 605Coquimbo (Chile), 114Coquimbo River (Chile), 113Coral Lake (Taiwan), 525Coral reefs

Antigua, 22Australia, 33The Bahamas, 42Barbados, 48Barbuda, 22Belize, 56Bermuda, 60–61British Virgin Islands, 79Colombia, 124Cuba, 146–147Djibouti, 156Dominica, 158Dominican Republic, 160East Timor, 163Fiji, 185Grenada, 217Guinea-Bissau, 225Haiti, 231Honduras, 233India, 246Indonesia, 251Iran, 257Jamaica, 275Japan, 279Kenya, 290Kiribati, 293Madagascar, 329Malaysia, 336Maldives, 337

Marshall Islands, 344Martinique, 346Mauritius, 350, 351Mexico, 355Micronesia, 358–359Mozambique, 372, 373Myanmar, 376Nauru, 382Nicaragua, 396Palau, 416Panama, 418Papua New Guinea, 422The Philippines, 434Qatar, 446Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 464Samoa, 467Saudi Arabia, 474Seychelles, 478–479Solomon Islands, 489South Africa, 496Sri Lanka, 504Thailand, 535Togo, 538Tonga, 539Trinidad and Tobago, 541Turks and Caicos Islands, 552–553Tuvalu, 554United States, 573–574, 577–578Venezuela, 592Vietnam, 595Virgin Islands, 598Yemen, 600

Coral Sea, 422, 489Coral Sea Islands (Australia), 31, 34Corantjin. See Courantyne RiverCordillera Blanca (Peru), 428Cordillera Cantábrica. See Cantabrian

Mountains (Spain)Cordillera Central

Colombia, 122Ecuador, 164–165Peru, 428

Cordillera Central (Costa Rica), 136Cordillera Central (Dominican Republic),

159–160Cordillera Central (The Philippines), 433Cordillera Central (Puerto Rico), 444Cordillera Dariense (Nicaragua), 395Cordillera de Amambay (Paraguay), 424Cordillera de Caaguazú (Paraguay), 424Cordillera de Guanacaste (Costa Rica), 136Cordillera de Guaniguanico (Cuba), 145–146Cordillera de Mérida Mountains (Venezuela),

590–592Cordillera de San Blas (Panama), 417Cordillera de San Rafael (Paraguay), 424Cordillera de Talamanca (Costa Rica), 136Cordillera de Tilarán (Costa Rica), 136Cordillera de Venezuela (Venezuela), 590Cordillera del Quindío. See Cordillera Central,

ColombiaCordillera Huayhuash (Peru), 428Cordillera Isabella (Nicaragua), 395Cordillera Los Maribios (Nicaragua), 395Cordillera Neovolcanica (Mexico), 353

Cordillera OccidentalBolivia, 65–67Colombia, 122Ecuador, 164–165Peru, 428

Cordillera OrientalBolivia, 65–67Colombia, 122–123Dominican Republic, 159–160Ecuador, 164–165Peru, 428

Cordillera Real. See Cordillera Oriental, Bolivia

Cordillera Septentrional (Dominican Republic), 159

Cordillera Talamanca (Panama), 417Cordilleras. See MountainsCordon littoral. See SandbarsCorfu (Greece), 212Corinth (Greece), 212Cork (Ireland), 263, 264Corn Islands (Nicaragua), 396Cornwall (England), 566, 569Coromandel Coast (India), 246Corpus Christi (United States), 578Corsica (France), 189, 192Corubal River (Guinea-Bissau), 225Çoruh River (Turkey), 548Corvo (Portugal), 442Cosmoldeo Group. See Atoll de Cosmoldeo

(Seychelles)Costa (Ecuador), 164, 166Costa Blanca (Spain), 501Costa de Bálsamo (El Salvador), 173Costa de la Luz (Spain), 501Costa de Prata (Portugal), 442Costa del Sol (Spain), 501Costa Rica, 136–138, 137, 138tCosta Verde (Portugal), 442Cotabato Basin (The Philippines), 435Cotabato Lowland (The Philippines), 433Cotachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve

(Ecuador), 165Côte d’Azur (France), 192Côte d’Ivoire, 139–142, 140, 141tCôte Sauvage (France), 192Côtentin Peninsula (France), 192Cotonou Lagoon (Benin), 58Cotopaxi (Ecuador), 164Cotswolds (England), 566Cotton, 398Courantyne River, 227–228, 511Courland Lagoon. See Kuršiu Marios

(Lithuania)Courland River (Trinidad and Tobago), 541–542Cousteau, Jacques, 355Cozumel (Mexico), 355Crater Lake (United States), 575Cres Island (Croatia), 143Crete (Greece), 212, 213Cricamola River (Panama), 418Crimea. See Crimean Peninsula (Ukraine)Crimean Mountains (Ukraine), 559Crimean Peninsula (Ukraine), 559, 561Cristóbal (Panama), 419Crna River (Macedonia), 326Crni Drim River (Macedonia), 326


Index


Crni Vrh (Yugoslavia), 602Croatia, 142–144, 143, 144tCrocker Mountains (Malaysia), 333, 334Crocodile habitats, 160Crocus Hill (Anguilla), 16Crooked Island (The Bahamas), 42Cross River (Angola), 403Crown Mountain (Virgin Islands), 598Crozet (France), 192Crude oil. See PetroleumCrummock Lake (England), 566Crystal Mountains, 130, 134, 175, 196Cuango. See Congo RiverCuanza River (Angola), 13–14Cuare (Venezuela), 592Cuba, 144–148, 145, 148tCubango. See Okavango RiverCuchillas de Toa (Cuba), 145Cuicocha Volcano lagoon (Ecuador), 165Cul-de-Sac (Haiti), 230, 232Cul de Sac River (Saint Lucia), 462, 463Culebra Island (Puerto Rico), 444Culiacán River (Mexico), 355Cumana Highlands (Venezuela), 590Cumberland Plateau (United States), 574Cumbrian Mountains (England), 564, 566Cunene River (Namibia), 379Curaçao (Netherlands Antilles), 390Curaray River (Ecuador), 165Curepipe (Mauritius), 351Curupayty River (Paraguay), 426Cuvelai River (Namibia), 379Cuyuni River (Guyana), 228Cyclades Islands (Greece), 213Cyclones

Bangladesh, 47Fiji, 185India, 246Mozambique, 372Taiwan, 526Vanuatu, 588

Cyprus, 148–150, 149, 150tCyrenaica (Libya), 316, 317Czech Republic, 150–152, 151, 152t

D

Da Hinggan Ling (China), 117Da Lat (Vietnam), 595–596Dac Lac Plateau (Vietnam), 595Dadu River (China), 119Dahlak Archipelago (Eritrea), 177Dahlak Kebir (Eritrea), 176Dahomey. See BeninDaisetsu Mountains (Japan), 276, 279Dakar (Senegal), 476–477Dakhla Oasis (Egypt), 170Dakigaeri Gorge (Japan), 278Dal River (Sweden), 514–515Dalmatia (Croatia), 143Damascus (Syria), 522–524Damietta Channel (Egypt), 169Dâmrei Range (Cambodia), 89Dams

Angola, 14Australia, 33China, 118

Egypt, 168El Salvador, 172Ghana, 207Guinea, 223Indonesia, 251Japan, 278Laos, 305, 306Latvia, 308Mexico, 355Mozambique, 372, 374The Netherlands, 387, 388Nigeria, 402Pakistan, 413Panama, 418Paraguay, 425, 427Romania, 449Sudan, 508Suriname, 510United States, 576Uruguay, 581

Dan River (Golan Heights), 267Danakil Depression, 176, 178, 181–183Danau Sentarium (Indonesia), 251Dangrek Mountains, 89, 91, 533–534Danish West Indies. See Virgin IslandsDanube River

Austria, 36, 37Bulgaria, 82Germany, 204–205Hungary, 236Romania, 449, 450Slovakia, 484Ukraine, 560Yugoslavia, 602–603

Danubian Plain (Bulgaria), 82, 84Dao Phu Quoc Island (Vietnam), 595Dar es Salaam (Tanzania), 531–532Daracas Island (Somalia), 492Dardanelles (Turkey), 548Darién (Panama), 417Darién Mountains (Panama), 417Darién National Park (Panama), 419Dark Caves. See Gua Kelam (Malaysia)Darling River (Australia), 33Darling Scarp (Australia), 33Darnah (Libya), 316Daror River (Somalia), 491Dartmoor (England), 566Darvel Bay (Malaysia), 336Darwin, Charles, 165Das Island (United Arab Emirates), 563Dasht-e Arjan marsh (Iran), 257Dasht-e-Kavjr (Iran), 255, 258Dasht-e-Lst (Iran), 255, 258Dasht River (Pakistan), 413Dassen Island (South Africa), 496Datu Bay (Malaysia), 335Daugava River, 308Daugavpils (Latvia), 309Daule River (Ecuador), 165Dauphiné Alps (France), 190Davao-Agusan Trough (The Philippines), 434Davao Gulf (The Philippines), 435Davis Strait, 99, 215Dawhat Salwah (Qatar), 446Dawna Range (Thailand), 533Dayun He. See Grand Canal (China)

De origine et situ Germanorum (Tacitus), 439Dead Sea, 266, 267, 268, 281–283Dead Sea Scrolls, 267Death Valley (United States), 575, 579Debed River (Argentina), 28, 29Deccan Plateau (India), 244Deception Island (Antarctica), 20–21Deduru River (Sri Lanka), 504Dedza Mountain (Malawi), 331Dee River (United Kingdom), 565–566Deep-sea fishing. See Fish and fishingDeer Cave (Malaysia), 334Defoe, Daniel, 113Deforestation

Algeria, 10Angola, 15Bangladesh, 47, 48Brazil, 77–78Bulgaria, 84Burkina Faso, 86Burundi, 88Cambodia, 91Cameroon, 95Comoros, 127, 128Congo, Republic of, 135Costa Rica, 138Côte d’Ivoire, 141East Timor, 163El Salvador, 173Ethiopia, 183Gambia, 199Ghana, 210Grenada, 217India, 247Indonesia, 249, 252, 253Iran, 258Israel, 268Kenya, 291Korea, Republic of, 299Kyrgyzstan, 302Laos, 306Madagascar, 329, 330Mexico, 356Mongolia, 367Myanmar, 376Nepal, 386Pakistan, 414Panama, 419Papua New Guinea, 423Paraguay, 427The Philippines, 434, 436Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461Solomon Islands, 490Thailand, 536Venezuela, 593

Delagoa Bay (Mozambique), 373Delaware Bay (United States), 578Delft Island (Sri Lanka), 504Delhi (India), 248Delos (Greece), 213Deltas del Estero Real (Nicaragua), 396Demerara River (Guyana), 227–228Demilitarized zone (DMZ), Korea, 294, 297Demir Kapija canyon (Macedonia), 325Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. See

Korea, Democractic People’s Republic of, (DPRK)


Index


Ind

ex

Democratic Republic of the Congo. See Congo, Democratic Republic of the (DROC)

Denali. See Mount McKinley (United States)Dender River (Belgium), 53Denmark, 152–155, 153, 155tDenmark Strait, 240Dennery River (Saint Lucia), 462Dense Forest Region (Côte d’Ivoire), 139, 141D’Entrecasteaux Islands (Papua New Guinea),

422Deosai Plateau (Pakistan), 413Depressions. See names of specific depressionsDerryveagh Range (Ireland), 262Derven canyon (Macedonia), 325Derwent Lake (England), 566Desaguadero River (Argentina), 26Desaguadero River (Bolivia), 66Deseado River (Argentina), 26Desembarco del Granma National Park

(Cuba), 147Desertas islet (Portugal), 442Desertification

Chad, 111China, 120El Salvador, 173Gambia, 199India, 248Indonesia, 253Iran, 258Kazakhstan, 287Mali, 341–342Pakistan, 414Somalia, 493Uzbekistan, 584See also Deforestation

DesertsAfghanistan, 3, 4Algeria, 8, 10Angola, 15Argentina, 27Australia, 34, 35Bahrain, 44Botswana, 71, 72Cape Verde, 102Central African Republic, 107Chad, 110Chile, 114China, 120Comoros, 127Djibouti, 156–157East Timor, 163Egypt, 167, 170El Salvador, 173Eritrea, 178Ethiopia, 183India, 247Iran, 255, 258Iraq, 261Israel, 267–268Jordan, 281, 283Kazakhstan, 287Kenya, 291Kuwait, 301Libya, 316, 317–318Madagascar, 330Mali, 342Mauritania, 349

Mexico, 356Mongolia, 366–367Morocco, 369Mozambique, 373Myanmar, 376Namibia, 380Niger, 400Oman, 408, 410Pakistan, 414Peru, 428, 431Qatar, 447Saudi Arabia, 472–475Somalia, 493South Africa, 497Spain, 501Sudan, 506, 508–509Syria, 523Tunisia, 545Turkmenistan, 551United Arab Emirates, 563United States, 579Uzbekistan, 585–586Yemen, 601See also names of individual deserts

Desna River (Ukraine), 560Dettifoss (Iceland), 240Devil’s Canyon (Venezuela), 591Devil’s Hole, 567Devil’s Island. See Île du Diable (French

Guiana)Devil’s Triangle. See Bermuda TriangleDevoke Water Lake (England), 566Dez River (Iran), 256Dhahira (Oman), 410Dhaleswari River (Bangladesh), 46Dhaulagiri (Nepal), 384Dhíkti Mountains (Crete), 212Dhobbah (Yemen), 601Dhofar Plain (Oman), 408, 410Diamante River (Argentina), 26Diamond industry

Angola, 15Belgium, 55Central African Republic, 107Namibia, 380, 381Sierra Leone, 482South Africa, 498Swaziland, 514

Diamond Island (Grenada), 217Diamond Mountains. See Kumgang-san

(DPRK)Diaoyutai Islands, 119Dibamba River (Cameroon), 94Dicle. See Tigris RiverDidinga Hills (Sudan), 507Diego Garcia (United Kingdom), 568Diego Ramírez Islands (Chile), 113Dieng Plateau (Indonesia), 250Dikes

Belgium, 52Denmark, 154See also Dams

Dîmbovita River (Romania), 449Dinaric Alps, 69, 142, 487, 602, 604Dindar River (Sudan), 508Dingalan Bay, 435Dingle Bay (Ireland), 263

Disko Bay (Greenland), 215Distilled water, Kuwait, 300District of Columbia (United States), 571Districts. See Administrative divisionsDiuata Mountains (The Philippines), 433Diyala River (Iraq), 260Djado Plateau (Niger), 399Djambi River (Indonesia), 250Djebel Libnan. See Lebanon MountainsDjibouti, 155–157, 156, 157tDjonovica (Macedonia), 325Djourab Depression. See Bodele Depression

(Chad)Djursland Peninsula (Denmark), 154DMZ. See Demilitarized zone (DMZ)Dnieper Lowlands (Ukraine), 561Dnieper River, 50, 454, 559–561Dnieper Upland (Ukraine), 559Dniester Basin (Ukraine), 560Dniester River, 360–361, 559–561Dnipro River. See Dnieper RiverDniprodzerzhynsk Reservoir (Ukraine), 559Dnistrovskyy Lyman (Ukraine), 560Dobruja (Romania), 448, 449, 450Dodecanese Archipelago (Greece), 213Dodoma (Tanzania), 531Dog Island (Anguilla), 16Doha (Qatar), 446, 447Doi Inthanon (Thailand), 533Doi Luang Range (Thailand), 533Dolomites (Italy), 270Dolosbage Mountains (Sri Lanka), 503Dolphins, 413Dolpo (Nepal), 384Dom (Switzerland), 518Dominica, 157–159, 158, 158tDominica Passage, 218Dominican Republic, 159, 159–162, 161tDon Hai Lot (Thailand), 535Don River (Russia), 454Dôn River (Laos), 306Donau River. See Danube RiverDondra Head (Sri Lanka), 504Donegal Bay (Ireland), 263Donets Basin (Ukraine), 560–562Donets Hills (Ukraine), 559Donets River (Ukraine), 559–560Dong Hai. See East China SeaDonga range (Bhutan), 62Donga River (Nigeria), 402Dongotona Mountains (Sudan), 507, 509Dongting Hu (China), 118Dopeth-Okok River (Uganda), 557Dordogne River (France), 191Doree River (Saint Lucia), 462Dörgön Lake (Mongolia), 365Dornoch Firth (Scotland), 569Doro Range (Zimbabwe), 609Dorsale Range (Tunisia), 543–545Dortmund-Ems Canal (Germany), 205Doubs River (France), 191Douro River (Portugal), 440, 442Dover (England), 567, 569Dovrefjell (Norway), 405DPRK. See Korea, Democratic People’s

Republic of, (DPRK)Drâa River (Morocco), 369


Index


Dracula (Stoker), 449Drake Passage, 21, 113Drakensberg Mountains, 312, 494Dramselva River (Norway), 405Drangajökull (Iceland), 240Drangme Chhu. See Drangme River (Bhutan)Drangme River (Bhutan), 63Drangme River Basin (Bhutan), 63Drau River Valley (Austria), 36, 37Drava River, 36, 37, 143, 236, 488Drava River Valley. See Drau River Valley

(Austria)Drigh Lake (Pakistan), 413Drin River (Albania), 6, 7Drina River, 69, 604DROC. See Congo, Democratic Republic of the

(DROC) 132tDrohobych (Ukraine), 560Droughts

Australia, 34–35Bahrain, 44Burundi, 88Cape Verde, 102Hungary, 237Iran, 255–256, 257, 258Kiribati, 294Mali, 341, 342Mauritania, 348Namibia, 380Russia, 456Somalia, 493

Drumlins, United Kingdom, 566Duars Plains (Bhutan), 62–64Dubayy (United Arab Emirates), 562–563Dublin (Ireland), 264Duero River (Spain), 500Duff Island (Solomon Islands), 489Dufourspitze (Switzerland), 518Dukhan anticline (Qatar), 446, 447Dulce River (Argentina), 26Dumbara Mountains (Sri Lanka), 503Dunany Point (Ireland), 263Dunav River. See Danube RiverDundalk Bay (Ireland), 263Dundee (Scotland), 567Dunedin (New Zealand), 394Dunes. See Sand dunesDungeness (United Kingdom), 569Durand Line, 1Dursey Head (Ireland), 263D’Urville Island (New Zealand), 393Dushanbe (Tajikistan), 528–529Dust storms

Bahrain, 44India, 246Iran, 258

Dyfi National Nature Reserve (Wales), 567Dzanga-Sangha nature reserve (Central

African Republic), 106Dzavhan River (Mongolia), 365Dzerzhinskaya Mountain (Belarus), 50

E

EarthquakesAfghanistan, 2Albania, 5

Algeria, 8Argentina, 24Armenia, 28Barbados, 48Bolivia, 66Bosnia and Herzegovina, 69Bulgaria, 82Burundi, 87Chile, 112China, 115Colombia, 122Congo, Democratic Republic of, 130Costa Rica, 136Cuba, 145Djibouti, 156Ecuador, 164Georgia, 200Greece, 212Guatemala, 220Honduras, 232Iceland, 239India, 242Indonesia, 250, 251Iran, 255Italy, 269Jamaica, 274Japan, 276, 278Kazakhstan, 284Kyrgyzstan, 302Macedonia, 325Mexico, 352–353Myanmar, 374New Zealand, 391Nicaragua, 395Pakistan, 411Panama, 417Papua New Guinea, 422Peru, 428Portugal, 441Puerto Rico, 444Russia, 453Saint Kitts and Nevis, 460Solomon Islands, 489Taiwan, 524Tajikistan, 527Turkey, 546Turkmenistan, 550United States, 573Uzbekistan, 584Venezuela, 590

East African Rift. See Great Rift ValleyEast Anglia (United Kingdom), 567East Antarctica, 18–19, 21East Caicos Island, 553East Cape (New Zealand), 393East China Sea, 119, 278East Country (Norway), 405, 407East Falkland (United Kingdom), 568East Frisian Islands (Germany), 205East Germany, 206East Gotland. See Öster Gotland (Sweden)East Latvian Lowlands, 309East Malaysia, 333–336East Siberian Sea, 455East Timor, 162, 162–163, 163t, 248Easter Island (Chile), 112, 113Eastern Alps (Italy), 270

Eastern Channel, 298Eastern Coastal Plain (Australia), 31Eastern Desert. See Arabian Desert (Egypt)Eastern Ghats (India), 243Eastern Group. See Ratak Group (Marshall

Islands)Eastern Hajar. See Hajar al-Shargi (Oman)Eastern Heights Plateau (Jordan), 281Eastern Highlands (Australia), 31–35Eastern Highlands (Venezuela). See Cumana

Highlands (Venezuela)Eastern Hindu Kush (Afghanistan), 2Eastern lowlands (Austria), 36Eastern Lowveld (South Africa), 495, 497Eastern Mountains (Nepal), 384Eastern Paraguay, 424Eastern Plains (Colombia), 126Eastern Plateau (Papua New Guinea), 422Eastern Plateau (Tanzania), 531Eastern Plateau Region (Kenya), 290Eastern Region (Ecuador), 164–167Eastern Rift Valley, 530–531Eastern Uplands (South Africa), 495, 497’Eau Island (Tonga), 539Ebino Plateau (Japan), 277Ebon Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344Ebro Basin (Spain), 501Ebro River (Spain), 500Ecosystems

Amazon rainforests, 77Brunei, 80Indonesia, 252–253Mongolia, 364–365Okavango Delta, 72See also Rainforests; specific ecosystems

EcotourismBrunei, 81India, 248Madagascar, 327

Ecuador, 164–167, 165, 166tEdge Island (Norway), 406Éfaté (Vanuatu), 587Eger River (Hungary), 236Egmont Peak (New Zealand), 391Egypt, 167–170, 168, 170t, 266Eilerts de Haan Mountains (Suriname), 510Ekuma River (Namibia), 379El Djouf (Mauritania), 349El Faiyum Oasis (Egypt), 168, 170El Fashar (Sudan), 507El Niño, Peru and, 431El Petén (Guatemala), 219–221El Salvador, 170–174, 171, 173tEl Santuario Plateau (Panama), 417El Trifinio International Biosphere Reserve (El

Salvador), 173El Valle Sagrado (Peru), 430El Viejo. See Volcán San Cristóbal (Nicaragua)El Yunque National Forest (Puerto Rico), 445Elat (Israel), 267, 268Elat Mountains (Israel), 268Elba Island (Italy), 272Elbe River, 151, 204Elburz Range (Iran), 255Elephant Range. See Dâmrei Range

(Cambodia)Eleuthera Island (The Bahamas), 42


Index


Ind

ex

Elgeyo Escarpment (Kenya), 289Eli Malk Island (Palau), 416El-Jem Colosseum (Tunisia), 543Ellenborough Waterfall (Australia), 33Ellesmere Island (Canada), 99Ellice Islands. See TuvaluEllsworth Mountains (Antarctica), 19Elobey Islands (Equatorial Guinea), 174–175Elphinstone (Oman), 409Ema River (Estonia), 179Emba River (Kazakhstan), 286Embalse Cerrón Grande (El Salvador), 172Embalse del Río Negro (Uruguay), 581Emden Deep. See Philippine TroughEmei Shan (China), 117Emerald cuckoos, 482Emilia-Romagna (Italy), 271Emme River (Switzerland), 519Empty Quarter. See Rub’ al-KhaliEms River (Germany), 204Endangered species

Angola, 13Belize, 57Congo, Republic of, 135Nicaragua, 396Pakistan, 414yaks, 384See also Wildlife protection

Enewetok Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344England (United Kingdom), 564, 566–570English Channel (United Kingdom), 567, 569Ennedi highland (Chad), 108Ennerdale Lake (England), 566Enns River (Austria), 37Entebee (Uganda), 558Enugu (Nigeria), 404Environmental problems

Angola, 13Cameroon, 94, 95Chad, 111India, 244Kazakhstan, 286Kiribati, 293Lithuania, 322Nauru, 382Uzbekistan, 584See also specific environmental problems

Environmental protectionAustria, 39Brunei, 81China, 119Côte d’Ivoire, 141East Timor, 162, 163El Salvador, 173–174India, 247Indonesia, 251Japan, 279Kenya, 291Malaysia, 335Mongolia, 363, 365Papua New Guinea, 423

Epi (Vanuatu), 587Epidemics, Bangladesh, 48Epirus (Greece), 211Episkopi Bay (Cyprus), 149Epupa Falls (Namibia), 379Equatorial Channel (Maldives), 337

Equatorial Guinea, 174, 174–176, 175tEr Rif Mountains (Morocco), 367, 369Erg Chech (Mali), 342Ergene Plain (Turkey), 548Ergs

Algeria, 10Libya, 318Mali, 342Niger, 400See also Sand dunes

Erhai Lake (China), 118Erie Canal (United States), 576Eriksfjiord. See Tunulliarfik (Greenland)Eritrea, 176–178, 177, 178tErne River (Northern Ireland), 566–567Erongo Mountains (Namibia), 378Eros Mountains (Namibia), 378Erosion. See Soil erosionErromango (Vanuatu), 587Erzgebirge Mountains. See Ore MountainsErzincan (Turkey), 546Esan (Japan), 279Escambray Mountains (Cuba), 145Escarpada Point (The Philippines), 435Escaut River. See Schelde RiverEschnerberg (Liechtenstein), 319Esch-sur-Sûre (Luxembourg), 323Esdraelon Plain (Israel), 267, 268Esmeraldas (Ecuador), 166Espagnol River (Dominica), 157Española Island (Galápagos), 165Espíritu Santo (El Salvador), 172Espíritu Santo (Vanuatu), 587Essequibo River (Guyana), 227–228Estany de l’Estanyó (Andorra), 12Estonia, 178–180, 179, 180tEstrela (Portugal), 441Etang Saumâtre. See Lake Saumâtre (Haiti)Ethiopia, 176, 180–183, 181, 183tEthiopian Plateau, 176–177, 181–182Ethnicities

Angola, 15Belarus, 51Belgium, 54Belize, 57Botswana, 72British Virgin Islands, 79Burkina Faso, 86Cameroon, 94–95Canada, 101Chad, 110–111China, 120Colombia, 126Congo, Democratic Republic of, 132Ecuador, 167El Salvador, 174Grenada, 217Guadeloupe, 219Guatemala, 222Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 226Honduras, 234Iceland, 241Iraq, 261Kenya, 288Malaysia, 336Mali, 340

Mozambique, 373Nauru, 382The Netherlands, 389Nicaragua, 395, 398Norway, 408Peru, 432Poland, 439–440Sierra Leone, 482Solomon Islands, 490South Africa, 497–498Turks and Caicos Islands, 553United Kingdom, 570Zambia, 608Zimbabwe, 611

Etna (Italy), 269Etorofu Island, 276Etosha Pan (Namibia), 379, 380EU. See European UnionEU Blue Flag beaches (Ireland), 263Eubalaena glacialis. See Atlantic Right WhaleEuboea (Greece), 212Eucumbene Dam (Australia), 33Euphrates River, 259–261, 521–522, 547–548Eurasian Tectonic Plate

Afghanistan, 2Albania, 5Austria, 36Belgium, 52Bosnia and Herzegovina, 69Bulgaria, 82Cambodia, 89China, 115Cyprus, 148Czech Republic, 150Estonia, 179Finland, 186France, 189Germany, 202Greece, 212Hungary, 235Indonesia, 249, 251Iran, 255Ireland, 262Italy, 269Japan, 276Kazakhstan, 284Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

294Korea, Republic of, 297Kyrgyzstan, 302Laos, 305Latvia, 308Liechtenstein, 318Lithuania, 320Luxembourg, 323Macedonia, 325Myanmar, 374Nepal, 383Pakistan, 411The Philippines, 433Poland, 437Portugal, 440Romania, 447Russia, 453San Marino, 469Singapore, 483Slovakia, 484


Index


Switzerland, 517Taiwan, 524Tajikistan, 527Thailand, 533Turkey, 546Turkmenistan, 550Ukraine, 559Uzbekistan, 584Vietnam, 594Yugoslavia, 602

Europa (France), 192European Union (EU), 52Evans Strait (Canada), 99Everglades (United States), 575, 580Evros River. See Maritsa RiverEvrótas River (Greece), 212Exe River (United Kingdom), 566Exmoor (England), 566Exmouth Gulf (Australia), 34Exploration, Antarctica, 20Exuma Sound (The Bahamas), 42Eyja Fjord (Iceland), 241Eyre Peninsula (Australia), 34

F

Faakersee (Austria), 37Fadiffolu Atoll (Maldives), 338Faeroe Islands (Denmark), 154Faial (Portugal), 442Faiyum Depression. See El Faiyum Oasis

(Egypt)Fakse Bay (Denmark), 154Falémé River (Mali), 341Falkland Islands (United Kingdom), 26, 568Falster Island (Denmark), 154Famagusta Bay (Cyprus), 149Family Islands (The Bahamas), 41Fanning Island. See Tabuaeran Island (Kiribati)Fan-si-pan (Vietnam), 594Far Western Mountains (Nepal), 384Farafra Oasis (Egypt), 170Faraony River (Madagascar), 329Farasan al Kabir Island (Saudi Arabia), 473Farim River. See Cacheu River (Guinea-Bissau)Farquhar Group. See Atoll de Farhuhar

(Seychelles)Farur (Iran), 257Fatala River (Guinea), 224The Father (Papua New Guinea), 421Faults

Bosnia and Herzegovina, 69Croatia, 142El Salvador, 171Ethiopia, 182See also specific tectonic plates

Faylakah (Kuwait), 301FBH. See Bosnia and HerzegovinaFedchenko Glacier (Tajikistan), 527–528Federated States of Micronesia. See Micronesia,

Federated States ofFehmarn Island (Germany), 205Feldberg (Germany), 204Felidu Atoll (Maldives), 338Fenkol (Micronesia), 358Fenno-Scandian Shield (Finland), 186The Fens (England), 567

Fergana Mountains (Kyrgyzstan), 302Fergana Valley, 303–304, 527–529, 583–586Ferlo Savanna (Senegal), 477Fernandina Island (Galápagos), 165Fernando de Noronha (Brazil), 76Fernando Po. See Isla de Bioko (Equatorial

Guinea)Fernão Veloso Bay (Mozambique), 373Fetaka Island (Solomon Islands), 489Fezzan (Libya), 316, 318Fianarantsoa (Madagascar), 330Fiji, 184, 184–186, 185tFilchner Ice Shelf (Antarctica), 20, 21Filfla (Malta), 343Finger Lakes (United States), 576Finisterre Range (Papua New Guinea), 420Finland, 186–189, 187, 188tFinn River (Ireland), 263Finnmark Plateau (Norway), 405Fiordland (New Zealand), 391, 393, 394Firat River. See Euphrates RiverFires

Indonesia, 253Japan, 278Panama, 419

Firth of Clyde (Scotland), 567, 569Firth of Forth (Scotland), 567, 569Firth of Tay (Scotland), 567Fish and fishing

Anguilla, 17Antigua, 23Azerbaijan, 41The Bahamas, 42Bangladesh, 48Barbados, 49Barbuda, 23Bermuda, 61Brunei, 80Cambodia, 89Canada, 98, 101Cape Verde, 102, 103Colombia, 123, 124Dominican Republic, 161East Timor, 164Ecuador, 167Eritrea, 176Estonia, 179French Guiana, 195Gambia, 199Germany, 205Ghana, 209Greenland, 216Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 227Honduras, 234Iceland, 240, 241India, 244, 248Indonesia, 251Ireland, 262Japan, 281Kuwait, 301Kyrgyzstan, 303Malawi, 333Maldives, 339Mali, 341Mauritania, 348, 349Mauritius, 352

Micronesia, 358, 359Morocco, 370Mozambique, 373Nauru, 382Norway, 408Panama, 420Papua New Guinea, 423Peru, 432Portugal, 443Qatar, 447Romania, 449, 451Russia, 455Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461Samoa, 468São Tomé and Príncipe, 471Senegal, 477–478Sierra Leone, 482Singapore, 484Solomon Islands, 490Somalia, 492Sri Lanka, 505Suriname, 512Sweden, 515Thailand, 535, 536Togo, 538Tonga, 540Turks and Caicos Islands, 553Uganda, 557–558United Kingdom, 566Uruguay, 583Vanuatu, 588Venezuela, 593

Fish River (Namibia), 379Fish River Canyon (Namibia), 379Five Sister Lakes (Austria), 37Fjords

Denmark, 154Germany, 205Iceland, 241Norway, 404–405, 407

Flaming Cliffs (Mongolia), 364Flanders (Belgium), 54Flemings (Belgium), 54Flic-en-Flac (Mauritius), 351Flightless birds, 393Flint Island (Kiribati), 292, 293Flooding

Australia, 34Bangladesh, 45Burundi, 88Cambodia, 89–90Congo, Republic of, 134Czech Republic, 151Egypt, 169France, 191Guinea, 224Hungary, 236–237Iceland, 239Iraq, 261Italy, 271Japan, 280Kazakhstan, 286–287Korea, Republic of, 298Laos, 306Maldives, 337Mali, 341Mozambique, 372


Index


Ind

ex

Nepal, 385The Netherlands, 387Papua New Guinea, 423The Philippines, 434Russia, 455Somalia, 491Sudan, 507–508

Flora. See VegetationFlores (Indonesia), 248, 250, 252Flores (Portugal), 442Flores Sea (Indonesia), 251Florida (United States), 575–577, 578, 580Florida Keys (United States), 577Fly River (Papua New Guinea), 421, 422Foehn (Switzerland), 520Fog

Namibia, 379Oman, 410

Foggaras (Algeria), 8Fogo (Cape Verde), 102Fohn. See WindsFolgefonn (Norway), 405Fond River (Saint Lucia), 462Fontur Point (Iceland), 241Fontvieille (Monaco), 362Foothills. See HillsForcados River (Nigeria), 403Forest Ecosystem Reserves (Japan), 280Forest Region (Guinea), 222–224Forestry products

Algeria, 11Canada, 100Chile, 114Finland, 188Georgia, 202Guatemala, 222India, 248Indonesia, 253Laos, 307Macedonia, 326Malaysia, 336Mexico, 357Myanmar, 377Nepal, 386Puerto Rico, 445Romania, 451Sweden, 517See also Timber

ForestsAfghanistan, 4Albania, 7Algeria, 10Angola, 15Antigua, 23Argentina, 27Australia, 35Austria, 38–39The Bahamas, 42Bangladesh, 47Barbados, 49Belarus, 51Belgium, 52, 54Belize, 57Benin, 59Bhutan, 64Bolivia, 67Bosnia and Herzegovina, 70

Botswana, 71Brunei, 80–81Bulgaria, 84Burkina Faso, 86Burundi, 88Cambodia, 91Cameroon, 94Canada, 100–101Chad, 110Chile, 114China, 120Colombia, 126Comoros, 128Congo, Democratic Republic of, 132Congo, Republic of, 135Costa Rica, 138Côte d’Ivoire, 141Croatia, 143–144Cuba, 147Cyprus, 149Czech Republic, 152Denmark, 155Dominica, 158Dominican Republic, 161East Timor, 163Ecuador, 166–167El Salvador, 173–174Equatorial Guinea, 175Estonia, 180Ethiopia, 183Fiji, 185Finland, 186, 188France, 194French Guiana, 195Gabon, 197Gambia, 199Germany, 206Ghana, 210Greece, 213Grenada, 217Guadeloupe, 219Guatemala, 221Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 226Guyana, 229Honduras, 234Hungary, 237–238India, 247Indonesia, 252–253Iran, 258Ireland, 264Israel, 268Italy, 272Jamaica, 275Japan, 280Jordan, 283Kazakhstan, 287Kenya, 291Kiribati, 294Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

296Korea, Republic of, 299Kyrgyzstan, 304Laos, 306–307Latvia, 309Lebanon, 311Liberia, 315

Libya, 318Liechtenstein, 319Lithuania, 321Luxembourg, 324Macedonia, 326Madagascar, 330Malawi, 332Malaysia, 336Maldives, 338Mali, 342Marshall Islands, 345Martinique, 346–347Mauritius, 351Mexico, 356Micronesia, 359Moldova, 361Mongolia, 367Morocco, 368Mozambique, 373Myanmar, 376Namibia, 380Nepal, 386New Zealand, 394Nicaragua, 397–398Nigeria, 403–404Norway, 408Pakistan, 414Palau, 416Panama, 419Papua New Guinea, 423Paraguay, 427Peru, 431The Philippines, 436Poland, 439Portugal, 443Puerto Rico, 445Romania, 450Russia, 456–457Rwanda, 459Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461Saint Lucia, 463–464Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 465Samoa, 468São Tomé and Príncipe, 471Senegal, 477Seychelles, 479Sierra Leone, 482Singapore, 484Slovakia, 486Slovenia, 488Solomon Islands, 490Somalia, 493South Africa, 497Spain, 501–502Sri Lanka, 504Sudan, 509Suriname, 510–511Swaziland, 513Sweden, 517Switzerland, 520Syria, 523Taiwan, 526Tajikistan, 528Tanzania, 532Thailand, 536Togo, 538Tonga, 540


Index


Trinidad and Tobago, 542Turkey, 549Tuvalu, 555Uganda, 558Ukraine, 561United Kingdom, 569–570United States, 579–580Vanuatu, 588Venezuela, 593Vietnam, 596–597Virgin Islands, 598Yemen, 601Yugoslavia, 604–605Zambia, 608Zimbabwe, 611See also Rainforests

Forever White Mountains. See Changbai Shan (China)

Formentera Island (Spain), 500The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia.

See Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of

Formosa (Guinea-Bissau), 225Fort-de-France (Martinique), 347Fort-de-France Bay (Martinique), 346Fortuna (Vanuatu), 587Fouta Djallon, 222–223, 340, 476Foveaux Strait (New Zealand), 393Foyle River (Northern Ireland), 567France, 189–194, 190, 193t

French Guiana, 194–196Guadeloupe, 218–219Martinique, 192, 345–347, 346

Franches-Montagnes Plateau (Switzerland), 519

Franconian Alb (Germany), 204Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake (United States),

576Franz Josef Land (Russia), 455Fraser Island (Australia), 34Fraser River (Canada), 98Freetown (Sierra Leone), 481–482French Alps, 190French Guiana, 189, 194–196, 195French Polynesia, 193French Riviera, 192Fresh Water Lagoons (Kiribati), 293Friendly Islands. See TongaFrigate Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461Frigate Island (Grenada), 217Frigate Island (Seychelles), 479Front Range (United States), 573Fruit bats (Samoa), 467FSM (Micronesia, Federated States of), 357–

360, 358Fua Mulaku Island (Maldives), 338Fuerte Island (Colombia), 125Fuerte River (Mexico), 355Fuerteventura Island (Spain), 500Fuiloro (East Timor), 162Fulufjäll (Sweden), 514Funafuti (Tuvalu), 555Funafuti Island (Tuvalu), 554Funf Schwesterseen. See Five Sister Lakes

(Austria)Fur seals, Antarctica, 20Furka Pass (Switzerland), 519

Futuna. See Wallis and Futuna (France)FYROM. See Macedonia, Former Yugoslav

Republic of

G

Gabon, 196–198, 197Gabon River, 196Gagil-Tomil (Micronesia), 359Gahar Lakes (Iran), 255–256Gaizinkalns (Latvia), 308Gal Oya National Park (Sri Lanka), 503–504Gal River (Sri Lanka), 503Galana River (Kenya), 290Galápagos Islands (Ecuador), 164–166Galdhøpiggen (Norway), 405Galicica National Park (Macedonia), 326Galilee (Israel), 266, 267Galion Bay (Martinique), 346Gallegos River (Argentina), 26Gallipoli Peninsula (Turkey), 548Galty Mountains (Ireland), 262Galway Bay (Ireland), 263Gamba Protected Area Complex (Gabon), 197Gambaga Scarp (Ghana), 208Gambia, 198–200, 199, 199tGambia River, 198–199, 476Gambier Island (France), 193Gamgurtsev mountains (Antarctica), 19Gamsberg (Namibia), 378Gan Island (Maldives), 338Gan River (Sri Lanka), 503–504Gangdisê Shan (China), 116Ganges River, 45–46, 244–245Gangetic Plain, 244–245, 246–247, 385Garabil Plateau (Turkmenistan), 550Garabogazkol Gulf. See Kara-Bogaz Gol

(Turkmenistan)Garifiri hydroelectric dam (Guinea), 223Garonne River (France), 191Gash River. See Mareb RiverGatun Lake (Panama), 418Gau Island (Fiji), 185Gaua (Vanuatu), 587Gauja River (Latvia), 308Gavater Bay (Iran), 257Gaza Strip, 266, 268Gdansk-Gdynia (Poland), 438Gêba River (Guinea-Bissau), 225Gebel Katherina. See Mt. Catherine (Egypt)Gediz River (Turkey), 548–549Geghama Mountains (Armenia), 28Gemstones

Cambodia, 91Malawi, 333Myanmar, 377Namibia, 381Thailand, 536Uruguay, 583Zambia, 608See also Diamond industry

General Carrera (Argentina), 25General Valley (Costa Rica), 137Geneva (Switzerland), 518–520Gennargentu (Italy), 271George VI sound (Antarctica), 20Georgetown (Gambia), 198

Georgetown (Guyana), 228Georgia, 200–202, 201, 201tGeorgia (United States), 573, 576Georgina River (Australia), 33Geothermal resources

El Salvador, 174Ethiopia, 183Hungary, 237India, 248Indonesia, 254Japan, 281New Zealand, 394Nicaragua, 396, 398Papua New Guinea, 423The Philippines, 436

Géricault, Théodore, 347Gerlachovsky Peak (Slovakia), 484Germany, 202–207, 203, 206tGestro River. See Jubba RiverGeysers. See Hot springsGhadamis (Libya), 318Ghana, 207–210, 209, 210tGhat (Libya), 318Ghats (India), 243Ghibli. See WindsGhodaghodi Tal (Nepal), 385Ghubbat al Qamar (Yemen), 601Giant’s Causeway (Northern Ireland), 569Gibraltar (United Kingdom), 500, 568–569Gibson Desert (Australia), 35Gila River (United States), 576Gilbert Islands (Kiribati), 292–293Gilead. See Northern Highlands (Jordan)Gilf Kebir (Egypt), 168Gils Fjord (Iceland), 241Gin River (Sri Lanka), 503Girange Dzong Pass. See Rasua Garhi (Nepal)Gizo Island (Solomon Islands), 489Glacier National Park. See Parc Nacional Los

Glaciares (Argentina)Glaciers

Antarctica, 19, 20, 21Argentina, 24–25Greenland, 215Iceland, 238, 239–240Kazakhstan, 284Kyrgyzstan, 302Mongolia, 363New Zealand, 391Norway, 404–405, 405Pakistan, 411Switzerland, 518Tajikistan, 527–528United States, 579

Glåma River (Norway), 405Glarus Alps (Switzerland), 518Gletsch (Switzerland), 519Glettinga Point (Iceland), 241Glint (Estonia), 179Global climate, Mongolia and, 365Global warming

ice shelves and, 20, 21Indonesia and, 249Japan, 279Nauru, 382Nepal and, 385

Glover’s Reef (Belize), 56


Index


Ind

ex

Goascoran River (Honduras), 233Gobi Desert, 115, 120, 363, 364, 366–367Gobobose Mountains (Namibia), 378Godavari River (India), 245Godesberg Plateau, 528Godhafoss (Iceland), 240Godthåb. See Nuuk (Greenland)Goflo de Nicoya. See Golf of Nicoya (Costa

Rica)Gökçeada Island (Turkey), 548Göksu River (Turkey), 548Gokteik Gorge (Myanmar), 375Golan Heights, 266–267, 521Gold

Kyrgyzstan, 304Mozambique, 371

Golden Bay (New Zealand), 393Golden Horn. See Haliç Estuary (Turkey)Goldfish Lake. See Lake Lanoto’oGolem Korab (Macedonia), 325Golestan National Park (Iran), 258Golf of Nicoya (Costa Rica), 137Golfe de la Gonâve. See Gulf of Gonâve (Haiti)Golfe de Lion (France), 192Golfo de Fonseca. See Gulf of FonsecaGolfo de Guayaquil. See Gulf of GuayaquilGolfo de Montijo (Panama), 418Golfo del Darién (Panama), 419Golfo Dulce (Costa Rica), 137Gomera Island (Spain), 500Gonâve Island (Haiti), 231Gönen (Turkey), 547Gongola River (Nigeria), 403Gora Ayribaba (Turkmenistan), 550Gordon Dam (Australia), 33Gorgol region (Mauritania), 349Gorgol River (Mali), 341Gorgona Island (Colombia), 125Gorgonilla Cay (Colombia), 125Gostivar (Macedonia), 326Göta Canal (Sweden), 515Göta River (Sweden), 515Götberg (Sweden), 515Gotel Mountains (Nigeria), 402Gotland Island (Sweden), 514, 516–517Gotm Island (Japan), 279Gough (United Kingdom), 568Goulburn River (Australia), 33Gozo (Malta), 343–344Grace Bay (Turks and Caicos Islands), 553Graciosa (Portugal), 442Graciosa Island (Spain), 500Grain Coast. See LiberiaGrampian Mountains (Scotland), 566Gran Caldera (Equatorial Guinea), 175Gran Cararia Island (Spain), 500Gran Chaco, 24, 65, 427Gran Paradiso (Italy), 269Gran Sabana (Venezuela), 591, 592–593Gran Sasso Range (Italy), 270Granada (Spain), 500Grand Bahama, 42Grand Bassin (Mauritius), 351Grand Bay River (Dominica), 158Grand Bonhomme (Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines), 464Grand Canal (China), 119

Grand Canyon (United States), 574–576Grand Cayman Island, 103–104Grand Comore (Comoros), 127Grand Coulee Dam (United States), 576Grand Erg Occidental (Algeria), 10Grand Erg Oriental, 10, 545Grand Etang (Grenada), 216Grand Lac (Switzerland), 519Grand Manan Island (Canada), 99Grand Popo Lagoon (Benin), 58Grand Port Range (Mauritius), 350Grand River South East (Mauritius), 351Grand-Terre Island (Guadeloupe), 218Grand Turk Island (Turks and Caicos Islands),

552–553Grand Yaluzangbu Canyon (China), 117Grande Range (Uruguay), 581Grande River (Bolivia), 66Grande Terre. See New Caldonia (France)Grasmer Lake (England), 566Grasslands

Albania, 6Algeria, 10Angola, 15Argentina, 24, 27Australia, 35Austria, 38Belarus, 50, 51Belgium, 54Benin, 59Bhutan, 64Bolivia, 67Botswana, 71, 72Brazil, 77Bulgaria, 84Burundi, 88Cambodia, 91Cameroon, 94Canada, 100Cape Verde, 102Central African Republic, 107Chad, 110Chile, 114China, 120Colombia, 126Comoros, 127Congo, Democratic Republic of, 132Congo, Republic of, 135Costa Rica, 138Côte d’Ivoire, 141Cuba, 147Cyprus, 149Czech Republic, 152Dominican Republic, 161East Timor, 163Ecuador, 166El Salvador, 173Estonia, 180Ethiopia, 183Fiji, 185Finland, 188France, 193–194Gambia, 199Germany, 205Ghana, 210Greece, 213Greenland, 216

Guatemala, 221Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 226Guyana, 228–229Haiti, 231–232Honduras, 234Hungary, 237India, 246–247Indonesia, 252Iran, 258Ireland, 264Israel, 267Italy, 272Jamaica, 275Jordan, 283Kazakhstan, 287Kenya, 291Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

296Korea, Republic of, 299Laos, 306Latvia, 309Lesotho, 313Libya, 317Liechtenstein, 319Madagascar, 329Malawi, 332Maldives, 338Mali, 341–342Mauritania, 348Mexico, 356Moldova, 361Mongolia, 366Morocco, 368Mozambique, 373Myanmar, 376Namibia, 380Nauru, 382Nepal, 385–386The Netherlands, 389New Zealand, 394Niger, 400Nigeria, 403Norway, 407–408Pakistan, 414Palau, 416Panama, 419Papua New Guinea, 423Paraguay, 427The Philippines, 435Poland, 439Portugal, 443Puerto Rico, 445Romania, 450Rwanda, 459Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 465São Tomé and Príncipe, 471Sierra Leone, 482Slovakia, 486Solomon Islands, 490Somalia, 493South Africa, 494–495Spain, 501Sri Lanka, 504Suriname, 511Swaziland, 513


Index


Sweden, 516Syria, 523Taiwan, 526Tajikistan, 528Tanzania, 532Thailand, 535–536Togo, 538Trinidad and Tobago, 542Tunisia, 544–545Turkey, 549Turkmenistan, 551Uganda, 558Ukraine, 561United States, 579Uruguay, 582Uzbekistan, 585Venezuela, 592Vietnam, 596Virgin Islands, 598Yemen, 601Yugoslavia, 604Zambia, 608Zimbabwe, 611

Grauspitz (Liechtenstein), 318Grazing. See Ranching and grazingGreat Abaco Island (The Bahamas), 42Great Alföld (Hungary), 235, 237, 238Great Artesian Basin (Australia), 31Great Astrolabe Reef (Fiji), 185Great Atlas Mountains. See High Atlas

Mountains (Morocco)Great Australian Bight, 33, 34Great Bahama Bank, 41Great Barrier Island (New Zealand), 393Great Barrier Reef, 33, 416Great Basin (United States), 574–575, 579Great Bear Lake (Canada), 97Great Bermuda. See BermudaGreat Bitter Lake (Egypt), 169Great Britain (United Kingdom), 564, 567–569Great Cave (Malaysia), 334Great Channel (Indonesia), 251Great Cliff. See Cliff of Angavo (Madagascar)Great Corn Island (Nicaragua), 396Great Dike (Zimbabwe), 609Great Dike Hills (Zimbabwe), 609Great Dismal Swamp (United States), 576Great Dividing Range (Australia), 31–32Great Eastern Erg. See Grand Erg OrientalGreat European Plain, 54, 451, 456, 457Great Exhibition Bay (New Zealand), 393Great Exuma (The Bahamas), 42Great Green Wall of China, 120Great Himalayas, 62, 242, 383Great Inagua (The Bahamas), 42Great Kanto Earthquake (Japan), 278Great Karas Mountains (Namibia), 378–379Great Karroo Plateau (South Africa), 495Great Karroo Range (South Africa), 494Great Lake (Cambodia). See Tonle Sap

(Cambodia)Great Lakes (Africa), 131Great Lakes (North America), 97, 571, 575–

576, 580Great Lakes depression (Mongolia), 363, 364–

365

Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands (Canada), 96

Great Maya Reef (Mexico), 355Great Mountains. See Krkonoše Mountains

(Czech Republic)Great Ouse River (United Kingdom), 566Great Papuan Plateau (Papua New Guinea),

421Great Plains (United States), 571, 574–576,

578–580Great Red Island. See MadagascarGreat Rift Valley

Burundi, 87Congo, Democratic Republic of, 129–130,

131Eritrea, 176Ethiopia, 181–183Israel, 266Jordan, 281Kenya, 288–290, 291Lebanon, 310Malawi, 331Mozambique, 370Rwanda, 458Tanzania, 529, 531Zambia, 605

Great Ruaha River (Tanzania), 531, 533Great Rye Island (Slovakia), 485–486Great Salt Lake (United States), 575Great Salt Pond (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 460Great Sandy Desert (Australia), 35Great Scarcies River (Sierra Leone), 481Great Sea Reef (Fiji), 185Great Slave Lake (Canada), 97Great Smoky Mountains (United States), 573Great Usutu River (Swaziland), 512Great Victoria Desert (Australia), 35Great Wall of China, 118Great Wall of Malé (Maldives), 337Great Western Erg. See Grand Erg Occidental

(Algeria)Great White Place. See Etosha Pan (Namibia)Great Zab River (Iraq), 260Greater Antarctica. See East AntarcticaGreater Antilles

Cuba, 144–148Hispaniola, 159, 229–232Jamaica, 273–275Puerto Rico, 444–445

Greater Barsuki Desert (Kazakhstan), 287Greater Caucasus Mountains, 40, 200, 201, 453Greater Kabylie range (Algeria), 8Greater Khingan Range. See Da Hinggan Ling

(China)Greater Sunda Islands (Indonesia), 248, 252Greater Tunb Island (United Arab Emirates),

563Greece, 210–214, 211, 214tGreek Macedonia, 211Green Canyon (Indonesia), 250Green Island (Grenada), 217Green Island (Taiwan). See Lü Tao Island

(Taiwan)Green Line (Cyprus), 148, 150Green Mountains (Libya). See Jabal al-Akhdar

(Libya)

Green Mountains (Oman). See Jabal Akhdar (Oman)

Green Mountains (United States), 574Green River (United States), 576Greenhouses, in Hungary, 237Greenland, 154, 214–216, 215Greenland white-fronted goose, 264Gregory River (Australia), 33Grenada, 216–218, 217, 217tThe Grenadines, 216, 464–465Grijalva-Usumacinta River (Mexico), 354Grímsey Island (Iceland), 241Grímsvötn (Iceland), 239Groins (Belgium), 54Groot Spitzkoppe (Namibia), 378Groote Eylandt (Australia), 34Groote-Swartberge Mountains (South Africa),

494–495Gros Morne National Park (Canada), 98Gros Piton (Saint Lucia), 462–463Grossglockner (Austria), 36Groupe d’Aldabra Atoll (Seychelles), 479–480Grudnarfjördur wetland (Iceland), 240Gua Kelam (Malaysia), 334Guadalcanal Island (Solomon Islands), 489–

490Guadalquivir River (Spain), 500–501Guadeloupe, 22, 192, 218, 218–219, 219tGuadiana River, 442, 500–501Guaira Falls (Paraguay), 426Guajira Peninsula (Colombia), 123Guam (United States), 571, 577–578Guanaja Island (Honduras), 233Guatemala, 219–222, 220, 222tGuaviare River, 124, 591Guayaquil (Ecuador), 166Guayas River (Ecuador), 165Guban Desert (Somalia), 493Gudenå River (Denmark), 154Guemoy Islands (Taiwan), 524–525Guera Massif (Chad), 108Guernsey (United Kingdom), 568Guerrero (Mexico), 354Guerrero Cays. See Man-of-War Cays

(Nicaragua)Guiana Highlands, 74, 589–593Guimaras (The Philippines), 433Guinea, 222–224, 223Guinea-Bissau, 225–227, 226Guinea Highlands, 223Gulf Coast, 352, 355, 578Gulf Coastal Plain (Mexico), 356Gulf of Anadyr (Russia), 455Gulf of Anna Maria (Cuba), 146Gulf of Aqaba, 169, 267, 281, 283Gulf of Bahrain (Qatar), 446Gulf of Batabanó (Cuba), 146Gulf of Boothia (Canada), 99Gulf of Bothnia (Finland), 187–188Gulf of Cádiz (Portugal), 442Gulf of California (Mexico), 355, 357Gulf of Carpentaria (Australia), 34Gulf of Chihli. See Bo Hai (China)Gulf of Chiriquí (Panama), 418–419, 420Gulf of Cupica (Colombia), 125Gulf of Edrimit (Turkey), 548Gulf of Finland, 179, 187, 455


Index


Ind

ex

Gulf of Fonseca, 173, 233–234, 397Gulf of Gaeta (Italy), 272Gulf of Gdansk (Poland), 439Gulf of Genoa (Italy), 272Gulf of Gonâve (Haiti), 229–231Gulf of Guacanayabo (Cuba), 146Gulf of Guayaquil, 166, 430Gulf of Guinea, 140, 402, 403Gulf of Hammamet (Tunisia), 544Gulf of Honduras, 221Gulf of Kskenderun (Turkey), 548Gulf of Kachchh (India), 246Gulf of Kassándra (Greece), 213Gulf of Khambhat (India), 246Gulf of Kotor (Croatia), 143Gulf of Lion. See Golfe de LionGulf of Manfredonia (Italy), 271, 272Gulf of Mannar (India), 246Gulf of Martaban (Myanmar), 376Gulf of Mexico, 355Gulf of Morrosquillo (Colombia), 125Gulf of Ob’ (Russia), 455Gulf of Oman, 257, 409Gulf of Panama, 418–419, 419Gulf of Papua, 422Gulf of Parita (Panama), 419Gulf of Riga, 179, 307, 308–309Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada), 95Gulf of St. Vincent (Australia), 34Gulf of Salerno (Italy), 272Gulf of Salûm (Egypt), 169Gulf of San Miguel (Panama), 419Gulf of Sidra (Libya), 316Gulf of Spezia (Italy), 272Gulf of Suez (Egypt), 169Gulf of Tadjoura (Djibouti), 156Gulf of Taranto (Italy), 271, 272Gulf of Tehuantepec (Mexico), 355Gulf of Thémai (Greece), 213Gulf of Tibugá (Colombia), 125Gulf of Todo (Indonesia), 252Gulf of Tonkin, 119, 594–595Gulf of Urabá (Colombia), 125Gulf of Venice (Italy), 271, 272Gullfoss (Iceland), 240Gumal River (Pakistan), 413Gunnbjorn Mountain (Greenland), 215Gunung Agung volcano (Indonesia), 250Gunung Mulu National Park (Malaysia), 334Gunung Sewu Plateau (Indonesia), 250Guri hydroelectric project (Venezuela), 592Guri Reservoir (Venezuela), 591Gusan (Yugoslavia), 602Gutland (Luxembourg), 323, 324Guyana, 227–229, 228Gwaai Valley (Zimbabwe), 611Gweebarra Bay (Ireland), 263Gyala Pass (Nepal), 384Gydan Peninsula (Russia), 455Gyumri (Armenia), 28

H

Ha Long Bay (Vietnam), 595Haanja Uplands (Estonia), 179Ha’apai Island Group (Tonga), 538–539Haardt Mountains, 202–203

Habomai Island, 276Hacha Canyon (Venezuela), 591Hachimantai Plateau (Japan), 277Hackleton’s Cliff (Barbados), 48Haddummati Atoll (Maldives), 338Hadhramawt (Yemen), 599Haedo Hills (Uruguay), 581Haeju Bay (DPRK), 296Haenam Peninsula (Korea, Republic of), 298Haft Talar. See Astola (Pakistan)Haho River (Togo), 537Hai He (China), 119Hai River (China), 118Haifa (Israel), 267, 268Hailstorms

Bangladesh, 47India, 246

Hainan Island (China), 119Haiphong (Vietnam), 594Haiphong Harbor (Vietnam), 596Haiti, 229–232, 230, 231tHajar al-Gharbi (Oman), 409Hajar al-Shargi (Oman), 409Hajar Range (United Arab Emirates), 562Hakone hills (Japan), 278Haleji Lake (Pakistan), 413Half Moon Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461Halhïn River (Mongolia), 365Haliç Estuary (Turkey), 548–549Halla San (Korea, Republic of), 297–298Hallinskarvet (Norway), 405Halls (Micronesia), 358Halmahera (Indonesia), 249, 252Haltiatunturi. See Mount Haltia (Finland)Halul (Qatar), 446Hamad (Syria), 523Hamdhah (Saudi Arabia), 475Hamersley Range (Australia), 32Hamgyong Range (DPRK), 295Hamilton (Bermuda), 60Hamiz River (Algeria), 9Hammal Lake (Pakistan), 413Hamsin. See WindsHan Chinese, 120Han River (Korea, Republic of), 298Hand of Fatima (Mali), 340Hangayn Range (Mongolia), 363, 364, 367Hanjsh Island (Yemen), 600Hanoi (Vietnam), 595–596Haochiung Bay (Taiwan), 526Hapsburg Empire, 36Har Us Lake (Mongolia), 365Har Us Nuur National Park (Mongolia), 365Harare (Zimbabwe), 609, 611Harau Valley nature reserve (Indonesia), 250Harbors

Brazil, 76Crete, 213Cuba, 146–147Denmark, 154Greenland, 215Honduras, 234Iceland, 241Italy, 272Jamaica, 275Micronesia, 359Norway, 404

Panama, 419Poland, 438Portugal, 442Turks and Caicos Islands, 553Tuvalu, 554Vietnam, 594Virgin Islands, 598See also specific harbors

Hardanger Fjord (Norway), 407Hardangervidda Plateau (Norway), 405Harghita Mountains (Romania), 448Harike Lake (India), 245Harjrsd River, 1, 3, 551Harmattan

Burkina Faso, 85–86Guinea-Bissau, 226Liberia, 315Mauritania, 348Niger, 400

Harra Plateau (Yemen), 599Harris (United Kingdom), 568Harupai (East Timor), 162Harz Mountains (Germany), 205Hasban River (Golan Heights), 267Hatohobei Island (Palau), 416Hatton Plateau (Sri Lanka), 503, 505Haud, 491, 493Haulover Creek (Belize), 56Hauraki Gulf (New Zealand), 393Haut-Congo. See Upper Congo (DROC)Hawaii (United States), 576, 579Hawaiian Islands (United States), 573, 574,

577, 579Hawar Islands (Bahrain), 43–44, 447Haweswater Lake (England), 566Hawke Bay (New Zealand), 393, 394Hawr al-Habbanjyah (Iraq), 259, 261Hawran Plateau (Syria), 521–523Hazaribagh Hills (India), 244Haze. See Air pollutionHealth resorts, in Armenia, 29Heard Island (Australia), 31, 32, 34Heavenly Lake (China). See Tianchi Lake

(China)Heavenly Lake (DPRK). See Cho’onji Lake

(DPRK)Hebgen Lake (United States), 573Hebron (Israel), 267Hecate Strait (Canada), 99Heilong Jiang. See Amur River (China)Hejaz Mountains (Saudi Arabia), 472Hekla Volcano (Iceland), 239Helena, Montana (United States), 573Hells Canyon (United States), 575Helmand River (Afghanistan), 1, 3Hendijan River (Iran), 256Hendurabi (Iran), 257Hentiyn Range (Mongolia), 363, 364, 367Hercynian Massif, 150, 189, 190–191Hermon Range, 266, 310Herschel Sea Canyon. See Mackenzie Trough

(Canada)Hervideros de San Jacinto (Nicaragua), 396Herzegovina. See Bosnia and HerzegovinaHesar Range (Afghanistan), 2“Hessian Corridor” (Germany), 204Hida Mountains (Japan), 276


Index


Hidden Valley Falls (Belize), 56Hierro Island (Spain), 500High Atlas Mountains (Morocco), 369High Netherlands, 387High Plains (United States), 571High Plains of Hausaland. See Northern High

Plains (Nigeria)High Steppes (Tunisia), 544–545High Tatras Mountains (Slovakia), 484, 486Highlands (Brazil), 73–74Highlands (Papua New Guinea), 420–423Highlands (Scotland), 564, 566Highveld (South Africa), 494–495, 497Highveld (Zimbabwe), 609–611Highways, 68, 124, 414Hiiumaa Island (Estonia), 179Hillary, Edmund, 384Hills

Brunei, 80Chad, 108China, 117Comoros, 127Congo, Republic of, 134Czech Republic, 151Denmark, 154Dominican Republic, 160Ecuador, 165Estonia, 179Finland, 186France, 191Ghana, 208Guadeloupe, 218Guyana, 227Hungary, 235India, 244Indonesia, 250Iran, 255Iraq, 259Israel, 267Italy, 271Japan, 278Laos, 306Latvia, 308Lesotho, 312Liberia, 314Liechtenstein, 319Lithuania, 320Luxembourg, 323Malawi, 331Malaysia, 334Malta, 343Mauritania, 347Mexico, 354Moldova, 360Monaco, 362Mongolia, 364Mozambique, 371–372Myanmar, 375Namibia, 379Nepal, 384The Netherlands, 388New Zealand, 391Nicaragua, 396Pakistan, 412Panama, 417Papua New Guinea, 421Paraguay, 424–425

The Philippines, 433Poland, 437Portugal, 441–442Puerto Rico, 444Qatar, 446Romania, 449Russia, 453Senegal, 476Singapore, 483Uruguay, 581See also Mountains

HimalayasBhutan, 62–64China, 115, 116India, 242–243Myanmar, 375Nepal, 383–384Pakistan, 411

Hin Boon River (Laos), 306Hindenburg Range (Papua New Guinea), 420Hindu Kush mountains, 1, 2–3, 411Hinnøya (Norway), 406Hisor Valley (Tajikistan), 529Hispaniola

Dominican Republic, 159Haiti, 229–232

Hitadu Island (Maldives), 338Hkakabo Razi (Myanmar), 375Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam), 594, 596Ho Tay (Vietnam), 595Hoan Lien Mountains (Vietnam), 594Hoanib River (Namibia), 379Hoarusib River (Namibia), 379Hoch’on River (DPRK), 295Hobyo Desert (Somalia), 493Hochfrottspitze (Germany), 202Hodges River (Dominica), 157Hodh el Gharbi basin (Mauritania), 348Hofsjökull (Iceland), 240Hoggar Mountains (Mali), 340Hohe Tauern (Austria), 36Hokianga Harbour (New Zealand), 393Hokkaidm (Japan), 276–280Hokuriku (Japan), 279Holland. See The NetherlandsHollick-Kenyon Plateau (Antarctica), 19Holy See. See Vatican CityHombori Mountains (Mali), 340Home Island (Australia), 34Homer (Greek author), 212, 269Homs (Syria), 523Homs Gap (Syria), 521, 523Hondo River (Belize), 56Honduras, 232–234, 233, 234tHonolulu (United States), 577Honshs (Japan), 276–280Hoosac Mountains (United States), 574Hormoz (Iran), 257Hormozgan (Iran), 257Horns Desert (Syria), 523Horse Ears Mountain. See Maisan (Korea,

Republic of)Horses, in Mongolia, 365Hortobágy (Hungary), 238Horton Plains (Sri Lanka), 504Hospental (Switzerland), 519

Hot springsDominica, 157East Timor, 163Ethiopia, 182Iceland, 239Jamaica, 274Kenya, 290Mongolia, 364New Zealand, 391Nicaragua, 396United States, 575See also Thermal resources

Hotakadake (Japan), 276Hövsgöl Lake (Mongolia), 365Howland Island (United States), 577Howz Soltan Lake (Iran), 256Hoy Island (United Kingdom), 568Hraunfossar (Iceland), 240Hrazdan River (Armenia), 29Hrísey Island (Iceland), 241Hron River (Slovakia), 485Hrubý Jeseník Mountains (Czech Republic),

150–151Hsiao Liu-Chiu Yü Island (Taiwan), 525Hua Shan (China), 117Huaca Huacani (Peru), 430Huai He (China), 118, 119Huallaga River (Peru), 430Huang He (China), 118, 119Huang Shan (China), 117Huapí Mountains (Nicaragua), 395Huasco River (Chile), 113Huaura River (Peru), 428Hudson Bay (Canada), 95, 97Hudson Bay Company, 97Hudson River (United States), 574, 576–577,

579Hudson Strait (Canada), 99Huiarau Range (New Zealand), 391Huib-Hoch Plateau (Namibia), 379Huila Plateau (Angola), 13Hula Valley (Israel), 266Hulhumale (Maldives), 337Human population. See PopulationHumber River (United Kingdom), 566, 569Humboldt, Alexander von, 165Humboldt Current. See Peru CurrentHumboldt River (United States), 576Humedales de San Miguelito (Nicaragua), 396Humuya River (Honduras), 233Húna Bay (Iceland), 241Hungary, 235–238, 236, 237tHunter Island (Vanuatu), 587Hunting, in Mali, 342Huon Gulf (Papua New Guinea), 422Huon Peninsula (Papua New Guinea), 422Hurricanes

Anguilla, 17The Bahamas, 42Belize, 57Bermuda, 61Cayman Islands, 104Dominican Republic, 161El Salvador, 173Granada, 217Haiti, 231Honduras, 234


Index


Ind

ex

Nicaragua, 397Puerto Rico, 445Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461

Hustain Nuruu nature reserve (Mongolia), 365Hutiaojian Canyon (China), 117Huyten Orgil. See Nayramadlïn Orgil

(Mongolia)Hvíta River (Iceland), 240Hyargas Lake (Mongolia), 365Hydrocarbon, in Brunei, 80–81Hydroelectric power

Albania, 7Austria, 39Benin, 59Bhutan, 63, 64Brazil, 78Cameroon, 95Canada, 98, 101Central African Republic, 107Chile, 113, 114China, 118, 121Colombia, 123–124Congo, Democratic Republic of, 133Côte d’Ivoire, 142Dominica, 158El Salvador, 174Ethiopia, 182, 183Fiji, 185Georgia, 202Guatemala, 222Guinea, 224Honduras, 234Iceland, 240, 241India, 248Italy, 273Japan, 278, 281Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

295, 297Kyrgyzstan, 304Laos, 306, 307Latvia, 308Liechtenstein, 319Luxembourg, 323Malawi, 333Mali, 342Mexico, 355Mongolia, 365, 367Mozambique, 372, 374Nepal, 385, 386New Zealand, 394Nicaragua, 398Nigeria, 402Norway, 408Pakistan, 413, 414Panama, 418, 420Papua New Guinea, 423Paraguay, 427Peru, 432The Philippines, 436Puerto Rico, 445Romania, 449, 451Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 465Samoa, 468São Tomé and Príncipe, 471Spain, 502Sri Lanka, 505Sudan, 510

Suriname, 510, 512Swaziland, 513–514Switzerland, 520–521Syria, 524Tajikistan, 528–529Tanzania, 533Thailand, 536Three Gorges Dam, 118Uganda, 558United States, 581Uruguay, 583Venezuela, 592–593Zambia, 608

Hypersaline lagoons, Mexico, 355

I

Ialomita River (Romania), 449Ialpug River (Moldova), 361Iberá (Argentina), 26Iberian Cordillera Mountains (Spain), 500Iberian Peninsula, 440Ibiza Island (Spain), 500Ibo Island (Mozambique), 373Ica River (Peru), 428Ice. See GlaciersIce shelves. See GlaciersIcebergs, 20, 215

See also GlaciersIceland, 238–241, 239Ichilo River (Bolivia), 66ICJ (International Court of Justice), 447Idaho (United States), 579Idjwi Island (DROC), 131Ifugaos, 435Igala Plateau (Nigeria), 402, 404Iguazú Falls, 24, 26, 27, 76Iguazú National Park (Argentina), 27Iguazú River, 26Ihavandiffulu Atoll (Maldives), 338Iii Ileru (Nigeria), 402IJssel River (The Netherlands), 388IJsselmeer (The Netherlands), 388Ilas Elobey (Equatorial Guinea), 174–175Ile à Morfil Island (Senegal), 477Île aux Serpents (Mauritania), 351Ile de Gorée Island (Senegal), 477Île de la Cité (France), 191Île de Ré (France), 192Île Gombo (Rwanda), 459Île Ridra (Mauritania), 348Île Ronde (Mauritania), 351Îles Banks. See Bank Islands (Vanuatu)Iles de la Madeleine (Canada), 99Îles de la Petite Terre (Guadeloupe), 218Îles de Los (Guinea), 224Îles des Saintes (Guadeloupe), 218Île du Diable (French Guiana), 195Îles du Salut (French Guiana), 195Îles Torres. See Torres Islands (Vanuatu)Ilha de Moçambique (Mozambique), 372Ilhéu Caroço (São Tomé and Príncipe), 470–

471Ilhéu das Rôlas (São Tomé and Príncipe), 470–

471Ili River (Kazakhstan), 284, 285, 286Ili River Valley (Kazakhstan), 286

Iligan Bay (The Philippines), 435Illampu (Bolivia), 66Illana Bay (The Philippines), 435Illimani (Bolivia), 66Ilulissat (Greenland), 215Imatong Mountains, 507, 509, 556Imbo plain (Burundi), 88Immigration, Austria, 38–39Impossible Forest. See Bosque El Imposible (El

Salvador)Kmroz. See Gökçeada Island (Turkey)Inaccessible Island (United Kingdom), 568Inambari River (Peru), 430Inca ruins, Peru, 430Independence

East Timor, 162, 163Eritrea, 176

India, 45, 241–248, 243, 247tIndian River (Dominica), 157Indian Tectonic Plate

Iran, 255Nepal, 383Pakistan, 411Sri Lanka, 502

Indigo Bay (Mozambique), 373Indio River (Panama), 418Indira Ghandi Canal (India), 247Indo-Australian Tectonic Plate

Bhutan, 62Tonga, 539

Indo-Gangetic Plain. See Gangetic PlainIndonesia, 248–254, 249, 253tIndragiri River (Indonesia), 251Indus Dolphin Reserve (Pakistan), 413Indus River, 244, 413Indus River Plain (Pakistan), 411, 413, 414Industrial accidents, India, 248Industrial pollution

Indonesia, 250Moldova, 361Pakistan, 413Papua New Guinea, 421, 422The Philippines, 434See also Pollution

Industry. See Commerce and industryInguri River (Georgia), 200Inhaca Island (Mozambique), 373Inland Sea. See Persian GulfInland Sea (Japan), 278, 279Inland waterways

Afghanistan, 3Albania, 6Algeria, 9Angola, 13–14Antarctica, 19Argentina, 25–26Armenia, 28–29Australia, 33Austria, 37–38Azerbaijan, 40Bangladesh, 45–46Belarus, 50–51Belgium, 53–54Belize, 56Benin, 58Bhutan, 63Bolivia, 66–67


Index


Bosnia and Herzegovina, 69Botswana, 71–72Brazil, 74–76Brunei, 80Bulgaria, 82–83Burkina Faso, 85Burundi, 87–88Cambodia, 89–90Cameroon, 94Canada, 97–98Cayman Islands, 104Chad, 108–110Chile, 113China, 117–119Congo, Democratic Republic of, 130–131Congo, Republic of, 134Costa Rica, 137Côte d’Ivoire, 139Croatia, 142–143Cuba, 146Cyprus, 149Czech Republic, 151Denmark, 154Djibouti, 156Dominica, 157–158Dominican Republic, 160East Timor, 162–163Ecuador, 165Egypt, 168–169El Salvador, 172Equatorial Guinea, 175Eritrea, 177Estonia, 179Ethiopia, 182–183Fiji, 184Finland, 187France, 191–192French Guiana, 195Gabon, 196–197Gambia, 198Georgia, 200Germany, 204–205Ghana, 208Greece, 212Grenada, 216Guadeloupe, 218Guatemala, 220–221Guinea, 223–224Guinea-Bissau, 225Guyana, 227–228Haiti, 230–231Honduras, 233Hungary, 235–236Iceland, 240India, 244–245Indonesia, 250–251Iran, 255–257Iraq, 259–260Ireland, 262–263Israel, 267Italy, 271Jamaica, 274Japan, 278Jordan, 282–283Kazakhstan, 285–286Kenya, 290Kiribati, 293

Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of, 295

Korea, Republic of, 298Kyrgyzstan, 303Laos, 306Latvia, 308Lebanon, 310–311Lesotho, 312Liberia, 314Libya, 316Liechtenstein, 319Lithuania, 320Luxembourg, 323Macedonia, 326Madagascar, 329Malawi, 331–332Malaysia, 334–335Mali, 341Mauritania, 348Mauritius, 351Mexico, 354–355Micronesia, 358Moldova, 360Mongolia, 364–365Morocco, 369Mozambique, 372Myanmar, 375–376Namibia, 379Nauru, 382Nepal, 384–385The Netherlands, 388New Zealand, 392–393Nicaragua, 396Niger, 399Nigeria, 401–403Norway, 405Oman, 409Pakistan, 413Palau, 415Panama, 418Papua New Guinea, 421–422Paraguay, 425–426Peru, 428–430The Philippines, 433–434Poland, 437–438Portugal, 442Puerto Rico, 444Qatar, 446Romania, 449Russia, 453–454Rwanda, 458–459Saint Kitts and Nevis, 460–461Saint Lucia, 462–463Samoa, 467São Tomé and Príncipe, 470–471Saudi Arabia, 473Senegal, 476Seychelles, 478Sierra Leone, 481Singapore, 483Slovakia, 485–486Solomon Islands, 489Somalia, 491South Africa, 495–496Spain, 500Sri Lanka, 503–504Sudan, 507–508

Suriname, 510–511Swaziland, 512–513Sweden, 515Switzerland, 519Syria, 522–523Taiwan, 525Tajikistan, 528Tanzania, 531Thailand, 534–535Togo, 538Tonga, 539Trinidad and Tobago, 541Tunisia, 544Turkey, 547–548Turkmenistan, 550–551Turks and Caicos Islands, 552Tuvalu, 554Uganda, 556–557Ukraine, 559–560United Arab Emirates, 563United Kingdom, 566–567United States, 575–576Uruguay, 581–582Uzbekistan, 584–585Venezuela, 591–592Vietnam, 595Virgin Islands, 598Yemen, 599–600Yugoslavia, 603–604Zambia, 606–607Zimbabwe, 609–610

Inle Lake (Myanmar), 375Inn River, 37, 519Inner Hebrides (United Kingdom), 568Inner Himalayas. See Lesser HimalayasInner Mongolia. See Nei Mongol Plateau

(China)Intel Corporation, in Costa Rica, 138Inter-Andean Lane (Ecuador), 165Interior Flanders (Belgium), 54Interior Highlands (United States), 573Interior Plains (Canada), 96Intermountane Plateau (United States), 573–

575, 579International cooperation, in Antarctica, 18International Court of Justice (ICJ), 447International Dateline, Tonga, 539International finance

Bermuda, 61Turks and Caicos Islands, 553Vanuatu, 588See also Commerce and industry

International Geosphere-Biosphere Program (Mongolia), 365

International Hydrographic Association, 19International Whaling Commission, 20Inverness (Scotland), 567Ionian Islands (Greece), 212Ionian Sea, 6, 269, 271Iori Plateau (Georgia), 200Iori River (Georgia), 200Ipanema (Brazil), 76Ipel’ River (Slovakia), 485Iran, 254–259, 256, 258tIraq, 259–262, 260, 261tIrazúá volcano (Costa Rica), 136Irben Strait, 309


Index


Ind

ex

Ireland, 262–265, 263, 265tSee also Northern Ireland

Ireland Island (Bermuda), 60Irish Sea, 263, 567Iron Gate, 449, 603–604Iron ore

Afghanistan, 5Argentina, 27Cameroon, 95Luxembourg, 324Macedonia, 326Mauritania, 349Russia, 457

Ironstone Plateau (Sudan), 507Irrawaddy River (Myanmar), 374–376Irrigation

Azerbaijan, 40Bahrain, 44Ethiopia, 183Iran, 255Japan, 278Kazakhstan, 286Lake Chad, 108, 110Lebanon, 311Mongolia, 366Pakistan, 413Syria, 523Thailand, 535Turkmenistan, 551Uzbekistan, 584

Irtysh-Qaraghandy Canal (Kazakhstan), 286Irtysh River, 286, 454Ísa Fjord (Iceland), 241Isabela Island (Galápagos), 165Ischia (Italy), 272Ise Bay (Japan), 279Isfahan (Iran), 256Ishikari Plain (Japan), 280Ishikari River (Japan), 278Ishim River (Kazakhstan), 286Ishinomaki Bay (Japan), 279Isiboro River (Bolivia), 66Isla Amantani (Peru), 430Isla Bastimentos National Park (Panama), 418Isla Beata. See Beata Island (Dominican

Republic)Isla Cabritos (Dominican Republic), 160Isla de Bioko (Equatorial Guinea), 174–175Isla de Corisco (Equatorial Guinea), 174–175Isla de la Independencia (Peru), 430Isla de la Juventud (Cuba), 144, 146, 147Isla de Lobos (Uruguay), 582Isla de los Estados (Argentina), 26Isla de Ometepe. See Ometepe IslandIsla del Coco. See Coco Island (Costa Rica)Isla del Ray (Panama), 419Isla Esteves (Peru), 430Isla Lobos de Tierra (Peru), 430Isla Malvinas. See Falkland Islands (United

Kingdom)Isla Margarita (Venezuela), 591–593Isla Montecristo (El Salvador), 172Isla Santiago. See San Salvador Island

(Galápagos)Isla Saona. See Saona Island (Dominican

Republic)Isla Taquile (Peru), 430

Islamabad (Pakistan), 413Islamic scholarship, Mali, 341Islands

Antarctica, 20–21Argentina, 26Australia, 34The Bahamas, 41–42Bahrain, 44Bangladesh, 47Belize, 56Bermuda, 60Brazil, 76Brunei, 80Cambodia, 90Canada, 99Cape Verde, 101–103Cayman, 103–104Chile, 112, 113China, 119Colombia, 124–125Comoros, 127Congo, Democratic Republic of, 131Costa Rica, 137Croatia, 143Cuba, 144, 146–147Denmark, 153, 154Dominican Republic, 160East Timor, 162–164Ecuador, 165Equatorial Guinea, 174–176Eritrea, 177Estonia, 179–180Fiji, 184–186Finland, 186, 188France, 192–193French Guiana, 195Gambia, 198Germany, 205Greece, 210, 212–213Greenland, 214–216Grenada, 216–217Guadeloupe, 218–219Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 225Haiti, 231Honduras, 233Iceland, 238, 240–241India, 245–246Indonesia, 248–254Iran, 257Ireland, 263Italy, 272Jamaica, 275Japan, 276, 279Kiribati, 292–294Korea, Republic of, 298Kuwait, 301Madagascar, 329Malaysia, 335Maldives, 338Marshall Islands, 344Mauritania, 348Mauritius, 351Mexico, 355Micronesia, 358–359Mozambique, 372–373Myanmar, 376

Namibia, 379The Netherlands, 388Netherlands Antilles, 390New Zealand, 393–394Nicaragua, 396–397Nigeria, 403Norway, 405–407Oman, 409Palau, 416Panama, 419Papua New Guinea, 422Peru, 430The Philippines, 434–435Portugal, 442Puerto Rico, 444Qatar, 446Russia, 455Rwanda, 459Saint Kitts and Nevis, 460–462Saint Lucia, 463Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 464–465Samoa, 466–468, 468tSão Tomé and Príncipe, 471Saudi Arabia, 473Senegal, 477Seychelles, 478–480, 480tSierra Leone, 481Singapore, 483Solomon Islands, 489Somalia, 492South Africa, 496Spain, 500Sri Lanka, 504Sweden, 516Taiwan, 524–525Tanzania, 531–532Thailand, 535Tonga, 539Trinidad and Tobago, 541Tunisia, 544Turkey, 548Turks and Caicos Islands, 553Tuvalu, 554, 555tUganda, 558United Arab Emirates, 563United Kingdom, 567–568United States, 577–578Uruguay, 582Vanuatu, 587Venezuela, 592Vietnam, 595–596Yemen, 600See also names of specific islands

Islas Ballestas (Peru), 430Islas Chafarinas (Spain), 368, 499Islas de la Bahía (Honduras), 233Islas de los Uros (Peru), 430Islas de Sangayán (Peru), 430Islas Flotantes. See Islas de los Uros (Peru)Islas Lobos de Afuera (Peru), 430Islas Marías (Mexico), 355Islas Quemadas (El Salvador), 172Islay (United Kingdom), 566, 568Isle of Anglesey (United Kingdom), 568Isle of Man (United Kingdom), 568Isle of Pines. See Isla de la Juventud (Cuba)Isle of Springs. See Jamaica


Index


Isle of Wight (United Kingdom), 568–569Isle Royale (United States), 577Isles Lagoon (Kiribati), 293Isles of Scilly (United Kingdom), 566–568Israel, 265–268, 266, 268tIssa Ber River (Mali), 341Kstanbul (Turkey), 548–549Isthmus of Kra (Thailand), 535Isthmus of Panama, 417Isthmus of Perekop (Ukraine), 561Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Mexico), 352, 354,

355Istria Peninsula (Croatia), 143Itaimbey River (Paraguay), 426Itaipu Dam, 76, 425, 426, 427Itaipu Reservoir (Paraguay), 425, 426Italian Riviera, 272Italian Sea. See Tyrrhenian SeaItaly, 268–273, 270, 273tIthaca (Greece), 212Itimbiri River (DROC), 131Ivindo River (Gabon), 196Ivondro River (Madagascar), 329Ivory Coast. See Côte d’IvoireIvreagh peninsula (Ireland), 262Iwo Jima (Japan), 279Kzmit (Turkey), 546Izola (Slovenia), 488Izozog Swamps (Bolivia), 67Iztaccíhuatl (Mexico), 353Izu Peninsula (Japan), 279

J

Jabal Abs Rujmayn (Syria), 522Jabal Akhdar (Oman), 409Jabal al-Akhdar (Libya), 316–318Jabal an Nupsayrjyah. See An Nupayrjyah

Mountains (Syria)Jabal ar-Ruwaq (Syria), 522Jabal ash Shaykh. See Mount Hermon (Syria)Jabal az Zawiyah Range (Syria), 521Jabal Bishrj (Syria), 522Jabal Druze (Syria), 521–523Jabal Ramm (Jordan), 282Jabal Sawda’ Peak (Saudi Arabia), 472Jaco Island (East Timor), 163Jaffna Lagoon (Sri Lanka), 504Jaffna Peninsula (Sri Lanka), 504Jagdishpur Reservoir (Nepal), 385Jaghbub (Libya), 318Jake Lake. See Tianchi Lake (China)Jakobshavn Glacier (Greenland), 215Jakupica Mountains (Macedonia), 325Jalaan (Oman), 410Jalal-Abad (Kyrgyzstan), 302Jalapa (Mexico), 356Jalu (Libya), 318Jaluit Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344Jamaica, 273–276, 274, 275tJamaica Channel, 231James Bay (Canada), 97James Island (Gambia), 198James River (United States), 576Jammer Bay (Denmark), 154Jammu, 242Jamuna River. See Brahmaputra River

Jan Mayen Island (Norway), 407Japan, 276–281, 277, 280t, 281tJapanese Alps, 276Japurá River (Brazil), 74Jarahi River (Iran), 256Jardines de la Reina (Cuba), 147Jari River (Brazil), 74Jarvis Island (United States), 577Jasen National Park (Macedonia), 326Jasmund National Park (Germany), 205Java (Indonesia), 248–252Java Trench (Indonesia), 251Javorníky Mountains, 151, 485Jayawijaya. See Puncak Jaya (Indonesia)Jaz Msrjan Desert (Iran), 258Jebal al Houf (Yemen), 601Jebal Bura (Yemen), 601Jebel Adyad Plateau (Sudan), 507Jejuí Guazú River (Paraguay), 426Jelep La (India), 243Jengish Chokusu (Kyrgyzstan), 302Jerba Island (Tunisia), 544Jersey (United Kingdom), 568Jerusalem, 267, 268Jeta (Guinea-Bissau), 225Jewish population

Israel, 268Poland, 440

Jezreel Valley (Israel), 266, 267Jhelum River, 244, 413Jicarón Island (Panama), 419Jidda (Bahrain), 43–44Jidda (Saudi Arabia), 474Jiddat al-Harasjs (Oman), 409, 410Jinja (Uganda), 557–558Jinsha River (China), 118, 119Jiquilsco Bay (El Salvador), 173Jiu River (Romania), 449Jiuhua Shan (China), 117Jiwani Coastal Wetland (Pakistan), 413Jizera River (Czech Republic), 151Johannesburg (South Africa), 495, 497John Crow Mountains (Jamaica), 274Johnston Island (United States), 577Jökulsá á Brú River (Iceland), 240Jökulsá á Fjöllum River (Iceland), 240Jolo (The Philippines), 435Jones Sound (Canada), 99Jong River (Sierra Leone), 481Jordan, 266, 281–283, 282Jordan River, 267, 282–283Jordan River Valley, 266, 281, 283Jo-Shin-Etsu National Park (Japan), 277Jos Plateau (Nigeria), 402–404Joseph Bonaparte Gulf (Australia), 34Jost Van Dyke Island (British Virgin Islands),

79Jostedalsbreen (Norway), 405Jotunheimen (Norway), 405Joubert Mountains (Namibia), 378Jourdain River (Vanuatu), 587Joyce, James, 264Juan Fernández Islands (Chile), 113Jubba River, 182, 491Júcar River (Spain), 500Judaea (Israel), 266, 267Judaean Desert (Israel), 267

Judaean Hills (Israel), 267Julian Alps, 270, 487Juliana Canal (The Netherlands), 388Juliana Top (Suriname), 510Junggar Basin (China), 117, 120Jungles. See Rainforests Juozapinh (Lithuania), 320Jura Mountains, 190, 191, 517–521Juruá River (Brazil), 74Jutland peninsula (Denmark), 153–154Južna Morava River (Yugoslavia), 604Jylland peninsula. See Jutland peninsula

K

K2 (Pakistan), 411Kaamos, in Finland, 188Kaap Plateau. See Middle Veld (South Africa)Kabalebo River (Suriname), 511Kabul River, 3, 413Kabumbé Peak. See Pico Kabumbé (São Tomé

and Príncipe)Kabwe River Swamp (Zambia), 607–608Kaçkar Dagi. See Mt. Kaçkar (Turkey)Kada (Iceland), 239Kadan Island (Myanmar), 376Kadavu Island (Fiji), 185Kadei River (Central African Republic), 105Kading River (Laos), 306Kaduna River (Nigeria), 403Kaema Plateau (DPRK), 295Kafu River (Uganda), 557Kafue Flats (Zambia), 608Kafue River (Zambia), 605, 607–608Kagera River (Rwanda), 459Kagoshima Bay (Japan), 279Kahoolawe (United States), 577Kai Islands (Indonesia), 252Kaidu River (China), 119Kaieteur Falls (Guyana), 227Kaieteurian Plateau (Guyana), 227Kailas Mountains. See Gangdisê Shan (China)Kaileuna (Papua New Guinea), 422Kaimanawa Range (New Zealand), 391Kaimur Hills (India), 244Kainji Lake (Nigeria), 402Kakamega Forest Reserve (Kenya), 291Kakhovka Reservoir (Ukraine), 559Kala River (Sri Lanka), 504Kalahari Desert

Botswana, 71, 72Namibia, 377, 380South Africa, 497

Kalambo Falls (Zambia), 607Kalang River (Singapore), 483Kali Gandak Gorge (Nepal), 384Kali Gandak River (Nepal), 385Kalimantan (Indonesia), 248, 250, 252Kálimnos (Greece), 213Kaliningrad Oblast (Russia), 453, 455Kaloum Peninsula. See Camayenne Peninsula

(Guinea)Kalpitya Peninsula (Sri Lanka), 504Kalri Lake. See Kinjhar Lake (Pakistan)Kama River (Russia), 454Kasn River (Iran), 256, 257Kasn River Canyon (Iran), 255


Index


Ind

ex

Kamadougou Yobé River (Niger), 399Kamaran Island (Yemen), 600Kamchatka Peninsula (Russia), 451, 453, 455Kamchiya River (Bulgaria), 83Kame Plješevica peak (Croatia), 142Kamet (India), 242Kamjan Marshes (Iran), 257Kamnik-Savinja Range (Slovenia), 487Kampala (Uganda), 558Kampar River (Indonesia), 251Kâmpóng Saôm. See Kompong Som

(Cambodia)Kanchenjunga, 242, 384Kandla (India), 245Kandovan hills (Iran), 255Kandy (Sri Lanka), 503Kandy Plateau (Sri Lanka), 503Kangaroo Island (Australia), 34Kangnam Range (DPRK), 295Kaniv Reservoir (Ukraine), 559Kanjli (India), 245Kano Rift Valley (Kenya), 290Kansai International Airport (Japan), 279Kanto Plain (Japan), 279, 280Kanuku Mountains (Guyana), 227, 229Kao-hsiung (Taiwan), 526Kao Island (Tonga), 539Kao-p’ing River (Taiwan), 525–526Kaôh Rung (Cambodia), 90Kaokoveld Mountains (Namibia), 378, 379Kaolack (Senegal), 477Kapingamarangi Islands (Micronesia), 358Kapos River (Hungary), 236Kaptai Lake. See Karnaphuli Reservoir

(Bangladesh)Kapuas River (Indonesia), 250–251Kapuzbasi Waterfall (Turkey), 548Kara River (Togo), 537Kara Sea, 455Kara-Bogaz Gol (Turkmenistan), 551Karachi (Pakistan), 413–414Karagiye Depression (Kazakhstan), 285Karagöl Mountains (Turkey), 546Karakalpakstan. See Qoraqalpogh

Autonomous Republic (Uzbekistan)Karakoram Highway, 414Karakoram Mountains (Pakistan), 411Karakoram Pass (India), 242–243Karakoro River (Mali), 341Kara-Kum Canal, 551Kara-Kum Desert (Turkmenistan), 550–552Karamea Bight (New Zealand), 393Karamoja District (Uganda), 556Karas Mountain (Namibia), 379Karatoya River (Bangladesh), 46Karau Ulun River (East Timor), 163Karawanken Mountains, 36, 487Kardiva Channel (Maldives), 337, 338Karelia (Finland), 186Karfinigan River (Tajikistan), 528Karimata Strait (Indonesia), 251Karisimbi (DROC), 130Karkar (Papua New Guinea), 422Karkheh River (Iran), 256Karkinit Bay (Ukraine), 561Karnali River (Nepal), 385Karnaphuli Reservoir (Bangladesh), 45

Karre Mountains (Central African Republic), 105

Karst landscapeCuba, 146Jamaica, 274Laos, 306Puerto Rico, 444Romania, 449

Kartaliniya Plain (Georgia), 200Kasa Murgh Range (Afghanistan), 3Kasaba Bay (Zambia), 607Kasai River (DROC), 131Kashmir, 242, 411Kassala (Sudan), 508Kasserine Pass (Tunisia), 544Katano-kamoike (Japan), 278Kathiwar Peninsula (India), 246Kathmandu (Nepal), 384Kathmandu Valley (Nepal), 383–386Katlanovo Spa (Macedonia), 326Katonga River (Uganda), 557Kattegat, 154, 515–516Kauai (United States), 577, 579Kauf. See WindstormsKaufmann Peak. See Lenin PeakKaukauveld (Namibia), 379Kaula (United States), 577Kaunas (Lithuania), 321–322Kaunas Sea (Lithuania), 320Kavac Canyon (Venezuela), 591Kâveri River (India), 245Kavirs, Iran, 256Kayangel Atoll (Palau), 416Kayser Mountains (Suriname), 510Kayseri (Turkey), 547–548Kazakhstan, 284–288, 285, 287tKazan’ (Russia), 454Kazinga Channel (Uganda), 556Ke Ga Point (Vietnam), 596Keban Reservoir (Turkey), 548Kebnekaise (Sweden), 514Keeling. See Cocos Islands (Australia)Keelung (Taiwan), 526Kefallinía. See Cephalonia (Greece)Kegums Reservoir (Latvia), 308Kelantin River (Malaysia), 335Kemi River (Finland), 187Kempenland (Belgium), 54Kenya, 288–292, 289, 292tKenya Dome, 288Kenya Highlands, 288, 290Kenyir Reservoir (Malaysia), 334–335Keokradong (Bangladesh), 45Keoladeo National Park (India), 245Kerch Peninsula (Ukraine), 561Kerguélin (France), 192Kerintji (Indonesia), 249Kerio River (Kenya), 290Kerjhar Lake (Pakistan), 413Kerulen River (Mongolia), 365Khaark Island (Iran), 257Khabsr River, 522–523Kharga Oasis (Egypt), 168, 170Khamir Harbor (Iran), 257Khamsin. See WindsKhamsin (United Arab Emirates), 563Khan Tangiri Shyngy (Kazakhstan), 284

Khangla Deorali (Nepal), 384Khao Laem Reservoir (Thailand), 534Khao Yai National Park (Thailand), 536Khaptad National Park (Nepal), 385–386Khaptad Plateau (Nepal), 384Khargah Depression. See Kharga Oasis (Egypt)Khartoum (Sudan), 506–509Khermiin Tsav Canyon (Mongolia), 364Khobdo River (Mongolia), 365Khomas Highlands (Namibia), 378Khmr al-’Udeid. See Persian GulfKhorat Plateau (Thailand), 533–534Khrami River (Georgia), 200Khrysokhou Bay (Cyprus), 149Khudzhand (Tajikistan), 529Khumib River (Namibia), 379Khunjerab National Park (Pakistan), 414Khuran Straits (Iran), 257Khurjya Murjya Bay (Oman), 410Khyber Pass, 3, 412Kibo (Tanzania), 530Kicevo (Macedonia), 326Kiel Canal. See Nord-Ostsee Canal (Germany)Kiev (Ukraine), 560–561Kiev Reservoir (Ukraine), 559Kigezi District (Uganda), 556Kihnu Island (Estonia), 180Kii Peninsula (Japan), 279Kikori River (Papua New Guinea), 422Killala Bay (Ireland), 263Killarney National Park (Ireland), 263Kjrthar Range (Pakistan), 412Kjsh (Iran), 257Kinabatangan River (Malaysia), 335Kinangop Plateau (Kenya), 289King Fahd Causeway, 44King George I island (Antarctica), 20Kingangop Plateau (Kenya), 290Kingman Reef (United States), 577Kingston (Jamaica), 274, 275Kingstown (Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines), 465Kinjhar Lake (Pakistan), 413Kinki Plain (Japan), 279, 280Kinmen. See Guemoy Islands (Taiwan)Kinneret. See Sea of Galilee (Israel)Kintyre Peninsula (United Kingdom), 568–569Kipengere Range (Tanzania), 531Kiribati, 292–294, 293, 294tKirishima Yaku (Japan), 277Kiritappu-shitsugen (Japan), 278Kiritimati Island (Kiribati), 292, 293Kiriwina (Papua New Guinea), 422Kirkuk (Iraq), 261Kishon River (Israel), 267Kisite (Kenya), 290Kiso Mountains (Japan), 276Kitadake (Japan), 276Kitami Mountains (Japan), 276Kitava (Papua New Guinea), 422Kitzbühel Alps (Austria), 36Kiwi birds, 393Kizil River (Turkey), 548Kizilirmak, Halys. See Kizil River (Turkey)Kjølen Mountains, 405, 514Klaiphda (Lithuania), 322Klamath Mountains (United States), 574


Index


Klamath River (United States), 576Klar River (Sweden), 515Klein Spitzkoppe (Namibia), 378Klidhes (Cyprus), 148Kluane Lake (Canada), 97Kluane National Park (Canada), 97Klyuchevskaya Sopka (Russia), 453Knockmealdown Mountains (Ireland), 262Knuckles Mountains. See Dumbara Mountains

(Sri Lanka)Knuckles Peak (Sri Lanka), 503Kobako Canyon (Japan), 278Kobe (Japan), 278, 279Kobustan Mountain (Azerbaijan), 40Kocaeli. See Kzmit (Turkey)Kocevje (Slovenia), 488Kodari (Nepal), 384Koddiyar Bay (Sri Lanka), 504Kodiak Island (United States), 577Køge Bay (Denmark), 154Koh Chang Island (Thailand), 535Koh Lanta Island (Thailand), 535Koh Phangan Island (Thailand), 535Koh Phi-Phi Island (Thailand), 535Koh Samet National Park (Thailand), 535Koh Samui Island (Thailand), 535Koh Tao Island (Thailand), 535Kohung Peninsula (Korea, Republic of), 298Kokkilai Lagoon (Sri Lanka), 504Koko Nor. See Qinghai Lake (China)Kola Peninsula (Russia), 455Kolkata (India), 242, 248Kolkhida Lowlands (Georgia), 200, 201Kolombangara Island (Solomon Islands), 489Kolonia (Micronesia), 359Kólpos Khaníon (Crete), 213Kolumadulu Atoll (Maldives), 338Kolyma Range (Russia), 453Komadugu Yobe River (Nigeria), 403Komati River (Swaziland), 512–513Kometspruit River (Lesotho), 312Komoé (Côte d’Ivoire), 139Kompong Som (Cambodia), 90Kong falls (Laos), 306Kong River (Laos), 306Königsstuhl (Germany), 205Konigstein (Namibia), 378Konkori Scarp (Ghana), 208Konkouré River (Guinea), 224Konqi River (China), 119Konsen (Japan), 279Konya (Turkey), 549Koohestak (Iran), 257Koper (Slovenia), 488Kopet-Dag Mountains, 550, 552Kopjes (Zimbabwe), 609Korab Mountains (Macedonia), 325Korbu (Malaysia), 334Korcula Island (Croatia), 143Kore La (Nepal), 384Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of

(DPRK, North Korea), 294–297, 295, 296t

Korea, Republic of (ROK, South Korea), 297–299, 298, 299t

Korea Bay, 119, 296Korean Strait, 278–279, 298

Koro Island (Fiji), 185Köroglu Mountains (Turkey), 546Koror Island (Palau), 416Körös River (Hungary), 236Koryak Range (Russia), 453Kos (Greece), 213Koshi Tappu (Nepal), 385Kosi River (Nepal), 385Kosovo (Yugoslavia), 602Kosrae (Micronesia), 358–359Kosudonggul (Korea, Republic of), 298Kotmale Reservoir (Sri Lanka), 503Kotto River (Central African Republic), 105Kouffo River (Benin), 58Kouilou River (Republic of the Congo), 134Kouris River (Cyprus), 149Kourou River (French Guiana), 195Kowkcheh River (Afghanistan), 3Koyukuk River (United States), 576Kozara Mountains (Bosnia and Herzegovina),

69Kožuf Mountains (Macedonia), 325Krabi Estuary (Thailand), 535Krakatau volcano (Indonesia), 250Krakatoa volcano. See Krakatau volcano

(Indonesia)Krakow (Poland), 438Kranji River (Singapore), 483Kras Plateau (Slovenia), 487Krasnovodsk (Turkmenistan), 551Krâvanh Range (Cambodia), 89Kremenchuk Reservoir (Ukraine), 559Krishna River (India), 245Krivosije (Yugoslavia), 604Krk Island (Croatia), 143Krka River, 143, 488Krkonoše Mountains (Czech Republic), 150Krong Kaôh Kong (Cambodia), 90Kryvyy Rih (Ukraine), 561Kryzl Kum Desert (Uzbekistan), 583, 585–586Ksour Mountains (Algeria), 8Kuala Belait (Brunei), 81Kuan Ki Sian (Thailand), 535Kuanza. See Cuanza RiverKücükmenderes River (Turkey), 548–549Kum River (Korea, Republic of), 298Kumgang-san (DPRK), 295Kugitang Range, 550Kuiseb River (Namibia), 379Kula Kangri (Bhutan), 62Kulna Division (Bangladesh), 46Kumon Range (Myanmar), 375Kunashir Island, 276Kundelungu Mountains (DROC), 130Kunlun Shan (China), 116Kupa River (Croatia), 143Kura-Aras lowlands (Azerbaijan), 39–41Kura River, 40, 200Küre Mountains (Turkey), 546Kuril Islands, 453, 455Kurobe Gorge (Japan), 278Kuršiu Marios (Lithuania), 321, 322Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (Russia), 457Kuruktag Shan (China), 116Kurzeme Peninsula (Latvia), 308Kurzeme Uplands (Latvia), 308Kuscenneti National Park (Turkey), 548

Kushiro-shitsugen (Japan), 278Kusiyara River (Bangladesh), 46Kuskokwin River (United States), 576Kutaisi (Georgia), 201Kutcharo-ko (Japan), 278Kuti. See Kodari (Nepal)Kutubdia (Bangladesh), 47Kuwait, 300, 300–301, 301tKuwait Bay (Kuwait), 300–301Kuwait City (Kuwait), 301Kvaløy (Norway), 406Kvarner Bay (Croatia), 143Kwa River (DROC), 131Kwafe River (Zambia), 607Kwahu Plateau (Ghana), 207–208Kwajalein Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344Kwando River (Namibia), 379Kwango River (DROC), 131Kwanmo-bon (DPRK), 295Kwanza River. See Cuanza River (Angola)Kwilu River (DROC), 131Kyffhäuser Mountains (Germany), 204Kyonggi Bay, 296, 298Kyoto (Japan), 279Kyparissouvouno peak (Cyprus), 149Kyrenia Range (Cyprus), 148–149Kyrgyz Republic. See KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan, 302–304, 303, 304tKysshs (Japan), 276–280Kysshs Mountains (Japan), 279Kyzyl Kum Desert (Kazakhstan), 287

L

La Brea (Trinidad and Tobago), 542La Condamine (Monaco), 362La Costa (Peru), 428, 431La Désirade (Guadeloupe), 218–219La Digue Island (Seychelles), 479La Guajira Peninsula (Venezuela), 592La Libertad (El Salvador), 173La Mancha Plain (Spain), 501La Nicolière (Mauritius), 351La Palma Island (Spain), 500La Paz (Bolivia), 65–67La Perouse Strait. See Smya StraitLa Rochelle (France), 192La Selva (Peru), 428, 430, 431La Sierra (Peru), 428, 431La Tortuga (Venezuela), 592La Unión Bay (El Salvador), 173Labe River. See Elbe RiverLabrador Sea (Canada), 99Labuan (Malaysia), 335Labuk Bay (Malaysia), 336Labwor Hills (Uganda), 556Lac Assal (Djibouti), 156Lac de Guiers (Senegal), 476Lac de Péligre. See Lake Péligre (Haiti)Lac Rose (Senegal), 476Lacajahuira River (Bolivia), 67Laccadive Island (India), 246Lachlan River (Australia), 33Ladakh (India), 244Lae (Papua New Guinea), 423Laga (East Timor), 162Lagan River (Sweden), 515


Index


Ind

ex

Lagarfljót River (Iceland), 240Lågen River (Norway), 405Lago Apoyeque (Nicaragua), 396Lago Argentino (Argentina), 25Lago Azuei. See Lake Saumâtre (Haiti)Lago Buenos Aires (Argentina), 25Lago Colhué Huapí (Argentina), 25Lago de Coatepeque (El Salvador), 172Lago de Guija (El Salvador), 172Lago de Ilopango (El Salvador), 172Lago de Managua (Nicaragua), 396Lago de Nicaragua, 396Lago Enriquillo. See Lake Enriquillo

(Dominican Republic)Lago Mar Chiquita (Argentina), 25Lago San Martín (Argentina), 25Lago Viedma (Argentina), 25Lago Xiloá (Nicaragua), 396Lagoa Dos Patos (Brazil), 76Lagoa Mirím, 76, 581–582Lagoon Region (Côte d’Ivoire), 139Lagoons

Barbuda, 22Belize, 56Benin, 58Brazil, 76Gabon, 197Ghana, 209Guatemala, 221Iran, 257Italy, 272Kiribati, 293Liberia, 315Lithuania, 320Madagascar, 329Maldives, 337–338Malta, 343Mauritius, 351Mexico, 355Micronesia, 358–359Myanmar, 376Nicaragua, 397Nigeria, 403Palau, 416Portugal, 442South Africa, 496Spain, 501Sri Lanka, 504Tuvalu, 554United States, 578Uruguay, 581

Lagos (Nigeria), 403, 404Lagos Lagoon (Nigeria), 403Laguna Bismuna (Nicaragua), 397Laguna Castillos (Uruguay), 582Laguna de Arenal (Costa Rica), 136, 137Laguna de Bay (The Philippines), 433Laguna de Caratasca (Honduras), 233, 234Laguna de la Restinga (Venezuela), 592Laguna de Perlas (Nicaragua), 397Laguna de Tacarigua (Venezuela), 592Laguna de Tamiahua (Mexico), 355Laguna de Términos (Mexico), 356Laguna de Wounta (Nicaragua), 397Laguna del Jocotal (El Salvador), 172Laguna Grande de los Verdes (Colombia), 123Laguna Karatá (Nicaragua), 397

Laguna Madre (Mexico), 355Laguna Madre (United States), 578Laguna Merín. See Lagoa MirímLaguna Negra (Uruguay), 582Laguna Páhara (Nicaragua), 397Lagunar de Tisma (Nicaragua), 396Lahar (mudslides), 250Lakagígar (Iceland), 239Lake Abaya (Ethiopia), 182Lake Abe, 156, 182Lake Ahémé (Benin), 58Lake Akpehir (Turkey), 547Lake Alajuela (Panama), 418Lake Alakol’ (Kazakhstan), 286Lake Alaotra (Madagascar), 329Lake Al-Asad (Syria), 522Lake Albano (Italy), 271Lake Albert, 130, 131, 556–558Lake Alexandrina (Australia), 33Lake Al-Qadisjyah (Iraq), 259Lake Amatitlán (Guatemala), 220Lake Annecy (France), 191Lake Antoine (Grenada), 216Lake Aougoundou (Mali), 341Lake Arenal. See Laguna de Arenal (Costa

Rica)Lake Argyle (Australia), 33Lake Arre (Denmark), 154Lake Athabasca (Canada), 98Lake Ath-Tharthar (Iraq), 259Lake Atitlán (Guatemala), 220Lake Aydarkul (Uzbekistan), 584Lake Ba Be (Vietnam), 595Lake Baikal (Russia), 454Lake Balaton (Hungary), 235Lake Balinsasayan (The Philippines), 433Lake Balkhash (Kazakhstan), 284, 285Lake Bangweulu (Zambia), 605–607Lake Baringo (Kenya), 290Lake Be Malae (East Timor), 162Lake Benmore (New Zealand), 392Lake Biwa (Japan), 278Lake Bolmen (Sweden), 515Lake Bolsena (Italy), 271Lake Bonney (Antarctica), 19Lake Bortles-Orgues (France), 191Lake Bosten (China), 118Lake Bosumtwi (Ghana), 208Lake Bourget (France), 191Lake Bracciano (Italy), 271Lake Brownworth (Antarctica), 19Lake Buada. See Buada Lagoon (Nauru)Lake Buenos Aires. See Lake General CarreraLake Buluan (The Philippines), 434Lake Burera (Rwanda), 459Lake Burtnieks (Latvia), 308Lake Burullus (Egypt), 169Lake Buyo (Côte d’Ivoire), 139Lake Cáceres (Bolivia), 66Lake Cachí (Costa Rica), 137Lake Caño Negro (Costa Rica), 137Lake Cerknišco (Slovenia), 488Lake Chad, 94, 108, 399, 402Lake Chamo (Ethiopia), 182Lake Champlain (United States), 576Lake Chany (Russia), 454Lake Chapala (Mexico), 354

Lake Chelan (United States), 575Lake Chepo (Panama), 418Lake Ch’ew Bahir (Ethiopia), 182Lake Chiem (Germany), 204Lake Chiker (Morocco), 369Lake Chilwa (Malawi), 332, 333Lake Chiuta (Mozambique), 372Lake Cildir (Turkey), 547Lake Claire (Canada), 98Lake Cohoha, 87, 459Lake Comacchio (Italy), 271Lake Como (Italy), 271Lake Concepción (Bolivia), 66Lake Constance, 37, 38, 204, 519Lake Cuitzeo (Mexico), 354Lake D’Aleg (Mauritania), 348Lake Danao (The Philippines), 433Lake Debo (Mali), 341Lake District (Argentina), 24, 25, 26Lake District (Chile), 112, 113Lake District (England), 564, 566Lake District (Poland), 437Lake District National Park (England), 566Lake Do (Mali), 341Lake Dojran (Macedonia), 326Lake Drisvyaty (Belarus), 50Lake Druksiai (Lithuania), 320Lake Edward, 130, 131, 556–557Lake Egridir (Turkey), 547Lake Enriquillo (Dominican Republic), 159,

160Lake Ercek (Turkey), 547Lake Erie, 575Lake Eucumbene (Australia), 33Lake Eyasi (Tanzania), 531Lake Eyre (Australia), 33Lake Faguibine (Mali), 341Lake Fati (Mali), 341Lake Ferto�. See Neusiedler LakeLake Fianga (Chad), 109Lake Fitri (Chad), 109Lake Fluessen (The Netherlands), 388Lake Fondi (Italy), 271Lake Fryxell (Antarctica), 19Lake Fúquene (Colombia), 123Lake Gaiba (Bolivia), 66Lake Gairdner (Australia), 33Lake Garda (Italy), 271Lake Garou (Mali), 341Lake General Carrera (Chile), 113Lake Geneva (Switzerland), 519Lake George (Uganda), 556–557Lake Gordon (Australia), 33Lake Gyaring (China), 118Lake Hago (Rwanda), 459Lake Hazar (Turkey), 547Lake Hazen (Canada), 97Lake Helmand. See Lake SaberjLake Hjälmaren (Sweden), 515Lake Hoare (Antarctica), 19Lake Hornavan (Sweden), 515Lake Hula (Israel), 267Lake Hule (Costa Rica), 137Lake Huron, 575Lake Idku (Egypt), 169Lake Ihema (Rwanda), 459Lake Inari (Finland), 187


Index


Lake Inawashiro (Japan), 278Lake Indawgyi (Myanmar), 375Lake Iralalaro (East Timor), 162Lake Iseo (Italy), 271Lake Issyk-Kul (Kyrgyzstan), 303, 304Lake Isti (Morocco), 369Lake Izabal (Guatemala), 220, 221Lake Iznik (Turkey), 547Lake Izu-numa (Japan), 278Lake Karakul. See Ozero Karakul (Tajikistan)Lake Kariba, 607, 609, 611Lake Kasumiga (Japan), 278Lake Katwe (Uganda), 558Lake Khanka (Russia), 454Lake Kivu, 130, 131, 458–459Lake Korientze (Mali), 341Lake Korónia (Greece), 212Lake Kossou (Côte d’Ivoire), 139Lake Kummerow (Germany), 204Lake Kup (Turkey), 547Lake Kutubu (Papua New Guinea), 421Lake Kuz (Turkey), 548Lake Kwania (Uganda), 557Lake Kyoga (Uganda), 557–558Lake Ladoga (Russia), 454Lake Lanao. See Lake Sultan Alonto (The

Philippines)Lake Lanoto’o (Samoa), 467Lake Leman. See Lake Geneva (Switzerland)Lake Lesina (Italy), 271Lake Limboto (Indonesia), 250Lake Little Sea. See Lago Mar Chiquita

(Argentina)Lake Llanquihue (Chile), 113Lake Lokan (Finland), 187Lake Lubana (Latvia), 308Lake Lugano, 271, 519Lake Mabesi (Sierra Leone), 481Lake Mackay (Australia), 33Lake Madden. See Lake Alajuela (Panama)Lake Magadi (Kenya), 290Lake Maggiore, 271, 519Lake Mai-Ndombe (DROC), 131Lake Mälaren (Sweden), 515Lake Malawi, 331–332, 333, 372, 531–532Lake Malawi National Park (Malawi), 333Lake Malombe (Malawi), 332Lake Manaro Lakua (Vanuatu), 587Lake Manaro Ngoro (Vanuatu), 587Lake Mandioré (Bolivia), 66Lake Manyara (Tanzania), 530–531Lake Manzala (Egypt), 169Lake Mape (Sierra Leone), 481Lake Mar Chiquita (Argentina), 26Lake Maracaibo (Venezuela), 591–592Lake Maryut (Egypt), 169Lake Massaciuccoli (Italy), 271Lake Matana (Indonesia), 250Lake Maubara (East Timor), 162Lake Mavrovo (Macedonia), 326Lake Mead (United States), 576Lake Melville (Canada), 98Lake Michigan (United States), 575Lake Mjøsa (Norway), 405Lake Moero. See Lake MweruLake Monoun (Cameroon), 94Lake Mugesera (Rwanda), 459

Lake Muhazi (Rwanda), 459Lake Müritz (Germany), 204Lake Murray (Papua New Guinea), 421Lake Mweru, 131, 605–607Lake Mývatn (Iceland), 240Lake Naivahsa (Kenya), 290Lake Nakaumi (Japan), 278Lake Nakuru (Kenya), 290Lake Narach. See Lake Naroch (Belarus)Lake Naroch (Belarus), 50Lake Nasser, 168–169, 508Lake Natron (Tanzania), 530–531Lake Naujan (The Philippines), 434Lake Neagh. See Lough Neagh (Northern

Ireland)Lake Nemi (Italy), 271Lake Neuchâtel (Switzerland), 519Lake Ngami (Botswana), 71Lake Ngoring (China), 118Lake Niangay (Mali), 341Lake Nipigon (Canada), 97Lake Nubia, 507Lake Nyasa. See Lake MalawiLake Nyos (Cameroon), 94Lake of Lucerne (Switzerland), 519Lake of the Woods (United States), 575Lake Ohrid, 5, 6, 326Lake Okeechobee (United States), 575–576Lake Onega (Russia), 454Lake Ontario, 575Lake Orava (Slovakia), 485Lake Orbetello (Italy), 271Lake Orumiyé. See Lake Urmia (Iran)Lake Oskjuvatn Caldera (Iceland), 240Lake Osveyskoye (Belarus), 50Lake Oulujärvi (Finland), 187Lake Päijanne (Finland), 187Lake Palmar (Uruguay), 581Lake Peipus, 179, 454Lake Péligre (Haiti), 230Lake Petén Itzá (Guatemala), 220Lake Pielinen (Finland), 187Lake Plau (Germany), 204Lake Poopó (Bolivia), 66–67Lake Popradské (Slovakia), 485Lake Porttipahdan (Finland), 187Lake Poso (Indonesia), 250Lake Powell (United States), 576Lake Prespa, 6, 212, 326Lake Pskov (Estonia), 179Lake Puzak (Afghanistan), 3Lake Razna (Latvia), 308Lake Razelm (Romania), 449, 450Lake Rkiz (Mauritania), 348Lake Rogoaguado (Bolivia), 66Lake Rozmberk (Czech Republic), 151Lake Rudolf. See Lake TurkanaLake Rugwero, 459Lake Ruhondo (Rwanda), 459Lake Rukwa (Tanzania), 531Lake Rwanye (Rwanda), 459Lake Rwehikama (Rwanda), 459Lake Rweru (Burundi), 87Lake Sabai Tsho (Nepal), 385Lake Saberj, 3, 255, 257Lake Saimaa (Finland), 187Lake Salisbury (Uganda), 557–558

Lake Salpi (Italy), 271Lake Salto Grande (Uruguay), 581Lake San Luis (Bolivia), 66Lake Saroma (Japan), 278Lake Sarrans (France), 191Lake Sarygamysh, 550, 584Lake Saumâtre (Haiti), 230, 231Lake Schwerin (Germany), 204Lake Scutari, 5, 6, 603–604Lake Semara (Morocco), 369Lake Sevan (Armenia), 28–29Lake Shirwa (Mozambique), 372Lake Shkodër. See Lake ScutariLake Sidi Ali (Morocco), 369Lake Sinoe (Romania), 450Lake Siwi (Vanuatu), 587Lake Sloter (The Netherlands), 388Lake Sonfon (Sierra Leone), 481Lake Stânca-Costesti (Moldova), 361Lake Storavan (Sweden), 515Lake Storsjön (Sweden), 515Lake Sultan Alonto (The Philippines), 434Lake Superior, 97, 573, 575, 577Lake Svityza (Ukraine), 560Lake Taabo (Côte d’Ivoire), 139Lake Taal (The Philippines), 433Lake Tahoe (United States), 575Lake Tai (China), 118Lake Tana (Ethiopia), 182Lake Tanda (Mali), 341Lake Tandano (Indonesia), 250Lake Tanganyika, 87–88, 130, 531–532, 605–

607Lake Taupo (New Zealand), 392Lake Tauragnas (Lithuania), 320Lake Taymyr (Russia), 454Lake Te Anau (New Zealand), 392Lake Teli (Mali), 341Lake Tengiz (Kazakhstan), 286Lake Tibar (East Timor), 162Lake Tiberias. See Sea of Galilee (Israel)Lake Tigalmamine (Morocco), 369Lake Tilicho (Nepal), 384–385Lake Titicaca, 66, 428Lake Toba (Indonesia), 250Lake Togo (Togo), 537Lake Torn Träsk (Sweden), 515Lake Torrens (Australia), 33Lake Tota (Colombia), 123Lake Towuti (Indonesia), 250Lake Trasimerto (Italy), 271Lake Trichonis (Greece), 212Lake Trinidad (Paraguay), 425Lake Tsimanampetsotsa (Madagascar), 329Lake Tumba (DROC), 131Lake Turkana, 182, 290, 292Lake Tuz (Turkey), 547, 549Lake Uberaba (Bolivia), 66Lake Uchi-numa (Japan), 278Lake Uddjaur (Sweden), 515Lake Ulubat (Turkey), 547Lake Upemba (DROC), 131Lake Urmia (Iran), 255, 256, 257Lake Usma (Latvia), 308Lake Valence (Hungary), 235–236Lake Valencia (Venezuela), 591Lake Van (Turkey), 546–547, 549


Index


Ind

ex

Lake Vanda (Antarctica), 19Lake Vänern (Sweden), 514, 515, 517Lake Varano (Italy), 271Lake Vättern (Sweden), 515, 517Lake Verá (Paraguay), 425Lake Vico (Italy), 271Lake Victoria, 288, 290, 530–532, 556–558Lake Vistonis (Thrace), 212Lake Volta (Ghana), 208Lake Vólvi (Greece), 212Lake Võrts (Estonia), 179Lake Vostok (Antarctica), 19Lake Voui (Vanuatu), 587Lake Wakatipu (New Zealand), 392Lake Winnipeg (Canada), 98Lake Xau (Botswana), 71Lake Yalpuh (Ukraine), 559–560Lake Yojoa (Honduras), 233Lake Ypacaraí (Paraguay), 425Lake Ypoá (Paraguay), 425Lake Zapatosa (Colombia), 123Lake Zaysan (Kazakhstan), 286Lake Zorkul (Afghanistan), 3Lakeba Island (Fiji), 185Lakes

Afghanistan, 3Albania, 5, 6Antarctica, 19Argentina, 24, 25Armenia, 28–29Australia, 33Austria, 37Azerbaijan, 40Bangladesh, 45Belarus, 50Belgium, 53Belize, 56Benin, 58Bolivia, 66Bosnia and Herzegovina, 69Botswana, 71Brunei, 80Bulgaria, 82Burundi, 87Cambodia, 89Cameroon, 94Canada, 97–98Central African Republic, 105Chad, 108–109Chile, 113China, 117–118Colombia, 123Congo, Democratic Republic of, 131Costa Rica, 137Côte d’Ivoire, 139Croatia, 142–143Czech Republic, 151Denmark, 154Djibouti, 156Dominica, 157Dominican Republic, 160East Timor, 162Ecuador, 165Egypt, 168–169El Salvador, 172Estonia, 179Ethiopia, 182

Finland, 186, 187France, 191Germany, 204Ghana, 208Greece, 212Grenada, 216Guatemala, 220Haiti, 230Honduras, 233Hungary, 235–236Iceland, 240India, 244Indonesia, 250Iran, 255–256Iraq, 259Ireland, 262–263Israel, 267Italy, 271Japan, 278Jordan, 282Kazakhstan, 285–286Kenya, 290Kiribati, 293Kyrgyzstan, 303Laos, 306Latvia, 308Lithuania, 320Luxembourg, 323Macedonia, 326Madagascar, 329Malawi, 331–332Malaysia, 334–335Mali, 341Mauritania, 348Mauritius, 351Mexico, 354Mongolia, 364–365Morocco, 369Mozambique, 372Myanmar, 375Namibia, 379Nauru, 382Nepal, 384–385The Netherlands, 388New Zealand, 392Nicaragua, 396Niger, 399Nigeria, 402Norway, 405Pakistan, 413Panama, 418Papua New Guinea, 421–422Paraguay, 425Peru, 428The Philippines, 433–434Poland, 437Romania, 449Russia, 454Rwanda, 458–459Saint Kitts and Nevis, 460Samoa, 467Senegal, 476Sierra Leone, 481Singapore, 483Slovakia, 485Slovenia, 488Somalia, 491

South Africa, 495–496Sri Lanka, 503Sudan, 507Suriname, 510–511Sweden, 515Switzerland, 519Syria, 522Taiwan, 525Tajikistan, 528Thailand, 534Togo, 538Tonga, 539Tunisia, 544Turkey, 547Uganda, 556–557Ukraine, 559–560United Kingdom, 566United States, 575–576Uruguay, 581Uzbekistan, 584Vanuatu, 587Venezuela, 591Vietnam, 595Yemen, 599–600Yugoslavia, 603Zambia, 606–607Zimbabwe, 609See also names of specific lakes

Lakhya River (Bangladesh), 46Laklo (East Timor), 162Laklo River (East Timor), 163Lakshadweep (India), 246Lama Marsh (Benin), 58Lamantin (Martinique), 347Lambert Glacier (Antarctica), 19Lamon Bay (The Philippines), 435Lamu Archipelago (Kenya), 291Lanai (United States), 577Lancang River (China), 119Lancaster Sound (Canada), 99Land disputes. See Territorial disputesLand of Dry Water. See Etosha Pan (Namibia)Land of Gilead. See Northern Highlands

(Jordan)Land of Ten Thousand Hills. See RwandaLand of volcanoes. See El SalvadorLand reclamation

Belgium, 52–54Japan, 278, 279Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

296The Netherlands, 387, 389

Landes (France), 194Landslides

Georgia, 200Japan, 276–277Kyrgyzstan, 302Venezuela, 591–592

Langeberg Range (South Africa), 494Langeland Strait (Denmark), 154Langfjell (Norway), 405Langjökull (Iceland), 240Langkawi (Malaysia), 335Languages

Canada, 101Chad, 111Eritrea, 178


Index


Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 226

Länkäran Lowlands (Azerbaijan), 40Lan-Yü Island (Taiwan), 525Lanzarote Island (Spain), 500Laos, 304–307, 305, 307tLapland (Finland), 186–188Laptev Sea, 455Lapuan River (Finland), 187Laramie Range (United States), 573Large Island (Grenada), 217Large Lake. See Grand Lac (Switzerland)Larnaca Bay (Cyprus), 149Larsen Ice Shelf (Antarctica), 20, 21Larvotto (Monaco), 362Latgale Upland (Latvia), 308Latvia, 307–309, 308, 309tLau Group (Fiji), 185Lau Island (Fiji), 185Laughing Bird Cay (Belize), 56Laurentian Highlands (Canada), 97Laurentian Plateau. See Canadian ShieldLava fields, in Iceland, 238–239Lavan (Iran), 257Layou River (Dominica), 157Le Kartala. See Mt. Karthala (Comoros)Le Robert Bay (Martinique), 346Leakey, Louis S.B., 530Lebanon, 309–311, 310Lebanon Mountains, 310–311Lebombo Plain (Swaziland), 512Lebombo Range (Swaziland), 512Lechtal Alps (Austria), 36Ledenika Lake (Bulgaria), 82Leeward Islands

Anguilla, 16–17Antigua, 22–23Barbuda, 22–23Netherlands Antilles, 390Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461

Leie River (Belgium), 53Leitha River (Austria), 37–38Lek River. See Neder Rijn (The Netherlands)Lele (Micronesia), 359Lely Mountains (Suriname), 510Lemnos (Greece), 212Lempa River (Honduras), 233Lemurs, 327Lena River (Russia), 454Lenin Peak, 303, 528Leninabad. See Khudzhand (Tajikistan)Lepontine Alps (Switzerland), 518Lerma River (Mexico), 354Les Amirantes (Seychelles), 480Les Cayemites (Haiti), 231Les Tantes Island (Grenada), 217Les Trois River (Haiti), 231Les Valls. See The Valleys (Andorra)Lesbos (Greece), 212Lesotho, 311–313, 312, 313tLesser Antarctica. See West AntarcticaLesser Antilles

Guadeloupe, 218–219Martinique, 346–347See also Leeward Islands; Windward

IslandsLesser Caucasus Mountains, 28, 40, 200

Lesser Himalayas, 62–64, 383Lesser Kabylie range (Algeria), 8Lesser Sunda Islands, 162, 252Lesser Tunb Island (United Arab Emirates),

563Lésvos. See Lesbos (Greece)Leukas (Greece), 212Levees (Hungary), 236–237Levera Pond (Grenada), 216Levká Mountains (Greece), 212Levkas. See Leukas (Greece)Lewis (United Kingdom), 568Leyte (The Philippines), 434–435Leyte Gulf (The Philippines), 434Lian-hua Feng (China), 117Liao He (China), 118Liaodong Peninsula (China), 119Liban River valley (Malaysia), 335Liberia, 313–315, 314, 315tLibuasan marsh (The Philippines), 434Libungan marsh (The Philippines), 434Libya, 8, 316–318, 317Libyan Desert, 318, 509Lichinga Plateau (Mozambique), 371–372Liechtenstein, 318–320, 319Lielupe River (Latvia), 308Liepaja (Latvia), 309Lighthouse of the Pacific. See Volcán Izalco (El

Salvador)Ligitan Island, 248, 335Ligonha River (Mozambique), 372Liguanea Plain (Jamaica), 275Liguria (Italy), 272Ligurian Sea (Italy), 272Likiep Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344Lille Strait (Denmark), 154Lilongwe (Malawi), 332, 333Lilongwe Plain (Malawi), 331Lilongwe River (Malawi), 332Lim Fjord (Denmark), 154Lima (Peru), 431Limarí River (Chile), 113Limay River (Argentina), 26Limbang River valley (Brunei), 80Limerick (Ireland), 264Limestone

Cayman Islands, 103Cuban mountains, 144, 146Dinaric Alps, 142Estonia, 179Moravian Karst, 151North Albanian Alps, 6

Límnos. See Lemnos (Greece)Limpopo River, 72, 372, 495–496, 609–610Line Islands (Kiribati), 292–293Lingayen Gulf (The Philippines), 435Linyanti River (Namibia), 379Lipari Islands (Italy), 269, 272Lipno Dam (Czech Republic), 151Lipobane Point (Mozambique), 373Lisbon (Portugal), 440, 442, 443Lithuania, 320–322, 321, 322tLitoral. See Costa (Ecuador)Little Alföld (Hungary), 235, 237, 238Little Bahama Bank, 41Little Carpathian Mountains (Slovakia), 485Little Cayman Island, 103–104

Little Corn Island (Nicaragua), 396Little Danube River (Slovakia), 485Little Karroo Plateau (South Africa), 495Little Karroo Range (South Africa), 494Little Mount Ararat (Turkey), 546Little Riviera. See Moselle River Valley

(Luxembourg)Little Scarcies River (Sierra Leone), 481Little Switzerland. See Müllerthal

(Luxembourg)Little Tobago Island (Trinidad and Tobago),

541Little Zab River (Iraq), 260Littoral. See Costa (Ecuador)Liverpool Bay (England), 569Livingstone Falls (DROC), 131Livingstone-Nyasa Highlands (Mozambique),

370Ljubljana (Slovenia), 488Ljubljana Basin (Slovenia), 487Ljubljanica River (Slovenia), 488Ljungan River (Sweden), 515Llandudno Beach (South Africa), 496Llano Estacado (United States), 571, 574Llanos (Venezuela), 592–593Llanura de los Guatusos (Costa Rica), 137Llanura de San Carlos. See San Carlos Plains

(Costa Rica)Lleyn Peninsula (United Kingdom), 569Llullaillaco (Chile), 112Loa River (Chile), 113Lobaye River (Central African Republic), 105Lobos Island (Spain), 500Loch Awe (Scotland), 566Loch Lomond (Scotland), 566Loch Loyal (Scotland), 566Loch Ness (Scotland), 566Loch Shin (Scotland), 566Lochs. See LakesLoess, Germany, 206Loess Plateau (China), 115, 117, 120Lofa River (Liberia), 314Lofoten (Norway), 406Loggerhead turtles, 409Logone River, 94, 108, 109, 110Loire River (France), 191Lois River (East Timor), 162Loktak Lake (India), 245Lolland Island (Denmark), 154Loma Mountains (Sierra Leone), 481Lomaiviti (Fiji), 185Lomami River (DROC), 131Lombok (Indonesia), 248–254Lomé (Togo), 538London (England), 567, 570Long (Papua New Guinea), 422Long Beach (Yugoslavia). See Velika Plaza

(Yugoslavia)Long Island (The Bahamas), 42Long Island (United States), 577Long Strait, 455Lopevi Island (Vanuatu), 587Los Angeles (United States), 578Los Roques Archipelago (Venezuela), 592Lospalos (East Timor), 162Lotagipi Swamp (Sudan), 508Lotus Flower Peak. See Lian-hua Feng (China)


Index


Ind

ex

Louessé River (Republic of the Congo), 134Lough Allen (Ireland), 262Lough Conn (Ireland), 262Lough Corrib (Ireland), 262Lough Derg (Ireland), 262Lough Foyle (Northern Ireland), 569Lough Hyne (Ireland), 262Lough Leane (Ireland), 263Lough Mask (Ireland), 262Lough Neagh (Northern Ireland), 262, 565–

567Lough Ree (Ireland), 262Loughs. See LakesLouisiade Archipelago (Papua New Guinea),

422, 423Low Countries. See Benelux countriesLow Netherlands, 387Low Steppes (Tunisia), 545Low Tatras Mountains (Slovakia), 485–486Lower California Peninsular Range, 574Lower Congo (DROC), 131Lower Galilee (Israel), 266Lower Guinea, 222Lower Lough Erne (Northern Ireland), 566–

567Lower Rhine River (Switzerland), 519Lower Tunguska River (Russia), 454Loweswater Lake (England), 566Lowland north (Argentina), 24Lowlands. See names of specific lowlandsLowveld (Zimbabwe), 609, 611Loyalty Islands (France), 193Lü Tao Island (Taiwan), 525Lualaba River (DROC), 130Luangwa River (Zambia), 605, 607Luangwa River Valley (Zambia), 606–607Luapula River (DROC), 130Lucie River (Suriname), 511Lugano (Switzerland), 520Lugenda River (Mozambique), 372Luhwa River (Rwanda), 459Lukanga Swamp (Zambia), 607–608Lukenie River (DROC), 131Lukuga River (DROC), 130Lule River (Sweden), 515Lulua River (DROC), 131Lunda Divide, 13Lundi River, 610Lunsemfwa River (Zambia), 607Lupar River (Malaysia), 335Lúrio River (Mozambique), 372Lusaka (Zambia), 608Lusutfu River. See Great Usutu River

(Swaziland)Lst Desert (Iran), 258Luvironza River. See Ruvironza River

(Burundi)Luvua River (DROC), 130Luxembourg, 322–324, 323, 324tLuxembourg (city), 323–324Luzon (The Philippines), 432–436Luzon Strait (The Philippines), 434

M

Maack’s Shelter (Namibia), 378Maap (Micronesia), 359

Maas River. See Meuse RiverMacdonnell Range (Australia), 32Macedonia, Former Yugoslav Republic of,

324–327, 325, 326tMacgillycuddy’s Reeks (Ireland), 262Machar Marshes (Sudan), 508Mach’ol Range (DPRK), 295Machu Picchu (Peru), 430Macias Nguema Biyogo. See Isla de Bioko

(Equatorial Guinea)Mackenzie Range (Canada), 97Mackenzie River (Canada), 98Mackenzie Trough (Canada), 99Maclaralin River (Dominica), 158Macuma River. See Morona River (Ecuador)Madagascar, 327–330, 328Madang (Papua New Guinea), 422Madeira (Portugal), 440, 442Madeira River (Brazil), 74Madeiran archipelago (Portugal), 442Madelgabel (Germany), 202Madhumati River (Bangladesh), 46Madhya Pradesh (India), 244, 247Madjera range (Algeria), 8Madonie Range (Italy), 270–271Madras. See Chennai (India)Madre de Dios River (Peru), 430Madura (Indonesia), 252Maduru Oya Reservoir (Sri Lanka), 503Maduru River (Sri Lanka), 503Mae Klong Bay (Thailand), 535Maéwo (Vanuatu), 587Mafia (Tanzania), 531–532Mafinga Hills (Zambia), 606Mafingi Mountains (Zambia), 605Magaruque Island (Mozambique), 373Magdalena Bay (Mexico), 355Magdalena River (Colombia), 124Magellanic penguins, 26Maggia River (Switzerland), 519Maghreb region

Algeria, 8–11Morocco, 367–370Tunisia, 543–545

Maha River (Sri Lanka), 504Mahabharat Range (Nepal), 383, 384Mahadeo Hills (India), 244Mahafaly Plateau (Madagascar), 328Mahakam lakes (Indonesia), 250Mahakam River (Indonesia), 250, 251Mahanadi River (India), 245Mahaweli River (Sri Lanka), 503Mahé Island (Seychelles), 478–480Mahia Peninsula (New Zealand), 393Mahrat Mountains (Oman), 410Maikala Hills (India), 244Main-Danube Canal (Germany), 205Main Ridge (Trinidad and Tobago), 541Main River (Germany), 204Maine (United States), 571, 574Mainland Island (United Kingdom), 568Maio (Cape Verde), 102Maipo River (Chile), 113Maisan (Korea, Republic of), 298Maiskhal (Bangladesh), 47Majé Mountains (Panama), 417

Majevica Mountains (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 69

Majorca Island (Spain), 500Majors Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461Majuro Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344Makassar Strait, 251Makgadikgadi Salt Pans (Botswana), 71Makhaleng River. See Kometspruit River

(Lesotho)Makmal (Kyrgyzstan), 304Makonde Plateau (Tanzania), 531Makorako (New Zealand), 391Makran Range (Pakistan), 412Malabar Coast (India), 246Malagarasi River, 88, 531Malaita Island (Solomon Islands), 489–490Malakula (Vanuatu), 587Malanje Highlands (Angola), 13Malawi, 330–333, 331, 332tMalay Peninsula, 248–254, 333, 374Malaysia, 248, 251, 333–337, 334, 336tMalcom (Oman), 409Malden Island (Kiribati), 292, 293Maldives, 337–339, 338, 339tMalé (Maldives), 337–339Malé Atoll (Maldives), 337–339Make Karpaty. See Little Carpathian Mountains

(Slovakia)Maletsunyane Falls (Lesotho), 312Maletsunyane River (Lesotho), 312Mali, 339–342, 340, 342tMaliana Plateau (East Timor), 162Malibamatso River (Lesotho), 312Malingre Island (French Guiana), 195Maloelap Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344Malolo Island (Fiji), 185Malolotja Falls (Swaziland), 512Malolotja Nature Reserve (Swaziland), 512–

513Malolotja River (Swaziland), 512Maloti Mountains (Lesotho), 312, 313Malpelo Island (Colombia), 125Malta, 342–345, 343, 344tMalta Channel, 272Maluku Islands (Indonesia), 249, 252Maluku Sea, 251Malwa Plateau (India), 244Mamberamo River (Indonesia), 251Mambéré River (Central African Republic),

105Mamoré River (Bolivia), 66Mana River (French Guiana), 195Managua (Nicaragua), 395Manam (Papua New Guinea), 422Manambajo River (Madagascar), 329Mananara River (Madagascar), 329Manas River. See Tongsa River (Bhutan)Manaslu (Nepal), 384Manatee Hills (Belize), 55Manatee Lagoons (Belize), 56Mancarrón Island (Nicaragua), 396Mancarroncito Island (Nicaragua), 396Manchester (Jamaica), 275Manchhar Lake (Pakistan), 413Manchurian Plain (China), 115Mand River (Iran), 256Mandai Hill (Singapore), 483


Index


Mandara Mountains, 92, 93, 402Mandeb Island (Yemen), 600Manding Mountains (Mali), 340Mandingue Plateau (Mali), 340Mangin Range (Myanmar), 375Mangla Dam (Pakistan), 413Mango (Togo), 538Mangoky River (Madagascar), 329Mangroves

Bangladesh, 46, 47Belize, 56Brunei, 80–81Cayman Islands, 104Comoros, 127Costa Rica, 137Cuba, 146East Timor, 163El Salvador, 172Fiji, 184French Guiana, 195Gabon, 197Gambia, 198Grenada, 216Guadeloupe, 218Guatemala, 221Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 226India, 245, 247Indonesia, 251, 252–253Iran, 257Kenya, 291Liberia, 315Madagascar, 329, 330Malaysia, 335Micronesia, 359Mozambique, 372, 373Myanmar, 376New Zealand, 393Nigeria, 403Oman, 409Pakistan, 413, 414Palau, 415Panama, 418Papua New Guinea, 422, 423Samoa, 467Somalia, 491Sri Lanka, 504Venezuela, 593

Manguéni Plateau (Niger), 399Mangyshlak Peninsula (Kazakhstan), 287Manila (The Philippines), 435Manila Bay (The Philippines), 435Manindjau (Indonesia), 250Maningory River (Madagascar), 329Maninjau Lake (Indonesia), 250Maninjau Plateau (Indonesia), 250Manitoba Lowland (Canada), 100Manitoulin Island (Canada), 99Mannar Island (Sri Lanka), 504Mano River, 314, 481Man-of-War Cays (Nicaragua), 396–397Manono Island (Samoa), 466–467Mansôa River (Guinea-Bissau), 225Mantaro River (Peru), 430Manufacturing

Belarus, 51Israel, 268

Luxembourg, 324Mauritius, 352Taiwan, 526United Kingdom, 570See also Commerce and industry

Manukau Harbor (New Zealand), 393Manulu Lagoon (Kiribati), 293Manus (Papua New Guinea), 422Maoke Mountains (Indonesia), 249Mao-Kebbi. See Mayo-Kebbi (Chad)Maore. See Mayotte (France)Mapocho River (Chile), 113Maputo (Mozambique), 372Maquis. See GrasslandsMar da Palha (Portugal), 442Mar del Plata (Argentina), 26Maracá Island (Brazil), 76Maracaibo Lowlands (Venezuela), 589Maradu Bay (Malaysia), 336Marajó Bay (Brazil), 76Marajó Island (Brazil), 76Marano River (San Marino), 469Marañón River (Peru), 429, 430Maravia Highlands (Mozambique), 372Marcal River (Hungary), 236Marche (Italy), 271Marchena Island (Galápagos), 165Mardin Mountains (Turkey), 546Mare aux Vacoas (Mauritius), 351Mareb River, 177, 508Maremma (Italy), 271, 272Margalla Hills (Pakistan), 412Margaret River (Australia), 34Margarita Island. See Isla Margarita

(Venezuela)Margherita Peak, 130, 556Margow Desert (Afghanistan), 4Maria Islands (Saint Lucia), 462–463Mariana Islands (United States), 578Maribor (Slovenia), 487–488Marie-Galante (Guadeloupe), 218Marienfluss River (Namibia), 379Marine ecosystems

Colombia, 124Great Barrier Reef, 33Indonesia, 251Mexico, 355Namibia, 379Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461

Marine mammalsArgentina, 26Belize, 56Saudi Arabia, 473

Marine National Park (India), 246Marion Island (South Africa), 496Maritime Alps (France), 190Maritime Flanders (Belgium), 53–54Maritime Guinea. See Lower GuineaMaritsa River, 82, 83, 212, 548Marker Lake. See Markermeer (The

Netherlands)Markermeer (The Netherlands), 388Markham River (Papua New Guinea), 421, 422Marmagao (India), 245Marmara Denizi. See Sea of Marmara (Turkey)Marne River (France), 191Marobo River (East Timor), 163

Maroni River, 195, 511Marquesas (France), 193Marquis River (Saint Lucia), 462Marra Mountains (Sudan), 507Marshall Islands, 344–345, 345Marshlands. See WetlandsMartinique, 192, 345–347, 346Martinique Passage, 346Marysville Buttes (United States), 574Masada (Israel), 267Masai Steppe (Tanzania), 531Masbate (The Philippines), 433, 434Mascarene Plateau (Mauritius), 350Mashkai River (Pakistan), 413Mashona Hills (Zimbabwe), 609Mapjrah Island (Oman), 409, 410Masqat (Oman), 410Massachusetts (United States), 574Massawa Channel (Eritrea), 177Massif Central (France), 191Massif de la Hotte (Haiti), 230Massif de la Selle (Haiti), 230Massif du Nord (Haiti), 230Masurian Lake District (Poland), 437Mat River (Albania), 6Matam (Senegal), 477Matanti (Micronesia), 358Mataura River (New Zealand), 393Matavanu (Samoa), 466Matebian (East Timor), 162Matorral, 114Mat-Su Islands (Taiwan), 524–525Matterhorn (Switzerland), 518Matthew Island (Vanuatu), 587Mau Escarpment (Kenya), 289Mauga Afi (Samoa), 466Mauga Ali’ii (Samoa), 466Mauga Fito (Samoa), 466Mauga Loa (Samoa), 466Mauga Mu (Samoa), 466Mauga-o-Savai’i (Samoa), 466Mauga Silisili (Samoa), 466Maui (United States), 577Maule River (Chile), 113Mauna Kea (United States), 574Mauna Loa (United States), 574, 577Mauritania, 347–350, 349Mauritius, 350, 350–352, 351tMavrovo National Park (Macedonia), 326Mawson Peak (Australia), 32Maya Mountains (Belize), 56–57Mayaguana Island (The Bahamas), 42Mayaguana Passage (The Bahamas), 41–42Mayagüez Bay (Puerto Rico), 445Mayan civilization, 221–222Mayo-Kebbi (Chad), 108, 109Mayombé Escarpment, 13, 15, 133–134Mayotte (France), 127, 192Mayreau Island (Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines), 464Mayumbe Mountains (DROC), 130Mazaruni River (Guyana), 228Mazhur Desert (Saudi Arabia), 475Mbabane (Swaziland), 512–513Mbala Highlands (Zambia), 605Mbari River (Central African Republic), 105Mbeya Range (Tanzania), 531


Index


Ind

ex

Mbini (Equatorial Guinea), 174–175Mbini River (Equatorial Guinea), 175Mbuluzi River (Swaziland), 512–513Mbuna (fish), 333McCarthy Inlet (Antarctica), 20McCarthy Island (Gambia), 198McDonald Islands (Australia), 31, 34M’Clintock Channel (Canada), 99M’Clure Strait (Canada), 99McMahon Line, 242McMurdo Dry Valleys (Antarctica), 19McMurdo Station (Antarctica), 21Mecca (Saudi Arabia), 472, 474Mecklenburg Bay (Germany), 205Mecsek Mountains (Hungary), 235Medicinal plants

India, 248Madagascar, 330Myanmar, 377neem trees, 244Paraguay, 427

Medina (Saudi Arabia), 473Mediterranean islands. See specific islandsMedjerda River (Tunisia), 544Medjerda Valley (Tunisia), 544–545Meduse (ship), 349Meghna River (Bangladesh), 46Mekong Delta (Vietnam), 594–597Mekong River

Cambodia, 89–90, 91China, 119Laos, 305, 306Myanmar, 376Thailand, 534–536

Melbourne (Australia), 35Melilla, 368, 499Melo (Guinea-Bissau), 225Melo River (Paraguay), 426Melville Island (Australia), 34Melville Island (Trinidad and Tobago). See St.

Giles Island (Trinidad and Tobago)Mende (Sierra Leone), 482Mendoza (Argentina), 24Menor Lagoon (Spain), 501Mentawi Islands (Indonesia), 252Mere Island (French Guiana), 195Mereb River (Eritrea), 177Mergui Archipelago (Myanmar), 376Merída (Venezuela), 591Mesa Central (Mexico), 354, 356Mesa del Norte (Mexico), 354Mesaoria Plain (Cyprus), 148, 149Meseta Central (Costa Rica), 136–138Meseta Central (Spain), 499–501Mesopotamia, 259–261, 521, 523Mesopotamia (Argentina), 24, 27Mesopotamia Valley (Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines), 465Messalo River (Mozambique), 372Messina (Italy), 269Messum Crater (Namibia), 378Mesta River (Bulgaria), 83Meta River, 124, 591Metic Shoal Island, 539Metropolitan Area (Kuwait), 301Métsovon pass (Greece), 212Meuse River, 53, 191–192, 388

Mexicali Valley (Mexico), 355Mexico, 352–357, 353, 356t, 357tMexico City (Mexico), 354, 357Meyungs (Palau), 416Mezzogiorno (Italy), 269M’Goze Lagoon (Gabon), 197Mi River (Sri Lanka), 504Miami (United States), 578Miani Hor (Pakistan), 413Michigan (United States), 573Mico Mountains (Guatemala), 220Micronesia, Federated States of (FSM), 357–

360, 358Midagahara (Japan), 277Middle American Trench, 172, 355Middle Atlas Mountains (Morocco), 369Middle Caicos Island (Turks and Caicos

Islands), 552–553Middle East. See specific countriesMiddle Lowlands (Latvia), 309Middle Rockies (United States), 573Middle Veld (South Africa), 494–495Middleveld (Zimbabwe), 609, 611Midnight sun

Finland, 188Greenland, 215Norway, 407

Midu Island (Maldives), 338Midway Islands (United States), 577Migiurtinia Mountains (Somalia), 491Mikeno (DROC), 130Miladummadulu Atoll (Maldives), 338Milan (Italy), 272Mili Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344Milindi (Kenya), 290Milk River Bath (Jamaica), 274Milne Bay (Papua New Guinea), 422Milwaukee Depth, 444Mjna’ ‘Abd Allah (Kuwait), 301Minahasa Peninsula (Indonesia), 252Minakami Canyon (Japan), 278Mindanao (The Philippines), 432–436Mindanao River (The Philippines), 434Mindor Strait, 434Mindoro (The Philippines), 434, 436Mineral springs

Bosnia and Herzegovina, 69China, 117Cuba, 146Czech Republic, 151Georgia, 202Hungary, 236Macedonia, 326Mongolia, 364

MineralsAfghanistan, 5Albania, 7Algeria, 11Andorra, 12Angola, 15Antarctica, 21–22Argentina, 27Armenia, 29Australia, 35Austria, 39Azerbaijan, 41Belgium, 55

Benin, 59Bermuda, 61Bolivia, 68Bosnia and Herzegovina, 70Botswana, 72Brazil, 78Bulgaria, 84Burundi, 88Cambodia, 91Cameroon, 95Canada, 101Central African Republic, 107Chad, 111Chile, 114China, 121Colombia, 125, 126Congo, Democratic Republic of, 132–133Congo, Republic of, 135Côte d’Ivoire, 142Croatia, 144Cuba, 148Cyprus, 150Czech Republic, 152Denmark, 155Dominican Republic, 161East Timor, 163–164Ecuador, 167Egypt, 170Equatorial Guinea, 176Eritrea, 178Estonia, 180Ethiopia, 183Finland, 188French Guiana, 195Gabon, 197Georgia, 201–202Germany, 206Ghana, 210Greece, 214Greenland, 216Guatemala, 222Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 227Guyana, 229Haiti, 232Honduras, 234Hungary, 238India, 244, 247, 248Indonesia, 254Iran, 258Ireland, 264Israel, 268Italy, 273Jamaica, 275Jordan, 283Kazakhstan, 286, 288Kenya, 292Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

297Korea, Republic of, 299Kyrgyzstan, 304Laos, 307Lebanon, 311Liberia, 315Libya, 318Lithuania, 322Luxembourg, 324


Index


Macedonia, 326Madagascar, 330Malawi, 333Malaysia, 336Mali, 342Marshall Islands, 345Mauritania, 349Mexico, 357Moldova, 361Mongolia, 367Morocco, 370Mozambique, 374Myanmar, 377Namibia, 381Nepal, 386New Zealand, 394Nicaragua, 398Niger, 400Nigeria, 404Norway, 408Oman, 410Pakistan, 414Panama, 420Papua New Guinea, 421, 423Paraguay, 427Peru, 432The Philippines, 436Poland, 440Portugal, 443Romania, 451Russia, 457Rwanda, 459Saudi Arabia, 475Sierra Leone, 482Slovakia, 486Slovenia, 486Solomon Islands, 490Somalia, 494South Africa, 498Spain, 502Sri Lanka, 505Sudan, 510Suriname, 512Swaziland, 514Sweden, 517Switzerland, 521Syria, 524Taiwan, 526Tajikistan, 529Tanzania, 533Thailand, 536Togo, 538Tunisia, 545Turkey, 549Turkmenistan, 552Uganda, 558Ukraine, 561United Kingdom, 570United States, 580–581Uruguay, 583Uzbekistan, 586Venezuela, 593Vietnam, 597Yemen, 601Yugoslavia, 605Zambia, 608Zimbabwe, 611

Minerva Reefs (Tonga), 539Mingäçevir Reservoir (Azerbaijan), 40Minho River, 442, 500Minicoy Island (India), 246Mining

Australia, 35Belize, 57Botswana, 72Bulgaria, 84Indonesia, 254Luxembourg, 323Mexico, 357Saudi Arabia, 475Sierra Leone, 482Slovenia, 488South Africa, 498Sri Lanka, 505Sweden, 517Tajikistan, 529Ukraine, 561Uruguay, 583Uzbekistan, 586Zambia, 608See also Minerals

Minnesota (United States), 573, 575Miño River. See Minho RiverMiñorca Island (Spain), 500Mirabello Gulf (Greece), 213Miravalles volcano (Costa Rica), 136Mirzachol Desert (Uzbekistan), 585Misiones (Argentina), 24Mississippi Delta (United States), 578Mississippi River (United States), 571, 574, 576,

579–580Missouri (United States), 573Missouri Plateau (United States), 571Missouri River (United States), 574, 576Mistassini Lake (Canada), 97Mitidja Plain (Algeria), 10Mittelland Canal (Germany), 205Mittleland (Switzerland), 517–521Mitumba Mountains (DROC), 130Mitzpeh Shlagim (Israel), 266Mizen Head (Ireland), 263Mnjoli Reservoir (Swaziland), 514Mo Chhu. See Mo River (Bhutan)Mo River (Bhutan), 63Moa River (Sierra Leone), 481Mobile Bay (United States), 578Moctezuma-Panuco River (Mexico), 354Moen (Micronesia), 359Mogadishu (Somalia), 493Mogadouro Mountains (Portugal), 441Moharloo Lake (Iran), 256Mohéli (Comoros), 127Mojave Desert (United States), 579Moka Range (Mauritius), 350Mokil Islands (Micronesia), 358Moldau River. See Vltava River (Czech

Republic)Moldavia (Romania), 448Moldavian Carpathians (Romania), 448, 450Moldavian Plateau (Romania), 449Moldova, 360, 360–362, 361tMôle-St.-Nicolas (Haiti), 230Molokai (United States), 577Molucca Sea. See Maluku Sea

Moluccas Islands. See Maluku Islands (Indonesia)

Mombasa (Kenya), 291Momiji Canyon (Japan), 278Mona Island (Puerto Rico), 444Mona Passage, 160, 444Monaco, 362, 362–363Monaco-Ville, 362Monday River (Paraguay), 426Mondego River (Portugal), 442Mondsee (Austria), 37Mongol Daguur (Mongolia), 365Mongolia, 363–367, 364, 366tMongolian Plateau, 364Monkey Hill (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461Monkey River (Belize), 56Monkeys, on Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461Mono River, 58, 537Monos Island (Trinidad and Tobago), 541Monrovia (Liberia), 315Monsoons

Afghanistan, 4Bangladesh, 47Bhutan, 63–64Brunei, 81Cambodia, 90–91Eritrea, 178Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 225India, 246Japan, 280Laos, 306Madagascar, 329Malaysia, 336Maldives, 337, 338Nepal, 385Oman, 410Papua New Guinea, 423The Philippines, 434Russia, 456Sri Lanka, 504Taiwan, 526Tanzania, 532

Mont Blanc, 190, 269Mont Celaque (Honduras), 233Mont D’Iberville (Canada), 97Mont Jacques-Cartier (Canada), 97Mont Ngaoui (Central African Republic), 105Monte Blanco. See Mont BlancMonte Carlo (Monaco), 362Monte Chime (Equatorial Guinea), 175Monte Chocolate (Equatorial Guinea), 175Monte Corno (Italy), 270Monte Lindo River (Paraguay), 426Monte Rosa Massif (Switzerland), 518Montecristo National Park (El Salvador), 173Montego Bay (Jamaica), 275Montenegro (Yugoslavia), 602–605Montevideo (Uruguay), 582Montreaux (Switzerland), 519Monts des Ksour (Tunisia), 545Montserrat (United Kingdom), 568Moraca River (Yugoslavia), 602–604Moraines

Denmark, 153–154Finland, 186Latvia, 308


Index


Ind

ex

Morant Cays (Jamaica), 275Morant Point (Jamaica), 274Morava River, 152, 604Moravia (Czech Republic), 150–152Moravian Karst (Czech Republic), 151Moray Firth (Scotland), 569Morbha River, 551Morecambe Bay (England), 569Morelos Dam (Mexico), 355Morghab River (Afghanistan), 3Morne Anglais (Dominica), 157Morne au Diable (Dominica), 157Morne Brule (Dominica), 157Morne Couronne (Dominica), 157Morne Diablotin (Dominica), 157Morne la Pierre (Haiti), 231Morne Plat Pays (Dominica), 157Morne Seychellois (Seychelles), 478Morne Trois Pitons (Dominica), 157Moro Gulf (The Philippines), 435Moro River (Sierra Leone), 481Morocco, 367–370, 368, 370tMorona River (Ecuador), 165Morozan (El Salvador), 172Morphou Bay (Cyprus), 149Morro de Mejo. See Mount Mejo (Angola)Morro de Moco. See Mount Moco (Angola)Morro de Vavéle (Angola), 13Morro River (Liberia), 314Morrocoy National Park (Venezuela), 592Mortlocks (Micronesia), 358Moscow (Russia), 456Moselle River, 191–192, 204, 323Moselle River Valley (Luxembourg), 323–324Mosioa-Tunya. See Victoria FallsMoskitos Cays (Nicaragua), 396Mosquito Coast, 233, 395, 397, 398Mosquito Gulf (Panama), 419Mossel Bay (South Africa), 496Mosso plains (Burundi), 88Mostar (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 70Mosul (Iraq), 261Mota Lava (Vanuatu), 587Motagua River (Guatemala), 220–221Moulouya River (Morocco), 369Mount Afadjato (Ghana), 207Mt. Agou (Togo), 537Mt. Alvernia (The Bahamas), 41Mount Apo (The Philippines), 433Mount Aragats (Armenia), 28Mount Ararat (Turkey), 546Mount Aripo (Trinidad and Tobago), 541Mount Ash-Shánabj (Tunisia), 543Mount Ayribaba. See Gora Ayribaba

(Turkmenistan)Mt. Azul (Galápagos Islands), 165Mount Balabrevenesti (Moldova), 360Mount Belasica (Macedonia), 325Mount Berlin (Antarctica), 19Mount Berongou (Republic of the Congo), 134Mount Bia (Laos), 305Mt. Binga (Mozambique), 371Mt. Botrange (Belgium), 52Mount Bounaceur (Morocco), 369Mt. Bruce (Australia), 32Mt. Cameroon, 92Mount Carmel (Israel), 266

Mt. Carrantuohil (Ireland), 262Mt. Catherine (Egypt), 167Mt. Chajrchan Uul (Mongolia), 364Mount Chirripó. See Chirripó Grande (Costa

Rica)Mount Cho Oyu (Nepal), 384Mt. Cook (New Zealand), 391Mount Crozer. See Fenkol (Micronesia)Mt. Damamacrvand (Iran), 255Mt. Daravica (Yugoslavia), 602Mount Debasien (Uganda), 556Mt. Dhírfis (Euboea), 212Mt. Dinara (Croatia), 142Mount Ebramacrhimacrm (Iraq), 259Mt. Elbert (United States), 573Mount El’brus (Russia), 453Mount Elgon (Uganda), 556, 558Mt. Emlembe (Swaziland), 512Mount Erebus (Antarctica), 19Mt. Etna (Italy), 271Mount Everest, 116, 384Mt. Fako. See Mt. CameroonMt. Fsladj (Afghanistan), 2Mount Fogo (Cape Verde), 102Mount Fuji (Japan), 276Mount Fujiyama. See Mount Fuji (Japan)Mt. Giluwe (Papua New Guinea), 420Mt. Gimie (Saint Lucia), 462Mount Godwin Austen. See K2 (Pakistan)Mt. Gréboun (Niger), 399Mt. Grintovec (Slovenia), 487Mount Grosser Beer (Germany), 204Mount Haltia (Finland), 186Mt. Hamatah (Egypt), 167Mt. Heha (Burundi), 87Mt. Hermon (Lebanon), 310Mount Hermon (Syria), 521Mt. Hillaby (Barbados), 48Mount Hombori Tondo (Mali), 340Mount Hoverlya (Ukraine), 559Mount Huyten. See Nayramadlïn Orgil

(Mongolia)Mt. Iboundji (Gabon), 196Mt. Ida (Crete), 212Mount Ijill (Mauritania), 347Mount Inyangani (Zimbabwe), 609Mount Jackson (Antarctica), 19Mount Jamanota (Aruba), 30Mt. Kaçkar (Turkey), 546Mt. Karisimbi (Rwanda), 458Mt. Kartala. See Mt. Karthala (Comoros)Mt. Karthala (Comoros), 127Mount Kazbek (Georgia), 200Mount Kékes (Hungary), 235Mount Keli Mulu (Indonesia), 250Mount Kenya, 288Mount Kilimanjaro (Tanzania), 530, 532Mount Kinabalu (Malaysia), 334Mount Kinyeti (Sudan), 507Mount Kodprimeros (Hungary), 235Mt. Korabit (Albania), 6Mt. Kosciusko (Australia), 32Mount Kwanmo. See Kwanmo-bon (DPRK)Mount La Selle (Haiti), 230Mount Lawz (Saudi Arabia), 475Mount Lhotse (Nepal), 384

Mt. Liamuiga. See Mt. Misery (Saint Kitts and Nevis)

Mt. Lofty (Australia), 32Mount Logan (Canada), 97Mount Loma Mansa (Sierra Leone), 481Mount Loolmalassin (Tanzania), 530Mt. Maglic (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 69, 70Mount Makalu (Nepal), 384Mount Makarakomburu (Solomon Islands),

489Mount Marasabit (Kenya), 291Mt. Maromokotro (Madagascar), 327Mount Maroum (Vanuatu), 587Mount Mayon (The Philippines), 433Mount McKinley (United States), 573–574Mount Mejo (Angola), 13Mount Melbourne (Antarctica), 19Mt. Meron (Israel), 266, 267Mount Meru (Tanzania), 530Mt. Misery (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 460Mt. Mitchell (United States), 573Mount Moco (Angola), 13Mt. Moldoveanu (Romania), 448Mount Moroto (Uganda), 556Mount Morungole (Uganda), 556Mt. Mulanje (Malawi), 331, 332Mount Murud (Malaysia), 334Mount Narodnaya (Russia), 453Mt. Neige (France), 190Mt. Nevis (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 460Mount Ngerchelchauus (Palau), 415Mount Nimba, 139, 223Mt. Nowshamacrk (Afghanistan), 2Mount Ntlenyana (Lesotho), 312Mount Olympus. See Ulu Dagbreve (Turkey)Mt. Olympus (Cyprus), 149Mt. Olympus (Greece), 212Mt. Órvilos (Greece), 212Mount Oyama (Japan), 276Mount Paektu. See Paektu-san (DPRK)Mt. Paget (United Kingdom), 568Mt. Pagon (Brunei), 80Mt. Parnassus (Greece), 212Mount Pelée (Martinique), 346Mt. Pelukha (Russia), 453Mt. Pietrosu (Romania), 448Mount Pinatubo (The Philippines), 433Mount Pulog (The Philippines), 432–433Mt. Rao (Laos), 305Mount Rasdajan. See Ras Deshen (Ethiopia)Mount Raya (Indonesia), 249Mt. Roman-Kosh (Ukraine), 559Mt. Roraima (Guyana), 227Mount Roraina (Venezuela), 590–591Mt. Rysy (Poland), 437Mount Sabinio (Uganda), 556Mount Sage (British Virgin Islands), 79Mount Saint Catherine (Grenada), 216Mt. Sajama (Bolivia), 66Mt. Scenery (Netherlands Antilles), 390Mount Seychelles. See Morne Seychellois

(Seychelles)Mt. Shahshah (Turkmenistan), 550Mt. Shajyb al-Banamacrt (Egypt), 167Mt. Shimbiris (Somalia), 491Mount Shkhara (Georgia), 200Mount Sidley (Antarctica), 19


Index


Mt. Snežka (Czech Republic), 150Mt. Snowdon (Wales), 564, 566Mount Spurr (United States), 577Mt. Stol (Slovenia), 487Mount Tabiwol (Micronesia), 358Mount Tabwemasana (Vanuatu), 587Mt. Tahan (Malaysia), 334Mt. Tahat (Algeria), 8Mount Tamana (Trinidad and Tobago), 541Mt. Taranaki. See Egmont Peak (New Zealand)Mt. Tendre (Switzerland), 518Mt. Timfristós (Greece), 212Mt. Titano (San Marino), 469Mt. Tobaoi (Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines), 464Mt. Tomaniivi (Fiji), 184Mount Totolom (Micronesia), 358Mount Toubkal (Morocco), 369Mt. Triglav (Slovenia), 487–488Mt. Tsiafajavona (Madagascar), 327Mount Tukosmera (Vanuatu), 587Mount Tupungato (Chile), 112Mount Unzen (Japan), 276Mt. Usborne (United Kingdom), 568Mount Usu (Japan), 276Mount Vaea (Samoa), 466Mount Vavéle. See Morro de Vavéle (Angola)Mt. Victoria (Myanmar), 375Mt. Victoria (Papua New Guinea), 420Mt. Waialeale (United States), 579Mt. Whitney (United States), 574Mt. Wilhelm (Papua New Guinea), 420Mt. Wutivi (Liberia), 314Mount Yibir (United Arab Emirates), 562Mount Zulia (Uganda), 556Mountain Heights Plateau. See Eastern Heights

Plateau (Jordan)Mountain Pine Ridge plateau (Belize), 56Mountain Region (Nepal), 382, 383–384Mountains

Afghanistan, 2–3Albania, 5–6Algeria, 8Andorra, 11–12Angola, 13Anguilla, 16Antarctica, 18–19Antigua, 22Argentina, 24–25Armenia, 28Australia, 31–32Austria, 36Azerbaijan, 39, 40Bahrain, 43Bangladesh, 45Barbados, 48Belarus, 50Belgium, 52Belize, 55, 56Benin, 58Bermuda, 60Bhutan, 62Bolivia, 65–66Bosnia and Herzegovina, 69Brazil, 74British Virgin Islands, 79Bulgaria, 82

Burundi, 87Cambodia, 89Cameroon, 92Canada, 96–97Cape Verde, 102Cayman Islands, 103–104Central African Republic, 105Chad, 108Chile, 112China, 115–116Colombia, 122–123Comoros, 127Congo, Democratic Republic of, 129–130Congo, Republic of, 133–134Costa Rica, 136Côte d’Ivoire, 139Croatia, 142Cuba, 145–146Cyprus, 148–149Czech Republic, 150–151Djibouti, 156Dominica, 157Dominican Republic, 159East Timor, 162Ecuador, 164–165, 166Egypt, 167El Salvador, 171–172Equatorial Guinea, 175Eritrea, 176Ethiopia, 181–182Fiji, 184Finland, 186France, 189–190French Guiana, 195Gabon, 196Georgia, 200Germany, 202–203Ghana, 207Greece, 211, 212Greenland, 215Grenada, 216Guatemala, 219, 220Guinea, 223Guyana, 227Haiti, 229–230Honduras, 232–233Hungary, 235Iceland, 239India, 242–244Indonesia, 249Iran, 255Iraq, 259Ireland, 262Israel, 266Italy, 269–271Jamaica, 274Japan, 276–277Jordan, 282Kazakhstan, 284–285Kenya, 288–290Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

295Korea, Republic of, 297–298Kyrgyzstan, 302–303Laos, 305Lebanon, 310Lesotho, 312

Liberia, 314Libya, 316Liechtenstein, 318–319Macedonia, 325Madagascar, 327–328Malawi, 331Malaysia, 334Mali, 340Martinique, 346Mauritius, 350–351Mexico, 352, 353–354Micronesia, 358Mongolia, 363–364Morocco, 368–369Mozambique, 370–371Myanmar, 375Namibia, 378–379Nepal, 383–384Netherlands Antilles, 390New Zealand, 391Nicaragua, 395Niger, 399Nigeria, 402Norway, 405Oman, 409Pakistan, 411–412Palau, 415Panama, 417Papua New Guinea, 420–421Paraguay, 424Peru, 428The Philippines, 432–433Poland, 437Portugal, 441Puerto Rico, 444Romania, 448–449Russia, 453Rwanda, 458Saint Kitts and Nevis, 460Saint Lucia, 462Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 464Samoa, 466San Marino, 469São Tomé and Príncipe, 470Saudi Arabia, 472Seychelles, 478Sierra Leone, 480Slovakia, 484–485Slovenia, 487Solomon Islands, 489Somalia, 491South Africa, 494–495Spain, 499–500Sri Lanka, 502–503Sudan, 506–507Suriname, 510Sweden, 514Switzerland, 518–521Syria, 521–522Taiwan, 525Tajikistan, 527–528Tanzania, 531Thailand, 533–534Togo, 538Tonga, 539Trinidad and Tobago, 541Tunisia, 543–544

Geodata.book 6 Tuesday, October 15, 2002 8:25 AM

Index


Ind

ex

Turkey, 546Turkmenistan, 550Uganda, 556Ukraine, 559United Arab Emirates, 562United Kingdom, 566United States, 573–574Uzbekistan, 584Vanuatu, 587Venezuela, 590Vietnam, 594Virgin Islands, 598Yemen, 599Yugoslavia, 602Zambia, 606Zimbabwe, 609

Mountains of the Moon. See Ruwenzori Mountains (Uganda)

Mourne Mountains (Northern Ireland), 565–566

Moussa Ali (Djibouti), 156Moy River (Ireland), 263Moyowosi Game Reserve (Tanzania), 531Mozambique, 370–374, 371, 374tMozambique Channel, 329, 372Mozambique Plateau, 372Mpongo River (Uganda), 557Mt. See MountMu Us Desert (China), 120Muchinga Mountains (Zambia), 605–606Mudslides. See LandslidesMudug Plain (Somalia), 491Mufulwe Hills (Zambia), 608Mufumbiro Range, 556Muhavura (Uganda), 556Mühlviertel (Austria), 37Muhu Island (Estonia), 180Mui Bai Bung (Vietnam), 596–597Mujeres (Mexico), 355Mulaku Atoll (Maldives), 338Mulanje Massif. See Mulanje Mountains

(Malawi)Mulanje Mountains (Malawi), 331Mulanje Plateau. See Mulanje Mountains

(Malawi)Mulhacén (Spain), 500Mulifanua (Samoa), 467Mull (United Kingdom), 566, 568Mull of Galloway (United Kingdom), 569Muller Mountains (Indonesia), 249Müllerthal (Luxembourg), 324Mulu (Malaysia), 334Muluya River. See Moulouya River (Morocco)Mumbai (India), 242, 245, 248Mun River (Thailand), 534Muonio River (Finland), 187Mur River (Austria), 37Mura River, 143, 236, 488Muragarazi River. See Malagarasi RiverMurep River (Romania), 449Murmansk (Russia), 455Murray-Darling River (Australia), 33Murray River (Australia), 33Murrumbidgee River (Australia), 33Muruk Lakes (Papua New Guinea), 421Mürz River (Austria), 37Mus (Turkey), 549

Musala (Bulgaria), 82Musandam Peninsula, 408, 411Musashino Plateau (Japan), 277Musgrave Range (Australia), 32Musi River (Indonesia), 251Mussau (Papua New Guinea), 422Mustang (Nepal), 384Mustique Island (Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines), 464Muthurajawela Marsh (Sri Lanka), 504Muzizi River (Uganda), 557Mwali. See Mohéli (Comoros)Myanmar, 374–377, 375, 377tMyar (Iceland), 238Myohyang Range (DPRK), 295Mýrdalsjökull (Iceland), 240Mývatn-Laxa Lake (Iceland), 240M’zab (Algeria), 10

N

Naayband Bay (Iran), 257Nabih Salih (Bahrain), 43–44Nabu Yunis (Syria), 521Nacaome River (Honduras), 233Nadi River (Fiji), 184Nafssah Plateau (Libya), 316Nagorno-Karabakh region (Azerbaijan), 39Nagoya Bay. See Ise Bay (Japan)Nahr al Khabsr. See Khabsr RiverNairobi (Kenya), 291Nakai Plateau (Laos), 305–306, 306Naktong River (Korea, Republic of), 298Nal River (Pakistan), 413Nam Ha National Protected Area (Laos), 306Nam Phoun (Laos), 306Nam Theun II dam project (Laos), 305Namak Lake (Iran), 256Namakzar-e Shahdad (Iran), 258Namib Desert, 15, 377, 380, 497Namibia, 377–381, 378, 380tNamja Pass (Nepal), 384Namorik Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344Namp’o (DPRK), 296Namtu River (Myanmar), 375Namuli Highlands. See Shire HighlandsNamwunweito (Micronesia), 358Nan Heng Shan (China), 117Nan River (Thailand), 534Nanda Devi (India), 242Nang River (Vietnam), 595Nanga Parbat (Pakistan), 411Nangbeto Dam (Benin), 59Nangnim Range (DPRK), 295Nangpa (Nepal), 384Nanortalik (Greenland), 215Nanpo Chain (Japan), 279Nantes-Brest Canal (France), 192Nanuku Passage (Fiji), 185Nanumanga Island (Tuvalu), 554Nanumea Island (Tuvalu), 554Napo River, 165, 430Nara (Japan), 279Nara Lagna (Nepal), 384Narayani River (Nepal), 385Nari (East Timor), 162Nariva Plain (Trinidad and Tobago), 542

Nariva Swamp (Trinidad and Tobago), 541Narke (Sweden), 516Narmada River (India), 245The Narrows (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461Narva River (Estonia), 179Naryn River (Kyrgyzstan), 303Nassau (The Bahamas), 41, 42Nata River, 610National Biodiversity Area (Laos), 306National parks

Angola, 13Argentina, 24, 27Bosnia and Herzegovina, 70Canada, 97, 98Chile, 113Côte d’Ivoire, 141Croatia, 143–144Denmark, 155Dominican Republic, 160Ecuador, 167El Salvador, 172, 173Germany, 205Guatemala, 221India, 245, 246, 247Indonesia, 251Iran, 258Ireland, 263Italy, 271Japan, 277, 278, 280Kenya, 290, 291, 292Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

295Macedonia, 326Malawi, 333Malaysia, 334Mali, 342Mauritania, 348Mongolia, 364, 365Mozambique, 373Namibia, 380Nepal, 384, 385The Netherlands, 388Nicaragua, 396Pakistan, 413, 414Panama, 418, 419The Philippines, 433, 434Slovakia, 485Slovenia, 488Sri Lanka, 503–504Sudan, 508Thailand, 534, 535–536Turkey, 548, 549United Kingdom, 566, 569United States, 573–575Uruguay, 582Venezuela, 592–593Vietnam, 597Virgin Islands, 598–599Yugoslavia, 605Zambia, 605

NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNatu La (India), 243Natural gas

Afghanistan, 5Algeria, 11Azerbaijan, 41Bangladesh, 48


Index


Barbados, 49Belarus, 51Bolivia, 68Canada, 101Colombia, 126Eritrea, 178Indonesia, 254Ireland, 264Kazakhstan, 288Kuwait, 301Libya, 318Malaysia, 336Myanmar, 377The Netherlands, 389New Zealand, 394Nigeria, 403, 404Norway, 408Oman, 410Pakistan, 413, 414Papua New Guinea, 423Qatar, 447Russia, 455, 457Saudi Arabia, 475Syria, 521, 524Tanzania, 533Thailand, 536Trinidad and Tobago, 542Turkmenistan, 552Ukraine, 561–562United Arab Emirates, 563–564United States, 580Uzbekistan, 586Vietnam, 597

Natural resourcesAfghanistan, 5Albania, 7Algeria, 11Andorra, 12Angola, 15Anguilla, 17Antarctica, 21–22Antigua, 23Argentina, 27Armenia, 29Australia, 35Austria, 39Azerbaijan, 41The Bahamas, 42Bahrain, 44Bangladesh, 48Barbados, 49Barbuda, 23Belarus, 51Belgium, 54–55Belize, 57Benin, 59Bermuda, 61Bhutan, 64Bolivia, 68Bosnia and Herzegovina, 70Botswana, 72Brazil, 78Brunei, 81Bulgaria, 84Burkina Faso, 86Burundi, 88Cambodia, 91

Cameroon, 95Canada, 101Cape Verde, 103Cayman Islands, 104Central African Republic, 107Chad, 111Chile, 114China, 121Colombia, 126Comoros, 128Congo, Democratic Republic of, 132–133Congo, Republic of, 135Costa Rica, 138Côte d’Ivoire, 142Croatia, 144Cuba, 148Cyprus, 150Czech Republic, 152Denmark, 155Djibouti, 157Dominica, 158Dominican Republic, 161East Timor, 163–164Ecuador, 167Egypt, 170El Salvador, 174Equatorial Guinea, 176Eritrea, 178Estonia, 180Ethiopia, 183Fiji, 185Finland, 188France, 194French Guiana, 195Gabon, 197Gambia, 199Georgia, 201–202Germany, 206Ghana, 210Greece, 214Greenland, 216Grenada, 217Guadeloupe, 219Guatemala, 222Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 227Guyana, 229Haiti, 232Honduras, 234Hungary, 238Iceland, 241India, 248Indonesia, 254Iran, 258Iraq, 261Ireland, 264–265Israel, 268Italy, 273Jamaica, 275Japan, 281Jordan, 283Kazakhstan, 288Kenya, 292Kiribati, 294Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

297Korea, Republic of, 299

Kuwait, 301Kyrgyzstan, 304Laos, 307Latvia, 309Lebanon, 311Lesotho, 313Liberia, 315Libya, 318Liechtenstein, 319Lithuania, 322Luxembourg, 324Macedonia, 326Madagascar, 330Malawi, 333Malaysia, 336Maldives, 339Mali, 342Malta, 343–344Marshall Islands, 345Martinique, 347Mauritania, 349Mauritius, 352Mexico, 357Micronesia, 359Moldova, 361–362Monaco, 363Mongolia, 367Morocco, 370Mozambique, 374Myanmar, 377Namibia, 381Nauru, 382Nepal, 386The Netherlands, 389Netherlands Antilles, 390New Zealand, 394Nicaragua, 398Niger, 400Nigeria, 404Norway, 408Oman, 410–411Pakistan, 414–415Palau, 416Panama, 420Papua New Guinea, 423Paraguay, 427Peru, 432The Philippines, 436Poland, 440Portugal, 443Puerto Rico, 445Qatar, 447Redonda, 23Romania, 451Russia, 457Rwanda, 459Saint Kitts and Nevis, 462Saint Lucia, 463–464Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 465Samoa, 468San Marino, 469São Tomé and Príncipe, 471Saudi Arabia, 475Senegal, 478Seychelles, 480Sierra Leone, 482Singapore, 484


Index


Ind

ex

Slovakia, 486Slovenia, 488Solomon Islands, 490Somalia, 494South Africa, 498Spain, 502Sri Lanka, 505Sudan, 510Suriname, 510–512Swaziland, 513–514Sweden, 517Switzerland, 520–521Syria, 524Taiwan, 526Tanzania, 533Thailand, 536Togo, 538Tonga, 540Trinidad and Tobago, 542–543Tunisia, 545Turkey, 549Turkmenistan, 552Turks and Caicos Islands, 553Tuvalu, 555Uganda, 558Ukraine, 561–562United Arab Emirates, 563–564United Kingdom, 570United States, 580–581Uruguay, 583Uzbekistan, 586Vanuatu, 588Venezuela, 593Vietnam, 597Virgin Islands, 598–599Yemen, 601Yugoslavia, 605Zambia, 608Zimbabwe, 611

Nature reservesBelarus, 51Cayman Islands, 104Central African Republic, 106Denmark, 154Ecuador, 165El Salvador, 173–174Gabon, 197India, 246Indonesia, 250, 251Israel, 267Italy, 271Japan, 278, 280Kazakhstan, 284Kenya, 291Laos, 305–306Lithuania, 321Luxembourg, 323Madagascar, 328Mauritania, 348Mauritius, 351Mongolia, 363, 365Namibia, 379Nepal, 385Nicaragua, 396, 397–398Oman, 409Pakistan, 413Panama, 418, 419

Papua New Guinea, 422Peru, 430The Philippines, 434Puerto Rico, 445Singapore, 484Suriname, 511Swaziland, 512–513Tanzania, 531Thailand, 535United Kingdom, 567United States, 575Venezuela, 592Vietnam, 597

Naujan Lake National Park (The Philippines), 434

Nauru, 381, 381–382, 382tNausori Highlands (Fiji), 184Navassa Island, 231Navet River (Trinidad and Tobago), 541Naxçivan (Azerbaijan), 39Nayramadlïn Orgil (Mongolia), 363–364Nazca lines (Peru), 430Nazca Tectonic Plate

Panama, 417Peru, 428

N’Djamena (Chad), 108, 110Ndogo Lagoon (Gabon), 197Ndole Bay (Zambia), 607Ndreketí River (Fiji), 184Near Islands (United States), 577Nebrodi Range (Italy), 270–271Neckar River (Germany), 204Neder Rijn (The Netherlands), 388Neem trees, 244Ñeembucú Plain (Paraguay), 426, 427Nefta (Tunisia), 545Negev Desert (Israel), 266, 267–268Negombo (Sri Lanka), 504Negro River, 26, 74, 426, 591Negros (The Philippines), 433, 434, 435Nei Mongol Plateau (China), 117Neiba Bay. See Bay of Neiba (Dominican

Republic)Neiba Valley (Dominican Republic), 232Neisse River. See Nysa River (Poland)Nejd Plateau (Saudi Arabia), 472Nelson-Saskatchewan River (Canada), 98Neman Lowland (Belarus), 50Neman River, 51, 320Nemegt Canyon (Mongolia), 364Nemunas River. See Neman RiverNendo Island (Solomon Islands), 489Nepal, 382–386, 383, 386tNepen Diakha (Senegal), 476Neretva River, 69, 143Neris River (Lithuania), 320Nernier (Switzerland), 519Néstos River (Greece), 212The Netherlands, 386–389, 387Netherlands Antilles, 29–31, 389–390, 390Nettilling Lake (Canada), 97Neuquén River (Argentina), 26Neuschwanstein (Germany), 202Neusiedler Lake, 37, 38, 235Neusiedler See. See Neusiedler LakeNevada Yerupajá (Peru), 428Nevado del Huila (Colombia), 122

Nevado Huascarán (Peru), 428Nevado Mismi (Peru), 429–430Nevis Peak. See Mt. Nevis (Saint Kitts and

Nevis)New Amsterdam (Guyana), 228New Britain (Papua New Guinea), 421, 422New Caldonia (France), 192–193New England (United States), 571, 574, 578New Forest (England), 570New Georgia Island (Solomon Islands), 489–

490New Guinea, 248, 252, 420–423New Hampshire (United States), 574New Hanover (Papua New Guinea), 422New Ireland (Papua New Guinea), 422New Providence (The Bahamas), 41, 42New Siberian Islands (Russia), 455New York Bay (United States), 578New York City (United States), 576, 578, 580New York State (United States), 574, 576New Zealand, 390–395, 392, 394tNewfoundland (Canada), 99Neyriz Lakes (Iran), 257Ngamiland (Botswana), 71Ngatik Islands (Micronesia), 358Ngazidja. See Grand Comore (Comoros)Ngoma Mountains (DROC), 130Ngonye Falls (Zambia), 607Ngorongoro Crater (Tanzania), 530Ngounié River (Gabon), 196Ngum reservoir (Laos), 306Ngum River (Laos), 306Ngumi Island (Somalia), 492Nguru Mountains (Tanzania), 531Ngwavuma River (Swaziland), 512Niah National Park (Malaysia), 334Niamey (Niger), 400Niari River (Republic of the Congo), 134Niari Valley (Republic of the Congo), 135Niassa (Mozambique), 371–372Nicaragua, 395–398, 397Nickerie River (Suriname), 511Nicobar Islands (India), 246Nidže Mountains (Macedonia), 325Niedere Tauern (Austria), 36Niger, 398–400, 399Niger Delta (Nigeria), 401–403Niger Plains (Benin), 58Niger River, 58, 223–224, 339, 341, 399, 402–

403Nigeria, 400–404, 401, 404tNightingale Islands (United Kingdom), 568Nihon Daira (Japan), 277Niihau (United States), 577Nikopol (Ukraine), 561Nilandu Atoll (Maldives), 338Nile River, 169, 506–509Nile Valley (Egypt), 167–170Nimba Mountains (Guinea), 223Nimba Range (Liberia), 314Nissan River (Sweden), 515Nissum (Denmark), 154Nistru River. See Dniester RiverNitra River (Slovakia), 485Niua Island Group (Tonga), 538Niuafo’ou Island (Tonga), 539Niuatoputapu Island (Tonga), 539–540


Index


Niue Island, 394Niulakita Island (Tuvalu), 554Niuto Island (Tuvalu), 554Nizhniy Novgorod (Russia), 454Nizke Tatry. See Low Tatras Mountains

(Slovakia)Njesuthi Mountains (South Africa), 494–495Nkamba Bay (Zambia), 607Nkomi Lagoon (Gabon), 197Nobi Plain (Japan), 280Nógrádi River (Hungary), 236Nogueira Mountains (Portugal), 441Noires Mountains (Haiti), 230Nong Bong Kai (Thailand), 535Nong Khai (Thailand), 535Norak (Tajikistan), 528Norak Reservoir (Tajikistan), 528Nord Norge. See North NorwayNordkap. See North Cape (Norway)Nord-Ostsee Canal (Germany), 205Norfolk Island (Australia), 31, 34Norgay, Tenzing, 384Noric Alps (Austria), 36Norrland (Sweden), 514–517Norte Chico (Chile), 112–113Norte Grande (Chile), 112North Albanian Alps, 5–6, 602North American Tectonic Plate

Bermuda, 60Canada, 96Cuba, 145El Salvador, 171Greenland, 214Japan, 276Martinique, 346Mexico, 352Puerto Rico, 444Russia, 453Turks and Caicos Islands, 552United States, 573

North Atlantic Drift, 241North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),

52North Caicos Island (Turks and Caicos

Islands), 552–553North Cape (New Zealand), 393North Cape (Norway), 407North Carolina (United States), 576North Channel (Ireland), 263North China Plain (China), 120North Downs (England), 566North Friar’s Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461North Frigate Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461North Frisian Islands (Germany), 205North Hatia (Bangladesh), 47North Island (New Zealand), 391–394North Korea. See Korea, Democratic People’s

Republic ofNorth Malosmadulu Atoll (Maldives), 338North Mariana Islands (United States), 571North Norway, 405North Point (Barbados), 49North Saskatchewan River (Canada), 98North Sea Canal (The Netherlands), 388North Sound (Cayman Islands), 104North Taranaki Bight (New Zealand), 393North Uist (United Kingdom), 568

North-East Island, 406Northern Alpine Forelands (Austria), 37Northern Arabian Desert. See Syrian DesertNorthern High Plains (Nigeria), 402Northern Highlands (Jordan), 282Northern Highlands (Tanzania), 530Northern Highlands (United Kingdom), 567Northern Highlands (Vietnam), 594Northern Ireland (United Kingdom), 262, 564–

569Northern Mountains (Venezuela), 589–591Northern Plain (Haiti), 231Northern Plainlands Region (Kenya), 291Northern Plains (Afghanistan), 1, 4Northern Range (Trinidad and Tobago), 541–

542Northern Rockies (United States), 573, 576Northern Sporades Islands (Greece), 213Northern Territory (Australia), 31Northern uplands (DROC), 129Northern Uplands (Paraguay), 424, 427Northland (New Zealand), 393Northwestern Highlands. See Ethiopian PlateauNorway, 404–408, 406, 407tNorwegian Bay (Canada), 99Norwegian Plateau, 405Norwegian Sea, 405Nossob River (Namibia), 379Nosy Be (Madagascar), 329Nosy Boraha (Madagascar), 329Nosy Mitsio (Madagascar), 329Noto Peninsula (Japan), 279Nouadhibou (Mauritania), 348Nouakchott (Mauritania), 348Novaya Zemlya (Russia), 455, 456Novosibirsk (Russia), 457Novosibirsk Reservoir (Russia), 454Nsumbu National Park (Zambia), 607Ntem River (Equatorial Guinea), 175Nu River (China), 119Nuba Mountains (Sudan), 507Nubia, 508Nubian Desert, 509Nuclear power, 194Nuclear weapons testing, 345, 382Nufen Pass (Switzerland), 519Nugaaleed River (Somalia), 491Nui Island (Tuvalu), 554Nukufetau Island (Tuvalu), 554Nukulailai Island (Tuvalu), 554Nukuoro Islands (Micronesia), 358Nullarbor Plain (Australia), 33Nun River (Nigeria), 403Nur Mountains (Turkey), 546Nurek. See Norak (Tajikistan)Nusa Tenggara (Indonesia), 248, 249, 250, 252Nuuk (Greenland), 215Nyabarongo River (Rwanda), 459Nyamulagira (DROC), 130Nyasa. See Lake MalawiNyika Plateau (Malawi), 331Nyiragongo (DROC), 130Nyong River (Cameroon), 94Nysa River (Poland), 438Nzoia River (Kenya), 290Nzwani. See Anjouan (Comoros)

O

Oahu (United States), 577Oas Mountains (Romania), 448Oases

Algeria, 8Egypt, 169–170Iran, 258Jordan, 282Kuwait, 300Libya, 318Mali, 339, 342Mauritania, 349Niger, 400

Oases of al-Liwa’ (United Arab Emirates), 563Oaxaca (Mexico), 354Ob Luang Gorge (Thailand), 534Ob’ River (Russia), 454Oban Hills (Nigeria), 403Oboke Gorge (Japan), 278Obudu Uplands (Nigeria), 403Occidental Mountains (Cuba), 145Occidental Paraguay. See Western ParaguayOccupied territories, Israel, 266, 268Ocean Island. See Banaba Island (Kiribati)Oceans and seas

Albania, 6Australia, 33Brunei, 80Bulgaria, 83Canada, 99Cayman Islands, 104China, 119Colombia, 124Congo, Democratic Republic of, 131Côte d’Ivoire, 140Croatia, 143Cuba, 146Cyprus, 149Denmark, 154Dominica, 158Dominican Republic, 160East Timor, 163Ecuador, 165Egypt, 169El Salvador, 172Equatorial Guinea, 175Eritrea, 177Estonia, 179Fiji, 185Finland, 187–188France, 192French Guiana, 195Gabon, 197Gambia, 198Georgia, 201Germany, 205Ghana, 208Greece, 210, 212Greenland, 215Grenada, 217Guadeloupe, 218Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 225Guyana, 228Haiti, 231Honduras, 233


Index


Ind

ex

Iceland, 240India, 245Indonesia, 251Iran, 257Ireland, 263Israel, 267Italy, 271–272Jamaica, 274–275Japan, 278–279Jordan, 283Kazakhstan, 286–287Kenya, 290Kiribati, 293Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

296Korea, Republic of, 298Kuwait, 300Latvia, 308–309Lebanon, 311Liberia, 315Libya, 316Madagascar, 329Malaysia, 335Maldives, 337–338Malta, 343Marshall Islands, 344Martinique, 346Mauritania, 348Mauritius, 351Mexico, 355–356Monaco, 362Morocco, 369Mozambique, 372Myanmar, 376Namibia, 379The Netherlands, 388Netherlands Antilles, 390New Zealand, 393Nicaragua, 396Nigeria, 403Norway, 405Oman, 409Pakistan, 413Panama, 418–419Papua New Guinea, 422Peru, 430The Philippines, 434Poland, 438–439Portugal, 442Puerto Rico, 444Qatar, 446Romania, 450Russia, 455Saint Kitts and Nevis, 460–461Saint Lucia, 462–463Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 464São Tomé and Príncipe, 471Senegal, 476–477Seychelles, 478Sierra Leone, 481Singapore, 483Somalia, 492South Africa, 496Spain, 500Sri Lanka, 504Sudan, 508Sweden, 516

Syria, 523Taiwan, 525Tanzania, 531Thailand, 535Tonga, 539Trinidad and Tobago, 541Turkey, 548Turks and Caicos Islands, 552–553United Arab Emirates, 563United Kingdom, 567United States, 576–577Vanuatu, 587Venezuela, 592Vietnam, 595Yemen, 600

Ocho Rios (Jamaica), 275Oder River, 151–152, 204, 437–438Odessa (Ukraine), 560Odra River. See Oder RiverOdyssey (Homer), 212, 269Oecussi (East Timor), 162, 163Oelemari River (Suriname), 511Oesling (Luxembourg), 323, 324Ofu Island (United States), 578Ogaden plain (Ethiopia), 183Ogasawara Islands. See Bonin Islands (Japan)Ogii Nuur Lake (Mongolia), 365Ogo Plateau (Somalia), 491Ogooué River, 134, 196Ohio (United States), 574Ohio River (United States), 576, 580Ohr�e River (Czech Republic), 152Ohridsko Jezero. See Lake OhridOil. See PetroleumOise River (France), 191Ojos del Salado (Chile), 112Ok Tedi mine (Papua New Guinea), 421, 422Ok Tedi River (Papua New Guinea), 422Okavango Delta (Botswana), 72Okavango River, 13, 72, 379Okavango Swamps (Botswana), 71Okefenokee Swamp (United States), 576Oki Island (Japan), 279Okinawa (Japan), 279Oklahoma (United States), 573Oksfjordjokel (Norway), 405Öland Island (Sweden), 514, 516Olango Island Wildlife Sanctuary (The

Philippines), 434Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania), 530Oléron Island (France), 192Ölfusá River (Iceland), 240Olosega Island (United States), 578Olt River (Romania), 449Oltenia (Romania), 448Olympia Mountains (United States), 579Olympic Mountains (United States), 574, 579Oman, 408–411, 409, 410tOmaruru (Namibia), 379Omatako River (Namibia), 379Ombrone River (Italy), 271Ometepe Island (Nicaragua), 396Omo River (Ethiopia), 182Omsk (Russia), 457“On the Beautiful Blue Danube” (Straus), 36One and a Half Degree Channel (Maldives),

337, 338

Onilahy River (Madagascar), 329Onon River (Mongolia), 365Ontong Java Island (Solomon Islands), 489Ontong Java Plateau (Papua New Guinea), 422Onyx River (Antarctica), 19Oobako Canyon (Japan), 278Oosterschelde (The Netherlands), 388–389OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries), 197Öraefajökull (Iceland), 239Orange River, 312, 379, 496Orango (Guinea-Bissau), 225Orangozinho (Guinea-Bissau), 225Oranje Mountains (Suriname), 510Orchid Island. See Lan-Yü Island (Taiwan)Ord River Dam (Australia), 33Ordos Desert. See Mu Us Desert (China)Ore Mountains, 151, 204Oregon (United States), 574Oregon Coast Range (United States), 574Øresund Bridge, 154Øresundbron. See Øresund BridgeOreti River (New Zealand), 393Organ Pipes (Namibia), 379Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries (OPEC), 197Orhon River (Mongolia), 365Oriental Mountains (Cuba), 145Oriental Paraguay. See Eastern ParaguayOrinoco Delta (Venezuela), 592–593Orinoco Lowlands (Venezuela), 589Orinoco River, 124, 591–593Oriomo Plateau (Papua New Guinea), 421Orkney Islands (United Kingdom), 566–568Ormara Turtle Beaches (Pakistan), 413Örnsköldsvik (Sweden), 516Oro Bay (Papua New Guinea), 422Orog Lake (Mongolia), 365Orontes River, 310, 521–523Oropuche Lagoon (Trinidad and Tobago), 541Ortoire River (Trinidad and Tobago), 541Osaka (Japan), 279Osh (Kyrgyzstan), 304Oshigambo River (Namibia), 379Oshima Peninsula (Japan), 279Oslo (Norway), 407Oslo Fjord (Norway), 407Öster Gotland (Sweden), 516Ostero Island (Denmark), 154Ostlandet. See East Country (Norway)Osum River (Bulgaria), 82Otago (New Zealand), 391, 394Otavi Mountains (Namibia), 378Otepää Uplands (Estonia), 179Otgon Tenger (Mongolia), 364Oti River (Togo), 537Otra River (Norway), 405Ottawa River (Canada), 98Otuquis Swamp (Bolivia), 67Ötztal Alps (Austria), 36Lu Mountains (Japan), 276Ou River (Laos), 306Ouachita Mountains (United States), 573Ouaka River (Central African Republic), 105Ouatchi Plateau (Togo), 537Oubangui River. See Ubangi RiverOuémé River (Benin), 58


Index


Ouessand Island (France), 192Ouham River (Central African Republic), 105Ouidah Lagood (Benin), 58Ouled Nail Mountains (Algeria), 8Oulu River (Finland), 187Oumer Rebia River (Morocco), 369Our Lady’s House of Prayer (Ireland), 263Our River (Luxembourg), 323Ourthe River (Belgium), 53The Outback (Australia), 34Outer Banks (United States), 577–578Outer Hebrides (United Kingdom), 566–568Outer Himalayas, 242, 383Outer Mongolia. See MongoliaOvalau Island (Fiji), 185Overpopulation

Bangladesh, 48Egypt, 167El Salvador, 174Ethiopia, 183India, 242, 247–248Indonesia, 253–254

Owen Falls (Uganda), 557Owen Stanley Range (Papua New Guinea), 420Owerri (Nigeria), 404Oyapock River (French Guiana), 195Ozark Plateaus (United States), 573–574, 576Ozarks. See Ozark Plateaus (United States)Ozero Karakul (Tajikistan), 528Ozone hole, 21

P

Paats River (Finland), 187Pacaraima Mountains (Venezuela), 590Pachuca (Mexico), 356Pacific Coast Straits (Canada), 95Pacific Coastal Lowlands (Mexico), 356Pacific Islands Forum, 382Pacific Lowlands (Colombia), 124, 125Pacific Lowlands (Nicaragua), 395, 398Pacific Mountains (United States), 573–574Pacific Northwest (Mexico), 352Pacific Tectonic Plate

Japan, 276Mexico, 352Nauru, 381New Zealand, 391Papua New Guinea, 420Russia, 453Samoa, 466Solomon Islands, 489Tonga, 539United States, 573

Padma River. See Ganges RiverPaektu-san (DPRK), 294, 295Pag Island (Croatia), 143Pagadian Bay (The Philippines), 435Pagalu. See Annabón (Equatorial Guinea)Pager River (Uganda), 557Pagsanjan Gorge National Park (The

Philippines), 433Pahang River (Malaysia), 335Pahar complex (Nepal), 384Paita Bay. See Bahía de Paita (Peru)Pakaraima Mountains (Guyana), 227Pakistan, 1, 242, 411–415, 412, 414t

Palancar Reef (Mexico), 355Palau, 415, 415–417, 416tPalau Batu Putih, 335Palawan (The Philippines), 434, 436Palembang River (Indonesia), 250Palestine, 265–268Palisadoes Peninsula (Jamaica), 275Palk Strait, 246Palliser Bay (New Zealand), 393Palmer Archipelago (Antarctica), 20Palmyra Atoll (United States), 577Paloemeu River (Suriname), 511Palua Senga Besar (Malaysia), 335P’ambaki Mountains (Armenia), 28Pamir Mountains, 1, 2, 411, 527–528, 584Pampanga River (The Philippines), 434Pampas (Argentina), 24, 27Pamperos. See WindstormsPanai Lake (Indonesia), 250Panama, 417–420, 418, 419tPanama Bay, 419, 420Panama Canal, 417–419Panama City (Panama), 419Pan-American Highway, 124Panay (The Philippines), 433, 434–435Pandivere Upland (Estonia), 179Pangani River (Tanzania), 531, 533Panj River (Tajikistan), 528Panjang Hill (Singapore), 483Panjnad River (Pakistan), 413Pannonian Plains, 70, 142, 143, 488, 602, 604Pantanal (Brazil), 76Pantelleria Island (Italy), 272Papaloapan River (Mexico), 354Papua (Indonesia), 248–252, 420, 423Papua New Guinea, 248, 252, 420–423, 421,

423tPapuan Plateau (Papua New Guinea), 422Papuk Mountains (Croatia), 142Paracas Peninsula (Peru), 430Paracel Islands, 119Paradelta (Bangladesh), 46–47Paradise Islands. See Bazaruto Archipelago

(Mozambique)Paraguaná Peninsula (Venezuela), 592Paraguay, 424–427, 425, 427tParaguay Proper. See Eastern ParaguayParaguay River, 76, 424, 425–426Paramaribo (Suriname), 511Paraná Plateau (Paraguay), 424–427Paraná River, 25–26, 75–76, 425–426, 582Parc Nacional Los Glaciares (Argentina), 24Pare Range (Tanzania), 530Paria Peninsula (Venezuela), 590, 591Parida Island (Panama), 419Parinacota (Chile), 112Paris Basin, 189, 191, 193–194Parishan marsh (Iran), 257Parishes. See Administrative divisionsPark National de la Boucle du Baoulé (Mali),

342Parks

Brunei, 80Dominica, 158El Salvador, 173–174See also National parks; Nature reserves

Pärnu Bay (Estonia), 179

Pärnu River (Estonia), 179Paro Chhu. See Paro River (Bhutan)Paro River (Bhutan), 63Parrot Cay Island (Turks and Caicos Islands),

552–553Pasig River (The Philippines), 434Pasión River (Guatemala), 221Pastaza River, 165, 430Pasterze (Austria), 36Pasu (Pakistan), 411Patagonia (Argentina), 24–25, 26Patagonian Ice Cap, 24–25Patanas, 504

See also GrasslandsPatia River (Colombia), 124Patkai Range (Myanmar), 375Pátmos (Greece), 213Patuca River (Honduras), 233Paulaya River (Honduras), 233Paulo Afonso Falls (Brazil), 75Paute River (Ecuador), 165Paxos (Greece), 212Peace River (Canada), 98Peacekeeping, East Timor, 162Pearl Cays (Nicaragua), 396–397Pearl Harbor (United States), 577Pearl Islands (Panama), 419Pearl River. See Zhu Jiang (China)Peary Channel (Canada), 99Peat

Belarus, 51Brunei, 80Indonesia, 251Ireland, 262, 264Latvia, 309Lithuania, 322The Netherlands, 388New Zealand, 393Northern Ireland, 566

Pecixe (Guinea-Bissau), 225Pecos River (United States), 576Pedernales Peninsula (Dominican Republic),

160Pedieos River (Cyprus), 149Pedra Acu (Brazil), 74Pedra Branca Island. See Palau Batu PutihPedra Tinhosas Islet (São Tomé and Príncipe),

471Pedro Cays (Jamaica), 275Pegasus Bay (New Zealand), 393Peleliu Island (Palau), 416Pelister National Park (Macedonia), 326Pelly Range (Canada), 97Peloponnese (Greece), 211–212, 213Peloritani Range (Italy), 270–271Pemba (Tanzania), 532Pemba Bay (Mozambique), 373Pembrokeshire Coast Path (Wales), 569Pemon Indians (Venezuela), 591Penal colonies, French Guiana, 195Penang Island (Malaysia), 335Penghu Archipelago. See PescadoresPenguins, 20, 21, 26, 379, 430Peninsula de Azuero (Panama), 417Península Valdés (Valdes Peninsula), 26Peninsular Malaysia, 333–336Peninsulas. See names of specific peninsulas


Index


Ind

ex

Pennine Alps (Switzerland), 518Pennine Chain (England), 564, 566Pennsylvania (United States), 573Penón de Alhucemas Island (Spain), 499Penón de Velez de la Gomera, 499Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, 368Pentadaktylos Range. See Kyrenia Range

(Cyprus)Pentecost (Vanuatu), 587Perak River (Malaysia), 335Pere Island (French Guiana), 195Perim Island (Yemen), 600Peri-Pannonian Plains (Croatia), 142Perito Moreno (Argentina), 25Permafrost, 455–456Persia. See IranPersian Gulf

Bahrain, 43–44Iran, 257Kuwait, 300–301Qatar, 446, 447Saudi Arabia, 472–475

Perth (Australia), 35Peru, 427–432, 429, 431tPeru Current, 113, 165, 166, 430, 431Peru-Chile Trench, 430, 431Perucica Forest (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 70Pescadores, 119, 524–525Pesticides

Moldova, 361neem trees, 244

Peter I Island, 20, 407Peter the Great Bay, 455Petermann Range (Australia), 32Petit Lac (Switzerland), 519Petit Martinique (Grenada), 217Petit Piton (Saint Lucia), 462–463Petroleum

Algeria, 11Angola, 15Aruba, 31Azerbaijan, 41Bangladesh, 48Barbados, 49Belarus, 51Bolivia, 68Brunei, 80–81Cambodia, 91Cameroon, 95Canada, 101China, 120, 121Colombia, 126Croatia, 144East Timor, 163Ecuador, 167El Salvador, 174Equatorial Guinea, 176Gabon, 197Georgia, 202Greece, 214Guatemala, 222Guinea-Bissau, 227Indonesia, 254Iran, 258Iraq, 261Kazakhstan, 288Kuwait, 301

Libya, 318Lithuania, 322Malaysia, 336Mexico, 357Mozambique, 374Myanmar, 377Nigeria, 403, 404Norway, 408Oman, 410Pakistan, 413, 414Papua New Guinea, 423Peru, 432The Philippines, 436Puerto Rico, 445Qatar, 446, 447Romania, 451Russia, 455, 457Saudi Arabia, 472, 475Seychelles, 480Sudan, 510Syria, 521, 524Trinidad and Tobago, 542Tunisia, 545Turkmenistan, 552Ukraine, 561–562United Arab Emirates, 563–564United Kingdom, 570United States, 580Uzbekistan, 586Venezuela, 593Yemen, 601Yugoslavia, 605

Petrusse River (Luxembourg), 324Phae Muang Phi (Thailand), 534Phangnga Bay (Thailand), 535Philippine Tectonic Plate, 249, 433Philippine Trough, 434The Philippines, 334, 432–436, 433, 436tPhnom Aural (Cambodia), 89Phnom Penh (Cambodia), 91Pho Chhu. See Pho River (Bhutan)Pho River (Bhutan), 63Phoenix Islands (Kiribati), 292–293Phosphates

Algeria, 11Kiribati, 293Nauru, 381–382Netherlands Antilles, 390

Phou Bia. See Mount Bia (Laos)Phouane Plateau (Laos), 305Phrae (Thailand), 534Phu Kadueng National Park (Thailand), 534Phu Keaw (Thailand), 534Phu Wiang (Thailand), 534Phuket Island (Thailand), 535Piaye River (Saint Lucia), 462Pic de Cataperdis (Andorra), 12Pic de Coma Pederos (Andorra), 11–12Pic de la Cabaneta (Andorra), 12Pic de la Serrera (Andorra), 12Pic de l’Estanyó (Andorra), 12Pic de Siguer (Andorra), 12Pic de Tristaina (Andorra), 12Pic dels Pessons (Andorra), 12Pic d’Envalira (Andorra), 12Pichincha (Ecuador), 164Pico (Portugal), 442

Pico da Bandeira (Brazil), 74Pico da Cano. See Mount Fogo (Cape Verde)Pico da Neblina (Brazil), 74Pico de Aneto (Spain), 499Pico de Orizaba (Mexico), 353Pico de Príncipe (São Tomé and Príncipe), 470Pico de São Tomé (São Tomé and Príncipe),

470Pico de Teide Mountain (Spain), 500Pico Duarte (Dominican Republic), 159Pico Kabumbé (São Tomé and Príncipe), 470Pico Mogotón (Nicaragua), 395Pico River (Peru), 428Pico Turquino (Cuba), 145Piduru Ridges (Sri Lanka), 502–503Pidurutalagala Mountain (Sri Lanka), 503Piedmont Plateau (United States), 571, 574Pik Lenina. See Lenin PeakPik Pobedy. See Jengish Chokusu (Kyrgyzstan)Pilcomayo River, 67, 426Pilis Mountains (Hungary), 235Pindus Mountains (Greece), 211, 212Pine Cay Island (Turks and Caicos Islands),

552–553Ping River (Thailand), 534Pingelap Islands (Micronesia), 358Piniós River (Greece), 212Pinney’s Beach (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461Pinta Island (Galápagos), 165Piran (Slovenia), 488Piray River (Bolivia), 66Pirin Mountains (Bulgaria), 82, 84Pirin Sea. See Popovo Lake (Bulgaria)Pitcairn Islands (United Kingdom), 568Pitch Lake (Trinidad and Tobago), 542Pitcher plants, Madagascar, 330Piton de la Rivière Noire (Mauritius), 350–351Piton du Milieu (Mauritius), 351Pittsburgh (United States), 576Piura (Peru), 428Piva River (Yugoslavia), 602–603Plackovica Mountains (Macedonia), 325“Places of Sovereignty” (Spain), 498–499Plain of Esdraelon (Israel), 266Plain of Jars (Laos), 305Plain of Judaea (Israel), 267Plain of Sharon (Israel), 267Plains

Afghanistan, 4Algeria, 10Angola, 15Australia, 35Bangladesh, 46–47Belarus, 50Bolivia, 65Bosnia and Herzegovina, 70Brazil, 77Canada, 100China, 120Congo, Republic of, 134Croatia, 143Cyprus, 149Denmark, 153Dominican Republic, 161Ethiopia, 183Finland, 188France, 189, 193–194


Index


Georgia, 200–201Germany, 202Ghana, 207, 208Greece, 211, 213Guinea, 222Guinea-Bissau, 225Guyana, 227Hungary, 235, 237, 238India, 246–247Iraq, 261Israel, 267Italy, 272Japan, 278, 280Kenya, 291Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

296Korea, Republic of, 298Laos, 305Latvia, 307–308Lithuania, 320Malawi, 331Malaysia, 333Mauritania, 347Mexico, 352, 355Moldova, 360Mongolia, 363Morocco, 367–368, 369Nepal, 385New Zealand, 394Nicaragua, 395Nigeria, 402Oman, 409, 410Paraguay, 424, 427Portugal, 443Puerto Rico, 444, 445Romania, 448, 450Russia, 451, 456Saudi Arabia, 472, 474Slovenia, 488Somalia, 491South Africa, 495Sri Lanka, 504Sudan, 509Suriname, 510Swaziland, 512Sweden, 514–517United Kingdom, 569United States, 574–576

Planalto Central (Brazil), 73Planalto de Bafatá (Guinea-Bissau), 225Planalto de Gabú (Guinea-Bissau), 225Platano River (Honduras), 233Plate tectonics. See names of specific tectonic

platesPlateau of Iran, 255Plateau of Tibet (China), 117Plateau of Yorubaland. See Western High

Plains (Nigeria)Plateaus

Algeria, 8–9, 10Angola, 13, 15Antarctica, 19Argentina, 25Armenia, 28Australia, 32–33Austria, 37Belgium, 53

Belize, 56Benin, 58Bolivia, 66Botswana, 71Brazil, 73Bulgaria, 82Burkina Faso, 84–85Burundi, 87, 88Cameroon, 92–93Canada, 97Central African Republic, 105Chad, 108Chile, 112China, 117Colombia, 123Congo, Democratic Republic of, 128, 130Congo, Republic of, 134Costa Rica, 136–137Côte d’Ivoire, 139Czech Republic, 151Djibouti, 156East Timor, 162Ecuador, 165Egypt, 168El Salvador, 172Eritrea, 176–177Ethiopia, 181–182France, 189, 190–191French Guiana, 195Gabon, 196Gambia, 198Georgia, 200Germany, 203Ghana, 207Guatemala, 220Guinea, 223Guinea-Bissau, 225Guyana, 227Haiti, 230, 231Honduras, 233Iceland, 238, 239India, 244Indonesia, 250Iran, 255Iraq, 259Israel, 266–267Jamaica, 274Japan, 277–278Jordan, 282Kazakhstan, 285Kenya, 288, 290Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

295Laos, 305–306Lebanon, 310Lesotho, 312Liberia, 314Libya, 316Luxembourg, 323Madagascar, 328–329Malawi, 331Mali, 340Mauritania, 347Mauritius, 350, 351Mexico, 352, 354Mongolia, 364Mozambique, 371–372

Myanmar, 375Namibia, 377, 379Nauru, 381Nepal, 384The Netherlands, 388New Zealand, 391Niger, 399Nigeria, 401, 402, 404Norway, 405Oman, 409Pakistan, 412–413Panama, 417Papua New Guinea, 421Paraguay, 424The Philippines, 433Qatar, 446Romania, 449Russia, 453Rwanda, 458–459Saint Kitts and Nevis, 460Samoa, 466São Tomé and Príncipe, 470Saudi Arabia, 472–473Senegal, 476Sierra Leone, 481Singapore, 483Slovenia, 487–488Somalia, 491South Africa, 494–495, 497Sri Lanka, 503Sudan, 507Swaziland, 512Sweden, 514Switzerland, 519Syria, 521–522Taiwan, 525Tajikistan, 528Tanzania, 529–531Thailand, 534Togo, 538Tunisia, 544Turkey, 546–547Turkmenistan, 550Uganda, 556United Arab Emirates, 562United Kingdom, 566United States, 574–575Uruguay, 581Uzbekistan, 584Venezuela, 591Vietnam, 594–595Yemen, 599Zambia, 606Zimbabwe, 609

Platte River (United States), 576Plavinas Reservoir (Latvia), 308Plazas de Soberania. See “Places of

Sovereignty” (Spain)Plitvicka Lakes (Croatia), 143Plješevica Mountains (Croatia), 142Po River (Italy), 271, 272Po River Valley (Italy), 269, 271, 272, 273Poás volcano (Costa Rica), 136Podgorica (Yugoslavia), 604Podor (Senegal), 477Pohnpei (Micronesia), 358–359Poiana Ruscai Mountains (Romania), 449


Index


Ind

ex

Point Barrow (United States), 578Point Burica (Panama), 419Point Cosigüina (Nicaragua), 397Point Gallinas (Colombia), 125Point Mala (Panama), 419Point Marzo (Colombia), 125Point Mono (Nicaragua), 397Point Pedro (Sri Lanka), 504Point Solano (Colombia), 125Point Tarifa (Spain), 501Point Xaafuun (Somalia), 492–493Poitou (France), 194Poland, 436–440, 438, 439tPolar ice cap (Antarctica), 19Polar Plateau (Antarctica), 19Polders. See Land reclamationPolesie Lubelskie (Poland), 437Polesye Marshes, 50–51, 559–561Polissya. See Polesye MarshesPoljes (Slovenia), 488Pollution

Azerbaijan, 41Bahrain, 44Bangladesh, 48El Salvador, 172India, 242, 248Micronesia, 359Moldova, 361Pakistan, 413Uruguay, 581–582Venezuela, 591See also Air pollution; Industrial pollution;

Pesticides; Water pollutionPolochic River (Guatemala), 221Polotsk Lowland (Belarus), 50Pomeranian Lake District (Poland), 437Ponape. See Pohnpei (Micronesia)Ponta do Pico (Portugal), 442Ponta São Sebastião (Mozambique), 373Pontic Mountains (Turkey), 546Pontine Marshes (Italy), 272Ponza Islands (Italy), 272Pool Malebo (DROC), 131Poole Bay (England), 567Popocatépetl (Mexico), 353Popovo Lake (Bulgaria), 82Poppies, blue, 63Population

Afghanistan, 4t, 5Albania, 7, 7tAlgeria, 10, 11tAndorra, 12, 12tAngola, 15, 15tAnguilla, 17Antarctica, 21Antigua, 23, 23tArgentina, 27, 27tArmenia, 29, 29tAruba, 30–31Australia, 35, 35tAustria, 38–39, 38tAzerbaijan, 40t, 40–41The Bahamas, 42Bahrain, 44, 44tBangladesh, 45, 47t, 48Barbados, 49, 49tBarbuda, 23, 23t

Belarus, 51, 51tBelgium, 54, 54tBelize, 57, 57tBenin, 59, 59tBermuda, 61, 61tBhutan, 64Bolivia, 67–68, 68tBosnia and Herzegovina, 70, 70tBotswana, 72, 72tBrazil, 77t, 78British Virgin Islands, 79Brunei, 81, 81tBulgaria, 84, 84tBurkina Faso, 86, 86tBurundi, 88, 88tCambodia, 91, 91tCameroon, 94–95, 95tCanada, 100t, 101Cape Verde, 102, 103tCayman Islands, 104, 104tCentral African Republic, 107, 107tChad, 110t, 110–111Chile, 114, 114tChina, 120t, 120–121, 121tColombia, 125t, 126Comoros, 127t, 128Congo, Democratic Republic of, 132, 132tCongo, Republic of, 135, 135tCosta Rica, 138, 138tCôte d’Ivoire, 141t, 141–142Croatia, 144, 144tCuba, 147, 148tCyprus, 150, 150tCzech Republic, 152, 152tDenmark, 155, 155tDjibouti, 157Dominica, 158, 158tDominican Republic, 161, 161tEast Timor, 163, 163tEcuador, 166t, 167Egypt, 170, 170tEl Salvador, 173t, 174Equatorial Guinea, 175, 175tEritrea, 178, 178tEstonia, 180, 180tEthiopia, 183, 183tFiji, 185, 185tFinland, 188, 188tFrance, 193t, 194French Guiana, 195Gabon, 197Gambia, 199, 199tGeorgia, 201, 201tGermany, 206, 206tGhana, 210, 210tGreece, 214, 214tGreenland, 216Grenada, 217Guadeloupe, 219Guatemala, 221–222, 222tGuinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 226Guyana, 229Haiti, 231t, 232Honduras, 234, 234tHungary, 237t, 238Iceland, 241

India, 247t, 247–248Indonesia, 253t, 253–254Iran, 258, 258tIraq, 261, 261tIreland, 264, 265tIsrael, 268, 268tItaly, 272–273, 273tJamaica, 275, 275tJapan, 280–281, 281tJordan, 283Kazakhstan, 287t, 287–288Kenya, 291, 292tKiribati, 294Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

296t, 296–297Korea, Republic of, 299, 299tKuwait, 301, 301tKyrgyzstan, 304, 304tLaos, 307, 307tLatvia, 309, 309tLebanon, 311Lesotho, 313, 313tLiberia, 315, 315tLibya, 318Liechtenstein, 319Lithuania, 321–322, 322tLuxembourg, 324, 324tMacedonia, 326, 326tMadagascar, 330Malawi, 332t, 332–333Malaysia, 336, 336tMaldives, 339, 339tMali, 342, 342tMalta, 343Marshall Islands, 345Martinique, 347Mauritania, 349Mauritius, 351Mexico, 356t, 356–357, 357tMicronesia, 359Moldova, 361, 361tMonaco, 363Mongolia, 366t, 367Morocco, 369–370, 370tMozambique, 373, 374tMyanmar, 376–377, 377tNamibia, 380, 380tNauru, 382Nepal, 386, 386tThe Netherlands, 389Netherlands Antilles, 390New Zealand, 394Nicaragua, 398Niger, 400Nigeria, 404, 404tNorway, 407t, 408Oman, 410, 410tPakistan, 414, 414tPalau, 416, 416tPanama, 419t, 420Papua New Guinea, 423Paraguay, 427, 427tPeru, 431t, 432The Philippines, 436, 436tPoland, 439t, 439–440,Portugal, 442t, 443Puerto Rico, 445, 445t


Index


Qatar, 447Romania, 450t, 451Russia, 457, 457tRwanda, 459Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461Saint Lucia, 463Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 465,

465tSamoa, 468San Marino, 469São Tomé and Príncipe, 471Saudi Arabia, 474t, 475Senegal, 478, 478tSeychelles, 479–480, 480tSierra Leone, 482, 482tSingapore, 484Slovakia, 486, 486tSlovenia, 488, 488tSolomon Islands, 490, 490tSomalia, 493South Africa, 497t, 497–498Spain, 499t, 500Sri Lanka, 502–503, 503tSudan, 509t, 509–510Suriname, 511Swaziland, 513, 513tSweden, 516t, 517Switzerland, 520, 520tSyria, 522t, 523Taiwan, 525, 525tTajikistan, 527, 527tTanzania, 532t, 532–533Thailand, 536, 536tTogo, 538Tonga, 539, 539tTrinidad and Tobago, 542, 542tTunisia, 545, 545tTurkey, 549, 549tTurkmenistan, 550t, 551–552Turks and Caicos Islands, 553Uganda, 557t, 558Ukraine, 561, 561tUnited Arab Emirates, 563, 563tUnited Kingdom, 570, 570tUnited States, 580, 580tUruguay, 583, 583tUzbekistan, 585, 585tVanuatu, 588Vatican City, 589Venezuela, 593, 593tVietnam, 596t, 597Virgin Islands, 598Yemen, 601, 601tYugoslavia, 605, 605tZambia, 608, 608tZimbabwe, 611, 611t

Porali River (Pakistan), 413Porcupine River (United States), 576Porsangen Fjord (Norway), 407Port Antonio (Jamaica), 274, 275Port Elizabeth (South Africa), 496Port Island (Japan), 279Port Louis (Mauritius), 351Port Moresby (Papua New Guinea), 421, 422,

423Port Philips Bay (Australia), 34Port Rashid (United Arab Emirates), 563

Port Royal Mountains (Jamaica), 274Port Sudan (Sudan), 508–509Port-au-Prince (Haiti), 230, 231Port-de-Paix (Haiti), 230Portland Bight (Jamaica), 275Porto (Portugal), 442, 443Pôrto Alegre (Brazil), 76Porto Novo Lagood (Benin), 58Porto Santo (Portugal), 442Port-of-Spain (Trinidad and Tobago), 542Ports

Argentina, 26Bangladesh, 47Barbados, 48Bermuda, 60–61Brazil, 76Cuba, 147Dominican Republic, 160Ecuador, 166Georgia, 201Greece, 213Guatemala, 221India, 245Ireland, 263Israel, 267, 268Kenya, 290Libya, 316Madagascar, 329Malta, 343Micronesia, 359Monaco, 362Paraguay, 425Qatar, 446Russia, 455Saint Lucia, 463Samoa, 467São Tomé and Príncipe, 471Saudi Arabia, 474Senegal, 476–477South Africa, 496Sri Lanka, 504Sudan, 508Taiwan, 526United Arab Emirates, 563See also names of specific ports

Portugal, 440–443, 441, 442t, 443tPort-Vila (Vanuatu), 587–588Postonja (Slovenia), 488Postonja Cave (Slovenia), 488Potaro River (Guyana), 228Pot’i (Georgia), 201, 202Potwar Plateau (Pakistan), 413Poverty

Bangladesh, 48India, 248Indonesia, 254Madagascar, 330Myanmar, 377Nepal, 386Somalia, 493

Poyang Hu (China), 118Pra River (Ghana), 208Prague (Czech Republic), 568Praslin Island (Seychelles), 479Precambrian Shield. See Canadian ShieldPrecipitation. See RainfallPre-Sahel. See Chemama (Mauritania)

Prespansko Jezero. See Lake PrespaPretoria (South Africa), 498Prilep (Macedonia), 326Prince Edward Island (Canada), 99Prince Edward Islands (South Africa), 496Prince William Sound (United States), 578Princess Sirindhorn Wildlife Sanctuary

(Thailand), 535Príncipe Island, 470–471Príncipe Peak. See Pico de Príncipe (São Tomé

and Príncipe)Pripet. See Pripyat RiverPripyat Marshes. See Polesye MarshesPripyat River, 51, 560Proliv Dmitrya Lapteva, 455Provence Alps (France), 190Providencia Island (Colombia), 124Providenciales Island (Turks and Caicos

Islands), 552–553Provinces. See Administrative divisionsPru To Daeng. See Princess Sirindhorn

Wildlife Sanctuary (Thailand)Prut River, 360–361, 449Prydz Bay (Antarctica), 21Przewalski horses, 365Psunj Mountains (Croatia), 142Puerto Barrios (Guatemala), 221Puerto Lempira (Honduras), 234Puerto Rico, 443–445, 444, 445t, 571, 573, 577Puerto Rico Trench, 444Puget Sound (United States), 577–578Pujollyong Range (DPRK), 295Pujon River (DPRK), 295Puktae Range (DPRK), 295Pulau Muara Besar (Brunei), 80Pulau Tekong Besar Island (Singapore), 483Puna de Atacama (Argentina), 27Puná Island (Ecuador), 166Puna Tsang River. See Sankosh River (Bhutan)Puncak Jaya (Indonesia), 249Punjab, 244, 413, 414Puno (Peru), 430Punta Águila (Puerto Rico), 445Punta Brea (Puerto Rico), 445Punta del Este (Uruguay), 582Punta Patino (Panama), 418Punta Remedios (El Salvador), 173Puong Grotto (Vietnam), 595Purari River (Papua New Guinea), 422Purple earth, 77Purus River, 74, 430Putu Range (Liberia), 314Putumayo River, 124, 165, 430Putuo Shan (China), 117Pyha River (Finland), 187P’yongyang peneplain (DPRK), 296, 297Pyramids, Sudan, 508Pyrenees, 189–190, 499, 502

Q

Qanats, Iran, 255Qaqortoq (Greenland), 215Qarqannah Island (Tunisia), 544Qatar, 445–447, 446Qattara Depression (Egypt), 168, 170Qeshm island (Iran), 257


Index


Ind

ex

Qeys. See Kjsh (Iran)Qiantang Jiang (China), 119Qilian Shan (China), 116Qinghai Lake (China), 117–118Qinling Shandi (China), 116Qiongzhou Peninsula (China), 119Qondsz River (Afghanistan), 3Qoraqalpogh Autonomous Republic

(Uzbekistan), 584Qoraqalpoghistan. See Qoraqalpogh

Autonomous Republic (Uzbekistan)Qormi (Malta), 343Quatre Bornes (Mauritius), 351Quebracho trees, 27Queen Charlotte Islands (Canada), 99Queen Elizabeth Archipelago (Canada), 99Queen Mary’s Peak (United Kingdom), 568Queen Maud Gulf (Canada), 99Queen Maud Land (Antarctica), 20Queens River (Dominica), 157Quetta (Pakistan), 411Quicama National Park (Angola), 13Quita Sueno Island (Colombia), 124Quito (Ecuador), 164Qullai Ismoili Somoni (Tajikistan), 528Qurnat as-Sawda (Lebanon), 310

R

Rába River (Hungary), 236Rabat (Morocco), 369Rabaul (Papua New Guinea), 421Radika canyon (Macedonia), 325Radioactive contamination, Ukraine, 560Radioactivity, of hot springs, 274Ragay Gulf (The Philippines), 433, 435Ragay Hills (The Philippines), 433Raigye Chhu. See Raigye River (Bhutan)Raigye River (Bhutan), 63Rainbow Reef (Fiji), 185Rainfall

Afghanistan, 4Albania, 6Algeria, 10Andorra, 12Angola, 15Anguilla, 17Antarctica, 21Antigua, 22Argentina, 27Armenia, 29Aruba, 30Australia, 34–35Austria, 38Azerbaijan, 40The Bahamas, 42Bahrain, 44Bangladesh, 47Barbados, 49Barbuda, 22Belarus, 51Belgium, 54Belize, 57Benin, 58–59Bermuda, 61Bhutan, 63–64Bolivia, 67

Botswana, 72Brazil, 76–77British Virgin Islands, 79Brunei, 81Bulgaria, 83–84Burkina Faso, 86Burundi, 88Cambodia, 91Cameroon, 94Canada, 100Cape Verde, 102Cayman Islands, 104Central African Republic, 106–107Chad, 109, 110Chile, 114China, 120Colombia, 126Comoros, 127Congo, Democratic Republic of, 132Congo, Republic of, 135Costa Rica, 138Côte d’Ivoire, 141Croatia, 143Cuba, 147Cyprus, 149Czech Republic, 152Denmark, 155Dominica, 158Dominican Republic, 161East Timor, 163Ecuador, 166Egypt, 169El Salvador, 173Equatorial Guinea, 175Eritrea, 177–178Estonia, 180Ethiopia, 183Fiji, 185France, 193French Guiana, 195Gabon, 197Gambia, 199Georgia, 201Germany, 205Ghana, 210Greece, 213Greenland, 216Grenada, 217Guadeloupe, 218, 219Guatemala, 221Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 226Guyana, 228Haiti, 231Honduras, 234Hungary, 237Iceland, 241India, 246Indonesia, 252Iran, 258Iraq, 261Ireland, 264Israel, 267Italy, 272Jamaica, 275Japan, 280Jordan, 283

Kazakhstan, 287Kenya, 291Kiribati, 293–294Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

296Korea, Republic of, 299Kuwait, 301Kyrgyzstan, 304Laos, 306Latvia, 309Lebanon, 311Lesotho, 313Liberia, 315Liechtenstein, 319Lithuania, 321Luxembourg, 324Macedonia, 326Madagascar, 329Malawi, 332Malaysia, 336Maldives, 338Mali, 341Marshall Islands, 345Martinique, 346Mauritania, 348Mauritius, 351Mexico, 356Micronesia, 359Moldova, 361Monaco, 363Mongolia, 366Morocco, 369Mozambique, 373Myanmar, 376Namibia, 380Nauru, 382Nepal, 385The Netherlands, 389Netherlands Antilles, 390New Zealand, 394Nicaragua, 397Niger, 400Nigeria, 403Norway, 407Oman, 410Pakistan, 414Palau, 416Panama, 419Papua New Guinea, 423Paraguay, 426Peru, 431The Philippines, 435Poland, 439Portugal, 443Puerto Rico, 445Qatar, 447Romania, 450Russia, 456Rwanda, 459Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461Saint Lucia, 463Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 465Samoa, 467São Tomé and Príncipe, 471Saudi Arabia, 475Senegal, 477Seychelles, 479


Index


Sierra Leone, 482Singapore, 483–484Slovakia, 486Slovenia, 488Solomon Islands, 490Somalia, 493South Africa, 497Sri Lanka, 504Sudan, 508–509Suriname, 511Swaziland, 513Sweden, 516Switzerland, 520Syria, 523Taiwan, 526Tajikistan, 528Tanzania, 532Thailand, 535Togo, 539Tonga, 540Trinidad and Tobago, 542Tunisia, 544Turkey, 549Turkmenistan, 551Turks and Caicos Islands, 553Tuvalu, 554–555Uganda, 558Ukraine, 561United Arab Emirates, 563United Kingdom, 569United States, 579Uruguay, 582Uzbekistan, 585Vanuatu, 587–588Vatican City, 589Venezuela, 592Vietnam, 596Virgin Islands, 598Yemen, 601Yugoslavia, 604Zambia, 608Zimbabwe, 611

RainforestsBangladesh, 47Benin, 59Bolivia, 67Brazil, 77Brunei, 81Cambodia, 91Cameroon, 94Central African Republic, 107Chile, 114Colombia, 125Congo, Democratic Republic of, 132Côte d’Ivoire, 141Dominica, 157, 158Dominican Republic, 161Ecuador, 166–167El Salvador, 173Equatorial Guinea, 175Grenada, 217Guatemala, 221Guinea, 224Indonesia, 252–253Laos, 306Maldives, 338Martinique, 346

Mexico, 356New Zealand, 394Nicaragua, 397Peru, 428The Philippines, 436Puerto Rico, 444, 445Saint Kitts and Nevis, 460–461Saint Lucia, 463Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 465Samoa, 468São Tomé and Príncipe, 471Singapore, 484Solomon Islands, 490Sri Lanka, 504Sudan, 507, 509Suriname, 510–511Togo, 538United States, 579Venezuela, 593Virgin Islands, 598See also Amazon rainforests

Rainy Lake (United States), 575Rajang River, 251, 335Rajjaprabha Reservoir (Thailand), 534Rajshahi Division (Bangladesh), 46Rakha Pass (Nepal), 384Rakhine Mountains. See Arakan Mountains

(Myanmar)Ralik Group (Marshall Islands), 344Ramalau (East Timor), 162Ramaroshan (Nepal), 385–386Ramla Bay (Malta), 343Ramree Island (Myanmar), 376Ramsar (Iran), 257Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. See

Wetlands of International ImportanceRamu River (Papua New Guinea), 422Ranching and grazing, 179

Argentina, 27Australia, 35Botswana, 72Burundi, 87Colombia, 126Costa Rica, 138Cuba, 147–148Ghana, 207Ireland, 264Kazakhstan, 285, 286Lesotho, 313Mongolia, 363, 366, 367Nepal, 386Panama, 419See also Agriculture

Randenigala Reservoir (Sri Lanka), 503Rangárvallasýsla (Iceland), 238Rangitaiki River (New Zealand), 393Rannock Moor (Scotland), 566Ranongga Island (Solomon Islands), 489Rapa Nui. See Easter Island (Chile)Rara Lake (Nepal), 384Ra’s al Hadd (Oman), 409Ras al Kathib (Yemen), 600Ra’s al Khaymah (United Arab Emirates), 562–

563Ras al Shi’b (Yemen), 600Ras Al-Jabal (Oman), 408Ra’s Al-Matbakh (Qatar), 446

Ras Caseyr (Somalia), 492Ras Deshen (Ethiopia), 182Ras Fartak (Yemen), 601Ras Hafun. See Point Xaafuun (Somalia)Ras Koh Range (Pakistan), 412Ra’s Rakan (Qatar), 446Ras Sharma (Yemen), 601Ras Tanura (Saudi Arabia), 474Rasa River (Croatia), 143Rasua Garhi (Nepal), 384Ratak Group (Marshall Islands), 344Ratnapura (Sri Lanka), 505Raut River (Moldova), 361Ravi River, 244, 413Rawdah (Syria), 523Rawlinson Range (Papua New Guinea), 420Rebild Bakker (Denmark), 155Recife (Brazil), 76Reclaimed land. See Land reclamationRecovery Glacier (Antarctica), 19Red Desert. See Al Hamadah Al Hamra (Libya)Red Hill (United States), 577Red Lakes (United States), 575Red River (United States), 576Red River (Vietnam), 595Red River Basin (Vietnam), 594Red River Delta (Vietnam), 594, 596Red Sea, 176–178, 472–475Red Sea Escarpment (Saudi Arabia), 472Red Sea Highlands (Egypt), 167–170Red Sea Hills (Sudan), 506–507Red Volta River, 84–85, 208Redang Archipelago (Malaysia), 335Reef Islands (Solomon Islands), 489Reforestation

China, 120Cuba, 147, 148India, 247Ireland, 264Israel, 268Italy, 272Mongolia, 367The Philippines, 435Poland, 439Puerto Rico, 445

RefugeesBosnia and Herzegovina, 70Congo, Democratic Republic of, 132East Timor, 163Guinea, 224

Reggio di Calabria (Italy), 269Reina Adelaida Archipelago (Chile), 113Reindeer Lake (Canada), 98Reisa River (Norway), 405Religions

Antigua, 23Barbuda, 23Botswana, 72British Virgin Islands, 79Burkina Faso, 86Cameroon, 94Canada, 101Chad, 110–111Comoros, 128Eritrea, 178Greece, 214tGuadeloupe, 219


Index


Ind

ex

Guinea-Bissau, 226India, 245Lebanon, 311Nauru, 382Poland, 440Spain, 500Swaziland, 513United Kingdom, 570

Remedios Point. See Punta Remedios (El Salvador)

Remire Island (French Guiana), 195Rendova Island (Solomon Islands), 489Rennell Island (Solomon Islands), 489Rennick Glacier (Antarctica), 19Reno River (Italy), 271Reptiles

Venezuela, 593Zambia, 607

Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. See Bosnia and Herzegovina

Republic of Korea. See Korea, Republic ofRepublic of Maldives. See MaldivesRepublic of Singapore. See SingaporeRepublic of Srpska (RS), 69Republic of the Congo. See Congo, Republic

of theRere (East Timor), 162Research

Antarctica, 18, 19, 21Canada, 97Namibia, 379

Reserva Biológic Indo-Maiz (Nicaragua), 397–398

Reserva Natural Miraflor (Nicaragua), 397–398

Reserva Pacaya Samiria (Peru), 430Réservoir Gouin (Canada), 97Reservoirs

Australia, 33Azerbaijan, 40Bangladesh, 45Brazil, 75Côte d’Ivoire, 139Czech Republic, 151El Salvador, 172Finland, 187France, 191Haiti, 230Latvia, 308Lithuania, 320Macedonia, 326Malaysia, 334–335Mauritius, 351New Zealand, 392Panama, 418Paraguay, 425Portugal, 442Russia, 454Singapore, 483Slovakia, 485Sri Lanka, 503–504Swaziland, 514Tajikistan, 528Thailand, 534Togo, 537Turkey, 548Ukraine, 559–560

United States, 576Uruguay, 581Venezuela, 591See also Lakes

Retenue de Nangbéto Reservoir (Togo), 537Réunion (France), 192Reuss River (Switzerland), 519Reuss Valley (Switzerland), 518Revué River (Mozambique), 372Rewa River (Fiji), 184Reykjavík (Iceland), 241Rhaetian Alps (Switzerland), 518Rhätikon Massif (Liechtenstein), 318Rheris River (Morocco), 369Rhine Falls (Switzerland), 519Rhine River, 38, 191–192, 204, 319, 388, 517,

519Rhine River Valley, 319Rhine Valley (Switzerland), 518Rhineland (Germany), 204Rhodes (Greece), 213Rhodope Mountains, 82, 84, 211, 212Rhon Mountains (Germany), 204Rhone (ship), 79Rhone Glacier (Switzerland), 519Rhone River, 191, 517, 519Rhone Valley (Switzerland), 518, 520Richard Toll (Senegal), 477Richardson Range (Canada), 97Richmond Peak (Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines), 464Rift Valley. See Great Rift ValleyRiga (Latvia), 307, 309Rjgestan Desert (Afghanistan), 3, 4Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf (Antarctica), 21Rila Mountains (Bulgaria), 82, 84Rima River (Nigeria), 403Rincon de la Vieja (Costa Rica), 136“Ring of Fire”

Mexico, 352The Philippines, 433Samoa, 466Taiwan, 524Vanuatu, 586–587

“Ring of Kerry” (Ireland), 263Ringkøbing (Denmark), 154Ringvassøy (Norway), 406Rio Artibonito. See Artibonito River

(Dominican Republic)Río Benito. See Mbini River (Equatorial

Guinea)Río Bravo del Norte (Mexico), 354Río Campo. See Ntem River (Equatorial

Guinea)Rio Chagres (Panama), 418Río Coco (Nicaragua), 396Río de Bayamon (Puerto Rico), 444Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), 76–78Rio de la Plata (Uruguay), 426, 581–582Río de la Plata basin (Brazil), 75–76Río de las Piedras (Peru), 430Rio Grande (United States), 354, 576Río Grande de Arecibo (Puerto Rico), 444Río Grande de Loiza (Puerto Rico), 444Río Grande de San Miguel (El Salvador), 172Río Grande de Santiago (Mexico), 354–355Río Grande Matagalpa (Nicaragua), 396

Rio Grande River (Guinea-Bissau), 225Rio Grande River (Jamaica), 274Río Iguaçu. See Iguazú RiverRío Jiboa (El Salvador), 172Río La Plata (Puerto Rico), 444Río Lempa (El Salvador), 172Río Muni. See Mbini (Equatorial Guinea)Rio Negro, 581–582Rio Negro Dam (Uruguay), 581Rio Nunez (Guinea), 224Rio Sado (Portugal), 442Río San Juan (Nicaragua), 396Rio Santa (Peru), 428Rio Tacuarembó (Uruguay), 582Río Tajo. See Tagus RiverRio Uruguay (Uruguay), 581–582Rio Yi (Uruguay), 582Rioni River (Georgia), 200Rishiri Island (Japan), 279Risnjak peak (Croatia), 142Riu Valira. See Valira River (Andorra)River Clyde (Scotland), 564, 567River Forth (Scotland), 564, 567River gorges

Ethiopia, 182Nepal, 384See also Canyons

River Spey (Scotland), 567River Tay (Scotland), 564, 567River valleys. See names of specific river valleysRivers

Afghanistan, 3Albania, 6Angola, 13–14Antarctica, 19Argentina, 25–26Armenia, 29Australia, 33Austria, 37–38Bangladesh, 45–46Belarus, 50–51Belgium, 53Belize, 56Benin, 58Bhutan, 63Bolivia, 66–67Bosnia and Herzegovina, 69Botswana, 72Brunei, 80Bulgaria, 82–83Burkina Faso, 85Burundi, 88Cambodia, 89–90Cameroon, 94Canada, 98Central African Republic, 105Chad, 108, 109–110Chile, 113China, 118–119Colombia, 123–124Congo, Democratic Republic of, 130–131Congo, Republic of, 134Costa Rica, 137Côte d’Ivoire, 139Croatia, 143Cuba, 146Cyprus, 149


Index


Czech Republic, 151–152Denmark, 154Dominica, 157–158Dominican Republic, 160East Timor, 162–163Ecuador, 165Egypt, 169El Salvador, 172Equatorial Guinea, 175Eritrea, 177Estonia, 179Ethiopia, 182Fiji, 184Finland, 187France, 191–192French Guiana, 195Gabon, 196Gambia, 198Georgia, 200Germany, 204–205Ghana, 208Greece, 212Guadeloupe, 218Guatemala, 219, 220–221Guinea, 223–224Guinea-Bissau, 225Guyana, 227–228Haiti, 231Honduras, 233Hungary, 236Iceland, 240India, 244–245Indonesia, 250–251Iran, 256Iraq, 259–261Ireland, 263Israel, 267Italy, 271Jamaica, 274Japan, 278Jordan, 282–283Kazakhstan, 286Kenya, 290Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

295Korea, Republic of, 298Kyrgyzstan, 303Laos, 306Latvia, 308Lebanon, 310–311Lesotho, 312Liberia, 314Liechtenstein, 319Lithuania, 320Luxembourg, 323Macedonia, 326Madagascar, 329Malawi, 332Malaysia, 335Mali, 341Mauritania, 348Mauritius, 351Mexico, 354–355Moldova, 360–361Mongolia, 365Morocco, 369Mozambique, 372

Myanmar, 375–376Namibia, 379Nepal, 385The Netherlands, 388New Zealand, 393Nicaragua, 396Niger, 399Nigeria, 402–403Norway, 405Oman, 409Pakistan, 413Panama, 418Papua New Guinea, 422Paraguay, 425–426Peru, 428–430The Philippines, 434Poland, 437–438Portugal, 442Puerto Rico, 444Qatar, 446Romania, 449Russia, 454Rwanda, 459Saint Kitts and Nevis, 460–461Saint Lucia, 462–463Samoa, 467San Marino, 469São Tomé and Príncipe, 470–471Senegal, 476Sierra Leone, 481Singapore, 483Slovakia, 485Slovenia, 488Somalia, 491South Africa, 496Spain, 500Sri Lanka, 503–504Sudan, 507–508Suriname, 510–511Swaziland, 512–513Sweden, 515Switzerland, 519–520Syria, 522–523Taiwan, 525Tajikistan, 528Tanzania, 531Thailand, 534–535Togo, 538Tonga, 539Trinidad and Tobago, 541Tunisia, 544Uganda, 557Ukraine, 559–560United Kingdom, 566–567United States, 576Uruguay, 581–582Uzbekistan, 584–585Venezuela, 591–592Vietnam, 595Yemen, 600Yugoslavia, 603–604Zambia, 607Zimbabwe, 609–610

"Riviera of Flowers" (Albania), 6Rivière des Créoles (Mauritius), 351Rivière La Chaux (Mauritius), 351Rivière Salée (Guadeloupe), 218

Riyadh (Saudi Arabia), 472, 473Roads (Bolivia), 68

See also HighwaysRoanoke River (United States), 576Roatán Island (Honduras), 233Robben Island (South Africa), 496Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 113Rock Islands (Palau), 416Rock of Gibralter (United Kingdom), 569Rock paintings, Namibia, 378Rockefeller Plateau (Antarctica), 19Rocky Mountains (United States), 571, 573–

575, 578–580Rodna Mountains (Romania), 448Rodrigues (Mauritius), 351Roggeveld Mountains (South Africa), 494ROK. See Korea, Republic of (ROK, South

Korea)Rokel River (Sierra Leone), 481Rold Forest (Denmark), 155Rold Skov. See Rold Forest (Denmark)Roman Catholic Church (Vatican City), 588Roman ruins, in Tunisia, 543Romania, 447–451, 448, 450tRomanian Riviera, 450Romblon (The Philippines), 433Rome (Italy), 272Romsdals Fjord (Norway), 407Ron Point (Vietnam), 596Rondador Island, 124Rondane Mountains (Norway), 405Ronde Island (Grenada), 217Rongelap Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344Ronne Ice Shelf (Antarctica), 20, 21Roosevelt Island (Antarctica), 20Ropar (India), 245Rosalie River (Dominica), 158Rosario Island (Colombia), 125Rose Island (United States), 578Roseau River (Dominica), 157Roseau River (Saint Lucia), 462Rosetta Channel (Egypt), 169Ross, James C., 20Ross Ice Shelf (Antarctica), 20, 21Ross Island (Antarctica), 19, 20Ross Sea (Antarctica), 20, 21Rostov-na-Donu (Russia), 455Rothaar Hills (Germany), 203Roti Island (Indonesia), 252Rotuma Island (Fiji), 185Round Island. See Île Ronde (Mauritania)Roxa (Guinea-Bissau), 225Royale Island (French Guiana), 195RS. See SrpskaRuacana Falls (Namibia), 379Ruahine Range (New Zealand), 391Ruapehu (New Zealand), 391Rub’ al-Khali

Oman, 410Qatar, 447Saudi Arabia, 472, 475United Arab Emirates, 563Yemen, 599, 601

Rubber. See Natural resourcesRufiji Delta (Tanzania), 533Rufiji River (Tanzania), 531–532Rügen Island (Germany), 205


Index


Ind

ex

Ruhnu Island (Estonia), 180Ruki River (DROC), 131Rumpungu River (Burundi), 88Rungwe Mountain (Tanzania), 531Rupununi region (Guyana), 227, 229Rupununi River (Guyana), 228Rural population. See Urban/rural populationRusizi River (Burundi), 88Russell Island (Solomon Islands), 489Russia, 451–458, 452, 457tRuvironza River (Burundi), 88Ruvubu River (Burundi), 88Ruvuma River (Tanzania), 531Ruwenzori Mountains (DROC), 130Ruwenzori Mountains (Uganda), 556Ruzizi River (Rwanda), 459Rwanda, 458–460, 459Rydal Lake (England), 566Ryukyu archipelago (Japan), 276, 279, 280

S

Saale River (Germany), 204Saar basin (Germany), 206Saaremaa Island (Estonia), 179Saba (Netherlands Antilles), 390Sabah (Malaysia), 333–336Sabaragamuwa Ridges (Sri Lanka), 502, 505Sabi River. See Save RiverSabinio (DROC), 130Sabiria (East Timor), 162Sabka. See Salt marshes (Saudi Arabia)Sabkhat Mattj Salt Flats (Saudi Arabia), 475Sacramento Mountains (United States), 573Sacramento River (United States), 576, 578–

579Sacred mountain peaks, 117The Sacred Valley. See El Valle Sagrado (Peru)Sado Island (Japan), 279Safed Koh Range (Pakistan), 412Safjd River (Iran), 256Sagara Swamp (Tanzania), 531Sagarmatha. See Mount Everest“Sahara Air.” See Foehn (Switzerland)Sahara Desert

Algeria, 8, 10Egypt, 167, 170Libya, 317–318Mali, 339, 341, 342Mauritania, 349Morocco, 369Niger, 400Sudan, 509Tunisia, 543–545

Saharan Atlas Mountains (Algeria), 8, 10Sahel, 339, 341, 398, 400, 545Saigon River (Vietnam), 595Saimaa Canal (Finland), 186St. Agnes (United Kingdom), 568St. Ana Lake (Romania), 448St. Andrew (Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines), 464St. Andrews Island. See James Island (Gambia)Saint Ann (Jamaica), 274St. Brandon Group. See Cargados Carajos

Shoals (Mauritius)Saint Croix. See St. Croix (Virgin Islands)

St. Croix (Virgin Islands), 598St. David Island (Bermuda), 60Saint Elizabeth (Jamaica), 274, 275St. Eustatius (Netherlands Antilles), 390St. George Island (Bermuda), 60St. George Valley (Barbados), 48St. George’s Channel (United Kingdom), 263,

569St. Giles Island (Trinidad and Tobago), 541St. Helena Bay (South Africa), 496Saint Helena (United Kingdom), 568Saint John. See St. John (Virgin Islands)St. John River (Liberia), 314St. John (saint), 213St. John (Virgin Islands), 598Saint Joseph (Martinique), 347Saint Kitts and Nevis, 460–462, 461, 462tSt. Lawrence Island (United States), 577St. Lawrence River, 98, 575–576St. Lawrence Valley (United States), 571Saint Lucia, 462–464, 463, 463tSt. Lucia Channel (Martinique), 346St. Lucia Estuary (South Africa), 496Saint Lucia Lake (South Africa), 495–496St. Magnus Bay (United Kingdom), 568St. Maria (Switzerland), 519Saint Martin, 218, 390St. Martin’s (United Kingdom), 568St. Mary’s (United Kingdom), 568St. Paul Island (France), 192St. Paul River (Liberia), 314St. Peter’s Basilica (Vatican City), 588St. Peter’s Square (Vatican City), 588St. Petersburg (Russia), 455, 456St. Pierre and Miquelon (France), 192St. Thomas (Virgin Islands), 598Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 464–466,

465, 465tSaint Vincent Island, 464–465Saint-Barthélemy (Guadeloupe), 218Saint-Joseph Island (French Guiana), 195Saint-Louis (Senegal), 477Saint-Malo Gulf (France), 192St.-Nazaire (France), 192Saint-Pierre (Martinique), 347Sajid Island (Saudi Arabia), 473Sakhalin (Russia), 455Sakhalin Island (Russia), 453Sal (Cape Verde), 102Sala y Gómez (Chile), 113Salado River (Argentina), 26Salamuma Beach (Samoa), 467Saldanha Bay (South Africa), 496Salelologa (Samoa), 467Salentina Peninsula (Italy), 272Salinas. See Salt lakesSalinas Chicas (Argentina), 26Salinas River (Guatemala), 221Saline Island (Grenada), 217Saloum River (Senegal), 476Salpausselkä ridge (Finland), 187, 188Salso River (Italy), 271Salt, as a natural resource

Guinea-Bissau, 225Morocco, 370Netherlands Antilles, 390United Arab Emirates, 563

Salt Cay Island (Turks and Caicos Islands), 552–553

Salt lakesAlgeria, 9Argentina, 25Australia, 33China, 117–118Djibouti, 156Egypt, 169Iran, 255, 258Kazakhstan, 286Madagascar, 329Malawi, 332Mauritania, 348Mongolia, 364–365Romania, 449Tajikistan, 528Tunisia, 544–545Turks and Caicos Islands, 552

Salt marshes (Saudi Arabia), 473Salt Mountain (Dominican Republic), 161Salt Range (Pakistan), 412Salton Sea (United States), 576Salvador (Brazil), 76SalvNatura (El Salvador), 173–174Salween River, 119, 375–376Salzach River (Austria), 37Salzkammergut region (Austria), 37Safid mountains (Afghanistan), 2–3Salang Pass (Afghanistan), 2Samaná Peninsula (Dominican Republic), 160Samar (The Philippines), 433, 434–435Samar Sea (The Philippines), 434Samara (Russia), 454Samaria (West Bank), 266, 267Samborombón Bay (Argentina), 26Sambre River (Belgium), 53Sambrini Peak (DROC), 130Sambur Lake (India), 245Samina River, 319Samoa, 466–468, 467, 468tSamoan Archipelago (United States), 578Sámos (Greece), 212Samosir Island (Indonesia), 250Samothrace (Greece), 212Samothráki. See Samothrace (Greece)Samur River (Azerbaijan), 40Samur-Abperon Canal (Azerbaijan), 40San Ambrosio (Chile), 113San Andreas fault (United States), 574San Andrés Island (Colombia), 124San Andrés y Providencia Intendency

(Colombia), 124San Bernadino Strait, 434San Bernardino Mountains (United States),

574San Bernardo Island (Colombia), 125San Blas Archipelago (Panama), 419San Carlos Plains (Costa Rica), 137San Cristobal Island (Solomon Islands), 489San Cristóbal Island (Galápagos), 165San Felix (Chile), 113San Fernando Island (Nicaragua), 396San Francisco Bay (United States), 578San Gabriel Mountains (United States), 574San Jerónimo Mountains (Colombia), 122San Joaquin River (United States), 579


Index


San Juan (Puerto Rico), 445San Juan Bay (Puerto Rico), 445San Juan Mountains (United States), 573San Juan River (Argentina), 26San Juan River (Colombia), 124San Juan River (Costa Rica), 137San Juan River (United States), 576San Lucas Mountains (Colombia), 122San Marino, 269, 468–470, 469, 469tSan Marino River (San Marino), 469San Matías Gulf (Argentina), 26San Pedro River (Cuba), 146San Pedro River (Guatemala), 221San Salvador (The Bahamas), 42San Salvador (El Salvador), 171San Salvador Island (Galápagos), 165San San-Pond Sak (Panama), 418San Simón Mountains (Bolivia), 66San Valentín (Chile), 112Sana River (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 69Sanaa (Yemen), 599Sanaga River (Cameroon), 94Sand dunes

Angola, 15Gambia, 198Mauritania, 349Mongolia, 366–367Mozambique, 373Namibia, 380The Netherlands, 388Oman, 410Pakistan, 414Portugal, 443Qatar, 446, 447See also Ergs

SandbarsCôte d’Ivoire, 140Germany, 205Ghana, 209Guyana, 228Madagascar, 329

Sando Island (Denmark), 154Sandstorms

Iran, 258Liberia, 315

Sandwich Harbor (Namibia), 379Sandwjp (Bangladesh), 47Sandy Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461Sandy Bay Beach (South Africa), 496Sandy Island (Grenada), 217Sandy Point Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461Sangha River (Cameroon), 94Sangre de Cristo Range (United States), 573“San’in” (Japan), 279Sankore Mosque (Mali), 341Sankosh River (Bhutan), 63Santa Barbara Islands (United States), 577Santa Carolina Island (Mozambique), 373Santa Catalina Canyon (Venezuela), 591Santa Catalina Island, 124Santa Catarina Island (Brazil), 76Santa Cruz Island (Galápagos), 165Santa Cruz Islands (Solomon Islands), 489Santa Cruz River (Argentina), 26Santa Isabel (Equatorial Guinea), 175Santa Isabel Island (Solomon Islands), 489Santa Luzia (Cape Verde), 102

Santa Maria (Peru), 430Santa Maria (Portugal), 442Santa Maria Bay (Malta), 343Santa María Island (Galápagos), 165Santa Maria River (Panama), 418Santiago (Chile), 114Santiago River (Ecuador), 165Santo Antão (Cape Verde), 102Santo António (São Tomé and Príncipe), 471Santos (Brazil), 76“San’yo” (Japan), 279Sao Din Canyon (Thailand), 534São Francisco River (Brazil), 74–75São Jorge (Portugal), 442São Luis Island (Brazil), 76São Marcos Bay, 76São Miguel (Portugal), 442São Nicolau (Cape Verde), 102São Paulo (Brazil), 76, 78São Sebastião Island (Brazil), 76São Tiago (Cape Verde), 102São Tomé and Príncipe, 470, 470t, 470–471,São Tomé Island, 470–471São Tomé Peak. See Pico de São Tomé (São

Tomé and Príncipe)São Vicente (Cape Verde), 102Saona Island (Dominican Republic), 160Saône River (France), 191Sapadna Morava River (Yugoslavia), 604Sapo Mountains (Panama), 417Sapt Kosi River (Nepal), 385Sar Mountains, 602Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 69–70Sarakana River (Vanuatu), 587Saramacca River (Suriname), 511Saramati, 244, 375Sarangani Bay (The Philippines), 435Sarawak (Malaysia), 333–335Sarawak Chamber (Malaysia), 334Sarawat Range (Papua New Guinea), 420Sardinia (Italy), 269, 271, 272Sarera Gulf (Indonesia), 252Sarine River (Switzerland), 519Sarstún River (Guatemala), 221Saskatchewan plain (Canada), 100Saskatchewan River (Canada), 98Sassandra River (Côte d’Ivoire), 139Satpura Range (India), 244Saudi Arabia, 471–475, 473, 474tSaumatre Lagood. See Lake Saumâtre (Haiti)Sava River, 143, 488, 604Sava River valleys (Bosnia and Herzegovina),

69Savai’i Island (Samoa), 466–468Savanna Woodland (Côte d’Ivoire), 141Savannah River (United States), 576Savannas

Burkina Faso, 84–86Burundi, 88Cameroon, 94Central African Republic, 107Congo, Republic of, 135Côte d’Ivoire, 141Gambia, 198–199Guatemala, 221Guinea, 222Guinea-Bissau, 226

Guyana, 227–229Honduras, 233India, 247Kenya, 291Madagascar, 329Mauritania, 348Mexico, 356Mozambique, 372Namibia, 377, 380Nicaragua, 395Niger, 400Nigeria, 403–404Panama, 419Papua New Guinea, 423The Philippines, 435Senegal, 477Sudan, 506, 509Suriname, 510–511See also Grasslands

Save River, 372, 609Savinja River (Slovenia), 488Savo Island (Solomon Islands), 489Savu Island (Indonesia), 252Savu Sea (Indonesia), 252Sawakin (Sudan), 508Sayan Mountains (Russia), 453Scafell Pike (England), 566Scania. See Skåne (Sweden)Scarborough (Trinidad and Tobago), 542Šar Planina (Macedonia), 325Nawqurah Bay (Oman), 410Šešuph River (Lithuania), 320Šumava Mountains (Czech Republic), 151Scarplands, in Germany, 204Schaan (Liechtenstein), 319Schaffhausen (Switzerland), 518Schelde River, 53, 388Scheldt River. See Schelde RiverSchiermonnikoog Island (The Netherlands),

388Schleswig-Holstein coast (Germany), 205Schlossberg caves (Germany), 204Schwarz Mountains (Namibia), 378Scotland (United Kingdom), 564, 566–569Scrub Island (Anguilla), 16Scylla and Charybdis (Odyssey), 269Sea cliffs

Ireland, 263Monaco, 362See also Cliffs

Sea ice. See GlaciersSea Islands (United States), 578Sea of Azov (Russia), 455Sea of Cortez. See Gulf of CaliforniaSea of Galilee (Israel), 267Sea of Hebrides (United Kingdom), 567Sea of Japan, 278, 298, 455Sea of Marmara (Turkey), 546–549Sea of Okhotsk, 278, 453, 455Seals

Antarctica, 20Argentina, 26McDonald Islands, 34Namibia, 380Southern elephant, 26

Seas. See Oceans and seasSeattle (United States), 578


Index


Ind

ex

Sebastián Vizcaíno (Mexico), 355Sébé River (Gabon), 196Sebei District (Uganda), 556Sebou River (Morocco), 369Sechura Bay. See Bahía de Sechura (Peru)Sechura Desert (Peru), 431Sécure River (Bolivia), 66Sedeten Mountains. See Sudety MountainsSeenu (Maldives), 338Sefidrood River (Iran), 256Segovia Highlands (Venezuela), 591Seiland (Norway), 405Seine River (France), 191Selenge River (Mongolia), 365Seletar River (Singapore), 483Sélibaby (Mauritania), 348Selkirk, Alexander, 113Selondi Range (Zimbabwe), 609Selvagens islet (Portugal), 442Selwyn Range (Canada), 97Seman River (Albania), 6Semmering Pass (Austria), 36Semois River (Belgium), 53Sendai Plain (Japan), 280Senegal, 198, 475–478, 477, 477tSenegal River, 339, 341, 348, 476Senja (Norway), 406Senqunyane River (Lesotho), 312Sentarium (Indonesia), 251Seoul (Korea, Republic of), 299Sepik River (Papua New Guinea), 421–422Serakhis River (Cyprus), 149Serangoon River (Singapore), 483Serbia (Yugoslavia), 602–605Serekunda (Gambia), 199Serena (Chile), 114Serengeti Plain, 530Seretar Reservoir (Singapore), 483Seria (Brunei), 81Serpents Island. See Île aux Serpents

(Mauritania)Serra da Mantiqueira (Brazil), 74Serra de Monchique (Portugal), 441Serra do Espinhaço (Brazil), 74Serra do Mar (Brazil), 74Serra Geral (Brazil), 74Serrana Island (Colombia), 124Serranía de Baudó, 122Serranilla Island, 124–125Serre-Ponçon (France), 191Serrianía de Tabasará (Panama), 417Sese Archipelage (Uganda), 558Setúbal Bay (Portugal), 442Seven Hills (Germany), 203Seven-Mile Beach (Cayman Islands), 104Severn River (Canada), 98Severn River (United Kingdom), 566Severnaya Zemlya (Russia), 456Sevier Lake (United States), 575Sevilla. See Seville (Spain)Seville (Spain), 500Sewa River (Sierra Leone), 481Seward Peninsula (United States), 573, 578Seychelles, 478–480, 479, 480tSeyhan River (Turkey), 548Sezar River Gorges (Iran), 255Shabeele River, 491

Shabeelle River, 182Shackleton Ice Shelf (Antarctica), 21Shadegan wetland (Iran), 257Shahbazpur (Bangladesh), 47Shamal. See WindstormsShan Plateau (Myanmar), 375, 376Shandong Peninsula (China), 119Shandur-Hundrup National Park (Pakistan),

414Shangani River Valley (Zimbabwe), 611Shannon River (Ireland), 263Sharjah (United Arab Emirates), 563Shark Bay (Australia), 34Sharqiya (Oman), 410Shatt al Arab (Iraq), 260–261Shatts. See Salt lakesShebshi Mountains (Nigeria), 402Sherbro Island (Sierra Leone), 481Sherbro River (Sierra Leone), 481Sherbro Strait (Sierra Leone), 481Shetland Islands (United Kingdom), 566–568Shey-Phoksumdo National Park (Nepal), 384Shiga Highlands (Japan), 277Shikoku (Japan), 276–280Shikotan Island (Japan), 276Shilka River (Russia), 454Shinano River (Japan), 278Shinjiko Lake (Japan), 278Shipping

Egypt, 170The Netherlands, 389Panama, 420Russia, 455

Shipwrecks, 113Kiribati, 293Meduse, 347Rhone, 79Skeleton Coast, 380S.S. Bianca C, 217

Shiragami (Japan), 279Shire Highlands, 331, 332, 370Shire Plateau. See Shire HighlandsShire River (Malawi), 331, 332Shiroito Plateau (Japan), 278Shishkhed River (Mongolia), 365Shkumbin River (Albania), 6Shortland Islands (Solomon Islands), 489–490Siachen Glacier (India), 242Sianok Canyon (Indonesia), 250Siberia (Russia), 451–457Sibun River (Belize), 56Sibuyan Sea, 434Sicilian Channel (Italy), 272Sicily (Italy), 269, 270–272Sico River (Honduras), 233Sicre River (Honduras), 233Sidipan Island, 335Sierra da Estrela (Portugal), 440, 441Sierra de Bahoruco (Dominican Republic),

159, 230Sierra de Cayey (Puerto Rico), 444Sierra de Chama (Guatemala), 220Sierra de Chuacús (Guatemala), 220Sierra de las Minas (Guatemala), 220Sierra de la Ventana (Argentina), 25Sierra de los Cuchumatanes, 220Sierra de los Organos (Cuba), 145–146

Sierra de Luquillo (Puerto Rico), 444, 445Sierra de Martin Garcfa (Dominican

Republic), 159Sierra de Neiba (Dominican Republic), 159,

230Sierra de Nicaro (Cuba), 145Sierra de Nipe (Cuba), 145Sierra de San Joaquin (Paraguay), 424Sierra de San Luis (Venezuela), 591Sierra de Sancti Spíritus (Cuba), 145Sierra de Santa Cruz (Guatemala), 220Sierra de Trinidad (Cuba), 145Sierra del Cristal (Cuba), 145Sierra del Rosario (Cuba), 145–146Sierra del Tandil (Argentina), 25Sierra Highlands (Ecuador), 164–166Sierra Leone, 480–482, 481, 482tSierra Leone Peninsula (Sierra Leone), 480–

482Sierra Leone River (Sierra Leone), 481Sierra Lihuel-Calel (Argentina), 25Sierra Madre (The Philippines), 433, 436Sierra Madre de Chiapas (Mexico), 354Sierra Madre del Sur (Mexico), 353, 355Sierra Madre Occidental (Mexico), 353, 354,

356Sierra Madre Oriental (Mexico), 353Sierra Madre range (El Salvador), 172Sierra Madres, 220Sierra Maestra (Cuba), 145Sierra Maigualida (Venezuela), 591Sierra Nevada de Cocuy (Colombia), 122Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta (Colombia), 123,

124Sierra Nevada Mountains (Spain), 500–501Sierra Nevada Mountains (United States), 574Sierra Parima Mountains (Venezuela), 590Sierra San Pedro Mountains (Mexico), 354Sierra Volcanica Transversal. See Cordillera

Neovolcanica (Mexico)Sigatoka River (Fiji), 184Signal de Bortrange. See Mt. Botrange

(Belgium)Sihanoukville. See Kompong Som (Cambodia)Sikhote-Alin’ Mountains (Russia), 453Sikkim (India), 244Silhoutte Island (Seychelles), 479Sim Gang glacier (Pakistan), 413Sjrrj (Iran), 257Simbo Island (Solomon Islands), 489Simeto River (Italy), 271Similian Islands (Thailand), 535Simpson Desert (Australia), 35Sinafir Island (Saudi Arabia), 473Sinai Peninsula (Egypt), 167, 169Sind (Pakistan), 413Siné River (Senegal), 476Singapore, 482–484, 483, 484tSingapore Island (Singapore), 483Singapore River (Singapore), 483Singitic Gulf (Greece), 213Singkarak (Indonesia), 250Sinharaja (Sri Lanka), 504Sinn River (Syria), 523Sinnamary River (French Guiana), 195Sint Maarten. See Saint MartinSió River (Hungary), 236


Index


Sioma Falls. See Ngonye Falls (Zambia)Sipadan, 248Sipaliwini River (Suriname), 511Siple Island (Antarctica), 20Sira River (Norway), 405Sirba River (Burkina Faso), 85Sirdaryo-Syr River. See Syr Darya RiverSiret River (Romania), 449Sirikit Reservoir (Thailand), 534Sirwa (Morocco), 369Sisangan National Park (Iran), 258Sistema Ibérico. See Iberian Cordillera

Mountains (Spain)Sistema Penibético. See Baetic Cordillera

Mountains (Spain)Sitrah (Bahrain), 43–44Sittang River (Myanmar), 374–376Sittoung River. See Sittang River (Myanmar)Sivash Lagoon (Ukraine), 561Siwa Oasis (Egypt), 170Siwalik Hills, 62, 383, 384Sjælland Island (Denmark), 154Skadar. See Lake ScutariSkadarsko Jezero (Lake Scutari), 6Skaga Fjord (Iceland), 241Skagerrak, 154, 405, 515, 516Skåne (Sweden), 514–517Skeleton Coast (Namibia), 380Skellefte River (Sweden), 515, 517Skellefteå (Sweden), 516Skelton Glacier (Antarctica), 19Skjaergard (Norway), 405–406Skjaldbreidhur (Iceland), 239Skjálfanda River (Iceland), 240Skjern River (Denmark), 154Skocjan Cave (Slovenia), 488Skógafoss (Iceland), 240Skopje (Macedonia), 325, 326Skorpios (Greece), 212Skye (United Kingdom), 566, 568Slaettaratindur (Faeroe Islands), 154Slash-and-burn agriculture, in Gambia, 199Slave trade, Cape Verde, 102Sliema (Malta), 343Slieve Donard (Northern Ireland), 566Slieve Mish Mountains (Ireland), 262Slieve Mishkish Mountains (Ireland), 262Slochteren reserve (The Netherlands), 389Slovak Ore Mountains (Slovakia), 485Slovak Republic. See SlovakiaSlovakia, 484–486, 486tSlovenia, 486–489, 487, 488tSlovenské Rudohrie. See Slovak Ore Mountains

(Slovakia)Småland (Sweden), 514–515, 517Small Lake. See Petit Lac (Switzerland)Smallwood Reservoir (Canada), 98Smith Sound (Canada), 99“The Smoke That Thunders.” See Victoria FallsSnake River (United States), 574–576Snake River Plain (United States), 574–575Snares Islands (New Zealand), 393Sneek Lake (The Netherlands), 388Snohetta (Norway), 405Snow Lake (Pakistan), 413Sobaek Mountain Range (Korea, Republic of),

297, 298

Sobradinho Reservoir (Brazil), 75Somjin River (Korea, Republic of), 298The Society Islands (France), 193Socotra Island (Yemen), 600–601Sodwana Bay (South Africa), 496Sofala Bay (Mozambique), 373Sogeri Plateau (Papua New Guinea), 421Sognafjorden. See Sogne Fjord (Norway)Sogne Fjord (Norway), 407Soil erosion

Belize, 56East Frisian Islands, 205Ethiopia, 182India, 248Indonesia, 250, 253Iran, 258Micronesia, 359Moldova, 361Pakistan, 414

Sokoto River (Nigeria), 403Sola (Vanuatu), 587Solar energy

India, 248Indonesia, 254Iran, 258Mongolia, 367Nepal, 386Pakistan, 414Somalia, 494

Solar radiation, Antarctica, 21Solimões River (Brazil), 74Solomon Islands, 422, 423, 489, 489–490, 490tSolomon Sea, 422, 489Solor River (Indonesia), 251Solway Firth (Scotland), 569Smya Strait, 279Somali Plateau (Ethiopia), 181–182, 183Somalia, 490–494, 492Sombrero Island (Anguilla), 16Somerset Island (Bermuda), 60Somep River (Romania), 449Somme River (France), 192Somosomo Straits (Fiji), 185Somuncurá Plateau (Argentina), 25Song-Kul (Kyrgyzstan), 303Song Lo River (Vietnam), 595Song Shan (China), 117Songea (Tanzania), 531Sonmiani Bay (Pakistan), 413Sonoran Desert, 356, 574, 579Sonsorol Island (Palau), 416Sophala (Mozambique), 372Sorlandet. See South Country (Norway)Sorraia River (Portugal), 442Sorsogon Peninsula (The Philippines), 435Sotavento (Cape Verde), 102Soufrière (Guadeloupe), 218Soufrière (Saint Lucia), 462Soufrière (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines),

464Soufrière Bay (Saint Lucia), 462Soun-kyo Gorge (Japan), 278Sourou River (Burkina Faso), 84–85South Africa, 313, 494–498, 495, 497–498,

497tSouth American Tectonic Plate

Bolivia, 65

Brazil, 73Chile, 112Colombia, 122Ecuador, 164French Guiana, 194Guyana, 227Panama, 417Paraguay, 424Peru, 428Suriname, 510Trinidad and Tobago, 541Venezuela, 589–590

South Australia, 33South Caicos Island (Turks and Caicos

Islands), 552–553, 553South Country (Norway), 405South Downs (England), 566South Friar’s Bay (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461South Georgia Island (United Kingdom), 21,

568South Hatia (Bangladesh), 47South Island (New Zealand), 391–394South Korea. See Korea, Republic ofSouth Limburg Plateau (The Netherlands), 388South Malé Atoll (Maldives), 338South Malosmadulu Atoll (Maldives), 338South Negril Point (Jamaica), 274South Orkney Islands (Antarctica), 21South Ossetia (Georgia), 200South Point (Barbados), 49South Pole (Antarctica), 17, 19South Sandwich Island (United Kingdom), 568South Sandwich Islands (United Kingdom), 21South Saskatchewan River (Canada), 98South Shetland Islands (Antarctica), 20South Taranaki Bight (New Zealand), 393South Uist (United Kingdom), 568Southampton (United Kingdom), 570Southern Alps (New Zealand), 391Southern and Antarctic Lands (France), 192Southern Bug River, 560–561Southern elephant seals, 26Southern Hills. See Siwalik HillsSouthern Karroo. See Little Karroo Plateau

(South Africa)Southern Range (Trinidad and Tobago), 541Southern Rockies (United States), 573Southern Sporades Islands (Greece), 213Southern uplands (DROC), 129Southern Uplands (Scotland), 564, 566–567Southwest Cape (New Zealand), 393Southwestern Plateau (Afghanistan), 1, 3Soviet Union, 453Sowa River (Sierra Leone), 481Spain, 368, 498–502, 499, 499tSpanish Sahara. See Western SaharaSpencer Gulf (Australia), 34Sperkhiós River (Greece), 212Spice Islands. See Maluku Islands (Indonesia)Spitzbergen archipelago (Norway), 406Spratly Islands, 80, 119, 334, 335, 432, 595–596Sredinnyy Range (Russia), 453Sredna Gora. See Sredna Mountains (Bulgaria)Sredna Mountains (Bulgaria), 82Sri Lanka, 502–505, 503, 503tSrinakarin Reservoir (Thailand), 534Srpska (RS), 69–70


Index


Ind

ex

S.S. Bianca C wreck, 217St. See SaintStanley Falls. See Boyoma Falls (DROC)Stanley Pool. See Pool Malebo (DROC)Stanovoy Mountains (Russia), 453Star Mountains (Papua New Guinea), 420Stara Planina. See Balkan Mountains (Bulgaria)Starbuck Island (Kiribati), 292, 293Starnberger See (Germany), 204State Barrier Fence (Australia), 33Statia. See St. Eustatius (Netherlands Antilles)Steel industry, in Australia, 35Steppes

Hungary, 238Kazakhstan, 287Mongolia, 366Niger, 400Russia, 456

Stevenson, Robert Louis, 466Stevn Cliff (Denmark), 154Stewart Island (New Zealand), 393Stockholm (Sweden), 515Stoker, Bram, 449Stokks Point (Iceland), 241Stony Tunguska (Russia), 454Storå River (Denmark), 154Store Strait (Denmark), 154Strait of Dover (United Kingdom), 567, 569Strait of Georgia (Canada), 99Strait of Gibraltar, 367, 369Strait of Hormuz, 257, 409, 411, 563Strait of Johore, 335Strait of Juan de Fuca, 578Strait of Jsbal, 169Strait of Magellan, 26Strait of Malacca, 251, 333, 335Strait of Mandeb, 156, 157Strait of Messina, 269, 271Strait of Otranto, 6, 271, 272Straits of Florida, 41Strangford Lough (Northern Ireland), 566, 569Straus, Johann, 36Strickland River (Papua New Guinea), 422Stromboli (Italy), 269, 272Stromp Island (Denmark), 154Struma River, 83, 212Strumica River (Macedonia), 326Sub-Apennines. See Anti-Apennines (Italy)Subantarctic Zone, 24Subcarpathians (Romania), 449, 451Submarine earthquakes

Iceland, 241Papua New Guinea, 422

Subsistence agriculture. See AgricultureSudan, 505–510, 506, 509tSudd (Sudan), 508Sudety Mountains, 150, 437Suez Canal, 169Sugarcane

Barbados, 49Cuba, 148Mauritius, 352

Suir River (Ireland), 263Sula Islands (Indonesia), 252Sulaiman Range (Pakistan), 412Sulawesi (Indonesia), 248–252Sulawesi Sea, 251, 335, 434

Sultanate of Brunei. See BruneiSulu Archipelago (The Philippines), 435Sulu Sea, 335, 434Sumatra (Indonesia), 248–252Sumba (Indonesia), 248, 252Sumbawa (Indonesia), 248, 252Sumpul River (Honduras), 233Sun Coast. See Costa del Sol (Spain)Sun Kosi River (Nepal), 385Sun Moon Lake (Taiwan), 525Sunda Islands (Indonesia), 252Sunda Strait (Indonesia), 251Sundarbans, 46, 47, 245Sundukli Desert (Turkmenistan), 551Sunless winter, Finland, 188Sunlight

Antarctica, 21Finland, 188

Sunrise Group. See Ratak Group (Marshall Islands)

Sunset Group. See Ralik Group (Marshall Islands)

Superior Upland (United States), 573Suram Mountains (Georgia), 200, 201Sûre River, 323Surfers Paradise (Australia), 34Surigao Peninsula (The Philippines), 435Surigao Strait (The Philippines), 434Suriname, 510–512, 511, 512tSuriname River (Suriname), 510–511Surkohb. See Vakhsh River (Tajikistan)Surma River (Bangladesh), 46Surma River Plain. See Sylhet Plain

(Bangladesh)Surtsey Island (Iceland), 241Sutjeska National Park (Bosnia and

Herzegovina), 70Sutlej River, 244, 413Suur Munamägi (Estonia), 179Suwa Canyon (Japan), 278Svalbard archipelago (Norway), 406–407Svealand (Sweden), 514–517Swabian Alb (Germany), 204Swain’s Island (United States), 578Swakop River (Namibia), 379Swamps. See WetlandsSwan Islands. See Cajone Cays (Honduras)The Swarms of San Jacinto. See Hervideros de

San Jacinto (Nicaragua)Swat Hills (Pakistan), 412Swaziland, 512–514, 513, 513tSweden, 514–517, 515, 516tSwitzerland, 517–521, 518, 520tSydero Island (Denmark), 154Sydney (Australia), 35Sylhet District (Bangladesh), 45Sylhet Plain (Bangladesh), 45Syr Darya River, 286, 303, 528, 583–586Syria, 266, 521–524, 522, 522tSyrian Desert, 259, 261, 283, 523Szczecin (Poland), 438

T

Taatsiin Tsagaan Lake (Mongolia), 365Tabasco (Mexico), 356Tablas (The Philippines), 433

Table Mountains (South Africa), 494Tabuaeran Island (Kiribati), 292, 293Tabubil Plateau (Papua New Guinea), 421Tacana (Guatemala), 220Tachira (Venezuela), 591Tacitus, 439T’aebaek Range (DPRK), 295, 297Taedong Bay (DPRK), 296Tafara River (East Timor), 163Tagimaucia River (Fiji), 184Tagus River, 440, 442, 500Tahiti (France), 193Tahtali Mountains (Turkey), 546Taï National Park (Côte d’Ivoire), 141Tai Shan (China), 117T’ai-tung (Taiwan), 525Taibai Shan (China), 116–117Taieri River (New Zealand), 393Taiga, in Russia, 456–457Taipei (Taiwan), 525Taita Hills (Kenya), 290Taiwan, 115, 119, 524–526, 525, 525tTaiwan Strait, 119Ta’izz (Yemen), 599–600Tajikistan, 526–529, 527, 529tTajumulco (Guatemala), 220Takachiho Gorge (Japan), 278Takachihokyo Plateau (Japan), 277Takhu La (Nepal), 384Taklimakan Desert (China), 120, 121Talak (Niger), 400Talish Mountains (Azerbaijan), 40Talkeetna Mountains (United States), 574Tapi River (India), 245Tamaki Isthmus (New Zealand), 393Tamarin Falls (Mauritius), 351Tamaulipas (Mexico), 355Tamil Nadu (India), 244Tampa Bay (United States), 578Tamur River (Nepal), 385Tana Fjord (Norway), 407Tana Plains (Kenya), 291Tana River (Kenya), 290, 291Tana River (Norway), 405Tanah Karo (Indonesia), 250Tanana River (United States), 576Tanen Range (Thailand), 533Tanezrouft (Mali), 342Tanga (Tanzania), 530Tanggula Mountains (China), 116Tangshan (China), 115Tanimbar Islands (Indonesia), 252Tanna Island (Vanuatu), 587Tannis Bay (Denmark), 154Tano River (Finland). See Tenu River (Finland)Tano River (Ghana), 208Tanshui River (Taiwan), 525–526Tanzania, 529–533, 530, 532tTaoism, sacred mountain peaks, 117Taor canyon (Macedonia), 325Taormina (Italy), 272Taoudenni (Mali), 342Tapajós River (Brazil), 74Tapanahoni River (Suriname), 511Tapón del Chocó (Colombia), 124Tara Canyon, 69, 602Tara River (Yugoslavia), 602


Index


Tarai Plain (Nepal), 383, 385, 386Tararua Range (New Zealand), 391Tarawa (Kiribati), 294Tarbela Dam (Pakistan), 413Tarim Basin (China), 117, 120Tarim River (China), 119Tarn River (France), 191Tarum River (Indonesia), 251Tasek Merimbun (Brunei), 80Tashkent (Uzbekistan), 584, 586Tasht Lake (Iran), 256Tasik Bera (Malaysia), 335Tasman Bay (New Zealand), 393Tasman glacier (New Zealand), 391Tasmania (Australia), 31–35Tatamailau (East Timor), 162Tatar Strait (Russia), 455Tatra Mountains (Poland), 437Tatra National Park (Slovakia), 485Tatry Mountains. See Tatra Mountains

(Poland)Tatun Shan (Taiwan), 525Tau Island (United States), 578Taunsa Barrage (Pakistan), 413Taunus Mountains (Germany), 203Taurus Mountains (Turkey), 546, 549Taveuni Island (Fiji), 185Tawi-Tawi (The Philippines), 435Tawkar Delta (Sudan), 508Tayabas Bay (The Philippines), 435Taylor Valley (Antarctica), 19Taymyr Peninsula (Russia), 455Taza Depression (Morocco), 369Tbilisi (Georgia), 201Tchigaï Plateau (Niger), 399Tebicuary River (Paraguay), 426, 427Technology, and Israel’s economy, 268Tees River (United Kingdom), 566Tegucigalpa (Honduras), 234Tehran (Iran), 255, 258Tehulche Indians, 24Tejo River. See Tagus RiverTekeze River, 177, 182Tel Aviv-Jaffa (Israel), 268The Tell (Tunisia), 544–545Tell Atlas Mountains (Algeria), 8, 10Tell region (Algeria), 8, 10Temburong District (Brunei), 80Temburong River (Brunei), 80Temengor Reservoir (Malaysia), 335Temne, Sierra Leone, 482Temperature. See ClimateTempurung Cave (Malaysia), 334Tena Kourou (Burkina Faso), 85Tenasserim River (Myanmar), 376Ténéré Desert (Niger), 400Tenerife Island (Spain), 500Tengger Mountains (Indonesia), 249Tennessee (United States), 576Tenochtitlán (Mexico), 354Tensift River (Morocco), 369Tenu River (Finland), 187Tepes, Vlad, 449Terai region (India), 246–247Teraina Island (Kiribati), 292, 293Teraja Lake (Brunei), 80Terceira (Portugal), 442

Terhiyn Tsagaan Lake (Mongolia), 365Ternate (Indonesia), 252Terre de barre, Benin, 58Territorial disputes

Algeria, 8Equatorial Guinea, 175, 176Ethiopia, 181India, 242Indonesia, 248Iran, 254–255, 257Japan, 276Malaysia, 333–334, 335Morocco, 368Nigeria, 401–402Norway, 407Pakistan, 411The Philippines, 432Qatar, 447Russia, 453Somalia, 491Syria, 521United Arab Emirates, 563Vanuatu, 587Venezuela, 589Vietnam, 595–596

Territories. See names of specific countries and territories

Terschelling Island (The Netherlands), 388Tesiyn River (Mongolia), 365Tetovo (Macedonia), 326Texas (United States), 571Texel Island (The Netherlands), 388Textile industry, in Madagascar, 330Tha River (Laos), 306Thailand, 533–536, 534, 534tThal Desert (Pakistan), 414Thale Sap Songkla (Thailand), 534, 535Thames River (England), 566, 569Thanedar Wala (Pakistan), 413Thanlwin River. See Salween RiverThar Desert, 246, 247, 414Thar Desert National Park (India), 247Thásos (Greece), 212Thermal resources

Bosnia and Herzegovina, 69Cuba, 146Iceland, 240Lake Hazen (Canada), 97Portugal, 442Turkey, 547United States, 575

Thessaloníki (Greece), 213Thessaly (Greece), 211, 212Thimphu (Bhutan), 63, 64Thingvallavatn Lake (Iceland), 240Thíra (Greece), 213Thirlmere Lake (England), 566Thistil Fjord (Iceland), 241Thiu Khao Phetchabun Range (Thailand), 534Thjórsá River (Iceland), 240Thjórsárver (Iceland), 240Thong Hai Hin. See Plain of Jars (Laos)Thousand Foot Falls (Belize), 56Thousand Hills Plateau. See Gunung Sewu

Plateau (Indonesia)Thrace (Turkey), 546–549Thracian Plain (Bulgaria), 82, 84

Three Gorges (China), 117Three Gorges Dam (China), 118Three Kings Islands (New Zealand), 393Thunersee (Switzerland), 519Thüringer Wald (Germany), 206Thurston Island (Antarctica), 20Tian Shan, 116, 284, 302, 584Tianchi Lake (China), 118Tiber River, 271, 272, 273, 588Tibesti Massif, 108, 316, 318, 399Tibet, 62Tiburón (Mexico), 355Tiburon Peninsula (Haiti), 229, 231Ticino (Switzerland), 520Ticino River, 519Ticino River Valley (Switzerland), 518Tidal bores

Bangladesh, 47Brazil, 74

Tidghine (Morocco), 369Tiega Plateau (Sudan), 507–508Tierra del Fuego, 24, 26, 111, 113“Tiger Leaping” Canyon. See Hutiaojian

Canyon (China)Tigre River, 165, 430Tigris River, 259, 260–261, 522, 548Tihama Desert (Yemen), 601Tihamah Plain (Saudi Arabia), 472, 474Tikal National Park (Guatemala), 221Tikopia Island (Solomon Islands), 489Tiladummati Atoll (Maldives), 338Timah Hill (Singapore), 483Timber

Benin, 59Bhutan, 64Brazil, 78Cameroon, 95Canada, 101Colombia, 126Comoros, 128Congo, Democratic Republic of, 133Cuba, 148Ecuador, 167Equatorial Guinea, 176Estonia, 180French Guiana, 195Gabon, 197Grenada, 217Guinea-Bissau, 227Latvia, 309Liberia, 315Luxembourg, 324Myanmar, 376Nepal, 386New Zealand, 394Norway, 408Palau, 416Papua New Guinea, 423Paraguay, 427Peru, 432Portugal, 443Russia, 456Slovenia, 488Solomon Islands, 490Suriname, 512Swaziland, 513Switzerland, 520–521


Index


Ind

ex

Uganda, 558United States, 581See also Forests

Timbué Point (Mozambique), 373Timbuktu. See Tombouctou (Mali)Timip River (Romania), 449Timor Gap (East Timor), 163Timor Island, 162, 248, 250, 252Timor Lorosa’e. See East TimorTimor Sea, 251Timor Trough, 251Tinaca Point (The Philippines), 435Tindore (Indonesia), 252Tinhosa Grande Islet (São Tomé and Príncipe),

471Tinhosa Pequena Islet (São Tomé and

Príncipe), 471Tioman Island (Malaysia), 335Tiran Island (Saudi Arabia), 473Tiranë (Albania), 7Tiris Zemrnour (Mauritania), 349Tirso River (Italy), 271Tisza River, 236, 237, 449, 604Titiwangsa Mountains (Malaysia), 334, 336Tlemcen range (Algeria), 8Toamasina (Madagascar), 329Toba Kakar Range (Pakistan), 412Tobacco, in Cuba, 148Tobol River (Kazakhstan), 286Tobruk (Libya), 316Tocantins River (Brazil), 74Tofo (Mozambique), 373Tofua Island (Tonga), 539Toghobeit Cave (Morocco), 369Togo, 536–538, 537Togo Mountains (Togo), 537–538Tohoku (Japan), 279Tokachi Plain (Japan), 279, 280Tokai (Japan), 279Tokelau (New Zealand), 391, 394Tokyo (Japan), 278, 279, 281Tokyo Bay (Japan), 279Toltén River (Chile), 113Tombouctou (Mali), 341Tomini Gulf (Indonesia), 252Tonda Wildlife Management Area (Papua New

Guinea), 422Tone River (Japan), 278Tonga, 538–540, 539, 539tTonga-Kermadec Trench, 466Tonga Trench, 539Tongatapu Island (Tonga), 539–540Tongatapu Island Group (Tonga), 538–539Tongjin River (Korea, Republic of), 298Tongjoson Bay (DPRK), 296Tongno River (DPRK), 295T’ongnyonggul cave (DPRK), 295Tongoa (Vanuatu), 587Tongsa Chhu. See Tongsa River (Bhutan)Tongsa River (Bhutan), 63Tongtian River (China), 119Tonle Basak River (Cambodia), 90Tonle Sap (Cambodia), 89, 91Tonle Sap River (Cambodia), 89Tono River (East Timor), 163Toranipata (Peru), 430Torkestan Mountains (Afghanistan), 2–3

Tornadoes, in Kiribati, 293Torne River (Sweden), 515Torneå River. See Tornio River (Finland)Torngat Mountains (Canada), 97Tornio River (Finland), 187Torojaland (Indonesia), 250Toros Daglari. See Taurus MountainsTorres Islands (Vanuatu), 587Torres Strait, 33, 422Torsa Chhu. See Torsa River (Bhutan)Torsa River (Bhutan), 63Tortola Island (British Virgin Islands), 79Tortuga Island (Haiti), 231Torun Archipelago. See Turku Archipelago

(Finland)Tosa Bay (Japan), 279Tosan (Japan), 279Toulaman River (Dominica), 157Tourism

Andorra, 12Anguilla, 16, 17Antarctica, 21Aruba, 30–31The Bahamas, 42Barbados, 49Bermuda, 61British Virgin Islands, 79Brunei, 81Cape Verde, 102Cayman Islands, 104China, 118Colombia, 123, 124Cyprus, 150Eritrea, 177, 178Estonia, 179Fiji, 185Gambia, 198Greece, 214Grenada, 217Guadeloupe, 219Ireland, 263, 264–265Italy, 272Jamaica, 275Japan, 279Jordan, 283Kenya, 292Maldives, 339Mali, 340Martinique, 347Mauritius, 352Mexico, 355, 357Micronesia, 358Mozambique, 372Namibia, 381Nepal, 385, 386Palau, 415, 416Paraguay, 427Romania, 450Saint Lucia, 463–464Samoa, 466San Marino, 469South Africa, 496Spain, 501–502Switzerland, 521Thailand, 535–536Tonga, 540Trinidad and Tobago, 543

Turks and Caicos Islands, 553Ukraine, 561Vanuatu, 588Venezuela, 593Virgin Islands, 598

Town Hill (Bermuda), 60Toxic gases, in Cameroon, 94Tozeur (Tunisia), 545Trade routes

Bahrain, 43Cuba, 144India, 245Iran, 254Japan, 276Mongolia, 364Oman, 410–411Panama, 420Poland, 438

Trans Alai Mountains, 302–303, 527–528Transantarctic Mountains, 18–19Transcaucasia

Armenia, 28–29Azerbaijan, 39–41Georgia, 200–202

Transdanubia (Hungary), 235, 238Transmigration, Indonesia, 253–254Transvaal Basin. See Bushveld (South Africa)Transverse Ranges (United States), 574Transverse Volcanic Range. See Cordillera

Neovolcanica (Mexico)Transylvanian Alps, 448, 449, 602, 604Transylvanian Basin (Romania), 448Transylvanian Plateau (Romania), 449, 450Trarza (Mauritania), 348Trás-os-Montes (Portugal), 441, 442Traunsee (Austria), 37Treaties

Antarctic, 18, 22Indonesia and Malaysia, 251

Trees. See Forests; VegetationTrincomalee (Sri Lanka), 504Trinidad and Tobago, 540–543, 541, 542tTrinity Hills (Trinidad and Tobago), 541Tripoli (Lebanon), 311Tripoli (Libya), 318Tripolitania (Libya), 316, 318Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom), 568Trobriand Islands (Papua New Guinea), 422,

423Trollhätten Falls (Sweden), 515Trøndelag Depression. See Trondheim

Depression (Norway)Trondheim Depression (Norway), 405, 408Trondheim Fjord (Norway), 407Troodos Mountains (Cyprus), 148, 149Tropical rainforests

Brazil, 73, 77Colombia, 126Congo, Democratic Republic of, 129Congo, Republic of, 135Equatorial Guinea, 175French Guiana, 195Guyana, 228India, 247Kenya, 291Malaysia, 336Myanmar, 376


Index


Nicaragua, 395Nigeria, 403Panama, 419Papua New Guinea, 423Peru, 430Venezuela, 593See also Rainforests

Tropical stormsAnguilla, 17Cayman Islands, 104Haiti, 231

Trucial Coast (United Arab Emirates), 562Truk Islands. See Chuuk Islands (Micronesia)Truk Lagoon (Micronesia), 358, 359Truong Son Mountians (Vietnam), 594, 596Trziska Bistrica River (Slovenia), 488Tsaratanana Massif (Madagascar), 327, 329Tsavo National Park (Kenya), 290Tsing’i Bemahara nature reserve (Madagascar),

328Tsiribihina River (Madagascar), 329Tsodilo Hills (Botswana), 71Tsugaru Strait (Japan), 279Tsunamis, in Japan, 279Tsushima Island (Japan), 279Tuamotu Island (France), 193Tubauai Island (France), 193Tubbataha Reefs National Marine Park (The

Philippines), 434Tugela River (Lesotho), 312Tuira River (Panama), 418Tumuc-Humac Mountains, 195, 510Tunb al Kubrá. See Greater Tunb Island

(United Arab Emirates)Tunb ap Nughrá. See Lesser Tunb Island (United

Arab Emirates)Tundra

Canada, 100Norway, 408Russia, 456Sweden, 517United States, 579

Tundzha River (Bulgaria), 83Tunis (Tunisia), 543Tunisia, 8, 543–545, 544, 545tTunulliarfik (Greenland), 215Tunuyán River (Argentina), 26Tupinambarama Island (Brazil), 76Turabo Valley (Puerto Rico), 444, 445Turan Lowlands, 285, 585Turatao Island (Thailand), 535Turba (Yemen), 600–601Turkey, 148, 150, 545–549, 547, 547tTurkmenistan, 549–552, 550, 551tTurks and Caicos Islands, 552–553, 553, 568Turks Island Passage (Turks and Caicos

Islands), 553Turku Archipelago (Finland), 188Turkwel River (Kenya), 290Turneffe Islands (Belize), 56Turquoise reefs, in Samoa, 467Turrialba volcano (Costa Rica), 136Turtle Islands (Sierra Leone), 481Turtles, 409, 418Tuscan Archipelago (Italy), 272Tuscan plains (Italy), 272Tuscany (Italy), 271

Tutong District (Brunei), 80Tutong River (Brunei), 80Tutuala Beach (East Timor), 163Tutuila Island (United States), 578Tuul River (Mongolia), 365Tuvalu, 554, 554–555, 555tTuwayq Mountains (Saudi Arabia), 472–473Tuy River (Venezuela), 592Tuz Gölü. See Lake Tuz (Turkey)Tweed River (Dominica), 157Tweed River (United Kingdom), 567Twelve Bens of Bennebeola (Ireland), 262Twyfelfontein (Namibia), 378Tyne River (United Kingdom), 566Typhoons

Japan, 280Micronesia, 359Palau, 416The Philippines, 434, 435Vietnam, 596

Tyre (Lebanon), 311Tyrrhenian Sea, 269, 271–272

U

Ubangi River, 105, 131, 134Ucayali River (Peru), 429, 430Uchira Bay (Japan), 279Udi Plateau (Nigeria), 402, 404Ufipa Plateau (Tanzania), 531Ugab River (Namibia), 379Uganda, 555–558, 556, 557tUia Mountain (DROC), 130Uinta Range (United States), 573Uiskur River (Bulgaria), 82Ujelang Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344U.K. See United KingdomUkerewe Island (Uganda), 558Ukraine, 558–562, 559, 561tUlaanbaatar (Mongolia), 365, 367Ulcinj (Yugoslavia), 604Uldz River (Mongolia), 365Ulithi (Micronesia), 359Ullswater Lake (England), 566Ullung-do (Korea, Republic of), 298Ullung Island. See Ullung-do (Korea, Republic

of)Ulrichen (Switzerland), 519Ulu Dag (Turkey), 546Ulúa River (Honduras), 233Ulúa River valley (Honduras), 234Uluguru Mountains (Tanzania), 531Ulungur River (China), 119Uluru Rock (Australia), 33Ulysses (Joyce), 264Umbeluzi River. See Mbuluzi River (Swaziland)Umboi (Papua New Guinea), 422Umbrail Pass (Switzerland), 519Ume River (Sweden), 515Umm al Qaywayn (United Arab Emirates), 562Umm an-Na’san (Bahrain), 43–44Umm as-Samjm Salt Flats (Saudi Arabia), 475Umm Said (Qatar), 446, 447Umtalis (Zimbabwe), 609Umvukwe Range (Zimbabwe), 609Una River, 69, 143Unare River (Venezuela), 590

’Unayzah (Saudi Arabia), 473Underground Palace. See Kosudonggul (Korea,

Republic of)UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program,

Kenya, 291UNESCO World Heritage Sites. See World

Heritage SitesUnion Island (Saint Vincent and the

Grenadines), 464Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.),

453United Arab Emirates, 562, 562–564, 563tUnited Kingdom, 564–570, 565, 570t

Anguilla, 16–17Antigua and Barbuda, 22–23Bermuda, 59–61, 568British Virgin Islands, 78–79, 568Cayman Islands, 103–104, 568Jamaica, 273–275Maldives, 338Turks and Caicos Islands, 552–553, 568

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. See UNESCO

United States of America, 570–581, 572, 580tPanama Canal, 418Puerto Rico, 443–445, 571, 573, 577Virgin Islands, 571, 577, 597–599, 598

Unjon Plain (DPRK), 296Uno (Guinea-Bissau), 225Unst (United Kingdom), 568Upemba (DROC), 130, 132Upolu Island (Samoa), 466–468Upper Congo (DROC), 131Upper Galilee (Israel), 266Upper Guinea, 222Upper Karabakh Canal (Azerbaijan), 40Upper Lough Erne (Northern Ireland), 566–

567Upper Pierce Reservoir (Singapore), 483Upper Rhine River (Switzerland), 519Upper Sûre Lake (Luxembourg), 323Upper Volta. See Burkina FasoUppland (Sweden), 516Upsala glacier (Argentina), 25Ural Mountains, 284–285, 451, 453Ural River, 284–285, 286, 454Urban/rural population

Armenia, 29Austria, 38–39Azerbaijan, 41Bahrain, 44Barbados, 49Belarus, 51Benin, 59Brazil, 78Bulgaria, 84Cambodia, 91Central African Republic, 107Congo, Democratic Republic of, 132Costa Rica, 138Côte d’Ivoire, 142Cyprus, 150Czech Republic, 152Denmark, 155Dominican Republic, 161Ecuador, 167Estonia, 180


Index


Ind

ex

Fiji, 185France, 194Gabon, 197Georgia, 201Greece, 214Haiti, 232Hungary, 238Iceland, 241India, 248Indonesia, 253–254Iran, 258Ireland, 264Israel, 268Italy, 272–273Jamaica, 275Japan, 280–281Jordan, 283Kazakhstan, 287–288Kenya, 291Kiribati, 294Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of, 297Korea, Republic of, 299Kuwait, 301Kyrgyzstan, 304Laos, 307Latvia, 309Lebanon, 311Lesotho, 313Lithuania, 321Luxembourg, 324Madagascar, 330Malawi, 333Malaysia, 336Mali, 342Marshall Islands, 345Mauritania, 349Mauritius, 351Mexico, 356–357Micronesia, 359Moldova, 361Monaco, 363Mongolia, 367Morocco, 369–370Myanmar, 377Namibia, 380Nepal, 386New Zealand, 394Niger, 400Nigeria, 404Norway, 408Oman, 410Pakistan, 414Palau, 416Panama, 420Papua New Guinea, 423Paraguay, 427The Philippines, 436Portugal, 443Qatar, 447Romania, 451Russia, 454, 457Rwanda, 459Saint Lucia, 463Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 465Samoa, 467San Marino, 469São Tomé and Príncipe, 471

Singapore, 484Slovenia, 488Somalia, 493Spain, 500Swaziland, 513Taiwan, 526Tajikistan, 529Thailand, 536Togo, 538Tonga, 540Turkmenistan, 552Tuvalu, 555Uganda, 558United Arab Emirates, 563United Kingdom, 570Vanuatu, 588Venezuela, 593Yemen, 601Zimbabwe, 611

Ürgüp (Turkey), 547Urubamba River (Peru), 430Uruguay, 581–583, 582, 583tUruguay River, 26, 76Urukthapel Island (Palau), 416U.S. Virgin Islands, 571, 577, 597–599, 598U.S.A. See United StatesUsambara Range (Tanzania), 530Usk River (Wales), 566Ussari River (Russia), 454U.S.S.R. (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics),

453Ust-Urt Plateau, 285, 550–551, 584Ustyurt. See Ust-Urt PlateauUstyurt Plateau. See Ust-Urt PlateauUsululi (East Timor), 162Usumacinta River basin (Guatemala), 221Utah (United States), 575Utah Lake (United States), 575Utamboni River (Equatorial Guinea), 175Utila Island (Honduras), 233Utma (Yemen), 601Utonai-ko (Japan), 278Utupua Island (Solomon Islands), 489Uummannarsuaq (Greenland), 215Uva Basin (Sri Lanka), 504Uvs Lake (Mongolia), 364–365Uzaym River (Iraq), 260Uzbekistan, 583–584, 585, 585tUzun-Aral Strait, 285

V

Va’aifetu. See Mauga FitoVaal River (South Africa), 496Vaalserberg (The Netherlands), 388Vache Island (Haiti), 231Vacoas-Phoenix (Mauritius), 351Vaduz (Liechtenstein), 318, 319Vago Island (Denmark), 154Váh River (Slovakia), 485Vailima (Samoa), 466Vaitupu Island (Tuvalu), 554Vaiusu Bay (Samoa), 467Vakhsh River (Tajikistan), 528Vakuta (Papua New Guinea), 422Valanai Island (Sri Lanka), 504Valdai Hills (Russia), 453

Valdés Peninsula (Península Valdés), 26Valdivia (Chile), 114Valira del Norte (Andorra), 12Valira d’Orient (Andorra), 12Valira River (Andorra), 12Valles (Bolivia), 66Valletta (Malta), 343Valley of Roses (Bulgaria), 82Valley of the Lakes (Mongolia), 365Valleys. See names of specific valleysThe Valleys (Andorra), 12Vals Bay (South Africa), 496Vakhan corridor (Afghanistan), 2Van Asch Van Wijck Mountains (Suriname),

510Van Diemen Gulf (Australia), 34Van Gölü. See Lake Van (Turkey)Vancouver Island (Canada), 99Vangunu Island (Solomon Islands), 489Vangvieng (Laos), 306Vanikolo Island (Solomon Islands), 489Vanua Levu (Fiji), 184, 185Vanua Levu Island (Fiji), 185Vanuatu, 586–588, 587Varanger Fjord (Norway), 407Vardar River, 212, 325, 326Varde River (Denmark), 154Vardenis Mountains (Armenia), 28Väster Gotland (Sweden), 516Västmanland (Sweden), 516Vasyugan’ye Swamp (Russia), 455Vatican. See Vatican CityVatican City, 269, 588–589, 589Vatican Gardens (Vatican City), 588–589Vatnajökull (Iceland), 239, 240Vaupés River (Colombia), 124Vavu’u Island Group (Tonga), 538–539Vegetation

Afghanistan, 4Albania, 6–7Algeria, 10Angola, 15Anguilla, 17Antigua, 23Argentina, 26, 27Australia, 35Austria, 38The Bahamas, 42Barbados, 49Barbuda, 23Belarus, 51Belgium, 54Belize, 57Benin, 59Bermuda, 61Bhutan, 64Bolivia, 67Bosnia and Herzegovina, 70Botswana, 72Brazil, 77–78Brunei, 81Bulgaria, 84Burkina Faso, 86Burundi, 88Cambodia, 91Cameroon, 94Canada, 100–101


Index


Cape Verde, 102Central African Republic, 107Chad, 110Chile, 114China, 120Colombia, 122, 126Comoros, 127–128Congo, Democratic Republic of, 129Congo, Republic of, 135Costa Rica, 138Côte d’Ivoire, 139Croatia, 143–144Cuba, 147Cyprus, 149Czech Republic, 152Denmark, 155Dominica, 158Dominican Republic, 161East Timor, 163Ecuador, 166–167Egypt, 169–170El Salvador, 173Equatorial Guinea, 175Eritrea, 178Estonia, 180Ethiopia, 183Fiji, 185Finland, 188France, 193–194Gabon, 197Gambia, 199Germany, 205–206Ghana, 209Greece, 213Greenland, 216Guadeloupe, 219Guatemala, 221Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 226Guyana, 228–229Haiti, 231–232Honduras, 234Hungary, 237–238Iceland, 240India, 244, 246–247Indonesia, 252–253Iran, 258Iraq, 261Ireland, 264Israel, 267–268Italy, 272Jamaica, 275Japan, 280Jordan, 283Kazakhstan, 287Kenya, 291Kiribati, 294Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of, 296Korea, Republic of, 299Kuwait, 301Kyrgyzstan, 304Laos, 306Latvia, 309Lebanon, 311Lesotho, 313Liberia, 315Libya, 317–318

Liechtenstein, 319Lithuania, 321Luxembourg, 324Macedonia, 326Madagascar, 327, 329–330Malawi, 332Malaysia, 336Maldives, 338Mali, 341–342Marshall Islands, 345Martinique, 346–347Mauritania, 348–349Mexico, 356Moldova, 361Mongolia, 366–367Morocco, 369Mozambique, 373Myanmar, 376Namibia, 380Nauru, 382Nepal, 385–386The Netherlands, 389New Zealand, 393, 394Nicaragua, 397–398Niger, 400Norway, 407–408Oman, 409Pakistan, 414Palau, 416Panama, 419Papua New Guinea, 423Paraguay, 427Peru, 431The Philippines, 435–436Poland, 439Portugal, 443Puerto Rico, 445Romania, 450Russia, 456–457Rwanda, 459Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 465Samoa, 467–468San Marino, 469Senegal, 477Slovakia, 486Solomon Islands, 490Somalia, 493Spain, 501–502Sri Lanka, 504Sudan, 509Sweden, 517Switzerland, 520Syria, 523Taiwan, 526Tajikistan, 528Tanzania, 529, 532Thailand, 535–536Togo, 538Tonga, 540Tunisia, 545Tuvalu, 555Uganda, 558Ukraine, 561United Kingdom, 570United States, 579–580Vatican City, 589Vietnam, 596–597

Virgin Islands, 598Yemen, 601Yugoslavia, 605Zambia, 606, 608Zimbabwe, 611See also Forests

Veimandu Channel (Maldives), 337, 338Veld. See GrasslandsVelebit Mountains (Croatia), 142Velebit National Park (Croatia), 144Velika Kapela Mountains (Croatia), 142Velika Kapela peak (Croatia), 142Velika Ljubuša (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 69Velika Morava River (Yugoslavia), 604Velika Plaza (Yugoslavia), 604Velká Domaša Reservoir (Slovakia), 485Velky Litny Ostrov. See Great Rye Island

(Slovakia)Vella Lavella Island (Solomon Islands), 489–

490Venada Island (Nicaragua), 396Venetian Alps. See Eastern Alps (Italy)Venezuela, 589–594, 590, 593tVenice (Italy), 271, 272Venta River, 308, 320Ventuari River (Venezuela), 591Veracruz (Mexico), 355, 356Verde Island Passage (The Philippines), 434Verde River (Paraguay), 426Verkhoyansk (Russia), 456Verkhoyanskiy Range (Russia), 453Vermont (United States), 574Vesterålen (Norway), 406Vestlandet. See West Country (Norway)Vestmannaeyjar crater (Iceland), 241Vestur-Skaftafellssýsla (Iceland), 238Vesuvius (Italy), 269Victor Emmanuel Range (Papua New Guinea),

420Victoria (Seychelles), 480Victoria Falls, 605, 607–610Victoria Falls Reservoir (Sri Lanka), 503Victoria Island (Canada), 99Victoria Nile River (Uganda), 557Victoria Nyanza. See Lake VictoriaVictoria Peak (Belize), 56Victoria Valley (Antarctica), 19Victory Peak. See Jengish Chokusu

(Kyrgyzstan)Vidzeme Uplands (Latvia), 308Vienna Basin (Austria), 36, 38Vientiane (Laos), 306Vieques Island (Puerto Rico), 444Vieques Sound (Puerto Rico), 444Vietnam, 594–597, 595, 596tVieux Fort (Saint Lucia), 463Vijosë River (Albania), 6Vilnius (Lithuania), 320, 321Vilyui River (Russia), 454Viña del Mar (Chile), 114Vindel River (Sweden), 515Vindhya Range (India), 244Vinson Massif (Antarctica), 19Virgin Gorda (British Virgin Islands), 79Virgin Islands

British, 78–80, 79United States, 571, 577, 597–599, 598


Index


Ind

ex

Virgin Islands National Park, 598–599Virgin Passage (Puerto Rico), 444Virginia (United States), 576Virunga Mountains, 130, 458Visayan Islands (The Philippines), 434–435Visayan Sea, 434Visby (Sweden), 516Viscount Melville Sound (Canada), 99Vishakapatnam (India), 245Viskan River (Sweden), 515Visoke (DROC), 130Vistula River (Poland), 437–438, 439Viti Levu (Fiji), 184, 185Vitiaz Strait, 422Vitim River (Russia), 454Vitória (Brazil), 76Vitosha Mountains (Bulgaria), 8Vlad Tepes, 449Vladivostok (Russia), 455, 456, 457Vlašic Mountains (Bosnia and Herzegovina),

69Vlieland Island (The Netherlands), 388Vltava River (Czech Republic), 152Vojvodina (Yugoslavia), 602, 604Volcán Barú (Panama), 417Volcán Casita (Nicaragua), 395Volcán Chiriquí. See Volcán Barú (Panama)Volcán Concepción (Nicaragua), 395Volcán de San Miguel (El Salvador), 172Volcán de San Salvador (El Salvador), 172Volcán de San Vicente (El Salvador), 172Volcán de Santa Ana (El Salvador), 172Volcán Izalco (El Salvador), 172Volcán Masaya (Nicaragua), 395, 396Volcán Misti (Peru), 428Volcán San Cristóbal (Nicaragua), 395Volcán Telica (Nicaragua), 395, 396Volcán Yucamani (Peru), 428Volcanic Highlands (Honduras), 233Volcanic Plateau (New Zealand), 391–394Volcano Islands (Japan), 279Volcanoes

Antarctica, 19, 21Antigua, 22Argentina, 24Cameroon, 92–93Chile, 112Colombia, 122, 124Comoros, 127Congo, Democratic Republic of, 130Costa Rica, 136Djibouti, 156Dominica, 157–158Ecuador, 164–165El Salvador, 171–172Ethiopia, 182Greece, 212Guadeloupe, 218Guatemala, 220Iceland, 238–239Indonesia, 249–250Italy, 269, 272Japan, 276Kenya, 289–290Madagascar, 328–329Martinique, 346Mauritius, 350

Mexico, 352–353Myanmar, 374New Zealand, 391Nicaragua, 395–396Papua New Guinea, 421Peru, 428The Philippines, 433Russia, 453Saint Kitts and Nevis, 460Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 465Samoa, 466–467Solomon Islands, 489Tonga, 539United Kingdom, 568United States, 573–575Vanuatu, 586–587

Volga River (Russia), 454Volgograd (Russia), 454Volta Basin (Ghana), 207–208Volta Delta (Ghana), 209Volta River (Ghana), 208Volujak Mountain (Bosnia and Herzegovina),

69Von Moltkeblick (Namibia), 379Vopna Fjord (Iceland), 241Vormsi Island (Estonia), 180Võrtsjarv. See Lake Võrts (Estonia)Vosges Massif (France), 191Vostok Island (Kiribati), 293Vpadina Akchanaya (Turkmenistan), 550Vrana Lake (Croatia), 142Vrbas River (Bosnia and Herzegovina), 69Vulcano (Italy), 269Vysoké Tatry. See High Tatras Mountains

(Slovakia)

W

Waal River (The Netherlands), 388Waddenzee (The Netherlands), 388Wadi al Arabah (Jordan), 281Wadi al Jayb. See Wadi al Arabah (Jordan)Wadi Al-Ku (Sudan), 508Wadi al-Malih (Yemen), 600Wadi Azum (Sudan), 508Wadi Bjshah (Saudi Arabia), 473Wadi Dahero Canyon (Yemen), 599Wadi Hadhramawt (Yemen), 600Wadi Hajar (Yemen), 600Wadi Halfa (Sudan), 507–509Wadi Howar (Sudan), 508Wadi Jahr (Yemen), 600Wadi Mawr (Yemen), 600Wadi Mawza (Yemen), 600Wadi Rasyan (Yemen), 600Wadi Rima (Yemen), 600Wadi Rum (Jordan), 283Wadi Sana’il (Oman), 409Wadi Sarhan (Jordan), 283Wadi Sihan (Yemen), 600Wadi Surdud (Yemen), 600Wadi Tathljth (Saudi Arabia), 473Wadi Warazan (Yemen), 600Wadi Zabid (Yemen), 600Wahiba Sands (Oman), 410Waikato River (New Zealand), 393, 394Wairau River (New Zealand), 393

Wakasa Bay (Japan), 279Walachian Plain (Romania), 448, 450, 451Walauwa Watta Wathurana (Sri Lanka), 504Waldviertel (Austria), 37Wales (United Kingdom), 564, 566–569“The Wall” (Turks and Caicos Islands), 553Wallace Line, 251Wallaman Waterfall (Australia), 33Wallis and Futuna (France), 193Walloons, in Belgium, 54Wamb River (Vanuatu), 587Wadj as Sirhan (Saudi Arabia), 472Wami River (Tanzania), 531Wanerie River (Dominica), 158Wang River (Thailand), 534Wanganui River (New Zealand), 393Warbah (Kuwait), 301Warburton-Diamantina River, 33Wars

Afghanistan, 5Angola, 15Bosnia and Herzegovina, 70Congo, Democratic Republic of, 132East Timor, 162, 163Eritrea, 176Hungary, 235India, 242Israel, 266Jordan, 281Lebanon, 311Maldives, 338Marshall Islands, 344Pakistan, 411Poland, 440

Warsaw (Poland), 438Warta River (Poland), 438Wasatch Range (United States), 573The Wash (England), 567, 569Washington, D.C. (United States), 580Washington (United States), 574, 579Washington Island. See Teraina Island

(Kiribati)Wast Water Lake (England), 566Water loss

China, 118Lake Chad, 108, 110, 111See also Desertification; Droughts

Water pollutionAzerbaijan, 40Congo, Republic of, 135Gulf of Oman, 257India, 244, 245Japan, 278Myanmar, 376Pakistan, 413Papua New Guinea, 421Persian Gulf, 257The Philippines, 433, 434Venezuela, 591See also Pollution

Waterberg Plateau (Namibia), 379Waterfalls

Argentina, 24, 26Australia, 33Belize, 56Congo, Democratic Republic of, 130–131Croatia, 143


Index


Estonia, 179Guyana, 227Iceland, 240Laos, 306Lesotho, 312Liberia, 314Malaysia, 335Mauritius, 351Micronesia, 358Namibia, 379Suriname, 511Swaziland, 512–513Sweden, 515Switzerland, 519Turkey, 548Uganda, 557Venezuela, 591Zambia, 607–608Zimbabwe, 609–610

Watford Island (Bermuda), 60Watumu (Kenya), 290Watzmann (Germany), 202Waziristan Mountains (Pakistan), 412Weddell, James, 20Weddell Sea, 20, 21Weisshorn (Switzerland), 518Wellington (New Zealand), 394Wellington Island (Chile), 113Weser River (Germany), 204West Antarctica, 18–19, 21West Bank, 266, 281West Bengal. See Bangla State (India)West Caicos Island (Turks and Caicos Islands),

553West Country (England), 564, 566West Country (Norway), 405West Falkland (United Kingdom), 568West Frisian Islands (The Netherlands), 388West Germany, 206West Gotland. See Väster Gotland (Sweden)West Island (Australia), 34West Lake. See Ho Tay (Vietnam)West Malaysia. See Peninsular MalaysiaWest River. See Xi Jiang (China)West Siberian Plain (Russia), 451, 455, 456, 457Westerly Desert (United Arab Emirates), 563Western Alps (Italy), 269Western Atlas Mountains. See High Atlas

Mountains (Morocco)Western Channel (Korea, Republic of), 298Western Cordillera (Bolivia). See Cordillera

OccidentalWestern Cordillera (Canada). See Canadian

RockiesWestern Desert (Egypt), 167, 170Western Dvina River (Belarus), 51Western Ghats (India), 243Western Group. See Ralik Group (Marshall

Islands)Western Hajar. See Hajar al-Gharbi (Oman)Western High Plains (Nigeria), 402, 403Western Islands (Micronesia), 358Western Lowlands (Lesotho), 313Western Mountains (Nepal), 384Western Paraguay, 424Western Plateau (Australia), 31–35Western Plateau Region (Kenya), 290

Western Sahara, 368, 369, 370Western Samoa. See SamoaWesterschelde (The Netherlands), 388Westman Islands (Iceland), 238, 240–241Westmoreland Plain (Jamaica), 275Wetar (Indonesia), 252Wetar Strait (East Timor), 163Wetlands

Albania, 6Argentina, 26Bangladesh, 46–47Belarus, 50–51Belgium, 53–54Belize, 56Benin, 58Bolivia, 67Botswana, 71, 72Brazil, 76Brunei, 80Cameroon, 94Canada, 98–99Chad, 110China, 119Colombia, 124Congo, Republic of, 134Costa Rica, 137Côte d’Ivoire, 139Cuba, 146Dominican Republic, 160East Timor, 163El Salvador, 172Eritrea, 177Estonia, 179Ethiopia, 183Fiji, 184Finland, 186, 187France, 192French Guiana, 195Gabon, 197Germany, 205Ghana, 208Guatemala, 221Guinea, 224Guinea-Bissau, 225Guyana, 228Haiti, 231Honduras, 233Hungary, 236–237Iceland, 240India, 245Indonesia, 251Iran, 256–257Iraq, 261Ireland, 263Italy, 271Jamaica, 274Japan, 278Latvia, 308Liechtenstein, 319Lithuania, 320Malawi, 332Malaysia, 335Mali, 341Mauritania, 348Mexico, 355Moldova, 361Mongolia, 365

Mozambique, 372Myanmar, 376Namibia, 379Nepal, 385The Netherlands, 388New Zealand, 393Nicaragua, 396Nigeria, 403Pakistan, 413Palau, 415Panama, 418Papua New Guinea, 422Paraguay, 426Peru, 430The Philippines, 434Poland, 438Romania, 449Russia, 455Rwanda, 458–459Saint Kitts and Nevis, 461Samoa, 467Senegal, 476Sierra Leone, 481Slovakia, 485–486Somalia, 491Sri Lanka, 503, 504Sudan, 508Sweden, 515Syria, 523Tanzania, 531Thailand, 535Trinidad and Tobago, 541Turkey, 548Uganda, 557–558Ukraine, 560United Kingdom, 567United States, 576Uruguay, 582Venezuela, 592Yemen, 600Zambia, 607

Wetlands of International ImportanceIndia, 245Indonesia, 251Iran, 257Japan, 278Mongolia, 365Nepal, 385Pakistan, 413Panama, 418Papua New Guinea, 421, 422The Philippines, 434

Wexford Bay (Ireland), 263Wexford Slobs (Ireland), 264Whaling, in Antarctica, 20White Carpathian Mountains. See Bíle Karpaty

Mountains (Czech Republic)White Lady rock painting (Namibia), 378White Mountains (United States), 574White Nile (Sudan), 506–507, 509White River Badlands (United States), 575White Sea, 455White Volta River, 84–85, 208Wicklow Mountains (Ireland), 262Wielkopolska-Kujawy Lowland (Poland), 437Wielkopolski National Forest (Poland), 439


Index


Ind

ex

Wildlife habitatsBrunei, 80–81Côte d’Ivoire, 141crocodile, 160Haiti, 230India, 245, 246Indonesia, 251, 252–253Iran, 258Japan, 278Laos, 305–306Madagascar, 327Mali, 342Mongolia, 363, 364, 365Nepal, 384, 385Pakistan, 413Papua New Guinea, 422Paraguay, 426Romania, 449

Wildlife protectionAntarctica, 20Bangladesh, 47El Salvador, 172, 173–174Estonia, 180Gabon, 197India, 242, 245, 247Iran, 257Lithuania, 321Mozambique, 373Namibia, 379Pakistan, 413Panama, 418, 419The Philippines, 434Tanzania, 531Thailand, 535Venezuela, 592

Wilhelmina Canal (The Netherlands), 388Wilhelmina Gebergte (Suriname), 510Willamette River (United States), 576Willebroek Canal (Belgium), 53Willis Islets (Australia), 34Williston Lake (Canada), 98Wimbi Beach (Mozambique), 373Wind energy

India, 248Indonesia, 254Iran, 258Japan, 281Korea, Democratic People’s Republic of,

297Mongolia, 367Sri Lanka, 505

Wind River Range (United States), 573Windermere Lake (England), 566Windhoek (Namibia), 380Winds

Austria, 38Bolivia, 67Burkina Faso, 85–86Israel, 267Jordan, 283Libya, 316Liechtenstein, 319Switzerland, 520United Arab Emirates, 563Uruguay, 582

“Winds of 120 Days” (Afghanistan), 3

WindstormsArgentina, 27Iceland, 241Saudi Arabia, 474Sierra Leone, 482United Arab Emirates, 563Yemen, 601

Windward IslandsGrenada, 216–217Netherlands Antilles, 390Saint Lucia, 462Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 464

Windward Passage (Haiti), 231Wingfield River (Saint Kitts and Nevis), 461Winter Highlands (Tanzania), 530Wisconsin (United States), 573Wisla River. See Vistula River (Poland)Witwatersrand (South Africa), 495, 498W.J. van Blommestein Lake (Suriname), 510Woleai (Micronesia), 359Wollomombi Waterfall (Australia), 33Wologizi Range (Liberia), 314Wong Chhu. See Wong River (Bhutan)Wong Kadir (Brunei), 80Wong River (Bhutan), 63Woodlark Islands (Papua New Guinea), 422World Bank, on Indonesia deforestation, 253World Heritage sites

Malaysia, 334Panama, 419The Philippines, 435

World War I, Hungary and, 235World War II

Maldives, 338Marshall Islands, 344Poland, 440

World Wildlife Fund, Gabon and, 197Wörther See (Austria), 37Wotje Atoll (Marshall Islands), 344Wouri River (Cameroon), 94Wrangell Mountains (United States), 574Wright Valley (Antarctica), 19Wular Lake (India), 244, 245Wutai Shan (China), 117Wye River (United Kingdom), 566Wyoming Basin (United States), 573, 579

X

Xarayes swamps (Bolivia), 67Xi Jiang (China), 118Xiangkhoang Plateau (Laos), 306Xingu River (Brazil), 74Xizang Gaoyuan. See Plateau of Tibet (China)

Y

Yabakei Gorge (Japan), 278Yablonovyy Range (Russia), 453Yacaré Norte River (Paraguay), 426Yadé Massif. See Karre Mountains (Central

African Republic)Yaguas River (Peru), 430Yaks, 384Yallahs River (Jamaica), 274Yalong River (China), 119Yalu Jiang (China), 118

Yalu River (DPRK), 295Yamuna River (India), 245Yan River (Sri Lanka), 503Yangtze River. See Chang Jiang River (China)Yansang Bhanjyang (Nepal), 384Yantra River (Bulgaria), 82Yaochi Lake. See Tianchi Lake (China)Yap Islands (Micronesia), 358–359Yapacani River (Bolivia), 66Yaque del Norte (Dominican Republic), 160Yaque del Sur (Dominican Republic), 160Yaqui River (Mexico), 355Yarlung Zangbo (China), 119Yarmsk (Syria), 523Yarmsk River (Jordan), 283Yarqon River (Israel), 267Yasawa Group (Fiji), 185Yasuni National Park (Ecuador), 167Yatsu-higata (Japan), 278Yavarí River (Peru), 430Yawri Bay (Sierra Leone), 481Yding Forest Hill (Denmark), 154Yding Skovhoj. See Yding Forest Hill

(Denmark)Yell (United Kingdom), 568Yellow Mountains. See Huang Shan (China)Yellow River. See Huang He (China)Yellowstone National Park (United States),

574–575Yellowstone Plateau (United States), 574–575Yemen, 599–602, 600, 601tYenisey River (Russia), 454, 455Yepl River (Turkey), 548Yialias River (Cyprus), 149Yin Shan (China), 117Yonghung Bay (DPRK), 296Yongil Bay (Korea, Republic of), 298Yongsan River (Korea, Republic of), 298Yokohama (Japan), 278, 279Yol canyon. See Yolym Am (Mongolia)Yolaina Mountains (Nicaragua), 395Yolym Am (Mongolia), 364Yom River (Thailand), 534Yonbaek Plain (DPRK), 296Yonne River (France), 191Yorke Peninsula (Australia), 34Yosemite Lake (United States), 575Ypané River (Paraguay), 426Yü Shan (Taiwan), 525Yucatán Channel (Channel), 355Yucatán Peninsula (Mexico), 352, 355, 356Yugoslavia, 602–605, 603, 605tYukon River, 98, 576Yukon Territory (Canada), 97Yuma, Arizona (United States), 579Yuna River (Dominican Republic), 160Yungas (Bolivia), 66–67Yunnan-Guizhou plateau (China), 117

Z

Zagorje Hills (Croatia), 142Zagros Mountains, 255, 258, 259, 523Zaire. See Democratic Republic of the CongoZákinthos (Greece), 212Zaltan Oil Field (Libya), 318Zambales Mountains (The Philippines), 433


Index


Zambezi Escarpment (Zimbabwe), 609Zambezi River

Angola, 13Botswana, 72Mozambique, 370, 372Namibia, 379Zambia, 605, 607Zimbabwe, 609–611

Zambezi River Valley (Zambia), 606Zambezia (Mozambique), 372Zambia, 605–608, 606, 608tZamboanga Peninsula (The Philippines), 435Zamora River. See Santiago River (Ecuador)Zanderij. See HillsZangezur Mountains (Armenia), 28

Zanskar (India), 244Zanzibar (Tanzania), 531–532Zarga River (Jordan), 283Zavadovski Island (Antarctica), 21Zayande River (Iran), 256Žemaicai Upland (Lithuania), 320Zemgale Plain (Latvia), 309Zemplínska Reservoir (Slovakia), 485Zeravshan River, 528, 583–586Zeya Reservoir (Russia), 454Zêzere River (Portugal), 442Zhambyl (Kazakhstan), 288Zharghat (Saudi Arabia), 475Zhob River (Pakistan), 413Zhu Jiang (China), 118

Zhumulangma Feng. See Mount EverestZiguinchor (Senegal), 477Zillertal Alps (Austria), 36Zimbabwe, 609–612, 610, 611tZiz River (Morocco), 369Zomba (Malawi), 331, 333Zomba Mountain (Malawi), 331Zufaf Island (Saudi Arabia), 473Zufar Plain. See Dhofar Plain (Oman)Zug Lake (Switzerland), 519Zugspitze (Germany), 202Zuid-Willems Canal (The Netherlands), 388Zuider Zee. See IJsselmeer (The Netherlands)Zürichsee (Switzerland), 519


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