1/24/14 3:50 PM/Weather : behavior of atmosphere at particular place for a short period of time Climate: generalization of weather conditions over a long span of time (avg) climate = what you expect; weather = what you get

Pakistan Monsoon Philippine Floods 2012 Typhoon Saola, Typhoon Haikui, SE Asian Monsoon Cyclone Gonu 1st in Arabian Sea

Meteorologist: WeatherClimatologist: climate

1/8

Colorado Floods Hurricane Katrina One of five deadliest of hurricanes in the US Landfall in FL as category 1 Aug 25 2005 killing 14 ppl2nd Landfall LA category 3

Tornado Outbreak 2011 April 25-28Swept thru Midwest US, Southern, US, NE US, S Ontario, Canada359 confirmed tornadosover 300 deaths

Waterspouts on Lake MichiganTornados on water Fair weather or tornadic FL Keys Not always dangerous

Atmospheric Composition Atmosphere: gaseous portion of a planetplanets envelope of air one of traditional subdivisions of Earths physical environmentMostly a mixture of gasesIncludes: Clouds and Aerosols (suspended particles) Permanent Gases of Atm Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon, Neon, Helium, Krypton, Xenon, HydrogenVariable Gases Water Vapor(greenhouse gas, absorbs heat), Carbon Dioxide, Ozone (absorbs UV radiation)

Water VaporMost important and abundant variable gasAbsorbs IR radiation (greenhouse)Added or removed from the atm thru the hydrologic cycle. Concentration varies from place to place (0% in deserts and polar regions; over 4% tropics) AerosolsTiny solid and liquid particles suspended in the atmosphereOriginate from many natural and human sourcesVolcanic eruptionsSoil blown into the airOzone Chemical compositionUV goes thru atm then combines with O2 Cl+O3 => ClO + O2ClO+O3 => Cl +2O2 (catalytic reaction? ) Most occur between 10-50 km above the Earths surface in the stratosphereAbsorbs much of the UV radiation from the sun Atmospheric Thickness Top of atm is undefinedThin layer when compared to solid earthAtm Mass = 5.14 x 10^15 kg Earths Mass = 5.98 x 10^24 kg

Layers of the AtmosphereTropo (bottom) - TropopauseStrato Stratopause Meso Mesopause Thermo

TroposphereHeated from the Eaths surfaceThe ground warms the air not the light passing through Temperature decrease with height6.5 deg C/kmNormal Lapse rate Thinnest layer contains 85% of atmospheric mass Tropopause is - 12 km over the tropics about half that at the poles Most of the weather occurs Stratosphere12-50km from surface of EarthTemperatures increase with height (inversion) Ozone absorbs UV radiation from the sun 15% of atm mass, but 90% of Ozone Mesosphere and ThermosphereCombined 0.1% of atm massIonosphere: a layer in Eaths atmosphere 100 km above the surface where the atm is significantly ionized and conducts electricity (optimum magnetic field) Discharge from Ni and O2 = Sky glowing Neon gas light shows Mesosphere: 50-80 km high, normal lapse rate, coldest tempThermosphere: Inversion, temp reach 1500 deg C

1/13

Earth is curved sunlight coming in, higher latitude Angle of sun hitting earth at 90 deg angle, higher and souther, then not 90 deg

Explain what is going on at each point in the diagram solstice/eequinox Equinox, sept. Summer solstice- June 21Sub solar point tropic of cancer 20.5 deg northDecember 21 winter solstice South pole- 24 hrs daylight; north pole night

Causes change seasesTilt of axisPath around the sunRotation of earth

Scattering-difference in size of molecules Raleigh(See p.28) Mie

Reflection transfer of energyLight hits surface then goes back in same angle & same amount of energyCant be used Transfer heatAlbedo (reflectivity ) p.28

Albedo Very light surfaces high albedo Desert sand is light colored surface ( N. Africa) Darker surfaces more absorption Center of S. America Rainforest Antarctic high albedo

Absorption Incoming solar radiation (absorb) Hot body = shorter wavelCold body = longerAtm lets incoming radiation, traps heat 78% of atm does not absorb Ozone absorbs a lot of UV Does not stop short wavelengthWater vapor and CO2 traps a lot of outgoing radiation

Green house effectSunlight hits planet hits plant and soil then plant and soil radiate more wavel of lightSunlight comes through atm and trap outgoing heatIe. Car and heatEnhanced greenhouse effect(Natural millions of years ) Climate change due to human activity = inc warming effect

REVIEWMajor atm gasesNi, O2, CO2, Argon Type of radiation from sunShort wavelength (Visible and IR infrared ) Type of radiation emit from earthLong wave (IR- infrared) thermal infrared Why sun and earth emit deff type of radiationWiens law hotter body = shorter wavelength

TEMPERATURE p. 37Sensible heat what you feel & meas. with thermometer Latent Heat locked away when a change of state occurs Water evaporatingIn the atm water is constantly changing state. Latent heat is an important factor when studying weather. Hurricanes = take all energy from latent heat exchange Transfers heat into dynamic/motion energy

Phase change of water Energy is required to change from solid to liquid, liquid to gas, or solid to gas (going up in energy state) Energy is Released when gas changed to liq or solid or when liq is changed to solid. This energy NOT registered by a change in tempChange from sub does not change avg kinetic energy (temp) Alters molecular bonds Potential ENERGY is changedKE movement (temp. of sub) PE stored inside of bondsP.38 see diagram drawing

Latent HeatSee p.38

Questions (Latent Heat) Body covered in droplets of water Starts to evaporateTakes energy from body Hotter in Miami than Phoenix, both are in mid 90sLots of humidity/moisture in air Phoenix dry air, and takes energy from body and cool off more effectivelyDifference between sensible and latent heat. Why latent is importantSensible What you feel &measure Latent Energy stored in bonds ; cant feel What is constantly changing state Where latent energy stored In bonds Energy required when ice melts Energy Released when water vapor condensesEnergy required when liquid water evaporates

What controls temperature See p.39Latitude Continentality (geography) Mtn ranges , water bodies , locationAltitude While in troposphere (normal) Ocean currentsWarm and cold Florida warmGulf coast stream Ca. coldFrom Alaska to ca. to equator Albedo

Latitude see p. 40MOST IMPORTANT CONTROL OF TEMP.

Sun Angles see. P. 40

World Latitutde Zones 2 zones Tropic of CancerTrop of cap

Land & Water See p.41Water 4 charac. Allows to redistribute E effectivelyTransparent and Fluid One sq ft of H2o not the same as Land bc theres depth to H2O Specific Heat water has HIGH sh. 4.18 J/g kSoil = .85 J/g kEvap more latent heat exchange with atm over water than over land so water is cooled more by evap than land is.

GEO22421/6/14 3:03 PM

1/15 CONTROL IN TEMPERATURE ContinentalityDont see extremes in southern hemispheres water is keeping it warmer in winter timeMore extremes in northern hemispheres because more land

Topography Mountain windward (wind against) ; leeward (wind over mountain sinking down far side) Upward autographic lightning/precipitation? ; condensation; cloud development; precipitation => lush vegetationDownward dry air; warm up rapidly i.e. south America, upward/windward from east

Altitude Affects temp and precipInc Altitude; farther away from heat source/ground Incoming solar radiation absorbed by ground

Ocean CirculationCurrents driven by prevailing winds explains direction birds go Northern hemisphere water circulates clockwise around continents S. hemisphere counterclockise Know general direction: N. Atlantic ;Gulf Stream Take warm water from equator up to artic then taking cold water down East side of basin is cold West side is warm ThermohalineThermo heat; haline- salt Driven by temp and salinity

Keys to RemmeberWest side of ocean/east side of continent = warmer waters (from equator) East side of ocean/west side of continent = colder waters (from polar) Ca. = cold ; FL =gulf stream

Clouds Reflect incoming radiation (high albedo) Trap outgoing radiationComposed of GREENHOUSE GAS

Temperature Controls ReviewLatitude MOST IMPORTANT CONTROLAffects angles of incidenceContinentality proximity to water; surrounding topographyAltitude Ocean Currents transport warmer and cooler water around world Albedo over cast days have lower highs and higher lows

Why land heat and cool more rapidlyTransparentFluidEvaporationSpecific Heat

Temperature Daily MeanDaily RangeMonthly MeanAnnual Mean Annual Range

Highest temperature in middle of land mass Subsolar points are 20 degrees north Around equator small temp range Over continents in Northern Hemispher big difference in ranges of temp

When coolest time of dayMiddle of night right before sun comes back up When is warmest time of day Noon angle of instance 90deg

Remember see slideAborb short wave from sun ; earth emits longwave radiationShort wave get it only daylightPeak amount of energy noonTemp lag between noon and the warmest time of the day Temp lag between sunset and coldest time of the day Microwave

Temperature Gauges Thermograph Two different alloys expand and contract differentlyHot up; cold down Continuous measure temp throughout the day .

Max/Min Thermometer range Constriction max Index minSurface tension Review 1. F ; specific heat water higherFFFF T T

1/17

Review

Sensible heat: feel; thermometer aka KELatent heat: What is trapped in bonds of a substance cant be measured

Take in energy for liq water evaporate

Windward rain shadow effect

Global oceanic circulation: Thermohaline

Temp higher on clear day than cloudy day

Sub solar point on March 21st spring equinox : at the Equator

Continental is more variable in terms of temp than maritime locations

MOISTURE

Hydrologic cycle p.53Water evaporateCondense in upper atmosphereFalls back to surfaceWater Balance As global atm warms up, then can hold more moisture Global total is constant but it is a variable gas i.e. concentration varies from place to place Humidity Absolute humidityMixing ratioVapor PRelative humidityDew point

Water is important in terms of weather: Energy exchange, clouds and precip, comfort Absolute Humidity DENSITY OF WATER VAOPR IN A parcel of airD=mass of water vapor (grams) /Volume (cubic meter) Not commonly used in forecasting Mixing Ratio Mass of wator v/mass of dry air (kg) Vapor Pressure Saturated Vapor P. # of molecules evaporation = # of molecules condensing balanceRwelative Humidy Always %Measure of how near a parcel of air is to being saturatedRH: wator vapor content/water vapor capacity at the current tempChange temp => change relative humidityChange in moisture contenct and/dor tempEasily samled and used in forecasting Dew PointNever be greater than air temp. Covers the groundNight cold ground surfaceThin layer of warm air near surface Condense Dew point and humidityRelative h : how close we are to dew pointUnlike relative humidity which is a measure of how near the air is to being saturated, dew point temp is a measure of airs actual moisture .Dew pointCool air below causes condensationRequires a surface to condense Map of dew point is usefule bc it identifies wet and dry areas quickly .

Two methods measure relative humidityHair hygrometer Hair contract and expand - humiditySling Psychrometer Wet bulb and dry bulb Water evaporates take in energyCools thermometry down more 2 thermometers how dry and how wet 1/15/14 3:03 PM

1/24

Test Beg Atm moisture MONDAY REVIEW SESSION!

I. Stable Air p70Dry rate Wet rateCompare rates to environmental rateParcel (bubble) wants to sinkWarm,compressRel humidity will decreaseWarm at DALR as it sinks

II. Abs. Instablitiy

III. Conditional Instability

Relative Hum. Calc. Formula : If a parcel of air at 25 deg C contains 10 g of water vaper per kg of air, what is rel hum? Chart left 25 C Vapor per kg of dry air - 2010g/20 (vapor) If parcel of air at 35 deg C contains 5 g of water vapor per kg of air what is its relative humidity? Atm Stability Q. p.78If unsaturated air at 20 deg C were to rise what would its temp be at a height of 500 m? if the dew point temp at the lifting condensation level were 11 deg C at what elevation would clouds begin to form? Unsaturated air - 10deg C/ 1000m If unsaturated air at 20 deg C were to rise what would its temp be at a height of 800 m? IF the dew point temp at the condensation lifting level were 9 deg C, at what elevation would clouds begin to form? 12deg C ; 1100 m

IV. Clouds Form and elevation name Nimb rain producing Stratus horizontal dev + lower level Cumulo vertical Stratus horizontal dev ; stability Cumulus- vertically unstable Cirro high clouds (above 6m) Alto mid clouds (2-6m) Low clouds - plain stratus or cumulus, or a combination stratocumulusNimbo rain producing

Cirrus CloudsHigh white and thin; no liquid water Point one direction-indicates wind

CirrostratusThin sheet Halos Broad layer of convergence Milky

Cirrocumulus1/6/14 3:03 PM

1. What is the difference bet weather and climate: Climate what you expect; avg conditions Weather what you get

2. What variable GG is added/removed from the atm by the hydrologic cycle? Water Vapor

3. What tiny atm particles act as a surface on which water vapor condenses to produce clouds and fog? P.9Aerosols4. Top of the atm is well defined and is part of the thermosphere FALSE p 10

5. What are layers of atm? And what lapse rates are associated with ea layer? Tropo normalStrato- inverse ; bc loads of ozone (absorbs energy) Meso normalThermo inverse

6. Troposphere (up to 12 km in altitude) The thinnest layer of the atm, contains 85% of the atm mass. P.12

7. Name each of these lines of latitude(5) p.18Top arctic circle 66.5 deg noth

Tropic of Cancer 23.5 deg NEquator -0 = subsolar point (90 deg angle) moves around and it changes the seasons Tropic of Capricorn 23.5 S

Antarctic Circle 66.5 S

8. What are 3 reasons for Earths changing seasons? P.24Tilt of earths axisRotation of earth on its axisPath of the earth around the sun 9. Where are overhead rays during the summer solstice p. 23Tropic of Cancer 23.5 N Where are OR during winter solsticeTropic of Capricorn 23.5 S

10. How many hrs of daylight do the poles receive during the Autumnal Equinox12 hrs How many hours of daylight does S pole receive during Winter Solstice24 hrs

11. Picture of rotations around sun ??March 21 (10 o clock position clockwise) Spring Equinox Sub polar at equatorDec 21 N pole no daylight; S p 24 hrs Sept 23 Equinox at equator ; June 21 - tropic of cancer; longest day N p 24 hrs; S none

12. Name three types of ENERGY transport processes and give an ex of each. ??? p. 24Convection cold water sinking to bottom of ocean; thermal fluid movement Radiation Conduction touch; metal is hot and transfers from pot to hand

13. 2 main types of scattering that can occur when incoming solar radiation enters the atm. What are they? What does each type of scattering cause? P.27Rayleigh Scattering (Blue tone of sky) Mei Scattering (white clouds) large particles ; white light

14. Albedo? Earths avg elbedo? P.29Reflective quality of a surface - About 31%

15. Water Vapor and CO, two of the GG, absorb what type of radiation? Long wave radiaiton (thermal infrared) This radiation is emitted from what source? EarthWiens displacement law (Hot body short waves; Cold body long waves)

16. Diagram Ni. Not aborb any short ;

17. Greenhouse effect is a nat process that warms the Earth

18. ON a Temp map, what are lines of equal temp calledIsotherms Black line = joining points of equal Temp

19. 5 controls of Temp (COALA) LatitudeContinentality land and H2OAltitude Ocean Currents Albedo

20. Land heats and cools more rapidly than Water

21. Windward side of mtn gets most rain

22. IN northern Hemisphere water circulates CLOCKWISES hemisphere water circulates COUNTERCLOCKWISE

23. Hottest part of the dayjust after noon highest angle of incidence Coldest? Just after midnight (just before sunrise)

24. is latent heat rel or abs during condensation? Released Evap? Absorbed

25. Diagram Solid, L, Gas / heat added no change in T;

26. Relative humidity A percentage relating the amount of water vapor present to the amout the air can hold at a given Temp

27. What is dew point? P.59 Air becomes saturated and condensation begins

28. diagram rep where saturation is T. 5 C ; 25 C = 50% rel hum

29. diagram temp and rel humidity

diagram p.18Seasons Tina Plays Rugbyin all seasonsTiltPathRotation

Insolation - ScatteringReflectionAbsorption

Water Characteristics STEF Specific HeatTransparencyEvaaporationFluidity

Humidity measures MAD RV Mixing RationAbsolute HumidityDew PointRelative HumidityEXAM 1 REVIEW 1/24/14 3:50 PMVapor Pressure

2/7

EXTRA CREDIT DUE FEB 24. HAND IT IN CLASS

Noci Clouds Form in July and August Ice at boundary of earths atm and spaceShine bc so high they remain lit even when sun goes down

Billow Clouds (Kelvin Helmholtz waves)

Lenticular Clouds UFOForm over mtn ranges

Shelf Clouds (type of arcus clouds) Low at horizontal cloud associated with thunderssorm fronts

Roll Clouds (type of arcus)

Stratocumulus streets High up on troposphere

ContrailsCan affect temperature

FogRadiationValleyAir sinks downDuring night, fog forms in valleyUpslopeAdvection = Horizontal Mvmnt Cold surface, warmer air blow off surface, then reaches dew pointEvaporationOppsite from advectionSteam from water Warm water, cool airCommon in early fallPreciptationLight drizzle rain fallin in cool air, some droplets are evap in air = cooling processDroplets take energy from air and also adding moisture to the airMove air to close to dew point = saturation EXAM DESCRIBE SCENE AND TELL WHAT TYPE OF FOG

Go up 100 m => cool down 1 deg C

Clouds named based on Form and HieghtHighly vertically dev rain producing cloud cumulonimbus 2 ways fog form cool to dew point and add moisture fog formed when warm air moves horiz over a colder surface advection

See picture in phone for ELR DALR AND WALR

II. PRECIPITATION

FORMATION WAGS Winds Atm, Stab, Gravity, Shear Collision and calescent WThe Bergeron process C Formation )see phone pic

2/10/14

Drop must be larger than the other rops to be an efficient colliderToo big will be less efficient bc it creates high pressure that pushes smaller drops out of the way.

Cold and Cool Clouds Cold temp below 0 troughoutEntirely ice crystals, supercoold droplets, mix of 2Cool temp above 0 in lower reaches of clouds

Cool clouds Collision CoalescenceOnly in temp above freezing

Bergeron Ice Crustal Process Cold clouds Small droplets hit ice crystal structure, then becomes snow crustalIce formation requires ice nuclei Coexist of ice and supercooled water = ice crystals KEY : Saturation vapor Pressure of ice is < that of supercooled water at the same tempSee phone pic; ice crystal sucks moisture out of air (droplet) . (wrt) with respect to

Review see phone pic

Types of Precipitation: rain, graupel,freezing rain,snow, sleet, hailCaused by profile of temperatureLiquid Prec. Rain result from liq droplets or ice crystals (origin from Bergeron ) Virga evap on way down ; does not hit ground; usually in summertime (warm air) ; warm air holds a lot of moistureShower/Cloudburst = *EXTREME High all rate (>or equal to 5 in/hr) Highly vert dev cloud formations (usually cumulonimbus) with high moisture contentCan result in disastrous floods short durationIndia/Asia during Monsoons Frozen PrecSnow originate Bergeron Temp profile that never goes above freezing *EXAMShape depend on temp and vapor pressure Freezing PrecHail vertical develp cloud lots of mixing Melt and refreezing = more ; larger it becomes GraupelSnow flakes collide with others / cold liq droplets ; air pockets Spongy texture = dots icecream Sleet Start as frozen prec melts, refreezes Unlike hail, it does it outside of the cloud Freezing RainSimilar to sleet, but it doesnt refreeze when it comes down it super cools = freeze onto any solid surface

Human Alteration to PrecWeather modCloud seeding more rainFog dispersal airports / visibility Hail suppression farmers Frost prevention farmerCS inject material into non precipitating cloud rocket/planeDry ice/silver iodideOlympics Fog DSee phone pic Heaters, mixing, or seeding smilar to cloud seedingIneffective above freezing Airports Frost PHail suppression hail cannons Big funnel ; shockwave thru funnel to cloud