Genotype x management interaction in wheat: Genotype x management interaction in wheat:

Do genotypes adapted to CA make difference? Do genotypes adapted to CA make difference?

By By

Rajbir YadavRajbir Yadav

PS, Division of Genetics,PS, Division of Genetics,

IARI, New Delhi IARI, New Delhi

Issues related to viability of agriculture Issues related to viability of agriculture

Profit = (Yield X Price) Profit = (Yield X Price) –– CostsCosts

High ProfitsHigh Profits

•• Obtain the highest possible yieldObtain the highest possible yield

•• With the lowest possible costsWith the lowest possible costs

•• Market at the best possible priceMarket at the best possible price

Yield =Genotype X Environment X Management

Genotype

Yield potential, disease resistance,

lodging,

Environment

Rainfall, sunlight, temperature, day

length, etc.

Management

Cropping system, Fertility, planting,

pest

How to increase yield: Basic plant physiology

• Good stand establishment and early growth

Vegetative growth (leaves and stems) foundation

• for grain growth

• Cool temperature favors vegetative growth : plant

accordingly

• Highest yields w/ high biomass w/ optimum

proportion of grain (Harvest Index ~45%)

• Balancing source (leaves) and sink (florets)

• Reproductive phase (4 leaf to anthesis) most

critical in determining yield (seeds/area)

• Minimize stress during this stage

Sustainability:

Rainfed and irrigated agriculture has

contributed significantly toward increasing

production but concern has been raised for

their sustaiability and efficient use of

water and land resources

Declining return

Degrading natural resources

Polluting environment

Changing environment Changing environment

Uncertain weather

Very high or low precipitation

Very high or low temperature

Prolonged or shortened winter

All these issues can be addressed simultaneously by

practising CA

The global area currently under CA is reaching 120 M ha,

corresponding to about 8.5% of arable cropped land,

spread across all continents and agro-ecologies (Kassam

et al., 2012).

Conservation Agriculture

Comprises three basic component

(1) Retaining full or as close as possible full

ground cover

(2) No soil compacting and disturbance

(3) Maintaining diverse crop rotations.

Implications for crops in

conservation agriculture

● New diseases ( more soil

borne diseases)

● More challenging seed bed

● Weed competition

● Changes in nitrogen

dynamics

● Tillage x cultivar interaction

Breeding for cropping system and conservation Breeding for cropping system and conservation

agriculture agriculture

�� To exploit genotype x tillage interaction for To exploit genotype x tillage interaction for developing varieties for resource conservation developing varieties for resource conservation agriculture.agriculture.

�� To exploit genotype x system interactions (G x S) for To exploit genotype x system interactions (G x S) for developing varieties for specific cropping systemdeveloping varieties for specific cropping system

�� To insulate the varieties for biotic and abiotic stresses To insulate the varieties for biotic and abiotic stresses encountered in different wheat based cropping system encountered in different wheat based cropping system

�� To develop wheat varieties suppressing weeds via To develop wheat varieties suppressing weeds via changed plant morphology.changed plant morphology.

�� Integration of MAS in achieving the various breeding Integration of MAS in achieving the various breeding objectives objectives

Breeding for cropping systemBreeding for cropping system

Three cropping system being addressed under Three cropping system being addressed under

this projectthis project

�� RiceRice--wheatwheat

�� MaizeMaize--wheatwheat

�� BajraBajra--wheat wheat

Composition of the material used for Composition of the material used for

Genotype x Tillage interaction Genotype x Tillage interaction

�� 72 top yielding genotypes from maize72 top yielding genotypes from maize--wheat wheat

zero till raised bed.zero till raised bed.

�� 115 top yielding genotypes from 115 top yielding genotypes from

conventionally tilled maize conventionally tilled maize ––wheatwheat

�� 102 top yielding lines from Zero tilled Bajra102 top yielding lines from Zero tilled Bajra--

wheatwheat

�� 55 top yielding lines from rice55 top yielding lines from rice--wheatwheat

Performance of lines selected from maizePerformance of lines selected from maize--wheat (PB) in wheat (PB) in

different cropping system different cropping system

Performance of ten highest yielding lines of MW across

different production environment

MaizeMaize--wheat (FIRB and zero tillage)wheat (FIRB and zero tillage)

MaizeMaize--wheatwheat

MaizeMaize--wheatwheat

Growth under Zero till ( MaizeGrowth under Zero till ( Maize--

wheat)wheat)

MaizeMaize--wheat (Weed Competitive wheat (Weed Competitive

Genotype)Genotype)

Scientists from Australia and Scientists from Australia and

CIMMYTCIMMYT

Growth of CSW1 under Zero Growth of CSW1 under Zero

tillage in Maizetillage in Maize--wheat wheat

CSW02 CSW02

Study on genotype x tillage interaction in MWStudy on genotype x tillage interaction in MW

Entry

no Pedigree

Yield

per

plot

Yield (

Q/ha)

Per cent

superiority

over check Selection from

153 VL 349/YSCN08 3.7 62.03 8.82 MW ZT

172 VL 849/ UP 2571 3.8 63.71 11.70 MW ZT

178 UP 2425/ UP 2626 3.8 63.71 11.76 MW ZT

272

CL 1449/ HUW

585 3.9 65.39 14.70 MW ZT

328

HD 2687/ PBW

498 3.9 65.39 14.70 MW ZT

774

HW 4023/DW

1326 4 67.06 17.64 MW ZT

803 HW4023/HD 2824 3.7 62.03 8.82 MW ZT

Check

Best plot of 3

checks 3.4 57.08 0.0 -

CSW 18 in MaizeCSW 18 in Maize--wheat( PB)wheat( PB)

View of CSW18 ear headView of CSW18 ear head

FIRB for water saving FIRB for water saving

FIRB for water saving FIRB for water saving

�� Time taken for irrigating 41.40 x 12 m2 blockTime taken for irrigating 41.40 x 12 m2 block

FIRBFIRB 1818

Flat bedFlat bed 2222

Percent saving over flat bed : 18

Incidence of termite in maize Incidence of termite in maize

stubblesstubbles

Incidence of termite in maize Incidence of termite in maize

during 2009during 2009

Crop Crop Zero tillage Zero tillage CTCT

MaizeMaize 4545 2525

BajraBajra NilNil --

Incidence of termite in maize Incidence of termite in maize

during 2010during 2010

Crop Crop Zero tillage Zero tillage CTCT

MaizeMaize 1515 2525

BajraBajra NilNil 0505

RWRW NilNil NilNil

View of View of BajraBajra Field sown under Field sown under

zero till conditionzero till condition

Hybrids of Hybrids of BajraBajra adapted to zero adapted to zero

till conditiontill condition

�� No of hybrids sown No of hybrids sown

�� ArjunArjun Best under CTBest under CT

�� Maharaja 52Maharaja 52

�� PS 999PS 999

�� PS 9444 APS 9444 A Best Under Zero tillageBest Under Zero tillage

�� PS 9444PS 9444

�� Krishna 68Krishna 68

BajraBajra--wheat sowing wheat sowing

BajraBajra--wheat ( Zero tillage Raised wheat ( Zero tillage Raised

Bed with residue)Bed with residue)

Weed competitive genotypes under Weed competitive genotypes under

bajrabajra--wheatwheat

Growth under Growth under BajraBajra--wheat ( wheat (

Zero tillage)Zero tillage)

Growth of CSW1 under Growth of CSW1 under BajraBajra--

WheatWheat

Performance of lines selected from BW in different Performance of lines selected from BW in different

cropping systemcropping system

Performance of entries in Performance of entries in BajraBajra--

wheat wheat

Entry No.

Yield per

plot Yield (q/ha) % superiority over check

2005 HD 2878/HD 29 3.8 63.71563 11.76471 MW

2063 SAWSN14 3.7 62.0389 8.823529 MW

2076 PBW 502/UP2425 3.6 60.36217 5.882353 CT

2077 HD 2824/DW1278 3.7 62.0389 8.823529 BW

2096

HW 5015/HD

2643//PBW343 3.7 62.0389 8.823529 BW

Check Best plot 3.4 57.00872 0

Growth under Growth under BajraBajra--wheat ( Zero wheat ( Zero

till)till)

RiceRice--wheat with rice residuewheat with rice residue

RiceRice--wheat with rice residuewheat with rice residue

Growth of Wheat under very high Growth of Wheat under very high

load of rice residueload of rice residue

Performance of lines selected from RW in different Performance of lines selected from RW in different

cropping systemcropping system

Performance of entries under RWPerformance of entries under RW

Entry No.

Yield per

plot Yield (q/ha)

Per cent

gain

Syste

m

2291 HD 2824/VL 849 3.7 58.730 2.78MW

ZT

2359 HD 2329/ CL 1555 3.7 58.730 2.78 CT

2368 VL 849/ UP 2571 3.8 60.31 5.56 CT

2375 UP 2425/UP 2626 3.7 58.73 2.78 CT

2379 HD 2448/DW1305 3.7 58.73 2.78 CT

6017 HD 2329/HD 2285 3.7 58.73 2.78 RW

6040 HD 2824/HD 2643 3.7 58.73 2.78 RW

6051 HD 2824/HD 2329 3.7 58.73 2.78 RW

Check Best plot of check 3.6 57.0 0.0MW

ZT

Conventionally tilled Flat BedConventionally tilled Flat Bed

Conventional tillage ( MaizeConventional tillage ( Maize--wheat)wheat)

Conventionally tilled wheat on Conventionally tilled wheat on

Flat BedFlat Bed

Conventionally tilled wheat on Flat BedConventionally tilled wheat on Flat Bed

Entry No. Pedigree

Yield

(2010-

11)

Yield

(q/ha)

% superiority over

check

4389

HD

2329/WR544//PBW

343/NW 5041 4.3 62.86 13.15 MW ZT

4354 HD 2878/MC10 4 58.47 5.26 MW ZT

4436 CL1579/HD 2329 4 58.47 5.26 CT

4378 UP2425/CL1482 3.8 55.55 0 MW ZT

4356 HD 2878/HD 29 3.8 55.55 0 MW ZT

4476 IBYT(2006-07) 4 58.47 5.26 CT

Check Best plot 3.8 55.55 0

Performance of lines selected from CT in different cropping Performance of lines selected from CT in different cropping

system system

MaizeMaize--wheat ( Raised Bed wheat ( Raised Bed

Conventionally tilled)Conventionally tilled)

Performance under CT raised Performance under CT raised

bed bed Entry

no

Pedigree Yield

/plot

Yield in

q/ha

Per cent

gain over

best plot

System

from

which

picked

1716 VL 349/YSCN 08 3.3 55.33 10 CT

1712 PBW 343/HUW567 3.2 53.65 6.66 CT

1747 VL 616/Inqlab//Kundan 3.1 51.97 3.33 CT

1867 CL1705/HD 2894 3.1 51.97 3.33 RW

1666 UP 2425/CL 1461 3 50.30 0 MW ZT

1667 UP 2425/UP 2626 3 50.30 0 MW ZT

Cross over type Genotype x CS Cross over type Genotype x CS

interaction interaction

Performance of CSW entries under multi location Performance of CSW entries under multi location

Name of

the entry

Karnal Kushina

gar

Begu

Sarai

CoochBi

har

Ludhian

a

New

Delhi

Shikopu

r

Mean

CSW15 5753 5410 6245 - 5860 5772 5867 5818

CSW16 5760 6330 5864 - 5904 5762 5931 5925

CSW18 5938 6170 6183 - 6100 5823 5842 6009

CSW1 5470 5440 6027 - 5942 5650 5791 5719

DBW 17 5513 4215 5182 - 5404 5293 4656 5043

PBW 343 5750 5550 4934 - - - - 5411

HD 2967 - 4250 6108 - 6463 5150 5153 5425

PBW 550 5780 3669 5164 - 3667 5163 3907

Sarpat 4913 3740 5125 - - - - 4592

Rubi 6163 3747 5508 - 5606 - - 5256

Munal 6471 6451 5552 4075 6495 - - 5809

Well filled cob under zero till Well filled cob under zero till

condition condition

Maize hybrid under zero tillage Maize hybrid under zero tillage

Problem under zero tillage Problem under zero tillage

Hybrids adapted to zero till Hybrids adapted to zero till

conditioncondition

Name of the

entry

Plot

yield

Yield (

q/ha)

Cob

length

No of

rows

Kernels

per row

ZT09 15.5 49.20 22 12.7 45.3

ZT1 14 44.44 16 13.7 41.7

ZT154 14 44.44 17 13.3 34.3

ZT110 13.8 43.80 18 15.0 36.7

ZT45 13.5 42.85 18 15.7 36.3

ZT165 12 38.09 18 13.3 37.0

Hybrids adapted to CTHybrids adapted to CT

Name of

the entry

Plot yield

in Kg

Yield

( q/ha)

Cob

lengthNo of

rows

Kernels

per row

CT 503 6 42.8 19 13.3 36.3

CT 234 5.5 39.2 18 12.7 39.3

CT 217 5.5 39.2 17 12.3 38.3

CT 606 5.5 39.2 20 13.3 39.3

CT 246 5.5 39.2 16 13.0 42.7

Exploring possibility of CSW 18 by early sowingExploring possibility of CSW 18 by early sowing

HD 2329 HD 2329 vrn A1 Vrn B1 and VRN D1vrn A1 Vrn B1 and VRN D1

CSW 18: CSW 18: vrnA1, VrnB1 and vrn D1vrnA1, VrnB1 and vrn D1

Growth under Zero tilled Growth under Zero tilled

conditioncondition

RiceRice--wheat fieldwheat field

Genotype x cropping system interaction in 2009Genotype x cropping system interaction in 2009

Name of the check DBW 17 PBW 550 HD 2967

No of replications 30 30 30

Range of yield per plot 1910 -2600 772-1880 1160-2350

Average yield per plot 2156.66 1256.56 1862.66

Standard error 224.86 275.25 275.35

Yellow rust infection in PBW343Yellow rust infection in PBW343

Conclusion:Conclusion:

�� Selection under maizeSelection under maize--wheat (PB) were also wheat (PB) were also

good for CT (FB) also but not vicegood for CT (FB) also but not vice--versaversa

�� Selection under BajraSelection under Bajra--wheat were also good wheat were also good

for maizefor maize--wheat.wheat.

�� Selection under RW were equally good for Selection under RW were equally good for

MW and CT(FB)MW and CT(FB)

�� Strong Genotype x System interaction in bad Strong Genotype x System interaction in bad

years. Is it consistent over the yearsyears. Is it consistent over the years

�� Can we go varietal release: Can we go varietal release: No harm No harm

Trait Recent evidence

Coleoptile length Trethowan et al (2001); Rebetzke et al

(2004 & 2007); Erayman et al (2006)

Coleoptile thickness Rebetzke et al (2004)

Emergence from depth Trethowan et al (2005); Joshi et al (2007)

Rapid height growth Olesen et al (2004)

Seedling vigour Liang and Richards (1999); Trethowan et

al (2005); Erayman et al (2006)

Kernel weight & embryo size Liang and Richards (1999)

Faster stubble decomposition Joshi et al (2007)

Weed suppression & Allelopathy Olesen et al (2004); Bertholdsson, 2005

Early biomass/specific leaf area Liang and Richards (1999); Olesen

et al (2004)

Deeper roots Reynolds and Trethowan (2007)

N-use efficiency Van Ginkel et al (2001); Trethowan et al

(2005)

Disease resistance Trethowan et al (2005); Joshi et al (2007)

Seedling temperature tolerance Boubaker & Yamada (1991); Dell’Aquila

and Spada (1994)

Traits important for conservation agriculture

Crosses among lines with

contrasting responses under zero-

tillage

Always selected under zero-tillage

alternating between rainfed and

irrigated conditions

Always selected under

conventional tillage alternating

between rainfed and irrigated

conditions

Advanced lines from both selection

regimes evaluated under both zero

and conventional tillage

According to Sayre and Trethowann

Thanks For Your Kind

Attention