Geno Capitoni
Transcript of Geno Capitoni
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GCAA
Tier 4 Specifications
BP Lubricants USA Inc
Geno CapitoniNational Accounts Manger
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History Emissions Reductions
Tier 1 phased in from 1996
Tier 2 phased in from 2001
Tier 3 phased in from 2006
Meeting the limits included;
Engine design
Piston ring position
EGR
Turbo design
Fuel injection timing
Electronics
Fuel quality
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Tier 4 Standards
Introduced in May 2004
Phased in from 2008 2013 for categories
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Emissions Time Period Engine Useful Life
>50 hp 8,000 10 6,000 7
EPA requires the application of deterioration factors (DFs) to all engines covered by the rule.
The DF is a factor applied to the certification emission test data to represent emissions at theend of the useful life of the engine.
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Whats In Store For Tier 4?
1996 6.9 .4
2003 - .15 (65% reduc)
2006 - -
2011-2014 .3 (95% reduc).015 (90%)
(2011) (96%)
1996 6.9 .4
2001 - .15 (65% reduc)
2006 - -
2011-2014 .3 (95% reduc).015 (90%)
(2011) (96%)
1996 6.9 .4
2002 - .15 (65% reduc)
2006 - -
2011-2014 .3 (95% reduc)
.015 (90%)
(2011) (96%)
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EOM Answers to Tier 4 Lower Emissions
Diesel Oxidation Catalyst
Particulate Filter
Increase % Cooled EGR
ACERT technology
Particulate Filter w/ advanced regeneration
Electronics
Turbo Charger Configurations
No announcement of SCR
Fuel Quality
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Retrofitting Existing Equipment
No requirements for retrofitting existing engines or equipment
No restrictions on the sale of used equipment
The estimated costs for added emission controls for the vast majority of equipment was estimated at 1-3% as a fraction of total equipment price
175 hp dozer that costs approximately $230,000 would cost up to $6,900 to add the advanced
emission controls and to design the dozer to accommodate the modified engine (source EPA)
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Fuel Quality
June 2007 - 500 PPM max fuel sulfur
June 2010 15 PPM max fuel sulfur (ULSD) for off road
June 2012 15 PPM max fuel sulfur (ULSD) for locomotive and marine use
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Biodiesel Fuel Benefits
Check with OEM for approved B blend, most at B5 (some at B20)
PM and HC emissions are toxic / carcinogenic
B100 reduces 90% of these air toxins
B20 reduces air toxins by 20-40%
Depends on fuel quality
Depends on biodiesel quality
Improved cetane value
Improved lubricity for pumps
Lower soot levels (more complete burn)
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Current OEM Thinking
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Biodiesel Fuel
Higher boiling points causes fuel dilution in the engine oil
High biodiesel gelation point causes thicker oil at start up
Can cause faster degradation of non-premium engine oils
Higher cost per gallon
~15% lower BTU value
8% less energy per gallon
1% - 2% less fuel economy
Cold weather performance
Premium winter blend -36F cloud point
B20 to the winter mix resulted in a -4F cloud point for the blend
High in solvency
Fuel filters may be affected pending fuel system / storage tank cleanliness (varnish)
Blends higher than B20 should use new equipment (tanks, plumbing, pumps)
Increase of NOx by ~2%
Oxidation stability less than #2 diesel fuel
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Recent Test Runs with B20
National BioDiesel Board / Engine Manufacturers
Association
API CJ-4 oils used
CAT C-13 test
500 hr test
Piston deposits
Oil consumption
Cummins ISB test
350 hr test
Cam lobe Cam follower wear
Mack T12 test
300 hr test
Liner / Bearing / Ring wear
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Recent Test Runs with B20
National BioDiesel Board / Engine Manufacturers Association
CAT C-13 test
Top groove and top land deposits within pass/fail vs 100% diesel
Second ring land deposits reached top end of pass/fail limits
Oil consumption elevated, but within pass/fail limits
Two cold stuck rings reported, but not in the area of increased
deposits
Cummins ISB test
Acceptable results within pass/fail limits vs 100% diesel
Mack T12 test
Lead wear limits were exceeded
TAN and Oxidation was significantly higher
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Federal Labeling Requirements
December 16, 2008 the Federal Trade Commission required the use of retail labels to inform consumers of the
percent of biodiesel in the fuel
Labeling requirements are based on the concentration levels of biodiesel in the finished fuel
B20 BiodieselBend
Contains biomass-based dieselor biodiesel in quantities
between 5 percent and20 percent
Less than B5 blends - No label is required
B5 < BXX B20 - Label are required but are NOT
required to provide the exact percentage of
biodiesel in this range
B20 < BXX < B100 - A specific blend designation
is required (e.g. B25, B50, B99, etc.)
B100 - The heading must display B100
B20 BiodieselBend
Contains biomass-based
diesel or biodiesel
B100 Biodiesel
contains 100
percent biodiesel
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State Labeling Requirements
State requirements will vary from state to state
For Example: Washington state requires:
Less than B2: No label is required
B2-B5 blended fuel must be labeled as:
Greater than B5 must be labeled with the volume percentage of biodiesel
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Financial Incentives to Use Biodiesel
Federal mandates
500 million gal B100 used per year in 2009
1 billion gal by 2012
Federal tax incentives
Biodiesel excise tax credit: $1.00 or $0.50 per gal, depending feedstock source, for B100 (ends 2010)
30% credit for cost to install B20 (or E85) refueling stations (ends 2009)
State mandates
Minnesota: B5 in every gallon of fuel sold by mid 2009
B2: Washington (2008), Massachusetts (2010)
State tax incentives - About 25 provide some incentives
IL: B1 B10 partial state sales tax exemption; > B10, 100% exemption (6.25%)
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Emissions Reductions Results
Emissions reductions estimated at 738,000 tons of NOx
Emissions reductions estimated at 129,000 tons of PM after full compliance
Estimated equivalent of parking 35,000,000 annually
Estimated 12,000 premature deaths will be prevented annually by 2030
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Sources
http://www.dieselnet.com/
Cational Biodiesel Board http://www.biodiesel.org/
EPA http://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel
EPA http://www.epa.gov/nonroad-diesel/2004fr/420r04008.pdf
Technology & Maintenance Council presentation
http://www.dieselnet.com/http://www.biodiesel.org/http://www.epa.gov/cleandieselhttp://www.epa.gov/nonroad-diesel/2004fr/420r04008.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/nonroad-diesel/2004fr/420r04008.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/nonroad-diesel/2004fr/420r04008.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/nonroad-diesel/2004fr/420r04008.pdfhttp://www.epa.gov/cleandieselhttp://www.biodiesel.org/http://www.dieselnet.com/