GeNIALE - Agenda (Indico) · GeNIALE - Geant Nuclear Interaction At Low Energy FOOT • Will...

GeNIALEGeant4 Nuclear Interaction At Low Energy

Carlo Mancini Terracciano [email protected]

Attività di ricerca finanziata con grant giovani CSN5 INFN

Sapienza, Dipartimento di Fisica. 5 aprile 2017

FOOTFragmentatiOn Of Target

An experiment proposal for the measurement of the nuclear fragmentation for Particle

Therapy

M. G. Bisogni on behalf of the FOOT collaboration

Pisa 22 Giugno 2016 – INFN Pisa!

GeNIALE - Geant Nuclear Interaction At Low Energy

Outline

• Introduction

• Description of the project

• Some preliminary results

• Next steps

2


Introduction


Objectives of the proposal

• Benchmark and improve the capacity of Geant4 to simulate nuclear fragmentation in the energy range below 100 MeV/A

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Applications

• Hadrontherapy

• Nuclear Physics experiments (e.g.: FOOT)

• Radiobiology

• High Energy Physics

• and many others…

5


Applications: hadrontherapy• Generate input parameters of the

treatment planning algorithms

• Validate the dose calculation of suchalgorithms

• GeNIALE could be useful for MoVe_IT project, aimed at developing aninnovative modeling for biologically optimized treatment planning

6FOOT

FragmentatiOn Of Target


Therapy



• Estimate the production of b+ emitters, such as 11C and 15O

• Link the production of prompt g with the dose distribution


FOOT• Will measure the fragmentation

cross sections of He, C, O, N, Si and Fe on CH targets

• Energy range between 80 and 400 MeV/A

• GeNIALE will provide a better agreement with the MC simulation for FOOT at, and around, its lower energy range

7



Therapy



FragmentatiOn Of Target



Therapy




Applications: radiobiology

• To link the physical dose deposited to the biological effectiveness

• Geant4 has a dedicated package for modeling early biological damage induced by ionizing radiation at the DNA scale (Geant4-DNA)

8

1868 U Amaldi and G Kraft

Figure 2. The structure of a proton and a carbon track in nanometre resolution are compared witha schematic representation of a DNA molecule. The higher density of the secondary electrons,produced by carbon ions, creates a large amount of clustered DNA damage.

highly protected by an extremely elaborate repair system so that DNA violations, like singleor double strand breaks, are rapidly restored. But when DNA is exposed to very high localdoses—where local refers to the scale of a few nanometres as shown in figure 2—the DNAlesions become concentrated or clustered and the repair system fails to correct the damage. Inthis case, the dose is more effective compared with sparsely ionizing radiation and the RBE islarger than 1.

It has been shown, for carbon beams, that the location of elevated RBE coincides withthe Bragg maximum. In particular, for many cells and many biological reactions, the RBEbecomes definitely larger than 1 (i.e. these ions are much more effective than photons orprotons) when the LET becomes greater than about 20 keV ¹ m−1, i.e. in the last 40 mm ofa carbon track in water or in biological tissue. While in the initial part of an approximately20 cm range in matter (what is called by radiotherapists ‘the entrance channel’), the LET issmaller than 15 keV ¹ m−1 and the ionization density produces mostly repairable damage. Thereason why a LET of 20 keV ¹ m−1 is so discriminating can be very qualitatively understood asin a few nanometre thickness of a fibre, a few nanometres thick, made of a DNA helix and thewater molecules that surround it, 20 keV ¹ m−1 corresponds to an average energy depositionof 100–200 eV that causes, on average, the production of a dense cluster of 4–5 ionizations.

The LET values of light ions are summarized in table 2 for the range corresponding to200 MeV protons (262 mm of water). One can see that the LET of carbon ions is larger than20 keV ¹ m−1 in the last 40 mm of their range in water, while for helium this only happensin the last millimetre. For protons, the range of elevated effectiveness is restricted to a fewmicrometres at the end of the range—too small to have a significant clinical impact. For ionsheavier than carbon the range of elevated RBE starts too early and extends to the normal tissueslocated before the tumour. After the work done at Berkeley with neon and helium ions, in thebeginning of the 1990s, carbon ions were chosen as optimal for the therapy of deep-seatedtumours as the increased biological effectiveness, owing to the variation of the LET along thetrack, could be restricted mainly to the target volume [21].

The RBE depends upon the position along the single-track Bragg peak and thus alsoalong a SOBP, as shown by the in vitro measurements reproduced in figure 3. To obtain aflat ‘biological’ dose along the peak, it is necessary to have a non-uniform distribution of the‘physical dose’, as shown in the left panel of figure 3.

The RBE effects are the combination of a physical effect, the ionization density, and of abiological phenomenon, the DNA repair capacity of the cell. Because of the high effectiveness

image from: U. Amaldi and G. Kraft, Rep. Prog. Phys., vol. 68, no. 8, pp. 1861–1882, Jul. 2005.

user example, named “extended/medical/dna/clustering”. To checkthe consistency of this new clustering algorithm, results ofsimulations performed under the same conditions as those of Franciset al. are presented. A box of 1 μm × 1 μm × 0.5 μm made of liquidwater is irradiated with protons with energy ranging from 500 keVto 50 MeV. Simulations are performed using the default“G4EmDNAPhysics” physics constructor. The probability that an in-

teraction point falls within a sensitive region is fixed to 0.2 (Franciset al. have used a value of 0.16), and the probability that the energydeposit induces a damage varies linearly between 5 eV and 37.5 eV(as in Francis et al.). The maximum limit distance to merge pointswas tuned to reproduce the DSB/SSB ratio published for DBSCAN[89] and PARTRAC [90]. We found that this distance could be setat 3.3 nm to reproduce published data, as presented in Fig. 10a,whereas Francis et al. used 3.2 nm. These differences may be at-tributed to the difference between physical models as we found thatthe distance criterion in our algorithm was dependent on the elasticscattering model. In addition to the number of single, complex singleand double strand breaks, our clustering user application stores thecluster size distribution corresponding to the result of the mergingprocedure as presented in Fig. 10b.

Figure 7. The 5-compaction levels of the DNA molecule description used in the example “extended/medical/dna/wholeNuclearDNA”: double helix around the histone protein(nucleosome) (two views on top row), B-type chromatin fiber (center row), chromatin loops (bottom left row) and chromosome territories within an ellipsoidal cell nucleus(bottom right row). Geometry implementation is further described in [80].

Figure 8. Two linked nucleosomes in a newly developed Geant4 geometry of theDNA molecule.

Figure 9. Rendering of the atomistic view of a dinucleosome irradiated by a single100 keV proton using the “extended/medical/dna/pdb4dna” Geant4-DNA example(see details in [81]).

871M.A. Bernal et al./Physica Medica 31 (2015) 861–874

atomistic view of a dinucleosome irradiated by a single 100 keV proton Image from M. A. Bernal et al Physica Medica, vol. 31, no. 8, pp.

861–874, Dec. 2015.


Applications: hadronic calorimeter simulations

• Lateral pion showers dimensions. Results comparing different Geant4 versions.

9

[ATLAS TileCal Group; plot from A. Dotti, CHEF 2013]

Simulation of Showers with Geant4 Andrea Dotti

Figure 4: (left) Lateral and longitudinal (right) pion showers dimensions. Results comparing differentGeant4 versions.

several new algorithms and tunings made available. A continuous effort is put in place to validatethese models.

For hadrons current precision is about 10%: Fritiof and Bertini models, coupled with de-excitation and evaporation model, are the current best combination to simultaneously describethin and thick (test-beam) data. Response is described within few percent, while shower shapesneed additional attention to improve the current level of agreement (about 10-20%). The focus ofthe Geant4 developers is concentrated on the description of neutron related process (capture) andfurther tuning of Bertini cascade parameters, this will refine the description of the lateral dimensionof showers. In addition the ongoing tuning of Fritiof model at high energy will better describe thelongitudinal description of shower.

References

[1] S. Agostinelli et al. Geant4—a simulation toolkit. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in PhysicsResearch, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 506(3):250 –303, 2003.

[2] J. Allison et al. Geant4 developments and applications. Nuclear Science, IEEE Transactions on,53(1):270–278, 2006.

[3] A. O. Hanson et al. Measurement of multiple scattering of 15.7-MeV electrons. Phys. Rev.,84:634–637, Nov 1951.

[4] A. G. Bogdanov et al. Geant4 simulation of production and interaction of muons. Nuclear Science,IEEE Transactions on, 53(2):513–519, 2006.

[5] J. Apostolakis et al. The performance of the Geant4 standard EM package for LHC and otherapplications. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 119(3):032004, 2008.

[6] V. Ivanchenko et al. Recent progress of Geant4 electromagnetic physics and readiness for the LHCstart. In PoS (ACAT2008), page 108, 2008.

[7] A. Schälicke et al. Geant4 electromagnetic physics for the LHC and other HEP applications. Journalof Physics: Conference Series, 331(3):032029, 2011.

252


Further applications• Radio-protection in space mission

• Shielding for satellites

• Single event upset and radiation damages to electronics

• Simulations for nuclear spallation sources

• Radioactive waste

10

1 ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use Geant4 SUWS, 26.8.2015

ESA Geant4 R&D activities Petteri Nieminen, Giovanni Santin, Hugh Evans, Piers Jiggens Space Environments and Effects Section European Space Agency ESTEC Geant4 Space Users’ Workshop, Hiroshima, 26 August 2015

ESA UNCLASSIFIED

ESA Geant4 R&D activities

Petteri Hugh Evans, Piers

Space Environments and Effects SectionEuropean Space AgencyESTEC

Geant4 Space Users’ Workshop, Hiroshima

ESA UNCLASSIFIED – For Official Use Geant4 SUWS, 26.8.2015

ESA Geant4 R&D activities

Petteri Nieminen, Giovanni Santin,Hugh Evans, Piers Jiggens

Space Environments and Effects SectionEuropean Space AgencyESTEC

Geant4 Space Users’ Workshop, Hiroshima, 26 August 2015

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Problems below 100MeV/A

• Braunn et al. have shown discrepancies up to one order of magnitude in 12C fragmentation at 95 MeV/A on thick PMMA target

• De Napoli et al. showed discrepancy specially on angular distribution of the secondaries emitted in the interaction of on 62 MeV/A 12C thin carbon target

• Dudouet et al. found similar results with a 95 MeV/A 12C beam on H, C, O, Al and Ti targets

11

Cross section of the 6Li production at 2.2 degree in a 12C on 12C reaction at 62 MeV/A.

[Plot from De Napoli et al. Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 57, no. 22, pp. 7651–

7671, Nov. 2012]

• Exp. data• BIC• G4QMD


• The interest of the Geant4 collaboration for this work has been already manifested by its Hadronic Physics Working Group Coordinator and member of the CERN Geant4 development team, Alberto Ribon

12


iThemba LABS

• The iThemba Laboratories are a multidisciplinary facility located near Cape Town, South Africa

• Physics Group at iThemba has a long-standing experience in experiments made to measure nuclear fragmentation in the low energy regime

13


Description of the project


Nuclear interactions• Hadronic interactions are simulated in two different stages:

• the first one describes the interaction from the collision until the excited nuclear species produced in the collision are in equilibrium

• the second one, such as the Fermi break-up, models the emission of such excited, but equilibrated, nuclei

• The entrance channel model characteristics have a larger effect on particles and fragments production as compared to the choice of the exit channel

15

[Conclusions from: J. Dudouet et al. Phys. Rev. C, vol. 89, no. 5, p. 054616, May 2014]


GeNIALE target• GeNIALE aims at improving the Geant4 performance

in the hadronic interaction below 100 MeV/A

• The core of GeNIALE is the implementation in Geant4 of a new model for the first stage of the interaction between a hadron -or a nucleus- and a target nucleus

• Such a model will be coupled with the models already implemented in Geant4 for the second stage, and with the Geant4 framework in general

16


Suitable models

• Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU)• describes the time evolution of the density distribution

• Boltzmann-Langevin (BL)• BUU plus fluctuations in the nucleon-nucleon collisions

• Antisymmetrized Molecular Dynamics (AMD)• reproduce the molecular dynamics in the nuclear field

17


Analysis of data from iThemba

• Data on the fragmentation of 12C and 14N in the interaction with thin targets of different materials

• 33 MeV/A

• Double differential yields

• With 12C measured the exclusive reaction: 12C " 8Be + 4He

18

CHAPTER 2. EXPERIMENTS 18

pressure inside the scattering chamber was kept around 10−5 mbar, which wasachieved through the following procedure. First a rotary pump was switchedon to pump down the chamber to a pressure of 1 mbar, after which a turbopump was used to reach a pressure of 10−3 mbar. At this pressure a cryogenicpump was used to reach a pressure of 10−5 mbar. In order to protect the Sidetectors while under vacuum, a holding bias of 10% of the operating bias wasapplied. A typical arrangement of the experimental set-up for the correlationexperiment, is shown in Fig. 2.2.

Figure 2.2: The A-line scattering chamber showing the experimental setup withdetectors mounted on the rotatable arms and the target ladder at the centre

2.2.4 Targets

The targets were mounted on the ladder, which can house ve different targets,as shown in Fig. 2.3. The δ-electrons released from the target are de ectedaway from reaching the detector by means of high voltage supplied to thetarget ladder and by permanent magnets mounted on both sides of the targetladder (see Fig. 2.3). The target angle can be changed by rotating the targetladder clockwise or anti-clockwise. The change in the target angle allows the


Summary of units• GeNIALE will be implemented as a collaboration of three units:

• INFN Roma1• FTE 160% • deeply involved in FOOT, and GeNIALE would represent a perfect complement to it

• INFN LNS• FTE 15% significant support by the theory group• The Theory group has a long tradition in studying nuclear dynamics. They worked

on the models cited in the description of the WP1

• iThemba Labs (SA)• FTE 25% • The Nuclear Physics Group has a long-standing experience in experiments made

to measure nuclear fragmentation in the low energy regime

• The project will also be supported by the CERN Geant4 development group

19



Therapy



Sezione di Roma

GeNIALE - Geant Nuclear Interaction At Low Energy 20

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• LNS

• Roma1• iThemba

• 1.1 Model selection

• 2.1 Benchmark of the existing models

• 2.2 Benchmark of the implemented model

• 3.1 Implementation of the model in Geant4

• 4.1 Analysis of the data on 12C and 14N fragmentation


Preliminary results


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E$F.-!;!0$*((!G:$'(!H)(:!(:-!()5-!.)*-!&I!(:-!JKL/!E:-!G&.&'L!'-%'-L-*(!(:-!,9()-L!&I!-$G:!9*)(/!M-..&H!I&'!NOPQ!R'--*!I&'!)E:-5F$!$*,!F.9-!I&'!S&5$;/!E:-!*95F-'L!)*!(:-!JKL!.)*-!$'-!(:-!,-.)#-'$F.-L/!E:-!,-.)#-'$F.-L!G&*L),-'-,!5).-L(&*-L!$'-!)*,)G$(-,!$.L&!)*!(:-!,-,)G$(-,!.)*-/!

22

The first two deliverables

• Month 6 - Milestone 1.1 The LNS unit will chose the most suitable model for the entrance channel stage of the hadronic interaction for Geant4 in the energy range of interest

• Month 6 - Deliverable 2.1 The Roma1 unit will benchmark the models already existing in Geant4 with the data published in literature



Models already implemented in Geant4 for the entrance channel• Binary Intra-nuclear Cascade (BIC) “participating”

particles, are tracked in the nucleus. The interactions are between them and an individual nucleon of the nucleus.

• Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) all the nucleons are considered as “participants”, scattering between them is included

• Liège Intranuclear Cascade (INCL++) The nucleons are modeled as a free Fermi gas in a static potential well. The particles are assumed to propagate along straight-line trajectories until an interaction

23


Models already implemented in Geant4 for the entrance channel• Binary Intra-nuclear Cascade (BIC) “participating”

particles, are tracked in the nucleus. The interactions are between them and an individual nucleon of the nucleus.

• Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) all the nucleons are considered as “participants”, scattering between them is included


24

Binary Intra-nuclear Cascade (BIC) particles, are tracked in the nucleus. The interactions are between them and an individual nucleon of the nucleus.

Recently implemented in

Geant4• Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD) all the nucleons

are considered as “participants”, scattering between them is included


Quantum Molecular Dynamics (QMD)


Update on the models already implemented in G4

25

• Exp. data• BIC• G4QMD

Cross section of the 6Li production at 2.2 degree in a 12C on 12C reaction at 62 MeV/A.

[De Napoli et al. Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 57, no. 22, pp. 7651–7671, Nov. 2012]

E [MeV]0 100 200 300 400 500 600

[m

b/sr

/MeV

]!

2"10

1"10

1

10

Exp. DataBICQMDINCL

°Li6 2.2

[deg]θ10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

[m

b/sr

]σ

10

210

310

410

H1

Exp. DataBICQMDINCL

H1

26

[deg]θ0 5 10 15 20 25

[m

b/sr

]σ

10

210

310

410

He4

Exp. DataBICQMDINCL

He4

27

[deg]θ0 5 10 15 20 25

[m

b/sr

]σ

10

210

310

410

Li6

Exp. DataBICQMDINCL

Li6

28

E [MeV]0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

[m

b/sr

/MeV

]σ

4−10

3−10

2−10

1−10

1

10

210

°He4 18

Exp. DataBICQMDINCL

°He4 18

Double differential cross section

7656 M De Napoli et al

10-1

1

10

102

0 100 200 300 400

θ=2.2o4He

10-1

1

10

0 100 200 300 400

θ=4.9o4He

10-2

10-1

1

10

102

0 100 200 300 400

θ=7.6o4He

10-3

10-2

10-1

1

10

0 100 200 300 400

θ=14.4o4He

10-3

10-2

10-1

1

10

0 100 200 300 400

θ=18o4He

10-2

10-1

1

10

0 100 200 300 400

θ=21.8o4He

Energy (MeV)

∂2 σ/∂Ω

∂E

(mb/

sr*M

eV)

Figure 5. Double-differential cross sections measured at θ lab = 2.2, 4.9, 7.6, 14.4, 18 and21.8 for 4He produced in the 12C+ 12C reaction at 62 A MeV. The data are compared with theBinary Light Ion Cascade (dashed lines) and the QMD (solid lines) predictions.

3. Double-differential cross sections and angular distributions

The measured double-differential production cross sections of the Z > 1 fragments are listedin tables A1–A7 in the appendix. As an example, in figure 1, the 6Li double-differential crosssections at four angles, θ lab = 2.2, 7.6, 14.4 and 18, are shown. As one can see fromthe figure, the energy distributions exhibit a Gaussian-like main peak, centered around thebeam velocity (solid line) and a tail extending at lower energies. The main peak decreasesand moves to lower energies as the emission angle increases. In contrast, the low-energy tailincreases with the angle, becoming the dominant part of the energy spectrum at large angles.The energy distributions of all the fragments with Z > 1 show a similar behavior. The presenceof a Gaussian-like peak together with a low-energy tail in the fragment energy distributionshas already been observed at intermediate energies (Dayras et al 1986, Glasow et al 1990,Tarasov et al 1998, Czudek et al 1991, Guet et al 1983, Pruneau et al 1989, Tarasov 2004). TheGaussian-like peak can be associated with those fragments produced in peripheral collisions.Indeed, these fragments are emitted at approximately the same velocity of the beam and ina relatively small angular cone around the beam direction. On the other hand, the fragmentsemitted at large angles and at velocities much lower than the beam are most probably producedin more central and dissipative collisions than the ones producing high-energy fragments.

The measured double-differential cross sections of the Z = 1 isotopes are listed intables A8–A10 in the appendix. Figure 2 shows, as an example, the proton double-differential


10-1

1

10

102

0 100 200 300 400

θ=2.2o4He

10-1

1

10

0 100 200 300 400

θ=4.9o4He

10-2

10-1

1

10

102

0 100 200 300 400

θ=7.6o4He

10-3

10-2

10-1

1

10

0 100 200 300 400

θ=14.4o4He

10-3

10-2

10-1

1

10

0 100 200 300 400

θ=18o4He

10-2

10-1

1

10

0 100 200 300 400

θ=21.8o4He

Energy (MeV)

∂2 σ/∂Ω

∂E

(mb

/sr*

MeV

)






10-1

1

10

102

0 100 200 300 400

θ=2.2o4He

10-1

1

10

0 100 200 300 400

θ=4.9o4He

10-2

10-1

1

10

102

0 100 200 300 400

θ=7.6o4He

10-3

10-2

10-1

1

10

0 100 200 300 400

θ=14.4o4He

10-3

10-2

10-1

1

10

0 100 200 300 400

θ=18o4He

10-2

10-1

1

10

0 100 200 300 400

θ=21.8o4He

Energy (MeV)

∂2 σ/∂Ω

∂E

(mb/

sr*M

eV)





29


!

!

#$%&! '()! *+$,%$(-! -*./*%0$1'2! ,3*1%'%.0,! %.! 4.0/! '(! *+1$%*5! 30.6*1%$2*72$8*! 30*740'-/*(%9!:!3'0%$12*7&.2*!/.5*2!-*(*0'%*,!%&*!*+1$%'%$.(!*(*0-)!.4!%&*!30*740'-/*(%9!!

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•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

• 0-*-'$.)1-,! "#$%&'$()&*!+&,-.! 20"+39!@&$,!/.5*2!=,*,! %&*!,'/*!'330.'1&!.4! %&*!30*A$.=,! .(*;! ?=%! $%! %'8*,! $(%.! '11.=(%! %&*! */$,,$.(! .4! 40'-/*(%,! &*'A$*0! %&'(! J!3'0%$12*,! '(5! =,*,! '! /.0*! '11=0'%*! 2*A*2! 5*(,$%)! 4=(1%$.(;! ?',*5! .(! %&*! K*0/$! -',!/.5*2;!4.0!%.%'2!5*1')!#$5%&!$(,%*'5!.4!%&*!'330.+$/'%$.(!=,*5!?)!I.,%0.A,8)9!

• 4-'5)! 6'-$789%9!@&$,!/.5*2! 1.(,$5*0,! %&*!5*1')!.4!'(!*+1$%*5! 2$-&%! L$%&! '(5!!%#'M!(=12*=,! $(%.! ,*A*0'2! ,%'?2*! 40'-/*(%,9! @&*! ?0*'87=3! 30.?'?$2$%$*,! 4.0! *'1&! 5*1')!1&'((*2! '0*! 1'21=2'%*5! ?)! 1.(,$5*0$(-! %&*! (7?.5)! 3&',*! ,3'1*! 5$,%0$?=%$.(9! N=1&!30.?'?$2$%$*,!'0*!%&*(!=,*5!%.!,'/32*!%&*!5*1')!1&'((*29!

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+&*(:! ;! <! =! >! ?! @! A! B! C! ;D! ;;! ;<! ;=! ;>! ;?! ;@! ;A! ;B! ;C! <D! <;! <<! <=! <>!

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30

The first two deliverables





Blob and Twingo

• Twingo is a BUU model

• Developed by Maria Colonna (LNS, Catania)

• Blob is a BL model

• Derived from Twingo

• Implemented by Paolo Napolitani (IPN, Orsay)


Blob and Twingo

• We have done a first run simulating 12C-12C interaction at 62 MeV/n using Twingo and Blob

• Both produces all the hot fragments before 150 fm/c

• To compare with experimental data it is necessary to couple them with a de-excitation model


Blob and Twingo

Blob Twingo100 test particles per nucleon12C on 12C at 62 MeV/n


First preliminary results from Blob

• With Paolo Napolitani, we coupled Blob with two exit channel models (Gemini and Simon)

• Only central collisions (b from 0 to 4 fm)

experimental data points from [De Napoli et al. Phys. Med. Biol., vol. 57, no. 22, pp.

7651–7671, Nov. 2012]

preliminary


Next steps


Work on the benchmark

• Adapt the code to Geant4 v 9.4.1(the same of the paper by De Napoli et al., 2012)

• Compare the results of BIC and G4QMD of G4 v 9.4.1 (2012) and G4 v 10.03.1 (actual version)

36


Work on the models• Simulate the interaction up to b=12 fm

• Do the same simulation with Twingo (but also with G4QMD, BIC and INCL++)

• Compare angular and energy spectra for Intermediate-mass fragments of Blob and Twingo with experimental data

• Couple Blob and Twingo with other exit channel models (Abla, Gemini++)

37


Work on the models

• Simulate the interaction of 14N on 12C at 35 MeV/n to compare with the AMD model made by A. Ono

38

cess in the 14N induced reaction.Figure 4 shows mass distributions in alpha induced reac-

tions at 22.5 and 35 MeV/nucleon. As common as in 14Ninduced reactions, slightly fewer intermediate-mass frag-ments are produced and more 4He fragments are producedafter statistical decay in the lower incident-energy reactionand this difference is more pronounced before statistical de-cay. Furthermore, the production cross section of fragmentswith A58 also runs out in neighboring mass fragments be-fore statistical decay. From the above results, we get the

same conclusion as in the case of 14N-projectile reactions;namely, we conclude that also in the a induced reactionalpha-cluster degrees of freedom in the 12C nucleus are moreeasily excited during the dynamical process and 4He frag-ments become abundant at lower incident energy. Anotherdistinct difference between the two incident energies in alphainduced reactions is that the production cross sections offragments above A512 at 22.5 MeV/nucleon are muchlarger than those at 35 MeV/nucleon. This is not clearly seenin 14N induced reactions. Since the lower incident energy in

FIG. 2. Mass distribution in the p112C reaction at 55 MeV, isotope distributions in the a112C at 22.5 MeV/nucleon, and those in the14N112C reactions at 35 MeV/nucleon. Solid lines indicate the AMD calculations and dashed lines indicate the experimental data.

FIG. 3. Mass distributions from 12C fragmentation in 14N112C at 35 MeV/nucleon ~solid lines! and 55 MeV/nucleon ~dashed lines!. Leftand right panels show those before and after statistical decay, respectively.

814 57HIROKI TAKEMOTO, HISASHI HORIUCHI, AND AKIRA ONO

cess in the 14N induced reaction.Figure 4 shows mass distributions in alpha induced reac-

tions at 22.5 and 35 MeV/nucleon. As common as in 14Ninduced reactions, slightly fewer intermediate-mass frag-ments are produced and more 4He fragments are producedafter statistical decay in the lower incident-energy reactionand this difference is more pronounced before statistical de-cay. Furthermore, the production cross section of fragmentswith A58 also runs out in neighboring mass fragments be-fore statistical decay. From the above results, we get the

same conclusion as in the case of 14N-projectile reactions;namely, we conclude that also in the a induced reactionalpha-cluster degrees of freedom in the 12C nucleus are moreeasily excited during the dynamical process and 4He frag-ments become abundant at lower incident energy. Anotherdistinct difference between the two incident energies in alphainduced reactions is that the production cross sections offragments above A512 at 22.5 MeV/nucleon are muchlarger than those at 35 MeV/nucleon. This is not clearly seenin 14N induced reactions. Since the lower incident energy in

FIG. 2. Mass distribution in the p112C reaction at 55 MeV, isotope distributions in the a112C at 22.5 MeV/nucleon, and those in the14N112C reactions at 35 MeV/nucleon. Solid lines indicate the AMD calculations and dashed lines indicate the experimental data.

FIG. 3. Mass distributions from 12C fragmentation in 14N112C at 35 MeV/nucleon ~solid lines! and 55 MeV/nucleon ~dashed lines!. Leftand right panels show those before and after statistical decay, respectively.

814 57HIROKI TAKEMOTO, HISASHI HORIUCHI, AND AKIRA ONO

[H. Takemoto, H. Horiuchi, and A. Ono, Phys. Rev. C, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 811–821,

Feb. 1998]


Work on the models• Test the results with an

higher number of test particle for the mean field (allowing to use a different number of test particles for the collision term)

• Test the stability with peripheral collisions

• Try to speed up the simulation

39

400 test particles per nucleon for mean field and 40 for the collision term


Summary• This project covers a gap which needs to be filled:

• implementation of a low energy hadronic interactionmodel developed by LNS theory group

• unique in Geant4

• Has a lot of applications: • related to several INFN activities e.g.:

FOOT, MoVe_IT

• Fragmentation data at 33 MeV/A will be analyzed

• Will strengthen international collaborationsbetween two of the research centers with the highest expertise in the field (LNS and iThemba)

40



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