Genetics. Review Chromosomes are paired (homologous) in a 2N organism. Each chromosome contains many...
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Transcript of Genetics. Review Chromosomes are paired (homologous) in a 2N organism. Each chromosome contains many...
Genetics
Review
• Chromosomes are paired (homologous) in a 2N organism.
• Each chromosome contains many genes
• Homologous chromosomes carry the same genes.
Homologous pairof chromosomes
Review
• Genes can have different versions of the same trait. These versions are called alleles.
• Homologous chromosomes separate into different gametes.
alleles
Alleles - Dominant and Recessive
• Each parent will donate one allele.
• Alleles can be physically apparent (dominant) or physically hidden (recessive).
• Mendel worked with traits that had only two alleles of each trait, one dominant and one recessive.
Mother Father
Alleles
Mendel’s Laws
• The Law of Segregation– each pair of alleles separates during meiosis
(gamete formation)
• The Law of Dominance– When two alleles differ, – one can control the trait - Dominant – the other can be hidden - Recessive
• The Law of Independent Assortment– Pairs of genes segregate into gametes randomly
and independently (due to random separation of homologous pairs.
How Can We Demonstrate these Laws?
• Mendel recorded phenotypes ( form of the trait that he “saw”)
• Based on outcomes from matings (called crosses) over several generations, he could determine the genotypes (the actual genetic makeup for that trait) of previous generations– Homozygous - both alleles for a trait are the same
– Heterozygous - alleles are not identical.
Monohybrid Crosses
• Studying the inheritance of a single trait while ignoring all other traits
• Start with 2 “pure parents”
– P Generation• GG (only green)• gg (only yellow)
– F1 generation
• All green heterozygous
Determining Genotype (1 Trait)
green yellow
4 All green
Self- fertilized
Self fertilization of this generation produces a different pattern for homozygous vs. heterozygous
Cannot see the yellow in this generation
Yellowreturns
PARENT
F1
F2
Using a Punnett Square instead
• Grid for Organizing Genetic Information
• Shows Probability that a combination will occur
1) Determine Parent alleles
2) Place alleles on edge of square
3) Combine alleles inside the boxes
4) Determine genotypes and phenotypes
G
G
g g
Parent 1
Parent 2
Gg
Gg Gg
Gg
Possible offspring genotypes for F1
Heterozygous cross
• Phenotypes vs. Genotypes– The recessive trait will show ONLY in the absence of
the dominant (G) trait.G g
G
g
GG Gg
gggG
GG : Gg or gG : gg 1 : 2 : 1
Green Yellow3 : 1
GENOTYPE
PHENOTYPE
Test Crosses
• Purpose - – To distinguish between a homozygous dominant
and a heterozygous dominant
– Cross the unknown with a known homozygous recessive.
– Create two Punnett squares.• Cross a homozygous dominant with a homozygous
recessive• Cross a heterozygous dominant with a homozygous
recessive• How are the patterns different?
Heterozygous + Homozygous Recessive• Phenotypes vs. Genotypes
– The recessive trait will show ONLY in the absence of the dominant (G) trait. What will happen?
g g
G
g
GG :Gg or gG : g: :
Green Yellow :
GENOTYPE
PHENOTYPE
GENOTYPE
Predicting any single outcome
• Given Mendel’s Laws, the probability of an outcome for any one combination can be estimated.
• Can Use coins to estimate probability– See Exercise on Probability.
Probabilities and Proportions
• Should approximately match.
• Are only estimates of what SHOULD happen.
• Can be easily changed If “randomness” is compromised.
Dihybrid crosses
• Allow the study of two traits at a time.
RY RY
ry
ry
Make a P cross (RRYY x rryy)
Cross F1 plants among themselves (RrYy x RrYy)
List all gametes on a 4 x 4 Punnet Square
Intermediate Inheritance
• Mendel’s study – Dominant and recessive
• Many genes have intermediate inheritance– Heterozygous phenotype not like either
homozygous phenotype
Types of Intermediate Inheritance
• Incomplete Dominance
• Heterozygote phenotype is “inbetween “ the two homozygous phenotypes
– EXAMPLE: Red + White = Pink Flowers
• BUT: Gametes will contain either Red or White!• No dominant phenotype so only capital letters with
superscripts are used.
• Red = FrFr White = FwFw Pink = FrFw
Types of Intermediate Inheritance
• Codominance
• Both alleles express themselves fully– EXAMPLE: Blood types
• A, B, AB
Polygenic Traits
• Trait is controlled by two or more gene pairs
• Eye color, skin, hair– Tone amount, and distribution of pigments are all
factors. Each is controlled by a different gene pair, for each attribute (color, skin, hair)
Multiple alleles
• Three or more alleles in a trait• Blood type
– IA IB and i– Both IA and IB are dominant over I– IA and IA are codominant.– NOT THE SAME as polygenic
• A single pair of genes with > 2 alleles.
Environmental Stress on Genetics
• Seasonal Changes( external changes)• Turning on “beard growth (internal
changes)
• Genes can be turned on and off.