Clinical Genetics Cytogenetics Molecular Genetics National Centre for Medical Genetics.
GENETICS HOW THAT INFORMATION INSIDE CONTROLS YOU.
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Transcript of GENETICS HOW THAT INFORMATION INSIDE CONTROLS YOU.
![Page 1: GENETICS HOW THAT INFORMATION INSIDE CONTROLS YOU.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072006/56649f435503460f94c643d8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
GENETICS
HO
W T
HA
T I
NF O
RM
AT
I ON
IN
SI D
E C
ON
TR
OL S
Y OU
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BASICS
Cellular level• EVERY cell in your body (with a few exceptions) has the SAME EXACT
genetic code• Code held inside the nucleus• Code is in the form of 4 different chemicals strung together in
different orders
The letters• A, T, C, G• A always goes across from T• C always goes across from G
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NEXT STEP
• 4 chemicals that make you who you are
• Chemical messages• Your body communicates by making different protein messages to send
around to tell your body what to do and when
• The order of the A, T, C, and G chemicals in your genetic code tells your cell how to make a message (what building block to put in next), which then tells your body what signal will be sent
• Each cell holds approximately 10,000-20,000 codes to make different signals
• Each set of instructions is called a GENE
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MAKING THE MESSAGE
Two major steps
1. Read the genetic code, transfer to something that can leave the nucleus
2. Bring signal to ribosome where protein will be built
Step 1 = transcription (changing the code over)
Step 2= translation (making transcript into message that body can understand)
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TRANSCRIPTION
• DNA is opened
• Sequence of A, T, C, and G for the gene being read is copied by RNA• In RNA, A pairs with U (T does not exist in RNA), other than that,
pairing is the same
• RNA leaves nucleus to go to ribosome
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TRANSLATION
• RNA goes to ribosome
• Ribosome reads RNA in 3-letter sequences• Each 3-letter sequence tells the ribosome to add a specific amino
acid to the chain to make a protein
• At end, a code tells the ribosome to stop building and release the protein
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OOPS!
Mistakes in the genetic code…• If there is a mistake in the code in your DNA
• Code brought to ribosome is incorrect
• Ribosome then told to make the wrong protein
• Called a MUTATION• Sometimes can have little or no effect on the protein• Sometimes can make the protein unable to do its job
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QUESTION
What are some things that can lead to mutations?
Give an example of a mutation that would only effect a specific part of the body and give an example of one that could effect your entire body.
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YOUR B
ODY’S F
UNCTIONS
A P
RE
VI E
W F
OR
TH
E R
ES
T O
F TH
E Y
EA
R
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5 MAJOR FUNCTIONS TO BE STUDIED
• Respiration
• Communication
• Homeostasis
• Movement
• Reproduction
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RESPIRATION
*Taking in oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
• Must then circulate the oxygen to the muscles and places it is needed
• Pick up carbon dioxide and remove it from the body• Where does carbon dioxide come from and why?
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COMMUNICATION
• Brain must be able to tell rest of body what to do
• Through nervous signals and hormone signals
• What are some ways these pathways can be cut off or hindered?
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HOMEOSTASIS
• Body must stay at a constant internal environment• Temperature• pH
• What allows this to happen?
• What are some ways this can be disrupted
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MOVEMENT
• Both internal and external• Must be able to move materials around inside of body
• Must be able to respond to environment and move externally
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REPRODUCTION
Evolutionarily, this is all that matters!
• Passing traits on to the next generation is the key to life• How are traits passed on?• How are these traits selected?• What systems must work together to allow a new individual to be
born?