GENETICS Gregor Mendel: The Father of Genetics PUNNETT SQUARES AND HEREDITY.
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Transcript of GENETICS Gregor Mendel: The Father of Genetics PUNNETT SQUARES AND HEREDITY.
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GENETICS
Gregor Mendel: The Father of Genetics
PUNNETT SQUARES AND HEREDITY
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MENDEL
• Austrian Monk• Interested in Biology
• Bred Pea Plants for specific traits• Was able to show that certain traits
were “inherited”—meaning they were passed down from one
generation to the next
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Genetics Heredity
BIOLOGICALSTUDY
ofHeredity
Passing on of a characteristic from parents to offspring.
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Pea Plants
Reproduce Sexually, which means egg and sperm.
Mendel studied seven traits of pea plants
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Setting up a Cross
C C
C C
A A
B
B
A=Parent 1 Alleles
C=Offspring Genotype
B=Parent 2 Alleles
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Setting up a CrossBasic Terminology
P1 = Parents
F1 = 1st Generation of Offspring
F2 = 2nd Generation of Offspring
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Setting up a CrossBasic Terminology
Dominant Allele:Only need only copy to be expressed phenotypically.
Uppercase letter = dominant allele
Recessive Allele:
Need two copies to be expressed phenotypically.
Lowercase letter = recessive allele
NOTE: Use letter of dominant trait for
cross.
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Homozygous Dominant x Homozygous Recessive
Dominant is Round Recessive is Wrinkled
Monohybrid Cross: Seed Shape
R R
R R
r
r
r r
Rr Rr
Phenotype(s):
Parent 1:
Parent 2:
Offspring:
Genotype(s):
Parent 1:
Parent 2:
Offspring:
Round Seed
Wrinkled Seed
Round Seed
R R
r r
R r
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Y
Y
y
y
y y
Y y y
Phenotype(s):
Parent 1:
Parent 2:
Offspring:
Genotype(s):
Parent 1:
Parent 2:
Offspring:
Yellow Seed
Green Seed
½ green, ½ yellow
Y y
y y
½ Y y, ½ y y
Heterozygous x Homozygous RecessiveDominant is Yellow Recessive is
Green
Monohybrid Cross: Seed Color
y
y
y
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G
G
g
g
Gg g
Phenotype(s):
Parent 1:
Parent 2:
Offspring:
Genotype(s):
Parent 1:
Parent 2:
Offspring:
Green Pod
Green Pod
¾ Green, ¼ Yellow
G g
G g
¼ GG, ½ Gg, 1/4 gg
Heterozygous x HeterozygousDominant is Green Recessive is
Yellow
Monohybrid Cross: Pod Color
g
g
GG G
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I
I
I
i
I i i
Phenotype(s):
Parent 1:
Parent 2:
Offspring:
Genotype(s):
Parent 1:
Parent 2:
Offspring:
Inflated Pod
Inflated Pod
Inflated
I i
I I
¼ I I, ¾ I i
Heterozygous x Homozygous DominantDominant is Inflated Recessive is
Constricted
Monohybrid Cross: Pod Shape
i
I
II I
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A few things to keep it simple….• Homozygous Recessive (2 recessive alleles)• Homozygous Dominant (1 recessive allele)• Heterozygous (1 dominant, 1 recessive
allele)• Letter for cross is determined by the first
letter of the dominant allele.• Capital Letter always comes first.• Parent #1 Goes across the top of the punnett
square and is mentioned first in the cross.• Parent #2 Goes down the side of the punnett
square and is mentioned second in the cross.