Genetic Variability Studies In Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Genotypes Under Heat Stress

Presented By:

Ashna Akbar

Research Scholar, Groundnut

Breeding

ICRISAT, Patancheru.

INTRODUCTION

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) a self-pollinated legume,

is the 6th most important oilseed crop in the world.

It contains 44-56% oil and 22-30% protein.

The haulms are utilized as fodder and the

cake, after extraction of oil, is used in the

livestock feed industry.

0.75

1.63

2.86

0.38

0.65

Production (lakh tonnes) in major states

growing Rabi/Summer Groundnut

Gujarat

Tamil Nadu

Andhra pradesh

Orissa

West Bengal

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Rabi/ Summer Kharif total

Axi

s T

itle

Groundnut-Area , Production and

Productivity in India

Area (lakh ha)

Production (lakh tonnes)

productivity (Kg/ha)

High temperatures abiotic constraints in Rabi/summer groundnut

Hot day temperature of 350C relative to 290C reduced

flower production by about 50%

Fortainer (1957)

Day temperatures above 350C during reproductive phase

reduce fruit set, and consequently the number of pods

and ultimately seed yield

Kertring, (1984);

Prasad et al. (1999)

The optimum temperature in groundnut is between 25

and 30 °C for growth processes and 28 to 33°C for

developmental progress to flowering and maturity.

Ketring et al. 1982; Ong

1986; Williams & Boote

1995

Optimum soil temperature range for pod formation and

development is between 31◦ and 33 ◦C

oil temperatures above 33 ◦C significantly reduce the

number of mature pods and seed yields .

Dreyer et al., (1981);

Ono, (1979); Ono et al.,

(1974).

OBJECTIVE

Study the variation for agronomic parameters of

groundnut genotypes under heat stress.

To screen heat tolerant genotypes

EXPERIMENTAL PLAN

Conduction of performance trial

Rabi/summer season, 2013

DATE OF SOWING 25Jan 2013

18 Feb 2013

2 march 2013

NO.OF ENTRIES 63

DESIGN Alpha-lattice design

REPLICATION 02

SPACING (30cm×10cm)

ROW LENGTH 2 m

NO.OF ROWS 04

LAYOUT Broad bed and furrow

PLOT SIZE 3m²

E1 E2 E3

FLOWERING

PERIOD (E1) 30-340 C 350C & Above

FLOWERING

PERIOD (E2) 30-340 C

350C &

Above

FLOWERING

PERIOD (E3) 30-340 C 350C & Above

2-Feb-13 6 ** 16-Mar-13 8 ** 26-Mar-13 8 6

25-Feb-13 7 ** 17-Mar-13 9 ** 27-Mar-13 8 8

26-Feb-13 7 ** 18-Mar-13 9 ** 28-Mar-13 7 7

27-Feb-13 9 ** 19-Mar-13 8 ** 29-Mar-13 8 6

28-Feb-13 9 ** 20-Mar-13 7 3 30-Mar-13 9 5

1-Mar-13 7 ** 21-Mar-13 8 4 31-Mar-13 5 6

2-Mar-13 8 ** 22-Mar-13 5 7 1-Apr-13 5 7

3-Mar-13 8 ** 23-Mar-13 8 5 2-Apr-13 4 **

4-Mar-13 7 ** 24-Mar-13 6 5 3-Apr-13 9 **

5-Mar-13 7 ** 25-Mar-13 6 6 4-Apr-13 6 5

6-Mar-13 7 ** 26-Mar-13 8 6 5-Apr-13 4 7

7-Mar-13 8 ** 27-Mar-13 8 8 6-Apr-13 5 7

8-Mar-13 8 ** 28-Mar-13 7 7 7-Apr-13 8 7

9-Mar-13 9 ** 29-Mar-13 8 6 8-Apr-13 9 6

10-Mar-13 11 ** 30-Mar-13 9 5 9-Apr-13 9 6

11-Mar-13 4 * 31-Mar-13 5 6 10-Apr-13 7 7

12-Mar-13 9 ** 1-Apr-13 5 7 11-Apr-13 9 7

13-Mar-13 7 4 2-Apr-13 4 ** 12-Apr-13 8 6

14-Mar-13 9 ** 13-Apr-13 7 7

15-Mar-13 8 ** TOTAL Hrs 128 75

16-Mar-13 8 ** TOTAL Hrs 135 110

17-Mar-13 9 **

18-Mar-13 9 **

19-Mar-13 8 **

20-Mar-13 7 3

21-Mar-13 8 4

TOTAL Hrs 204 11

Air temperatures during flowering

Soil temperatures observed during pod

development

Environments Minimum Maximum

Non-stressed

environment

170C 330C

Stressed Environment

(E2)

21.70C 37.50C

Stressed Environment

(E3)

22.90C 390C

GENOTYPES

ICGV 00298 ICGV 07038 ICGV 93468 ICGV 02266

ICGV 00308 ICGV 05200 ICGV 95390 ICGV 02271

ICGV 00350 ICGV 07148 ICGV 96346 GG 20

ICGV 00351 ICGV 07211 ICGV 97182 J 11

ICGV 03042 ICGV 07213 ICGV 97183 GPBD 4

ICGV 03057 ICGV 07217 ICGV 98294 JL 24

ICGV 03109 ICGV 07246 TAG 24 K 6

ICGV 05032 ICGV 07268 TCGS 1043 55-437

ICGV 05155 ICGV 07273 TG 37

ICGV 07456 ICGV 07356 TMV 2

ICGV 06039 ICGV 86325 TPG 41

ICGV 06040 ICGV 87128 VRI 6

ICGV 06099 ICGV 87141 Abhaya

ICGV 06175 ICGV 87846 Chico

ICGV 06420 ICGV 89280 GJG 31

ICGV 06424 ICGV 91114 ICGS 11

ICGV 07012 ICGV 92035 ICGV 99001

ICGV 07013 ICGV 92195 ICGV 01232

OBSERVATIONS

Days to 75% flowering

Days to maturity

Pod yield/plot (kg/ha)

Kernel yield

Shelling Percentage

Temperature (ºC) during crop growth period.

Harvest index (%)

100-kernel weight (g)

Oil content %

Crop and Pod growth rate

Estimation of Variability:

ANOVA, GCV, PCV

Determining traits for which selection will be effective:

Heritability and Genetic advance

Identification of suitable genotypes

Fixed term Wald statistic n.d.f. F statistic F probability SED

LSD

DF

Season 2111.21 3 701.5

HSW

Season 124.24 3 40.89

Traits Genotypic coefficient of variation Phenotypic coefficient of variation

E1 E2 E3 E1 E2 E3

Days to 75% flowering (days) 7.8 4.1 4.0 8.4 4.6 4.9

Days to maturity (days) 4.1 8.3 9.5 4.4 9.0 10.0

Pod Yield (Kg ha-1) 21.2 22.5 24.0 26.3 27.4 30.5

Kernel yield (Kg ha-1) 21.4 24.4 27.1 30.3 31.1 36.2

Shelling outturn (%) 6.0 8.5 9.6 10.7 11.2 13.7

Hundred Kernel Weight (g) 17.8 16.9 20.6 21.3 19.6 23.9

Oil Content (%) 4.4 4.4 4.9 5.1 5.3 5.7

Harvest Index (%) 12.1 13.4 15.9 15.3 17.6 19.2

Crop Growth Rate (g m-2day-1) 17.0 9.3 11.7 19.3 15.6 16.9

Pod Growth Rate (g m-2day-1) 18.4 15.4 21.7 24.7 21.2 27.8

Genotypic and phenotypic co-efficient of

variation

Traits Heritability

Genetic Advance as percent

of Mean

E1 E2 E3 E1 E2 E3

Days to 75% flowering (days) 92.5 89.9 80.5 15.9 8.4 8.1

Days to maturity (days) 92.9 91.0 95.6 8.5 16.9 19.6

Pod Yield (Kg ha-1) 77.6 80.0 76.5 42.0 45.0 48.0

Kernel yield (Kg ha-1) 65.9 74.8 71.8 41.0 47.9 53.5

Shelling outturn (%) 48.0 70.6 66.9 10.6 16.2 18.8

Hundred Kernel Weight (g) 79.8 85.1 84.5 34.9 34.2 41.5

Oil Content (%) 84.4 81.6 84.3 8.9 8.9 9.9

Harvest Index (%) 76.0 71.9 80.2 23.9 26.1 31.6

Crop Growth Rate (g m-2day-1) 85.3 51.1 61.6 33.9 16.4 21.4

Pod Growth Rate (g m-2day-1) 69.7 67.9 75.8 35.4 29.6 43.3

Heritability and Genetic Advance as percent of Mean

TABLE: RANGE

Traits

E1 E2 E3

MIN MAX MIN MAX MIN MAX

Days to 75% flowering (DF) 35 50 31 39 29 37

Days to maturity (DM) 123 139 105 139 101 139

Pod yield (Kg ha-1) 2205 6761 2034 6767 1483 6180

Kernel yield (Kg ha-1) 1033 4456 972 4123 603 3659

Shelling Percentage (%) 46.05 73.22 38.12 68.09 39.94 68.24

Hundred kernel weight (g) 27 59 21 44 17 52

Oil content (%) 48.56 58.84 48.09 58.44 48.15 61.36

Harvest index (%) 33.15 65.18 31.74 62.56 24.57 64.56

Crop Growth Rate (CGR, g m-2 per day) 5.67 14.55 8.44 15.70 7.38 15.90

Pod Growth Rate (PGR, g m-2 per day) 4.87 13.42 5.69 12.84 3.06 13.23

Traits E2 E3

Days to 75% flowering 15.5% 21.6%

Pod yield 17-18% 20-25%

Kernel yield 27% 32.8%

Hundred Kernel weight 38.5% 35%

Shelling percentage 30% 33%

Crop growth rate Slightly higher (5.5%) Slightly higher (9.4%)

Comparisons of heat stress with non- stress

environments

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

E1

E2

E3

Genotypes with decrease in pod yield under heat stress

Genotypes with increase in pod yield under heat stress

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

E1 E2 E3

GJG 31

ICGV 03057

ICGV 07038

GG 20

Linear (GJG 31)

Linear (ICGV 03057)

Linear (ICGV 07038)

Linear (GG 20 )

Genotypes with Stable pod yield under non stress and heat

stress conditions

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

ICGV 06420 ICGV 87128 ICGV 87141 ICGV 97182

E1

E2

E3

IDENTIFICATION OF ENVIRONMENT SPECIFIC GENOTYPES

ENVIRONMENT 2

IGCV 06040

(6767 kg/ha)

ENVIRONMENT 3

ICGV 03042

(6180 kg/ha)

ENVIRONMENT 1

ICGV 07012

(6761 kg/ha)

ICGV 05155

(6219 kg/ha; 58%)

ICGV 06040

(6767kg/ha; 58%) ICGV 07038

(5768 kg/ha; 57%)

ICGV 00298

ICGV 00308

ICGV 00350

ICGV 00351

ICGV 03042

ICGV 03057

ICGV 03109

ICGV 05032

ICGV 05155

ICGV 07456

ICGV 06039

ICGV 06040

ICGV 06099

ICGV 06175

ICGV 06420

ICGV 06424 ICGV 07012

ICGV 07013

ICGV 07038

ICGV 05200

ICGV 07148

ICGV 07211

ICGV 07213

ICGV 07217

ICGV 07246

ICGV 07268

ICGV 07273

ICGV 07356

ICGV 86325

ICGV 87128

ICGV 87141

ICGV 87846

ICGV 89280

ICGV 91114

ICGV 92035

ICGV 92195

ICGV 93468

ICGV 95390 ICGV 96346

ICGV 97182

ICGV 97183

ICGV 98294

TAG 24

TCGS 1043

TG 37

TMV 2

TPG 41

VRI 6

Abhaya

Chico

GJG 31

ICGS 11

ICGV 99001

ICGV 01232

ICGV 02266

ICGV 02271

GG 20

J 11

GPBD 4 JL 24

K 6

55-437

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Mean pod yield over environments

HEAT TOLERANT GENOTYPES BASED ON STI

Genotypes E2 E3

ICGV 06424 2.1 1.4

ICGV 07246 2.1 1.7

ICGV 07012 2.0 1.7

ICGV 06040 1.9 1.6

ICGV 03042 1.7 1.7

ICGV 07038 1.7 1.4

ICGV 05032 1.7 1.7

Correlation between Stress tolerance indices & pod yield

under stress and non- stress environments

(Fernandez, 1992)

Ys and Yp = Yields of genotypes evaluated under stress and non- stress conditions

= Mean yield over all genotypes evaluated under stress and non- stress conditions.

Significant genetic variability was present among the

genotypes for all the traits thus, ample scope for selection of

promising lines.

High heritability coupled with GAM were observed for the traits like

pod yield, kernel yield, hundred kernel weight, pod growth rate and

harvest index among tested groundnut genotypes hence genetic

improvement through selection for these traits will be rewarding.

On the basis of yield performance, genotypes regarded higher yielding as well as heat tolerant genotypes across environments:

ICGV # 07246, 06040, 07012, 03042, 06424,07038 and 05032.

Genotypes with increase trend in yield:

ICGV 03057, GG 20, GJG 31, and ICGV 07038

Genotypes with stable pod yields across the environments:

ICGV # 06420, 87128, 87141and 97182

Future Scope of research

The identified genotypes could be used in different

breeding programmes.

The genotypes will be helpful to develop mapping

populations for genetic studies.

In-depth studies could be done to understand the

mechanism for heat tolerance.

Acknowledgements

Year Std Week Rain (mm) Evaporation

(mm)

Max Temp

(oC)

Min Temp

(oC)

Relative

Humidity1 at

07:17 (%)

Relative

Humidity2 at

14:17 (%)

Bright

Sunshine (Hrs)

1st -7th Jan 1 0 27 32.3 18.0 93.0 45.4 7.4

8th -14th Jan 2 0 29.5 30.0 12.6 88.1 36.4 8.5

15th -21st Jan 3 0 33.2 30.7 13.1 94.1 31.1 9.7

22nd - 28th Jan 4 0 33.5 29.9 17.3 91.9 40.1 7.9

29thjan -4thFeb. 5 1 33.3 29.2 15.3 90.4 38.4 7

5th - 11th Feb. 6 3 41.9 30.8 18 89.1 36.9 8.3

12th - 18th Feb. 7 7 45.2 30.9 17.1 79 34.7 8.7

19th - 25th Feb. 8 0 40.2 31.7 15.4 89.1 32.4 9.5

26thFeb-4thmarch 9 0 54.7 33.7 14.1 76.4 22 10.1

5th -11th March 10 0 54.7 34.3 17 81.1 24.4 9.7

12th-18th March 11 0 67.1 35.3 19.1 65.7 30 7.5

19th -25th March 12 0 62.4 36.4 20.8 72.3 27 7.6

26th March-1st April 13 0 66.7 37.9 23.1 69.6 33.7 9.5

2nd - 8th April 14 60 64.7 36.9 21.6 82 44.6 9

9th -15th April 15 0 69.1 37.9 23.2 76.9 28.6 9.4

16th - 22nd April 16 0 73.4 37.7 21.5 62.3 27.1 10.2

23rd - 29th April 17 0 52 37 23.3 72.9 34.3 8

30th april-6th May 18 0 77.2 40.4 25 59.1 24.1 10

7th - 13th May 19 0 83.9 40.6 26.3 63.4 28.3 9.2

14th - 20th May 20 0 75.9 40.2 26.4 62 32.6 6.7

21st - 27th May 21 0 101.6 41.3 26.9 51.7 26.4 9.3

28th May-3 rd June 22 5 60.1 37 23.5 74.1 39.4 6.1

4th-10th June 23 7 50.1 35 23.1 80.9 44.7 5.4

11th - 17th June 24 40 32.8 30.2 21.8 85 62.4 1.2

18th - 24th June 25 24 49.1 33.4 22.5 80.6 50.6 5

25th June – 1st July 26 29 39.7 30.8 21.9 85.6 62.7 5.2

2nd - 8th July 27 12 35.5 31.3 21.7 86.4 59 3.8

9th -15th July 28 97 23.8 27.9 21.3 90.6 75.3 2.5

16th - 22nd July 29 52.4 17.5 26.6 21 91.3 78 1.2

23rd -29th July 30 57 25.2 27.85 21.44 88.28 73.71 2.39

Weather data during crop growing period

Screening of genotypes

S.No. GENOTYPES E1 E2 E3 Mean pod yield over

environments coefficient of variation

1 ICGV 00298 3582 3634 3274 3497 5.6

2 ICGV 00308 4501 3336 3435 3757 17.2

3 ICGV 00350 4737 5428 4818 4995 7.6

4 ICGV 00351 5544 5492 4838 5291 7.4

5 ICGV 03042 5662 6192 6180 6011 5.0

6 ICGV 03057 4692 5844 5271 5269 10.9

7 ICGV 03109 5429 5246 3747 4807 19.2

8 ICGV 05032 6188 5482 5635 5768 6.4

9 ICGV 05155 6219 5817 4250 5429 19.2

10 ICGV 07456 2855 3299 2769 2974 9.6

11 ICGV 06039 6041 5308 5605 5651 6.5

12 ICGV 06040 5884 6767 5606 6086 10.0

13 ICGV 06099 6080 4840 5410 5443 11.4

14 ICGV 06175 4462 3888 2892 3747 21.2

15 ICGV 06420 5089 5198 5131 5140 1.1

16 ICGV 06424 6586 6597 4496 5893 20.5

17 ICGV 07012 6761 6072 5237 6023 12.7

18 ICGV 07013 5250 4717 4664 4877 6.6

19 ICGV 07038 5206 6521 5678 5802 11.5

20 ICGV 05200 4482 5154 4152 4596 11.1

21 ICGV 07148 5714 5815 4346 5292 15.5

22 ICGV 07211 4002 3539 3370 3637 9.0

23 ICGV 07213 5360 4483 4713 4852 9.4

24 ICGV 07217 4155 4609 3740 4168 10.4

25 ICGV 07246 6416 6761 5385 6187 11.6

26 ICGV 07268 6248 5051 4922 5407 13.5

27 ICGV 07273 5379 5212 4402 4998 10.5

28 ICGV 07356 4682 3685 2661 3676 27.5

29 ICGV 86325 2205 2854 1995 2351 19.1

30 ICGV 87128 3923 3774 3925 3874 2.2

31 ICGV 87141 3511 3705 3512 3576 3.1

32 ICGV 87846 3529 4622 4045 4065 13.4

33 ICGV 89280 5246 4648 4915 4936 6.1

35 ICGV 91114 4026 2751 3302 3360 19.0 36 ICGV 92035 4066 4941 3652 4220 15.6

37 ICGV 92195 3429 3452 2892 3258 9.7

38 ICGV 93468 4220 3954 5338 4504 16.3

39 ICGV 95390 3841 4064 3204 3703 12.0

40 ICGV 96346 4062 4259 3089 3804 16.5

41 ICGV 97182 4482 4824 4643 4650 3.7

42 ICGV 97183 5393 3761 3508 4221 24.2

43 ICGV 98294 4244 3600 4180 4008 8.9

44 TAG 24 4603 5149 4879 4877 5.6

45 TCGS 1043 3988 4256 4337 4194 4.4

46 TG 37 4558 5033 4494 4695 6.3

47 TMV 2 2523 2253 2357 2378 5.7

48 TPG 41 4590 3996 2941 3843 21.7

49 VRI 6 3735 3726 2841 3434 15.0

50 Abhaya 4715 3302 3093 3703 23.8

51 Chico 3265 3769 2522 3185 19.7

52 GJG 31 3308 3935 4895 4046 19.7

53 ICGS 11 4484 3645 3454 3861 14.2

54 ICGV 99001 2225 2034 1483 1914 20.1

55 ICGV 01232 5576 4119 4603 4766 15.6

56 ICGV 02266 4982 5399 4809 5063 6.0

57 ICGV 02271 2459 3442 2722 2874 17.7

58 GG 20 2369 3851 3607 3276 24.2

59 J 11 3612 3136 2302 3017 22.0

60 GPBD 4 2954 3396 2257 2869 20.0

61 JL 24 2895 2460 3039 2798 10.8

62 K 6 3675 2576 2435 2895 23.4

63 55-437 NA 2602 2427 2514 4.9

C.V 15 15 19

Mean 4531 4373 3945

L.S.D 1454 1389 1645

MINIMUM 2205 2034 1483

MAXIMUM 6761 6767 6180

EFFECT OF HEAT ON PERFORMANCE OF

INDIVIDUAL GENOTYPES

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

E1 E2 E3 E4

po

d y

ield

in

Kg/h

a

Decreasing trend

ICGV 07012

ICGV 07012

ICGV 07268

ICGV 07356

ICGV 97183

Abhaya

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

1 2 3 4

po

d y

ield

in K

g/h

a

Increasing trend

ICGV 03057

ICGV 87846

ICGV 07038

GG 20