Statistical models and genetic evaluation of binomial traits
Genetic Engineering. What is genetic engineering? Application of molecular genetics for practical...
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Transcript of Genetic Engineering. What is genetic engineering? Application of molecular genetics for practical...
What is genetic engineering?
• Application of molecular genetics for practical purposes
• Used to– identify genes for
specific traits – to transfer genes from
one organism to another
– to cure diseases
Restriction Enzymes
• Bacterial enzymes that cut DNA molecules into pieces
• Each enzyme recognizes specific sequences of nucleotides and cut at that site
• Can be used to isolate a specific gene
Sticky Ends
• The “tails” of DNA that are created when restriction enzymes cut DNA
• These sticky ends can bind to other sticky ends
Cloning Vectors• A carrier that is used to clone a gene
• Also used to transfer a gene from one organism to another
• PLASMIDS & Liposomes are an example
Plasmids
• A ring of DNA that is inside of bacteria – Different from their main DNA
• Steps for gene-transfer – Plasmid is removed from bacteria cell (host cell)– Plasmid is cut with restriction enzymes– A gene is inserted into the plasmid– Plasmid is returned to the cell– When cell replicates it clones the gene– The bacteria then infects other cells, giving them the
gene (bacteria cell is called a transgenic organism)
Recombinant DNA• The combination of two or more pieces of DNA
• End result is that host cell transcribes the gene as if it was it’s own DNA
DNA Fingerprinting
• A pattern of bands made up of specific fragments from an individuals DNA
• Uses– Identify the suspect of a
crime– Determine if 2 people are
related– Compare relationship
between 2 species
Creating DNA Fingerprints (RFLP Analysis)• Extract DNA (blood/tissue)• Cut DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes• Separate fragments using gel electrophoresis
– By SIZE
• Add radioactive probes complementary to DNA of interest• Expose to photographic film• Analyze results