Genetic Engineering Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology.
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Transcript of Genetic Engineering Genetics and Biotechnology 13.2 DNA Technology.
Genetic Engineering
Technology that involves manipulating the DNA of one organism in order to insert the DNA of another organism
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Genetics and Biotechnology
An electric current is used to separate DNA fragments according to the size of the fragments in a process called gel electrophoresis.
When an electric current is applied, the DNA fragments move toward the positive end of the gel.
The smaller fragments move farther faster than the larger ones.
13.2 DNA Technology
Genetics and Biotechnology
The unique pattern created based on the size of the DNA fragment can be compared to known DNA fragments for identification.
13.2 DNA Technology
Gel electrophoresis
DNA fingerprinting
• Gel Electrophoresis is an example of how this is done.
• Every person is genetically different, so DNA fingerprints are different except for identical twins.
DNA fingerprinting applications
• used to identify or eliminate suspects
• determine paternity of a child, or establish other family relationships
• identify a deceased person
Genetically engineered organisms are used
Genetics and Biotechnology
to study the expression of a particular gene.
to select traits that might be beneficial to humans.
13.2 DNA Technology
Genetically engineered bollworm
DNA Tools
Genetics and Biotechnology
Genome total DNA in the nucleus of each cell.
13.2 DNA Technology
Transgenic Tobacco Plant with Firefly gene
Genetics and Biotechnology
Isolate specific genes of the genome.
13.2 DNA Technology
Restriction enzymes recognize and bind to specific DNA sequences and cuts the DNA within the sequence.
Used for recombinant DNA or gene cloning.
Genetics and Biotechnology
The ends of the DNA fragments, called sticky ends
13.2 DNA Technology
EcoRI specifically cuts DNA containing the sequence GAATTC.
Restriction Enzyme Ends• Some ends are considered blunt also
because it does not leave “open” nucleotides
Genetics and Biotechnology
The newly generated DNA molecule with DNA from different sources is called recombinant DNA.
13.2 DNA Technology
Genetic EngineeringAKA: Recombinant DNA or transgenic
organisms
• DNA is split(restriction enzymes) /new inserted
Applications of recombinant DNA
• Bacteria: used to produce hormones and antibiotics
• Plants: made to be resistant to herbicides
• Animals: cloning, replacement of genes which cause disorders
Genetics and Biotechnology
Some of the bacterial cells take up the recombinant plasmid DNA through a process called transformation.
13.2 DNA Technology
Genetics and Biotechnology
Large numbers of identical bacteria, each containing the inserted DNA molecules, can be produced through a process called cloning.
13.2 DNA Technology
Cloning
Cloning is an asexual form of reproduction. All the child's genes would come from a body cell of a single individual:
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.2 DNA Technology
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) a technique for copying a piece of DNA a billion-fold.
The process creates a chain of many nucleotides, and the chain is a strand of DNA.
Used in genetic fingerprinting
Genetics and Biotechnology
Biotechnology
Organisms, genetically engineered by inserting a gene from another organism, are called transgenic organisms.
13.2 DNA Technology
Genetics and Biotechnology
Transgenic Animals
Scientists produce most transgenic animals in laboratories for biological research.
Mice, fruit flies, and the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans
13.2 DNA Technology
Genetics and Biotechnology
Transgenic Plants
Genetically engineered cotton resists insect infestation of the bolls.
Sweet-potato plants are resistant to a virus that could kill most of the African harvest.
Rice plants with increased iron and vitamins could decrease malnutrition.
13.2 DNA Technology
The Human Genome Project
The goal of the Human Genome Project (HGP) was to determine the sequence of the approximately three billion nucleotides that make up human DNA and to identify all of the approximately 20,000–25,000 human genes.
Genetics and Biotechnology
13.3 The Human Genome
Genetics and Biotechnology
Decoding the sequence of the human genome can be compared toreading a book that was printed in code.
13.3 The Human Genome
Genomics is the study of an organism’s genome.
A technique aimed at correcting mutated genes that cause humandiseases is called genetherapy.
Genetics and Biotechnology
Scientists insert a normal gene into a chromosome to replace a dysfunctional gene.
13.3 The Human Genome