GENETIC ANALYSIS OF NITROGEN ACCUMULATION IN FOUR WHEAT CULTIVARS AND THEIR Desimir KNEZEVIC...
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Transcript of GENETIC ANALYSIS OF NITROGEN ACCUMULATION IN FOUR WHEAT CULTIVARS AND THEIR Desimir KNEZEVIC...
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF NITROGEN ACCUMULATION IN FOUR WHEAT
CULTIVARS AND THEIRDesimir KNEZEVIC1,-Aleksandar PAUNOVIC2, -Milomirka MADIC2, -
Nevena DJUKIC3
1Faculty of Agriculture, Zubin Potok, University Pristina, Serbia, [email protected] 2Agricultural Faculty, Cacak, Cara Dusana 32, 32000 Cacak, Serbia3Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Biology Kragujevac, Serbia
- Firstly, cultivars creation : resistant to lodging, high yielding,, resistant to diseases, better technological quality, improved nutritive values
The aim of cereal breeding are determined by requirements of producers and users and environmental conditions.
-Aims of barley breeding are improvement: contents of amino acid β-glucans, high content of lysine -New technologies: gene transferring, development of biopharming
-high adaptive value in different environmental conditions.
-Cereals are important source charbochydrates, proteins, lipids, amino acids, mineralni elements, vitamins for human and animal nutrition and processing industry.
Example - World production and consumption of wheat
Year Quantity in mil. metr. cent
Area
mil. hectars Consumption in mil. metr. cent
Consumption in developing Countries (%)
World World World Without East Europa and former SSSR
2001 583,9 219,5 590,6 50 %
Rewiev of wheat production in 2000 year on the World
China India Latin America Asia (without Shina and India )
Količina u mil. metr. Cent.
111,9 26,5 20 20
The biggest wheat production on the World
1960-1970
Green Revolution
1. China, 2. India, 3. Turkey, 4. Pakistan, 5. Argentina
Example- World production and consumption of barley
Year Quantity in mil. tons
Area
mil. hectars Consumption in mil. metr. cent
Area thousand. hectars
World World World Serbia
2005 159,8 65,5 160 140
Rewiev of consumption of barley on the World
Animal feeding
Bear production
Human nutrition
Total
% 65 30 5 100
Internationaln program of breeding ICARDA –3.9 mil. US$ -barley
CIMMYT-27.5 mil. US$ -wheat Created 100 cultivars for sowing in 30 CountriesCIMMYT-24.5 mil. US$ -kukuruz
World production of edible dry matter and proteins of plant species and their use for animal nutrition
Plant spesies EDIBLE DRY MATTER (%)
PROTEINS(%) Ekological origin
Wheat 20 19 Mediterranean
Barley 7 5 Mediterranean
Oat 2 2 Mediterranean
Rye 1 1 Mediterranean
Maize 18 13 Savanna
Rice 17 11 Savanna
Millet 3 2 Medit/Savanna
ACHIEVEMENT OF MODERN BREEDING /based on genetic potential of new created cultivars improved growing technologies/
FUTURE BREEDING- upkeep traditional breeding - Introduction of new technologies (use
of plant as bioreactors in farmaceutical products, development of antibody and improvement of immunity to pathogenes).
- marker tehnologies- Creation of high yielding and
adaptive cultivars under the stress conditions.
- transfers of gene
• Yield increasing – of wheat in last 5 decades was in ratio from 2000 kg ha-1 to 6000 kg ha-1 in Europe and USA
• In Mexico yield of wheat was increased from 750 kg ha-1 to 3200 kg ha-1 (cv. Penjamo 61 and Pitic 62)
• Created cultivars adapted to photoperiod sensitivity (photoperiodism)
• Earliness – adventage because of two harvest possibility
• Tolerant cultivars to: increasing of Al++ concentration in soil, drought, low temperature and frost
Aim of this paper is study of variability wheat genotypes according to N accumulation and breeding of wheat with high capacity of N accumulatio and its importance for sustainable agriculture
• In the filed practices is very important optimize quantity of fertilizers, decrease expenses of production and improve efficiency of wheat plant of nitrogen absorption, accumulation and reutilization
The nitrogen (N) plays main role in wheat nutrition because of its
importance in protein and nucleic acid synthesis as well plant productivity.
-Modern technology of wheat production mainly based on numerous scientific farming measures as well enormous application of mineral fertilizers. -Mainly one third of applied nutrient wheat plants are able use during vegetative period. In the filed practices is very important optimize quantity of fertilizers, decrease expenses of production and improve efficiency of wheat plant of nitrogen absorption, accumulation and reutilization.
USE OF NITROGEN
• The total N content represent indicator of N accumulation in plant which indicating root system activity and translocation of organic and inorganic matter to top of plant.
• Physiological N efficiency in plant indicating activity of top of plant and involve of absorbed N into processes of synthesis.
• On the base of dynamics N efficiency absorption and its introduction of organic synthesis are increasing speed of these processes and plant productivity.
• Genotype specificities of wheat N efficiency are reflect in all phases of plant growth, determined by general and variety specific genes located on three genomes (ABD) in hexaploid wheat (Gamzikova, 1994).
Table 1. Nitrogen accumulation (Nac) in wheat genotypes
Cultivar A B C D F1 hybrids F1 hybrids
Jugoslavija (A) 96.04 106.8+h 107.9+h 108.0d LSD 0.05 LSD 0.01
Osijecanka (B) 94.3-pd 101.1 108.8+hd 106.2+pd 16.88 23.12
Zitnica (C) 104.0+d 102.4i 103.5 120.9+h
NS Rana 2 (D) 96.6d 91.6 -h 110.2+h 108.8
F2 hybrids LSD 0.05 = 14.8 LSD 0.01 = 20.0
Table 2. Genetic variance and heritability for N accumulation (Nac) in wheat hybrids
F1 F2 F1 F2
D 198.004 255.917 u 0.772 0.858
H1 756. 588 81.664 v 0.228 0.142
H2 516.144 38.206 1.954 0.564
F 204.796 239.672 KD/KR 1.724 10.690
E 68.540 24.910 *Th2 61,50%
H2 / 4H1 0.170 0.117 *Gh2 46,13%
Variance N accumulation Variance N accumulation
DH /1
Table 3. General combining abilities for N accumulation (Nac)
Yugoslavia Osijecanka Zitnica NS R 2 Se LSD0.05 LSD0.01
F1 Nac 4.285 3.010 6.125* -10.82 2.631 4.842 6.921
Rank 2 3 1 4
F2 Nac -1.424 0.286 10.36* -5.036 4.466 8.2144 11.426
Rank 3 2 1 4
Table 3. Specific combining abilities for N accumulation (Nac)
Yugoslavia
(A)
Osijecanka
(B)
Zitnica
(C)
NS R 2
(D)
Se LSD0.05 LSD0.01
A Nac 12.806 -9.624 5.693 10.46 21.13 28.24
B Nac -2.511 -6.538 -8.854
C Nac 0.988 -3.657 21.579 6.12 12.36 16.562
D Nac -1.082 1.174 7.128
Conclusions
Developed genotypes by crossing Zitnica x NS Rana 2 cultivars is promising for sustainable agriculture growing, because of its low requirements for fertilizer application.
Improvement of N accumulation in the plant leading to an increasing grain N content and yield is one of the major tasks of wheat breeding.
•Since N absorption from soils and translocation from roots and leavesto grains are primarily under genetic control.
Breeders need make concept of creation new genotypes with high capacity of accumulation as well with high capacity of N uptake, utilization and translocation.
Also, development of new genotypes with high capacity of N utilization will contribute to decreasing rate of application of nitrogen fertilizers what is very important for environmental protection.
What is necessary?
Go ahead without frustration
Growing
VIEW AND PERSPECTIVE
• Mostly wheat breeders more than 50% active in government or public Institutions.
•-Use of adequately technologies for improvement of plant species and its products for users purposess.
- Creation of cultivars for new purposes with improved quality for human and animal nutrition.
• Creation of cultivars with decreasing of losses and acceptance of risk of biotechnology and trangenic plants resistant to insects, diseades and herbicides.
•- Creation of cultivars with better ratio input/output
•-Creation of cultivars with significant higher yield than nowdays cultivars (5% and more),
•Breeders need use population of wild relatives existing cultivars germ-plasms induced mutation and methods of genetic engeenering
SUSTAINABILITY!?!