Genesis, Legal Constructs and...

Unpacking Sustainable Development:

Genesis, Legal Constructs and Operationalisation

Kanchi KohliICED, Jaipur

PART A

1. BACKDROP: Why Sustainable Development

2. What does sustainable development imply?

3. Sustainable Development: Definitions and Policy

Discourse

PART B

1. How has Sustainable Development been

operationalised in practice?

2. Legal and Regulatory Compliance (Necessary but

not sufficient condition)

3. Discussion points around sustainability

PART A

1. BACKDROP: Why Sustainable Development?

2. What does sustainable development imply?

3. Sustainable Development: Definitions and Policy Discourse

BACKDROP: WHY SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT?

1. Land Conversions and Pressures on Nature

1. Loss of Biodiversity, habitats and species

1. Impacts on local livelihoods and cultures

2. Growing Conflicts: Environment versus Development

Indefinite and relay

hunger strike YOUTH

by to pray and appeal

to the Government of

Sikkim on the dangers

of mega hydel dams

and the ecological

degradation to Sikkim

and Dzongu in

particular.

WHY DOES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IMPLY?

• OVERARCHING POSITIVE VALUE THAT MEANS SOMETHING AND EVERYTHING (in both Reform and Radical Change)

“an article of faith, a shibboleth; often used, but little explained” (Tolba, 1984a in Lele, 1991)”

• RECONCILING ENVIRONMENT WITH ECONOMIC PROGRESS (role of northern environmentalism – W.M.Adams; UNEP’s definition back in 1980s)

• ARRIVING AT MEANINGS WHEN TRANSLATED INTO LEGAL AND POLICY INTERFACE: the challenge of the abstract and broad definition

• ROLE OF POWER RELATIONS TO DEFINE SUSTAINABLE (adopting the rhetoric/co-option-Lele, 1991)

• ALLURING ALLY IN DEFINING TRADE OFFS (Defined to determine extent and nature environment and development trade-offs (industrial expansion is not environmentally benign).

Sustainable Development: Policy Discourse

Starting point the consensus reached bythe World Commission on Environmentand Development (WCED) in 1987:

Sustainable Development:

“development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own

needs” (WCED 1987).

UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), 1992-Rio

(Earth Summit)

KEY PRINCIPLES

Principle 1 Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.

Principle 4 In order to achieve sustainable development, environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it

Principle 5 All States and all people shall cooperate in the essential task of eradicating poverty as an indispensable requirement for sustainable development, in order to decrease the disparities in standards of living and better meet the needs of the majority of the people of the world.

Principle 7 States shall cooperate in a spirit of global partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the Earth's ecosystem. In view of the different contributions to global environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated responsibilities…

Principle 8: To achieve sustainable development and a higher quality of life for all people, States should reduce and eliminate unsustainable patterns of production and consumption and promote appropriate demographic policies.

Principle 10: Environmental issues are best handled with the participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information concerning the environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes

“HARMONY WITH NATURE”:

Rio Declaration recognizes each nation’s right to pursue social and economic progress while adopting

sustainable development

“The definition, beautifully clear yet intangible at the same time”, ( Jairam Ramesh, 2010 )

“ what we cannot measure we cannot monitor and what we cannot monitor we cannot manage.” ( Jairam

Ramesh, 2011 )”

• - Adhere to Rules, Create new ones- Quantify nature to conserve- Commitment that sustainability does not

compromise economic growth: trade offs

Intangibility challenge?

• Broadly defined so that it seeks the comfort level for economists, policy and development planners in national policy contexts (creating techno-fixes to define limits to growth, use of nature)

• “ Future Well being” : entitlement of same economic opportunities for future generations (UNEP Green Economy Report, 2011)

RIO+20 AND

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

One main outcome of Rio+20 Conference was to develop a set of Sustainable Development Goals to establish an:

"inclusive and transparent intergovernmental process open to all stakeholders, with a view to developing global sustainable development goals to be agreed by the General Assembly".

Process ongoing, 13 sessions conducted; next UN Summit to Adopt SDGs in September 2015

It was agreed that SDGs must be:

•Action-oriented•Concise•Easy to communicate•Limited in number•Aspirational•Global in nature•Universally applicable to all countries while taking into account different national realities, capacities and levels of development and respecting national policies and priorities.

The development of SDGs should:

• Be useful for pursuing focused and coherent action on sustainable development

• Contribute to the achievement of sustainable development

• Serve as a driver for implementation and mainstreaming of sustainable development in the UN system as a whole

• Address and be focused on priority areas for the achievement of sustainable development

The Green Economy Approach (also Rio+20)

• Sustainable development is passé , and not enough to address the ecological crisis

• “Green” to be fitted into realm of the aspirations of the global “economy” which are inevitable

• Relevance of Sustainable Development only when environment is dealt with a capital asset (market value)

Recap: Part A

The push for Sustainable Development due to increased external threats: land conversions, pollution, biodiversity loss, livelihood impacts

Sustainable Development means something and everything

Broad principles, Differentially applied

Environment and Development Trade Offs: Where the balance tilts?

Intangibility Challenge

SDG and Green Economy Approaches pursued simultaneously

PART B

1.How has Sustainable Development

been operationalised in practice?

2. Legal and Regulatory Compliance

(Necessary but not sufficient

condition)

3. Discussion points around

sustainability

HOW HAS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT BEEN

OPERATIONALISED

How sustainable development been made policy compliant?

RELYING ON Environmental Kuznet’s Curvedefining the social and ecological trade-offsand shape policy discourse

National Environment Policy, 2006:

(Reconciling environment with economic growth)

“Sustainable development concerns in the sense of enhancement of human well-being, broadly conceived, are a recurring theme in India's

development philosophy. For this to occur there is a need for balance and harmony between economic,

social and environmental needs of the country. “

CHARTS OUT RECOMMENDATIONS RAPID ASSESSMENTS, QUICKER APPRAISALS AND

REGULATORY DILUTIONS

REDD+ in India(Sustainable Management of Forests)

• Creating forests as mobile, tradable commodities across borders as “carbon stocks”

• Singular financial value of forests over-rides all other relationships

• Valuation of forests based on goods and services model

• Institutionalizing systems compensation (trees, forests, stocks)

• Mechanism to expedite and complete the Kuznet’s Curve (Kant, 2010)

Supreme Court Judgment on Bauxite mining in Niyamgiri,:

(Area home to Dongria Kondhs, origin for water streams, important forest ecosystem, elephant

corridor)

“As a matter of preface, we may state that adherence to the principle of Sustainable Development is now a Constitutional requirement…. Therefore, courts are

required to balance development needs with the protection of the environment and ecology.”

FINALLY MINING JUSTIFIED AND ALLOWED COVERING UP IRREGULARITIES

- Green and Sustainable: when being the crisis creator is not savvy, enable economic growth and investment while increasing the capital costs of using nature (creating natural capital. (“From crisis to opportunity”, UNEP Green Economy, 2011).

• Creating a manageable and amenable “prefix”: sustainable forestry, sustainable agriculture, sustainable mining, sustainable tourism (the rhetoric)

Creating Natural Capital through the Sustainability Prefix

Legal and Regulatory Compliance

Necessary but not sufficient condition

Several Environment laws and regulations in India, just before or alongside the Earth Summit

Public participation in decision making as principle adopted in few regulations/laws

What is the outcome of environment regulation?: FCA, EIA, CRZ?

Widespread non compliance, monitoring challenges and lack of deterrence to non compliance (legal clauses and approval conditions)

CASE STUDIES:

1. Findings of a 2009 study on compliance of environment clearance conditions (and follow up thereafter)

2. Community Led Groundtruthing of Violations in Mundra, Gujarat

Key Issues:

o Institutional Capacity and Coordination

o Framing of conditions and Monitoring Challenges

o Lack of will comply and no deterrence for non compliance

o Third Party Monitoring

Institutional Capacity and Coordination

o 80-100 projects granted environment clearance every month only in MoEF Delhi. At State Level [2009-11: 97 projects/month]

o Six regional offices (now increased to 10) have over 8000 projects to monitor with 2-3 officers each. Additional responsibility to SEIAAs in 2013-2014 (OM)

o Each project monitored once in 3-4 years

o Revocation clause never exercised, despite repeated non compliance

o Inter departmental coordination on compliance

o Poor record keeping of notices

Framing of conditions and Monitoring Challenges

o Multiple conditions within one condition: e.g. setting up of fuel depots and recreational facilities for labour; Stacking of OB Dumps and of rehabilitated area; treatment of spentwash and soil/groundwater quality monitoring

o Vague Condition, Vague compliance: e.g. “adequate width and density” or appropriate measures” or “frequent health check ups”

o Conditions not possible to comply with: e.g. Large green belts within industrial estates, project authorities express inability to comply

o Modification of Conditions to Ensure Compliance (Mumbai-Pune Expressway: break up of project components, costs

Lack of will comply and no deterrence for non compliance

o Copy-Paste Compliance Reports: (all projects in one

industrial estate, same compliance report)

o Lack of regular submission of compliance reports or

comprehensive compliance report (single word answers)

o Discrepancy in reporting in Monitoring reports and

compliance reports

o Conditionality Bailouts: Post facto assessment and addressing

of impacts (projects with 131 conditions or conditions such as no

destruction of mangroves while constructing a port)

Relating Non- Compliance with Environmental Impacts: The

Challenge of Sustainable Development

Muck dumping and tree felling in sensitive forests during dam construction or road building

Mangrove destruction despite clear

conditions

Filling up, drying of ash dykes: leakage and dust impacts

Living next to mine

overburdens

No green belt,

compound walls

Third Party Monitoring

Community Led Groundtruthing of Violations in Mundra, Gujarat

Collaborative Groundtruthing

Partnership of community representations, fishing union and NGOs

Understanding environment clearance

Identifying conditions which can be monitored by community: mangrove cutting, fishing access, blocking of creeks

Evidence collection and Mapping

Discussions on outcome of the exercise

Submission of report to government

Construction on

Kotdi Creek Area

Discussion Points around Sustainability

1. A consensus on sustainability or the defining colour of “green” might be desirable but is likely to be a negotiated meaning, and contextually evolving.

2. Agency driving and designing concepts like Sustainable Development or Green Economy remain the same (UNEP, WB, IUCN)

3. Newer terminologies are beginning to replace sustainable development just as sustainable development replaced earlier formulations like “ecological development”

4. In 1980s (and 1992), poverty was the driving environment degradation and 2012, poverty is the recipient of environmental risk (both instances SD or GE were linked with the agenda of poverty eradication)

5. Current policy discourse does not see much meaning for sustainability unless it locates itself within the economy (was it ever anything else back in 1992?): Rio+20 Sustainability Goals

6. Legal and Policy formulations come with the philosophical and political values that “implementer” or “interpreter” would hold (limits of sustainability, contours of green economy. Will making definitions more precise be desirable?).

Calling the BluffRevealing the state of

Monitoring and Compliance ofEnvironmental Clearance Conditions

Kanchi Kohli • Manju Menonwith

Sanchari Das • Divya Badami

Contact information:

Kalpavriksh, Delhi134, Tower 10,Supreme Enclave, Mayur Vihar I,Delhi - 110 091Phone: +91 11 22753714E-mail: [email protected]

Kalpavriksh, Pune5, Shree Dutta Krupa Apts.,908 Deccan Gymkhana,Pune - 411 004Phone/ Fax: +91 20 25654239E-mail: [email protected]

www.kalpavriksh.org

Citation: Kohli, K. and M. Menon. 2009. Calling the Bluff: Revealing the state of Monitoring and Compliance of Environmental Clearance Conditions. Kalpavriksh. New Delhi.

This report is a product of the research project supported by the Association for India's Development, Austin, USA.

We would also like to acknowledge the support of Lok Vigyan Kendra (Himachal Pradesh), Corporate Accountability Desk (Tamil Nadu), Bombay Environmental Action Group (Maharashtra), Jan Chetana (Chhatisgarh) and Vasundhara (Orissa) for their partnership in the preparation of the case studies.

Copy edits: Shweta Vachani

Cover & inside Illustrations: Rustam Vania

Photographs: Manju Menon, Kanchi Kohli, Rahul Saxena, Nityanand Jayaraman

Design, Layout and Print: Kriti team; 011-26027845; http://krititeam.blogspot.com

Copy and pass on: No copyright is claimed on this work; you are free to copy, translate and distribute this report. We only request that you acknowledge the original source and share with us a copy of your reprint or translation.

Suggested Contribution: Rs. 150.00

Calling the Bluff (on environmental clearance conditions) 1

Several organisations, social and environmental movements have been concerned with the process ofenvironmental decision making for development projects for over two decades. Many of these have been closelymonitoring the decision-making for specific projects and the legal and technical framework within which theseprocesses are located. However, there has been little focus on the official processes of monitoring followingthe grant of clearance to projects.

The Monitoring Unit housed in the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) collects the MonitoringReports (MR) and Compliance Reports (CR) that are submitted by its Regional Offices and project proponents.But this data is not used for any analysis of the problems or inadequacies of the present system of monitoringand to find ways to improve it. Infact, though the Ministry maintains a record of the number of projects grantedclearance by it each year, there is no data to show the level of compliance achieved by these projects. So itis not wrong to conclude that the Ministry only holds the number and rate of clearance as a measure of itsperformance as against the environmental performance of the cleared project and not its ability to ensurecompliance.

It is in this context that Kalpavriksh undertook a study of the compliance of conditions by projects grantedenvironment clearance by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The issues related to these aspects aredeeply entrenched in the current environmental clearance process and we have tried to highlight complianceand monitoring issues as symptomatic of this. This report is a result of a study aimed at arriving at acomprehensive understanding of the non-compliance of environmental conditions that exist across sectors ofprojects at a national level. So far, studies done by organisations and environmental groups have focussed onspecific geographical areas or sectors such as industries or mining or specific themes such as pollution. Wehave not come across any such studies done by the MoEF, other government departments or agencies.

The purpose of the study was to analyse the data available with the MoEF and determine the extent of non-compliance. Though it is known and accepted widely that this problem exists, we felt it necessary to analysethe degree to which it exists, the causes of the problem and the specific areas (sectors/regions/types ofconditions) where it is amplified. In the case of five projects, we have also corelated the observations in themonitoring/compliance reports with the impacts at the project sites. The study has also sought responses fromthe MoEF on the current protocol for monitoring, recording of violations as well as action taken. All of theabove have formed the basis of the conclusions of the study which are listed in the end.

The methodology to put together this study included:

1. An analysis of the compliance and monitoring reports of all projects cleared in 2003 available at theregional offices of the MoEF procured through Right to Information Act, 2005. All the reports madeavailable by the six regional offices were tabulated and analysed condition wise, region wise and sectorwise.

Preface

Calling the Bluff (on environmental clearance conditions)2

2. Interviews with the Regional Offices on the monitoring protocol followed and issues related to it.

3. Indepth field investigations of five project sites along with local partner organisations to contrast thefindings with the information reported in the monitoring and compliance reports . This includes sitevisits, interviews with concerned official and local communities as well as secondary data analysis.

4. Seeking written responses from the MoEF central and regional offices on the monitoring mechanismsfollowed, number of show cause notices issued and other related processes.

This publication contains a printed document and a data CD. The document is a synthesis of field investigations,secondary data analysis of projects granted clearance in 2003 and written responses to RTI applications. Wealso locate the problem of non-compliance within the framework of the larger environment clearance regime.

The CD contains five case studies; regional fact sheets on each of the six regional offices; and scans of allthe responses to Right to Information applications (excluding the monitoring and compliance reports of the2003 projects). Also contained in the CD are photographs highlighting impacts due to non-compliance at thesites investigated.

The failure of the Ministry and the project proponent to ensure compliance must not be seen merely asadministrative deficiencies. The larger problem, which is of a terribly faulty environmental decision makingprocess that results in the clearance of almost all projects, good or bad, begs to be set right. These projectshave real and irreversible impacts on the environment and people.

We hope that, findings of the study put together in this report can be used by regulatory authorities, politicalconstituencies, environmental groups, movements and activists to adddress the problems of environmentaldecision making process of which compliance is a significant outcome.

Kalpvriksh, New Delhi2009


Examining the Compliance of Conditional Clearances:

I. Introduction 4

II. Overall picture of compliance 6

III. How does monitoring take place 8

IV. Problems with drafting of clearance conditions 16

V. Understanding the compliance of conditions 20

VI. Discrepency in reporting between reports 24

VII. Conclusions 25

Locating the Problem: Can environmental impacts be mitigated under thepresent EIA process? 29

Data CD

I. Case Studiesi. Parbati Stage II Hydroelectric Project, Kullu, Himachal Pradeshii. Mumbai-Pune Expressway Project, Maharashtraiii. Copper Smelter Plant of Sterlite Industries India Ltd. Tuticorin, Tamil Naduiv. Expansion of the Jindal Steel and Power Plant (JSPL), Raigarh, Chhatisgarhv. Kameng Hydro Electric Project, Arunchal Pradesh

II. Regional Fact Sheets (containing analysis of the 2003 clearances from the six MoEF Regional Offices)

i. Northern Region Office, Chandigarhii. Southern Region Office, Bangaloreiii. Eastern Region Office, Bhubaneshwariv. Western Region Office, Bhopalv. Central Region Office, Lucknowvi. Northeast Region Office, Shillong

III. Documents Collected through Right to Information

i. Application and Response from MoEF on no national level database on monitoring andcompliance of clearance conditions

ii. Responses from Regional Offices on Monitoring Protocol Followed and Notices Issuediii. Minutes of Meetings on Monitoring at MoEF, New Delhiiv. Responses from Regional Offices on monitoring and complaince reports clearances in the year 2003v. Applications and Responses to RTIs filed on specific projects

Contents


I. INTRODUCTION

As per the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) notification, 2006 (earlier 1994), activities such as mining,power generation, construction of roads/highways and the setting up of various kinds of industrial projectsneed to be preceded by a process of assessing potential environmental impacts and conducting a public hearingbefore they can be granted permission to begin construction. It is only after the completion of these mandatorysteps and the appraisal of project documents by a thematic expert committee that a project is grantedenvironmental clearance.

The need for a sound environmental clearance regime was felt as environmental and social impacts ofinfrastructure and industrial projects were mounting, permanently altering landscapes, destroying livelihoodsand wrecking human and animal communities. These impacts have been severe when projects have been locatedin ecologically sensitive habitats and when they have added to the load in critically polluted areas.

In the period 1986–2006, India’s Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) granted formal environmentalclearance to 4,016 development and industrial projects. Following the issuance of the new EIA notificationin 2006, the MoEF granted environmental clearance to 2,016 projects till August 2008, i.e., an average of 84projects a month. In contrast, 25 projects were rejected clearance in the period 2006–2008.

With every permission granted, the MoEF and its thematic expert committees put forth a set of conditions whichneeds to be followed during the construction and/or execution of the projects. These conditions range fromgeneral ones of following standards and stipulations prescribed by environment laws to more specific onesbased on the nature of the project and the region where it is likely to be set up. For instance, clearance conditionsfor hydroelectric projects include extra care regarding the dumping of debris generated during constructionand controlled blasting. In the case of industrial projects, the conditions include the establishment of effluenttreatment plants and continuous monitoring of various parameters including air, noise and water pollution levels.

The MoEF, the agency with the responsibility of monitoring the environmental performance of projects clearedby its central office in New Delhi, has six regional offices set up in Chandigarh, Shillong, Lucknow, Bhopal,Bhubaneshwar and Bangalore. The officers here conduct site visits and maintain records of violations byprojects. The developers submit six-monthly compliance reports to these offices.

Examining the Compliance ofConditional Clearances


Table 1: Region-wise list of development projects grantedenvironmental clearance from 1986 to 2006

S.No. Regional offices*at Industry Mining Thermal River Infra- Construction Totalpower valley and structure

HE

1. Lucknow for Central region 153 284 50 62 69 2 620

2. Chandigarh for Northern region 222 9 19 98 13 11 372

3. Bhubaneshwar for Easternregion 101 144 56 49 112 18 480

4. Bhopal for Western region 535 228 94 109 161 92 1,219

5. Bangalore for Southern region 589 326 130 121 49 40 1255

6. Shillong for Northern region 6 4 13 32 13 2 70

Total 1,606 995 362 471 417 165 4,016

Source: Response to RTI application dated 20 December 2006

*States Covered Under the Regional OfficesCentral region: Uttar Pradesh, Uttaranchal and RajasthanNorthern region: Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh and DelhiEastern region: Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Bihar and Andaman & Nicobar IslandsWestern region: Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Dadar & Nagar Haveli, and Daman & DiuSouthern region: Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Pondicherry and LakshadweepNorth-Eastern region: Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, Nagaland, Mizoram and Sikkim.

The consequences of these conditions are manifold from the legal, scientific and organizational points of view.First, they are considered to be the mechanism through which environmental impacts of an activity or processare minimized or mitigated. The conditions laid down by the expert committees and the MoEF may also bein response to concerns raised by local communities and concerned citizens about potential environmentaldamage. Non-adherence to one or more of these conditions would mean nothing less than a violation of thecommitment made by project proponents to reduce the impacts of their project.

The impacts of non-adherence are faced by the community that lives in proximity to the project during thisperiod of time. In most cases, there is a huge time lag between the act of violating and the recording of theviolation. The evidence of violation often do not remain until they are recorded. Even if the violations do remainand are recorded, the legal process of booking the violators and compensating the victim monetarily, or in otherways, is time consuming. None of the above processes ensure the complete undoing of the impact caused dueto the violation.

In many instances, projects are cleared based on conditions that detailed studies and assessments should becarried out and mitigation measures determined based on these studies. This practice makes it evident thatprojects are to be cleared irrespective of their impacts and the optimal outcome that can be expected is amanagement of impacts that are identified through these studies, post facto.

Once a project is granted clearance, the levels of compliance achieved depend on the project authorities oron the agencies to which funds are made available for implementation of conditions, such as compensatoryafforestation, local area development, and so on. The experience with compliance has not been encouraging,as is evident from the observations filed in this report.


It has been noticed that very few project authorities submit the mandated six-monthly compliance reports. Evenamong those who do, it is not in their interest to indicate non-compliance in their own submissions, as thatcan make them liable to legal action and show cause notices. A detailed examination of specific projects revealsthat that there is a huge difference between what is being reported and what exists on the ground.

II. OVERALL PICTURE OF COMPLIANCE

a) Extent of Non-Compliance by Project Authorities

This section attempts to ascertain the degree of non-compliance of conditions in two ways. The first is throughan analysis of all the projects that have been granted clearance in the year 2003 and monitored by the six regionaloffices. This is primarily based on the data that was obtained through applications made to the MoEF underthe Right to Information Act.

Table 2: Degrees of non-compliance of clearance conditions for projects cleared in 20031

S.No. Region No of projects No. of projects 0-30% non- 30-60% non- 60-90% non- Above 90%cleared with MRs compliance compliance compliance compliance

1. Central 8 62 3 1 2 0

2. Eastern 20 11 4 7 0 0

3. Northern 6 5 13 2 1 1

4. North Eastern 3 3 14 1 1

5. Southern5 75 52 21 19 11 1

6. Western 111 166 0 1 11 4

Total 223 93 30 30 26 7

Note: Some projects have not figured in this analysis. This is because, in some cases, only a monitoring letter was available instead of areport even though monitoring had been done, and in some other cases, the details of monitoring or reports were not available through theRTI. There were 19 projects for which monitoring reports were not available or construction had not been started and therefore analysiswas not carried out. Details of this are available in the individual fact sheets provided in the Data CD.1The figures in Table 2 indicate the degree of non-compliance shown by projects.2 Two projects were not monitored because construction had not begun.3 The MR of this project reported only ‘complied’ against each condition without any explanations that could be used to verify the extentof non-compliance in actuality.4 This was complete non-compliance as per the MR received.5 No monitoring reports were available for 16 projects, and only monitoring letters were available for 7 projects.6 Only 14 projects out of these have been considered for analysis as the MRs of 2 projects indicated that construction had not begun.

This quantification is based on the information provided in the compliance and monitoring reports. As per dataavailable from the MoEF, 23 projects in the Southern region have no monitoring reports. In the Western region,only 16 out of 111 projects have MRs. Out of a total of 223 projects, only 91 (two projects with MRs hadnot begun construction) could be analysed for degree of non-compliance as only those projects had MRs.


The problems related to the quality of monitoring and the quality of reporting will be discussed more in thenext section. At this stage it is important to understand that one cannot take the reporting in the complianceor monitoring reports as given. The reasons for this can be summed up as:

● The project authorities rarely report on non-compliance in their submissions reports. Even if a conditionis currently not complied with, it would be referred to as ‘agreed to comply’ or ‘will be complied’.

● More importantly, the monitoring reports based on which the above analysis is determined, is not alwaysbased on site verifications. The availability of monitoring reports does not necessarily imply that theregional office has carried out a site visit before the preparation of the report. (Details in the nextsection.)

One study also included the verification of data reflected in the compliance reports submitted by projectauthorities and the monitoring observations reported by MoEF regional offices. The six investigative casestudies that have been put together to conduct this analysis bring out clear differences in the reporting incompliance and/or monitoring reports and the situation on the ground. Some examples/instances are:

● In the case of the Parbati II Hydroelectric Project in District Kullu of Himachal Pradesh, there hasbeen continued dumping of muck/debris in rivers and down the hill slopes ever since the projectconstruction work was initiated in the year 2000. While these observations were made in the monitoringreports and site visits from September 2003 to April 2007, they were regularly denied in the compliancereports submitted by the project proponent National Hydro Power Corporation (NHPC).

● In the case of the second expansion of the Jindal Steel and Power Limited (JSPL) plant in DistrictRaigarh of Chhatisgarh, there was a clear discrepancy between the reporting in the compliance reportsubmitted by the project authorities and the situation on the ground. During our investigation in thearea in August 2007, we observed that there was an open pond near the railway line where effluentfrom the plant had been collected. In the only available monitoring report (2003) for the project, ithas been reported that this is a gross violation and corrective action must be taken. However, sincethe pond is located outside the boundary of the plant, the locals use it for various purposes such asbathing and washing. JSPL has put up a board stating that the pond is their property, but that doesnot deter the locals from using it. There are also no visible measures to stop this use. There were severalsuch observations that have been recorded in the complete case study on JSPL’s non-compliance.

● With reference to the condition related to the development of a green belt around the Sterlite CopperSmelter plant in Tuticorin, some interesting facts emerged. The 2006 monitoring states that 6 ha areawas developed into a green belt in 2004–2005, and the remaining 2 ha was proposed for 2006–2007.The compliance reports also reported the same. According to the clearance letters of the original plantand expansion, a total of 29 ha was to be developed as a green belt, thereby rendering the non-compliance of this condition. However, neither the compliance nor the monitoring report acknowledgesthat. During our interview with the DFO in May 2008, he highlighted that in the two years of himbeing there, he had neither been contacted or nor his opinion sought by Sterlite. According to thecompliance reports, Sterlite had developed the green belt in consultation with the DFO. However, theDFO confirmed that there was no record of the same in his office.

● In the case of the Kameng Hydroelectric project in Arunachal Pradesh, information in the monitoringreports from 2006 onwards clearly indicated that the project is violating a critical condition asparameters of the project itself have changed. The February 2006 report states that the height of the


Bichom Dam has been reduced from 96.5 m to 75 m and the site has also been shifted about 300 mupstream. This will lead to changes in the scope of submergence, cost, area affected, and is a violationof the environmental clearance letter condition that states that if there is ‘any change in the scope ofthe project, project would require a fresh appraisal’. The report further adds that since the project isviolating provisions of the EIA notification, the project authorities should be directed to obtain all thenecessary clearances so that they may be in compliance with the law. The subsequent monitoring reportof September 2006 remains non-committal to the issue. Responses from NEEPCO (the projectauthorities), dated 7 April 2008, to an RTI application state that there has been no change in locationof any structure as mentioned in the EIA report at the time of the grant of clearance.

III. HOW DOES MONITORING TAKE PLACE1

The organizational capacity of the MoEF poses a big challenge to environmental compliance. The ministryis hampered by the sheer lack of human power in the regional offices to monitor the compliance of theseconditions.

However, this limitation has not been considered in the design of the environmental clearance process itself.Data obtained under the Right to Information Act show that from September 2006 to August 2008, the MoEFhas granted clearance to 2,016 projects. There has been a quantum jump in the number of projects that applyfor and receive clearance. This is as desired by the changes made to the EIA notification, the regulationgoverning the clearance process. The consequence of this speeding up and ‘improved efficiency’ in the clearancegranting process is that the burden of monitoring has also grown. Currently, the six regional offices withapproximately two to three scientists each have to monitor over 6,000 projects that are either operating or underconstruction. Even though this consequence was expected when the EIA reform process was being undertaken,monitoring procedures received no attention at all.

In response to a Right to Information application filed on 7 September 2007, the MoEF responded on 8 October2007 (Letter no. F.J.11013/320/2007-IA-II (M)) that it does not maintain a centralized comprehensive data onthe degree of compliance or non-compliance. The ministry does, however, keep a record of the number ofprojects granted clearance. It appears from this that the ministry may not have an estimate of the extent ofcompliance achieved by projects that it has granted clearance to under the EIA process. This is a serious lacunain its functioning that may greatly limit its ability to address the problems that exist in the environmentalclearance process and its specific function of monitoring the compliance/non-compliance demonstrated byprojects given environmental clearance with specific conditions for the mitigation/management of environmentaland social impacts.

If there is non-compliance in a specific project that is reported by a regional office, then show cause noticesare issued by the same office. This was confirmed by responses to RTI applications both by the MoEF, New

1 The responses from regional offices compiled in this section are based on RTI replies received from each office. The reference for eachof these responses is:

a) Northern: Letter dated: 17 September 2007 F.No.3-174/2007/RO(NZ)-2507b) Southern: Letter dated: 26 February 2008, F.No. SPA/2(1)/RO(SZ)/ RTIc) Eastern: Letter dated: 1 February 2008, F.No. 6-11-(19)/Env-FCEd) Western: Letter dated: 3 March 2008, F.No. 1-11/2007(FOR)/493e) Central: Letter dated: 13 February 2008, F.No. II/ENV/RTI/1/6/2006/964f) North-Eastern: Letter dated: 11 February 2008, F. No. RO-NE/E/RTI/2006/2698


Delhi, and also the regional offices. However, in their response to another RTI application on 12 December2007, the MoEF states:

‘Record of the number of show cause notices issued or the details thereof is not maintained in the Ministry. Nospecific guidelines have been issued to the regional offices regarding the issuance of show cause notices. Theregional office issue the show cause notices as and when the need arises or whenever the Ministry requests them’[(Letter no. F.J.11013/444/2007-IA-II (M.CELL)].

A Right to Information application was filed in December 2008 seeking the details of the minutes of the meetingheld to review the functioning of regional offices from 2004 to 2008. The response from the MoEF indicated thatseven meetings had been held from 2005 to 2007. During these meetings, the regional offices articulated severalconcerns, such as the advice/inputs from the regional offices are not taken at the time of according environmentalclearances; the Central Pollution Control Board(CPCB)/State Pollution Control Board(SPCB) do not send thecompliance report for air and water consent conditions, which makes monitoring difficult for the regional offices;copies of orders of environmental clearances are not being sent to regional offices regularly; and most of theproject authorities are not complying with the conditions of occupational health and safety. The regional officesalso suggested that projects prior to 19 September 1990 should be closed and monitoring be discontinued. Onesuggestion made was that random checking should be carried out especially in the case of highly pollutingindustries. Another suggestion made was that as in the state of Chattisgarh, regional offices could utilise theservice of the state government for monitoring purposes.

To ascertain the manner in which each regional office of the MoEF views the scope of monitoring, the frequencyand what has been the performance over the years, a series of Right to Information applications were filed. Theseapplications reveal some critical regional and sectoral differences/perceptions. Each of the responses has beendetailed out in the specific sections here.

a) Protocol for Monitoring followed by Regional Offices

Table 3: Monitoring Protocol by Regional Offices

RTI Question: What are the norms and protocols recommended by the MoEF to be followed by the officers of the regional offices whogo for inspection of projects to monitor the compliance of environmental clearance conditions?

Regional office Response

Northern regional office As such there are no norms and protocols recommended by the MoEF for inspection of projects to monitorenvironmental compliance condition.

Southern regional office No specific norms or protocols are recommended by the MoEF, New Delhi, for the officers of regional officeswho go for inspection of projects to monitor the compliance of environmental clearance conditions.

Eastern regional office Eastern Regional (RO) office monitoring the projects as per the mandate given by the MoEF. RO has beenmonitoring the projects to review the implementation and safeguards laid down for projects/activities whenenvironmental clearance is accorded as per the target fixed.

Western regional office 1. Monitoring of projects granted environmental clearance is undertaken by the regional office of the ministry

2. PA submits six-monthly compliance/progress reports to the regional office on the implementation of theenvironment stipulation of the environmental clearance (EC), which are reviewed by the regional office,and shortfalls, if any, are communicated.

Central regional office After receipt of the EC a preliminary letter is sent to project authorities to obtain status of the project, nameand address of the nodal officer with phone/fax, etc. Accordingly, the project site is visited to verify the statusof compliance. Non-compliance of EC conditions is communicated to the project authorities after monitoring.In case of repeated non-compliance show cause notice is issued to project authorities.

North-Eastern regional office The norms and protocols followed by this regional office are austerely according to the mandate of the MoEFfor reviewing the implementation of environmental measures/safeguards by the project proponents. Thereafter,the status of compliance is sent to the ministry/project proponent to do the needful. The scientists appointed bythe MoEF conduct monitoring of the compliance of the environmental clearance condition.


There is some contradiction and lack of clarity in the information provided by the regional offices. The MoEFhas not issued any specific guidelines to the regional offices on the issuance of show cause notices. Therefore,there is a high scope of discretion and subjectivity in the monitoring process. Interviews with the officers of theregional offices also reiterated this.

b) Regularity of Monitoring

The regularity of monitoring and the submission of monitoring and compliance reports reflect a dismal reality.As mentioned earlier, at present there are over 6,000 projects that need to be monitored by the six regional officesof the MoEF, with two to three scientists each. Presented here are responses from the six regional offices on howregularly they are able to monitor a project.

Table 4: Frequency of Monitoring by Regional Offices

RTI Question: What is the frequency of monitoring per project?


Northern regional office The thumb rule applicable to all regional offices of the MoEF is that all projects accordedenvironmental clearance should be visited once a year. Highly polluting industries asidentified by the Pollution Control Board (PCB), however, are to be monitored twice ayear.

Southern regional office No fixed frequency is followed for monitoring of projects.

Eastern regional office Significant projects in the region are selected for monitoring based upon the ecologicalsensitivity and importance as per the earlier inspection reports, half-yearly compliancereports submitted by the project authorities, public representations received, if any, anddirections received from the ministry from time to time.

Western regional office Projects are selected for monitoring considering parameters like ecological sensitivity ofthe area, magnitude of the project, earlier compliance performance, public representationsif any, and directions from the ministry, if any.

Central regional office Monitoring is carried out depending upon the nature of the project.

North-Eastern regional office The frequency of monitoring of a project depends upon its significance, which is usuallybased on the ecological sensitivity, people’s perspective, status of six-monthly compliancereport and directives from the ministry.


Table 5: NUMBER OF OFFICIALS IN THE REGIONAL OFFICES FOR MONITORING

RTI Question: How many officers from the regional offices are designated the responsibility for monitoring?


Northern regional office This office has/had only two field officers for inspection of projects to monitorenvironmental clearance in our jurisdiction against sectioned posts of four. Hence, projectvisits are made barely once a year.

Southern regional office Four officers from regional office, Bangalore, are designated for the responsibility ofmonitoring.

Eastern regional office The scientists appointed by the ministry in the regional office are entrusted with the jobof monitoring of projects.

Western regional office Officers of the rank of Deputy Director and above have been conferred powers of entryand inspection under Sections 10 and 11 of the Environment Protection Act, 1986.Presently, in the regional office in Bhopal, there are three such officers.

Central regional office Scientists of the regional office are entrusted with monitoring the work.

North-Eastern regional office At present, two scientists in this regional office have been designated the responsibilityfor monitoring.

Other than this, Table 6 clearly depicts the frequency with which monitoring and compliance reports are generated.This analysis is a compilation from the data received through Right to Information applications for informationon all projects granted clearance in 2003.

Table 6: FREQUENCY OF REPORTS GENERATED FOR PROJECTSGRANTED CLEARANCE IN 2003 IN ALL REGIONS

S.no. Region No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. ofprojects projects projects projects projects projects projects projectscleared with with 6 with 6 with with with full with no

MR/s monthly monthly annual CR annual MR compliance CRCR MR as per MR

1. Central 8 61 0 2 0 2 0 0

2. Eastern 20 11 0 0 2 1 0 4

3. Northern 6 52 0 0 1 1 1 0

4. North-Eastern 3 3 0 0 1 1 0 0

5. Southern 75 52 0 0 3 0 1 30

6. Western 111 16 1 0 6 0 0 39

7. TOTAL 223 93 1 2 13 5 2 73

Notes:MR: Monitoring Report; CR: Compliance ReportThe above table only depicts the availability of monitoring and compliance reports on a six monthly and annual basis.1 Two projects were not monitored because construction had not begun.2 One project was not monitored because construction had not begun.


Out of 223 projects, only 150 projects have reported compliance at least once in the years between 2003 and2007. In the Southern region alone, 30 out of 75 cleared projects have never submitted a compliance report.

Only 93 out of 223 projects granted clearance in the year 2003 have MRs. Regions with a large number of clearedprojects, such as South and West, have been able to monitor projects least, as indicated in the absence of MRs forseveral projects. In the Western region, 21 industrial projects out of 83 do not have even a single MR or CR.However, the existence of a monitoring report does not necessarily imply that monitoring or site inspection hastaken place. In fact there are several instances where the monitoring reports are either a copy of the concurrentcompliance report or of previous compliance reports.

In the Southern region, the two NHAI highway projects for Widening and Strengthening of 4/6 Lane of NH5from Rajamundry to Dharmavaram and from Gundagolanu to Rajamundry, have absolutely similar MRs.Information on the number of trees cut, drain constructed, number of people affected, amount paid for compensationand other details are identical. These projects appear to be two contiguous portions of a highway project but forwhich separate clearances have been sought. Ironically, the MRs produce the same data for both the projects. Itis not possible that the number of people affected or trees to be cut are identical. Similarly, there is another NHAIproject, Widening and Strengthening of the highway from Visakhapatnam (km 2/8) to Ichapuram (km 233/0) inthe state of Andhra Pradesh, which also reports on the similar lines as the earlier two NHAI projects. For thecondition, ‘All the haul roads shall be maintained by the project proponents. The project proponent shall alsomaintain and repair, as necessary the village/Panchayat access roads leading to the highway which will be usedby them for transportation of the construction materials’, all three projects state the same thing in their MRs,without any change in language.

In the 500 MW Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, of the Indira Gandhi Centre forAtomic Research, reporting for several special conditions in the MR site visited on 22 September 2004 is identicalto that of the compliance report submitted on 18 October 2004 by the proponent. It does not reflect independentobservations by the Southern regional office. This is especially true for conditions related to the temperature inthe water condenser, rainwater harvesting, disaster management plan, educating local people about the plant andconducting health surveys.

Table 7: Number of Projects Monitored by Regional Offices

S.No. Regional office (RO) Number of projects cleared Number o f projects monitored byfrom 1986–2006 ROs as of 2008

1. Central 620 No data available from RO

2. Eastern 480 84–119

3. Northern 372 187

4. North-Eastern 480 No data available from RO

5. Southern 1,255 187–299

6. Western 1,219 180


It can be concluded that on an average every regional office is able to monitor a project once in every three orfour years depending on the number of projects to be scrutinized in that particular region. This can be deductedfrom the figures of the number of projects monitored every year (these are approximated figures) shared by theregional offices during interviews and through RTI responses. For instance, the Eastern region office monitorsbetween 84 and 119 projects every year, i.e., 2004–2008. However, figures indicate that the number of environmentclearances in the region between 1986 and 2006 was 480. Similarly, the Southern region has been able to monitorfrom 187 to 299 projects every year from 2004 to 2008. The officers of the Southern region state that not morethan 15–20 per cent live projects come within the monitoring net each year. In the absence of clear guidelines, theprojects for monitoring are ‘self-selected’ and the thumb rules used are: 17 categories of projects identified ashighly polluting by the CPCB, those that have never been monitored and those showing unsatisfactory complianceare paid more attention in the selection process. In an interview with the officials at the Northern region office on28 July 2008, it was indicated that the regional office at that point had 550 projects to monitor. In the previousyear the officers had achieved monitoring of 187 projects and the target for the coming year was 200 projects.The acting RCCF of the Western region informed us in an interview that the office monitored 180 projects in theyear 2006–2007. This was done by three scientists (60 projects each) within a working year of 120 days.

It is important to note that the above-mentioned figures of the number of projects granted clearance in everyregion is up to 2006. Following the enforcement of the EIA 2006 notification, over 2,000 projects have beengranted clearance in two-and-half years.

c) Surprise Visits and Show Cause Notices

Table 8: Surprise Visits Undertaken

RTI Question: Do the authorities of the regional offices, MoEF, make surprise visits to the projects for the monitoringof environmental clearance conditions? If yes, please provide a list of such surprise visits made during 2004–2008.


Northern regional office The authorities of the NRO, MoEF, do not make surprise visits for monitoring the projects.However, this office does participate with the concerned zonal office of the CPCB inconducting joint surprise visits based on units shortlisted by the MoEF HQ and the CPCBHQ.

Southern regional office No surprise visits are made by authorities of the regional office, MoEF.

Eastern regional office The regional office undertakes surprise inspections of projects based on the issues andsubjects of importance.

Western regional office There is no information available as per the records.

Central regional office Surprise visits are not initiated by this office.

North-Eastern regional office Yes, the regional office makes surprise visits. During the financial year 2007–2008 (upto 31 January 2008), surprise visits were conducted in a total of five sites.


The response of the regional officer at the Raigarh office of the Chhatisgarh Environment Conservation Board(CECB) revealed an interesting fact which is relevant to the regional office of the MoEF too. The project beingreferred to here is the expansion of the JSPL in the district. There is only one monitoring report from the Westernregion office of the MoEF. Despite very strong observations about the ongoing violations by the plant operations,

Table 9: Issuing Show Cause Notices

RTI Question: Please provide lists of projects, where the regional office has issued show cause notices in the last fouryears or has taken any such action against non-compliance of clearance conditions.


Northern regional office Details not asked in the RTI application.

Southern regional office Total nine projects were issued show cause notices in 2004–2008 (till February 2008).

Eastern regional office Total ten projects were issued show cause notices in 2004–2008 (till February 2008).

Western regional office During 2004–2008 (till February 2008), nine industries have been issued show causenotices/explanation letters.

Central regional office During 2004–2008 (till February 2008), seven projects have been issued show causenotices.

North-Eastern regional office During 2004–2008 (till February 2008), twelve projects have been issued show causenotices.

Constructions without Clearances

On 28 March 2007, an RTI application was filed by a member of Kalpavriksh before the MoEFregarding the status of environmental clearance as well as compliance and monitoring reportsof the Star City Mall in East Delhi. The MoEF responded that it had not received any proposalfor environmental clearance for the construction of the mall. Further, two separate RTIapplications on the same subject had been filed before the CPCB on 26 April 2007 and theDelhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) on 30 April 2007.

Response dated 1 May 2007 from the CPCB indicates that CPCB had not been aware of anyconstruction of the Star City Mall, and hence the matter was transferred to the MoEF and theDPCC for necessary action under Section 6(3) of the Right to Information Act, 2005. Theresponse dated 25 May 2007 from the DPCC also indicated that the DPCC has not granted anyclearance to the Star City Mall under any Act. At the same time, following the receipt of theRTI application from the MoEF and the CPCB, the DPCC issued a notice dated 18 May 2008to M/s Star City Mall regarding non-compliance of mandatory provisions under Section 25/26of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. According to this, no personwithout prior consent of the DPCC shall establish or take any steps to establish any industry,operation or process or treatment and disposal system. Using the Act, the DPCC issued a showcause notice seeking explanation from the project authorities as to why prosecution proceedingsshould not be initiated against the project proponent or the establishment should not be closedunder the appropriate provisions of the Act.

The incident brings to light that, as we speak of compliance of projects granted clearance bythe MoEF, there are scores of projects that are operating without some or all clearances that areto be obtained from agencies in charge of environment protection. The present rates of non-compliance calculated in this report as well as the discussions in the MoEF and regional officesare only based on the projects which are within the monitoring net because they have soughtclearances and obtained it. There are several projects which are not within this net, such as theStar City Mall.

there was no show cause noticeissued or any action taken. Theregional officer at the CECB’sregional office, R.K.Sharma,who would monitor the air andwater pollution aspects, clearlyindicated that when violationsare observed, they no longerissue show cause notices.Instead, cases are filed againstthe company in the DistrictSessions Court. As of August2007, there were no finalorders in any case. Earlier thecases were related directly tonon-compliance, such as therequired pollution controldevices were not installed;now they involve impacts ofpollution. A substantialamount of the officials’ time isspent on these cases and in thecourt.


Even in cases where the RO takes cognisance of violations and issues show cause notices, the MoEF fails tofollow up with relevant action to adequately redress the problem. The regional offices do not have the authorityto take punitive action like impose fines or revoke clearances but can only issue show cause notices. It has beenobserved in the case of some projects that despite repeated notices or warnings issued by the regional office, theclearance of the project has remained status quo. For example, in the Northern region, a bulk drug unit in Patialawas granted clearance in the 2003. The environment clearance letter clearly stated that that the ‘Ministry mayrevoke or suspend clearance if implementation of any of the above conditions is not satisfactory’. However, noaction ever seems to have been taken against repeated violation/non-compliance. The project proponent hadstated illness and non-compliance for three-and-a-half years, but no punitive action was taken. Even if the unithad not begun operation, the MoEF had complete authority to revoke clearance based on repeated non-compliance.

d) Lack of Coordination between Monitoring Agencies

Monitoring of projects is done by at least three agencies. While the regional office of the MoEF looks at theenvironmental clearance of a project, it is the Forest Department that tracks the compliance of the conditions laiddown at the time of the grant of forest clearance under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980. Other than this, thePollution Control Board regional office monitors compliance of the conditions under the ‘Consent to Establish’and ‘Consent to Operate’. There are several aspects of these separate conditions which are common. For instance,the dumping of muck in designated places so as to prevent any damage to forest land is likely to be a condition inall three sets of permissions.

During the investigations related to the case studies, we attemptedto speak to each of these agencies and also sought their responseson whether there is indeed any coordination between them to carryout the monitoring. This includes joint inspections, sharing ofmonitoring reports, undertaking joint site visits and joint actionagainst violators. Among the six case studies, joint inspections havebeen conducted only in the case of the Parbati II Hydroelectricproject in Himachal Pradesh.

Ironically, in none of the instances did we see ongoing coordinationbetween the MoEF regional offices, the Pollution Control Boardsand the Forest Department. In the case of the compliance of theParbati II Hydroelectric Project, independent monitoring of the project is being carried out by the regionaloffices of the MoEF, the Pollution Control Board and the Forest Department along with the Department ofScience and Technology. Strong observations were made by each one of the agencies on the regular non-complianceof the conditions by each project authority, i.e., the National Hydro Power Corporation (NHPC), but no actionthat was strict enough was taken to deter the violators from repeating the violations. The Northern RegionalOffice (NRO), which is the farthest monitoring agency from the project site, needed to take cognisance of themonitoring/investigation reports of the other agencies as this would have strengthened the monitoring process,but unfortunately, this did not happen. Though the illegal dumping of muck was observed by the NRO as well, itwas only the Department of Science and Technology which ordered the stoppage of work by the project on oneoccasion on the basis of unscientific disposal of muck/debris.

In the case of the JSPL plant in Raigarh, Chhatisgarh, an interview with the regional officer of the CECB,R.K.Sharma, highlighted that no joint inspection and monitoring takes place. Discussions with the ForestDepartment and the regional office of the Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board in Tuticorin have also indicatedthe lack of coordinated efforts by the agencies in the case of the Sterlite Copper Smelter plant in Tuticorin.

ENVIRNONMENTASSESSMENT

✓ No problem

Some problem

Big problem

Impact

REPORT PREPARED BY EVERGREEN CONSULTANCY SERVICES


S.no.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Projects

Rampur Distillery(Rampur, UttarPradesh)

Tikaula Distillery unitof M/s Tikaula SugarMills Limited(Muzaffarnagar, U.P)

Exploratory DrillingOperations in the Bayof Bengal off OrissaCoast by M/s RelianceIndustries Limited

Mining projects in theSouthern region(Penna CementIndustries Ltd,Limestone Mine [1.5MTPA] of M/sChanakya CementsLtd Kotapaddulimestone Mine of M/sPrism Cement Ltd)

Condition

The industry should ensure that the treated effluent and stackemissions from the unit within the norms stipulated under theEPA Rules or SPCB whichever is more stringent. Incase ofprocess disturbances or failure of pollution control equipmentsadopted by the unit, the respective unit should be shut down andnot be restarted until the control measures are rectified toachieve desired efficiency.’

‘As reflected in the EMP, the spent wash generated shall betreated in biomethanation digester followed by composting withpressmud. Land and other requirements shall earmark a separatearea of 14 acres for biocomposting and storage of pressmud andfinished products. Spent wash storage shall not be more than 30days. The company shall monitor the soil and groundwaterquality in the compost and project area on a regular basis andsubmit half-yearly reports to SPCB and the Ministry.’

‘…the exploration activities should be confined to a maximumof one and a half months between May and September each yearto ensure complete protection of the Olive Ridley Turtles. Underno circumstances, the exploratory activities should beundertaken between 1st October and 30th April. Further M/s RILshould prepare a contingency plan to prevent oil spill and alsofor control of damage to the marine ecosystem in case of oilspillage. The above plan should be submitted to the Ministrybefore taking up the exploratory activities.’

‘OB dumps should be stacked at earmarked sites on a temporarybasis. Back filing should begin after 10th year of operation.Monitoring and management of rehabilitated areas shouldcontinue until the vegetation becomes self-sustaining. Compli-ance status should be submitted to the ministry on yearly basis’

Remarks

The response in the CR is‘treated effluents are withinnorms’ and the final MRavailable of 2006 states‘complied’.

The reporting on suchconditions in the MR ishighly inadequate and doesnot give a clear idea of thelevel of compliance achievedon such conditions.

One condition has both theduration of exploratoryactivities as well as contin-gency plan for oil spill. Eachone of these needed to bespelt out separately. Thereporting in the onlyavailable CR is only aboutthe contingency plan.

The CRs of 2007 report thatthere has been no OBgeneration at the site.

IV. PROBLEMS WITH DRAFTING OF CLEARANCE CONDITIONS

a) Multiple Conditions within One Condition

Very often there are multiple conditions for the same function/activity listed within environmental clearanceconditions. In many ways this is like having sub-conditions within a single condition. There is a critical issue thatarises when project proponents report on the compliance of these conditions. Only one part of the condition isresponded to, and therefore it is impossible to fathom whether all aspects of the condition have been compliedwith or not. Some examples are:

While indicating follow up on these it is noticed that the CRs very often only partially report on one or the othercondition and not in its entirety. This is in no way adequate, as one does not get a complete picture of thecompliance of all aspects of the conditions. It is also very difficult to monitor such joint conditions unless theauthorities decide to refer to them individually during investigations and in MRs.


S.no.

5.

6.

Projects

Foundry unit projectsin the Southern region

Lower Subansiri HEProject (ArunachalPradesh)

Condition

In the foundry projects, a special condition states, ‘Dustsuppression and dust extraction systems should be provided tocontrol fugitive emissions at material handling points. The shot-blasting unit should operate in a closed condition. Emissionsfrom the furnaces should be passed through the wet closedcondition. Emissions from the induction furnaces should passthrough the wet scrubber and fume extraction system. Thescrubbed waste water evaporated through the impervious solarevaporation pond. Fugitive emissions should be controlled,regularly monitored for SPM and record maintained’

‘Fuel depot may be opened at the site to provide the fuel(kerosene/wood/LPG). Medical facilities as well as recreationalfacilities should also be provided to the labourers.’

Remarks

This long set of conditionsare all clubbed and mixed.As a result, many importantaspects have invariably gonenot reported in complianceand monitoring reports.

While the MRs take a strongview on the issue of fuelsupply, it does not report onmedical and recreationalfacilities at all. With thiskind of situation the MRs donot give any idea of the otherpart of the condition.

b) Vague Conditions, Vague Compliance

One of the critical issues to reckon with is that it is impossible to monitor conditions which are drafted vaguelyin the environmental clearance letter. The description of the condition makes it difficult for both the projectdeveloper to comply as well as the regional officer to monitor. During the analysis there were several instancesthat came forward.

In most projects there are references to broad and unclear conditions like, ‘greenbelt of adequate width anddensity’ should be provided to mitigate the effect of fugitive emissions around the plant in the industrial projectsof the region; or ‘Adequate provision of fire fighting facilities is kept’ in the project construction of E-type transitaccommodation at Mus Bay in Car Nicobar in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Another instance is in acondition like ‘… Appropriate measures must be taken while undertaking digging activities to avoid any likelydegradation of water quality’ in the Widening of Durgapur Expressway in West Bengal. Also ‘Adequate precautions’should be taken during transportation of the construction material so that it does not affect the environmentadversely in the proposed fishing harbour project at Harwood Point in West Bengal.

Each one of the conditions is very important to be complied with. However, without specifications on how thiswould be done or indicating parameters for the same, the levels of ‘adequacy’ can be very subjectively interpretedand accordingly complied with. Conditions need to be more precisely worded so that there can be a check on theaccuracy of the steps towards its compliance. For instance, the conditions on preventing damage to sand dunes,mangroves, and wetlands state that ‘the sand dunes, if any, on the site should not be disturbed’; or ‘the mangroves,if any, on the site should not be disturbed in any way’; and ‘no excavation or dumping shall be allowed onwetlands, forest areas or other ecologically valuable or sensitive locations, if any are present’. There is a need tospecifically mention the ecologically sensitive ecosystems near the project and also specify measures that needto be taken to achieve the conditions laid out. In the absence of such clear conditions, the reporting on theseremains as ‘complied’ or ‘agreed to comply’ without any further details on how it has been achieved.

In certain situations the conditions to be complied with are very specific to the stage/period of construction oroperation of the project. It is necessary to clearly specify in the condition itself the period during which it will be


applicable. Deciphering the non-compliance of the condition gets difficult without this. For instance, ‘The projectauthorities shall undertake patrolling and inspection of the pipeline regularly for detection of faults as per OISDguidelines and continuous monitoring of pipeline operation.’ There are no details on whether this should be doneduring construction and/or following construction and whether it is for the entire life of the project.

Some examples of this are:

● The Allahabad Bypass Project has a condition that, ‘Proper river training works shall be carried outbefore construction’; or ‘Every care shall be taken to minimize disturbances to the river flow and theaquatic flora and fauna during the bridge construction/Laying of foundations and pier work’; or ‘Therest areas, lay-byes, parking places, and other such wayside locations should be suitably enhanced usingbest horticultural practices.’ With no parameters in place, it is impossible to monitor such conditions oreven show compliance.

● The condition of minimum flow of water to be maintained after the construction of the Lower SubansiriHydropower Project is part of the EC letter, but it does not specify the time period during which it needsto be done. As a result of this, reporting on this condition is difficult to analyse for the period in whichthe CR or MR has been prepared. While laying down these conditions, parameters needed to be mademore specific to facilitate both monitoring and compliance. In the same project there is another conditionwherein it is critical to put down the time frame for compliance to be achieved, i.e., for Rehabilitationand Resettlement (R&R). No timelines have been stated for either the setting up of a committee orcompletion of the process. As a result, both the compliance and monitoring reports consistently state theprogress in achieving R&R with no clear timelines for completion. The latest available MR of 2006states, ‘There are 38 families instead of 36 families who are being affected after construction of theproject. Monitoring committee has been set up on 13th November 2003. R&R sites in the tune of 40 haviz. Tahrap for Gengi village and Sib Rijo for Sebrite village both of which are about 2 km away from theoriginal habitation, have been identified jointly by District administration and project affected families(PAF). The multidisciplinary committee in its meeting on 2nd January 2006 said that State Govt. has toexpedite the handing over of the proposed land in time for rehabilitation.’

● In the case of Chamundeshwari Sugars, the monitoring report for this condition states that ‘...Noiselevels are observed to be within the limit. However there is no monitoring by the project authorities.Hence it is suggested to them to carry out the regular noise monitoring.’ So, if monitoring of the noiselevels is important to maintain the limit, the condition as stipulated becomes incomplete.

● Another example of vague condition is in the clearance for Laying of Hyderabad to Kakinada Gas/Hydrocarbon Pipeline in Andhra Pradesh by M/s Gas Transportation and Infrastructure Company Limited.Here, one general condition states, ‘During the project construction phase, adequate care must be exercisedfor protection to public life, wildlife, forest power line buildings etc. in the vicinity of pipeline andconsonance with local government regulations’. The term ‘adequate care’ leaves it open-ended as aparameter for compliance. There are no specifics on what and how this will actually be done and to whatextent, and so it has been left to the interpretation of the project proponent.

● Similarly, in the project Dock Line from Tanker Berth at Cochin Port to Irapanam Marketing Terminal ofIOCL, the condition states, ‘It shall be ensured that due to the project, there is no adverse impact on thedrainage of the area and recharge of ground water. No ground water should be tapped in the project areafalling in CRZ.’ This does not indicate the kind of activities the proponent cannot carry out which willharm the drainage of the area. The kind of activity depends on the proponent’s understanding of damage,which cannot be relied on.


● In the case of the Nira Deoghar Irrigation Project in DistrictPune, Maharashtra, there is General Condition (no.3)related to ‘All the labourers engaged for constructionworks should be thoroughly examined by healthpersonnel and adequately treated before issuingthem work permit.’ The compliance statement bythe project proponent limitedly reports that ‘Healthpersonnel are frequently checking the labourerswho are working at site.’ This reporting does notgive any indication as to whether the check-up wasindeed carried out prior to the grant of work permitsor not. Unless verified from records at thesite level, there would not be any clarity.

● In the Expansion of Bulk Drug Unit of M/s Alpha Remedies Limited at GIDC, themonitoring report states for the conditionrelated to the establishment of a green belt,‘there is some place available N-28 plot which houses the office building for development of greenery.PA shall improve that plot by plantation’. The point of having a green belt is to mitigate pollution aroundthe industry/plant and is not supposed to be merely around the office building. The monitoring isconducted by officials who are aware of the clause but still mention such things in the reports, whichappears to be a cover up for the project proponent.

● In the M/s Visaka Industries Limited in West Bengal (manufacturing asbestos cement sheets andaccessories), a special condition states ‘...in addition, the asbestos fibre count in the work zone areashould not be monitored by an independent Monitoring Agency like NIOH, ITRC/NCB etc on a six-monthly basis’. The MR 3 dated 27 April 2006 states, ‘monitoring being done by PA and WBPCBand all pollutants within parameters. However, an independent specialized agency to do the monitoringmust be engaged as stipulated by the MoEF’, and the MR 1 states ‘LISTED AS NEEDS SPECIALATTENTION. Project Authorities are carrying out measurement of pollutants in the work zone oncea month by an independent agency M/s J.R. Labs, Hyderabad. Continuous measurement of pollutantsin the work zone however, is not being carried out by the Project Authorities’. Therefore, it is veryunclear from the two different kinds of reporting done by the MoEF officials as to which can be takenas compliance of the condition.

● In the Kirari Limestone Mine of M/s Lafarge India Limited, located in Villages Kirari & Chorbhatti,Tehsil Janjgir, District Janjgir Champa, Chattisgarh, the only available compliance report of 2004mentions ‘will be complied’. It is impossible to determine whether the project is complying with thegiven conditions or not. Moreover, there is no monitoring report or subsequent compliance reportavailable to verify it.

● In another project, Expansion of Distillery Unit from 75 KLPD to 95 KLPD in Satara of M/s KrishnaSahakari Sakhar Karkana Limited, the monitoring reports state, ‘Agreed to comply’ for the conditionECC6 General Condition, ‘the project proponent shall also comply with all the environmental protectionmeasures and safeguards recommended in the EIA report’. There is only one monitoring report of 2004which merely reports that the project proponent has agreed to comply with the condition without furthercommenting on it or carrying out any verification.

The ‘Hidden Impact’ of Environmental Degradation


V. UNDERSTANDING THE COMPLIANCE OF CONDITIONS

a) Which Conditions Are Less Complied with and Why

In every environmental clearance letter there are a set of specific and general conditions for every project. Someconditions are very critical to the social and environmental impacts of the project, and if these are not compliedwith, then it defeats the purpose of environmental safeguards. For instance, the analysis that follows will showthat conditions like effluent treatment/disposal, green belt, disposal of solid waste, special measure for wildlife,important studies have not been complied with. Presented here is an analysis of some critical conditions and theextent of non-compliance:

Table 10: Sector wise non-compliance of specific Conditions

I. INDUSTRY

S. Type of No. of projects with the condition1 Region-wise non-compliance asno. condition per available MRs

N S E W C NE Total N S E W C NE Total

1. Effluenttreatment anddischarge 3 34 9 61 4 - 157 3 8 1 7 2 - 21

2. Emission ofparticulate matter - 29 9 52 4 - 94 - 8 2 11 2 - 23

3. Groundwaterquality 3 9 - 9 2 - 23 2 4 - 2 0 - 8

4. Green belt 4 46 9 62 4 - 125 1 28 5 10 3 - 48

5. AAQ monitoringstations 2 29 5 44 3 - 83 2 21 2 9 2 - 36

6. Influent andeffluentmonitoringstations 2 30 4 8 4 - 48 2 21 2 2 1 - 28

7. Rainwaterharvesting 2 28 7 55 2 - 94 1 12 5 11 1 - 30

8. Dust suppressionand dust extraction - 22 5 - - - 27 - 8 4 - - - 12

9. Pollutioncontrol equipmentwith DG sets 8 - - - 8 6 - - - 6

Notes:As in the case of Tables 2 and 6, this analysis of non-compliance of specific conditions is based on the available MRs for projects indifferent regions.)1This does not reflect the total number of projects in the region, but the total number of projects in the region which had this condition.


II. MINING(The assessment in this section has severe gaps as both Eastern and Western regions had mining projects but no MRswherein the compliance of conditions could be understood.)



1. Backfilling ofmines andmonitoringrehabilitation ofmining area - 4 - 1 - - 5 - 2 - - - - 2

2. Measures toprevent siltationand reutilisationof water - 4 - - - - 4 - 2 - - - - 2

3. Vehicularpollution - 3 - 1 - - 4 - 2 - - - - 2

4. Communitywelfaremeasures - 2 - - - - 2 - 2 - - - - 2

5. Construction ofwall aroundmining area toavoid overburdenflow - 1 - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - 1

6. Sewage andwaste watertreatment - 2 - 3 - - 5 - 1 - - - - 1

7. Ecodevelopmentplan andafforestationmeasures - 2 - 2 - - 4 - 1 - - - - 1

8. Environmentlab andenvironmentmanagementcell - 5 - 4 - - 9 - 2 - - - 2

Notes:As in the case of Tables 2 and 6, this analysis of non-compliance of specific conditions is based on the available MRs for projects indifferent regions.)1 This does not reflect the total number of projects in the region, but the total number of projects in the region which had this condition.2 There were two mining projects in this region, neither of them had MRs. Therefore, an assessment could not be done.3 There were 13 mining projects, none of them with MRs. Therefore, an assessment could not be done.


III. INFRASTRUCTURE



1. Provision of longi-tudinal drains, culvertsand underpasses - 1 1 - 1 - 3 - 1 0 - 0 - 1

2. Felling, Relocation &plantation of trees - 7 2 2 1 - 12 - 5 1 - 1 - 7

3. Use of fly ash inproject construction - 4 1 - 1 - 6 - 3 0 - 1 - 4

4. Adequate precautionsduring transportationof constructionmaterial - 5 1 2 1 - 9 - 2 0 - 0 - 2

5. Leveling of roads - 4 - - 1 - 5 - 2 - - 1 - 3

6. Setting up of an envi-ronment managementcell and/or fullfledged laboratory - 16 1 2 1 - 20 - 7 0 - 0 - 7

7. Noise barriers atsuitable locations - - 1 - 1 - 2 - - 1 - 1 - 2

8. Disaster managementPlan/ AccidentMitigation measures/Emergency prepared-ness plan - 14 - 2 - - 16 - 7 - - - - 7

9. Social upliftmentscheme, communityawareness andemployment of localpeople - 5 - 2 - - 7 - 2 - - - - 2

10. No anchoring ofships on coral reefs,berthing only atwharves/ Nodestruction of corals/mangroves - 1 4 1 - - 6 - 1 - - - - 1

11. Oil and grease spillagein harbour area - 1 - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - 1

12. Necessary steps formitigating pollutionfrom the ships andother facilities - 1 - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - 1

Notes:As in the case of Tables 2 and 6, this analysis of non-compliance of specific conditions is based on the available MRs for projects indifferent regions.)1 This does not reflect the total number of projects in the region, but the total number of projects in the region which had this condition.2 No MRs were available for 8 out of 11 infrastructure projects granted clearance in 2003.


b) How Conditions Get Modified to Ensure Compliance

There is yet another peculiar phenomenon that occurs when it comes to the way environmental conditions areaddressed. There are instances where either conditions are modified so that they don’t need to be compliedwith at the first instance, or justifications and explanations render it unnecessary for the conditions to befollowed.

One instance is of the environmental clearance of the Mumbai-Pune Expressway project in Maharashtra. Theenvironmental clearance letter specifically highlighted that a separate clearance needed to be sought for theLonavala-Khandala Bypass, which is a critical component of the project. Ecologically it is one of the most

sensitive areas of the Mumbai-Pune Expressway. The separate clearancewould have meant that an EIA and public hearing would have had to

be carried out. However, Maharashtra State Road DevelopmentCorporation (MSRDC), the project authority, submitted a letter

dated 29 December 1999 to the MoEF that the bypass does notrequire environmental clearance as it costs less than Rs 50 crore.2

Following this, in a letter dated 4 August 2000, the Public WorksDepartment informed that the bypass is not going through any

ecologically sensitive area. This was agreed to by theMoEF as on 31 December 2000 (as indicated in thesixth compliance report by the MSRDC) and noseparate clearance was sought for this section. A letterby Samir Mehta, Bombay Environmental Action Group(BEAG), to the DCF (Central) at the MoEF regionaloffice in Bhopal dated 24 August 2000 indicates that theMSRDC has not given the correct calculation and hastried to evade the requirement of environmental clearance.No cognisance was taken of this observation at that pointor even after.

In an RTI response dated 23 May 2008, the MSRDCinformed one of the Kalpavriksh members that the alignment of the Lonavala-Khandala Bypass is generallythe same as that approved in the Development Plan. Further, ‘As per the office record cost estimate of workis Rs.104.35 crores and expenditure for the work is Rs.195.18 crores for the Lonavala-Khandala bypass.Contract letters, reports and audit statements were said to be unavailable in the MSRDC office.’ This clearlyindicates that the estimate of Rs 50 crore was wrongly presented so as to avoid the condition of a separateenvironmental clearance for the bypass.

In another case, the 2000 MW Lower Subansiri hydroelectric project coming up on the Arunachal Pradesh–Assam border was said to submerge a part of the Tale Valley Sanctuary and, therefore, required a clearancefrom the Standing Committee of the National Board for Wildlife (NBWL). In 2002–2003, the StandingCommittee had observed that the project impacts important wildlife habitats and species well beyond the TaleValley Sanctuary in both the upstream and downstream areas. Despite opposition of non-governmental membersthe project clearance was pushed through, but with the imposition of stringent conditions, which were also

Doc... What is your assessment of the impact be hassuffered on hearing he has got the Environment Ministry

and not Industry?

2 Up to 2002 all projects with an investment less than Rs 50 crore were exempt from the purview of the EIA Notification, 1994. In 2002, theinvestment limit was increased to Rs 100 crore.


reiterated by the Supreme Court of India (SC) in April 2004. In December 2008, the Standing Committee dilutedtwo conditions imposed by it while granting clearance to the project in May 2003. The conditions of the NBWLbecame part of the forest clearance letter.

When the conditions were imposed in 2004, dam proponents raised no objection. It was only in May 2005,when the construction on the project had been substantially undertaken did they seek a review from the SupremeCourt of two of the critical clauses that form the basis of the original clearance. The original conditions askedfor declaration of the Reserved Forests in the catchment area as a sanctuary or national park and imposed arestriction on construction of dams in the upstream stretches of the River Subansiri. The SC had referred thematter back to the NBWL Standing Committee.

This committee diluted the ‘no dams upstream’ condition and said it would consider upstream projects on acase to case basis. This decision ignored the opinion of non-governmental members in the committee as wellas civil society groups in Assam and Arunachal Pradesh which asked for a cumulative impact assessment ofupstream projects and a carrying capacity study of the Subansiri river basin before deciding whether to dilutethis condition. The protected area condition has been changed so that the Arunachal Pradesh government nowneeds to declare a smaller area of 168 sq. km as a sanctuary and ‘make serious efforts’ to bring an additional332 sq. km Reserved Forest (RF) under the category of Conservation Reserve (CR) under the Wildlife ProtectionAct, 1972 in consultation with the MoEF. The latter part of the condition (declaration of CR) is legally non-enforceable because of the choice of words. The AP government’s fears about the impact of the proposedprotected area on people may be currently misplaced as the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional ForestDwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, states that no modification of rights or relocation froma sanctuary/national park can take place without the consent of local communities.

These diluted conditions will now be placed before the SC for final orders. Conservationists believe thatgranting conditional clearance to mega dams in ecologically sensitive areas and then diluting these conditionsafter construction work has begun, is a mockery of environmental clearance procedures.

VI. DISCREPENCY IN REPORTING BETWEEN REPORTSThere are several instances in the 2003 projects as well as the case studies looked at as part of this analysiswherein there are discrepancies in the information present in monitoring and compliance reports. These couldeither be differences between two or more monitoring or compliance reports for a project, or between thecompliance report and monitoring report for a common period of a project. The inconsistencies in the reportingbetween CRs and MRs throw up some interesting observations. In some cases it shows that there is non-compliance despite compliance having been reported by the project authority; but in other cases there areinstances where CRs show non-compliance and MRs indicate that conditions have been adhered to. Someexamples from different regions are:

● The Tikaula Distillery Unit of M/s Tikaula Sugar Mills Limited, Muzaffarnagar, Uttar Pradesh, in theCentral region, has a condition related to undertaking rainwater harvesting. The project authority sentthe first compliance report in August 2006, three years after clearance. The CR stated that the rainwaterharvesting plans are being prepared (therefore, implying that the condition has not been complied with).However, the monitoring report dated March 2006 says that this condition has been complied with.

● The compliance report for the expansion of the distillery unit of M/s The Simbhaoli Sugar MillsLimited, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, in the Central region, of April 2007 states that Ambient Air Quality(AAQ) stations have not been set up, and the project authorities have approached the Pollution Control


Board. However, the monitoring report of May 2006 (i.e., a year before) indicates that the AAQ stationshave been set up in consultation with the concerned SPCB.

● In the case of M/s Ramco Industries Limited in West Bengal, in the Eastern region, there is discrepancyin reporting observed. The MR 1 dated 13 July 2005 states that an Environment Management (EM)Cell has been established similar to the CR 1 of 26 July 2005. However, the MR 2 dated 26 April2006 states that the project is still to set up the EM Cell. In the same project, the MR 1 dated 13 July2005 states that the project has obtained the authorization under Hazardous waste (H&M) Rules;however, the MR 2 dated 26 April 2006 says that the authorization is still to be obtained. It appearsthat the 2006 monitoring report has been far more vigorous and stands in contrast to the earlier MRof 2005.

● The EC for of M/s Ruchi Infrastructure Limited, Mangalore, Karnataka, in the Southern region, foredible oil storage tanks was granted in April 2003. However, the MR for the project reports that theconstruction of the project started on 2 November 2002, i.e., before the clearance. It has not beenspecified that this is a post-facto clearance or that illegal construction had taken place prior to clearance.

● In the Expansion of Dyes of M/s Dytint Specialities Private Limited at GIDC, Vatva, Ahmedabad,Gujarat, there is a condition related to rainwater harvesting. The CR 1 dated 4 may 2004 states‘complied’, whereas the CR 2 dated 18 October 2005 states, ‘Not feasible however we are usingrainwater in our process during any rainy season’. This shows that the CR 1 has given faulty informationand after two years of the project being granted clearance, the project proponent expresses inabilityto comply with the condition.

Some cases of reporting border the tragic and the humourous. In the Western region, all the projects of GIDCestate in Vatva, Gujarat were granted ex post facto environmental clearances. Surprisngly, they have allsubmitted identical compliance reports. Similarly, the Dyes Intermediate Project by M/s Pandesara IndustriesPrivate Limited in District Surat, Gujarat, has five compliance reports. All of them are exactly the same incontent. None of these observations have been made by the MoEF. Such cases highlight that regular reportingdoes not mean anything positive in terms of monitoring or compliance. The MoEF’s inability to address theseissues may have resulted in reporting and monitoring being reduced to an administrative formality.

VII. CONCLUSIONS

Presented here are some of the key conclusions of this study which point to critical gaps and irregularitiesof the monitoring and compliance framework being practised in the country today.

a) No consolidated information on monitoring at the MoEF: The MoEF does not maintain aconsolidated record of the compliance of environmental clearance conditions sent by project authorities.This has been admitted by the MOEF in response to an RTI application as stated earlier. As a result,it is impossible to gauge the levels or percentages of compliance/non-compliance from internal recordsof the MoEF of over 6,000 projects that have been granted clearance.

b) No consolidated information on monitoring at regional level: Similar records are also not maintainedby the regional offices as consolidated information for all the states and projects under their jurisdiction.

c) Inadequate infrastructure for monitoring at the regional offices: The current infrastructureavailable at the regional office level does not even allow for annual monitoring of all the projectsgranted environmental clearance. The six regional offices of the MoEF currently have over 6,000


projects to be monitored by a staff strength of two to three officials each ineach RO. These officials also have to handle other administrativeresponsibilities other than monitoring the environmentalperformance of projects.

d) Low frequency monitoring: The MoEF’s datareveals that on an average every regional officeis able to monitor each project once in threeor four years depending on the number ofprojects to be scrutinized in that particularregion. For instance, the Eastern regionoffice monitors between 84 and 119 projectsevery year, i.e., from 2004 to 2008. However,figures indicate that the number ofenvironmental clearances in the region between1986 and 2006 was 480. Many more projectshave been granted clearance in this region afterthe 2006 notification.

e) Lack of powers to enforce compliance: As of now the regional offices which are the authoritiesentrusted with the task of monitoring have only limited powers to deal with lack of compliance orviolations. The regional offices can only issue show cause notices. Further action, including revocationof clearances, rests with the MoEF central in New Delhi. In the analysis of the 2003 projects and casestudies it is evident that even though the regional offices have reported violations by project authorities,no penal action has been taken against the violators. Environmental clearances have never beensuspended or revoked.

f) No standard monitoring protocol and procedures followed by the regional offices: Informationreceived through the RTI has revealed that the regional offices do not follow a standardized monitoringprotocol when it comes to the projects in their area. Each regional office has responded that they choseprojects to be monitored based on their own criteria. While this flexibility is ideal when it comes toworking with local and regional realities, the absence of minimum requirements leads to lack ofmonitoring of several projects. If there is a basic commitment on the part of the MoEF that all projectswould need to be monitored at least once a year, then the infrastructure facilities and the will toscrutinize projects would work accordingly. The findings of such a monitoring exercise could also betied to a clearance that needs to be renewed periodically based on environmental performance.

g) Lack of coordination between various monitoring agencies: There are various agencies which doindependent monitoring of environmental and forest clearance (issued under the Forest ConservationAct, 1980) conditions. The Pollution Control Board, the MoEF regional offices and the ForestDepartment (monitoring the forest clearance) in most cases do not coordinate even though someconditions are common. In the case of the Parbati II project, some coordinated inspections werereported, but this is certainly not the practice. Very often the monitoring agencies do not inform anotherof their site inspections and neither are the reports/notices shared.

h) Quality of monitoring and compliance reports: The quality of compliance and monitoring reportsleave a lot to be desired. As stated earlier, these reports suffer from many inadequacies. These includeirregularity in reporting or no submission of compliance and monitoring reports, incomplete and vague

“We thought this innovative device in the chimney stackwill keep surrounding communities less hostile to the

pollution we cause.”


reporting, as well as misleading information. In several instances either the compliance report of oneperiod would be identical to an earlier one or of another project operating in the vicinity. There havealso been instances observed where the monitoring reports do not give any independent analysis butrefer to the reports submitted by project authorities to ascertain the levels of compliance.

i) Nature of conditions makes it difficult to report in compliance and monitoring reports: Thereare instances presented in the overall analysis chapter wherein multiple conditions for the samefunction/activity have been listed within environmental clearance conditions. In many ways this is likehaving sub-conditions within a single condition. Therefore, when the project authorities report on thecompliance of these conditions, only one part of the condition is responded to, and therefore, it isimpossible to ascertain whether all aspects of the condition have been complied with or not.

j) Surprise visits and no interaction with locally affected populations: In most cases investigatedin this study it has been observed that the regional offices do not make surprise visits to project sites.Project authorities are aware of the arrival of the regulatory officials and are prepared in advance.Therefore, unless the violations are blatant and cannot be hidden easily, most cases of non-complianceand related environmental impacts go unnoticed. Investigations have also revealed that the MoEFregional officers do not interact with the locally affected people when they do site inspections.Therefore, in most cases they are unable to get opinions and positions other than those of the projectauthorities.

k) Violations and disregard for compliance by project authorities: The analysis of projects clearedin 2003 as well as the conclusions of the case studies indicate that there is complete disregard forenvironmental clearance conditions after clearance is granted. Environmental clearance conditionsremain essentially on paper with very little initiative on the part of the project authorities to complywith the conditions. At best, the State Forest Department would issue notices and fines for illegal fellingof trees or State Pollution Control Boards would levy fines or file cases in District Courts. However,none of these penalties are strong enough to make project authorities comply.

l) Compulsive violations: The case studies reveal that despite the project authorities having got noticesand warnings from regulatory bodies, they continue to violate very critical conditions which have severeenvironmental impacts. This leads to pollution of rivers, encroachment of forest and agricultural land,irreparable health impacts and so on.

m) Clearance for expansion/modernization despite violations: Access to some monitoring reports,especially of particular case studies like Jindal Steel and Power Limited project in Raigarh, has revealedthat the regional office of the MoEF had clearly stated in the monitoring report that the project wasnot complying with critical environmental clearance conditions, and therefore they should not beallowed to set up additional facilities. Unfortunately, the Central MoEF has not taken any action onthis and within six months of the date of the monitoring report, the expansion for the above-mentionedproject was granted clearance.

n) Environmental clearance conditions amounting to post facto EIAs: Very often environmentalclearance conditions amount to doing fresh studies and analysis to bring forth such information whichshould have been part of the impact assessments before the projects are cleared. If the impact assessmentitself is a part of the future or post-clearance investigation, then the basis on which the project is grantedclearance is flawed and inadequate.


o) Modification of conditions post-clearance: It has also been observed that some very criticalconditions, including post-clearance studies have sought to be modified by project authorities once aproject is granted clearance. The Mumbai-Pune Expressway in terms of the environmental clearanceconditions as well as the Lower Subansiri Hydroelectric project with reference to forest clearanceconditions are clear examples of this. The modification, dilution or removal of conditions post-clearancemakes a complete mockery of the reasons why the conditions would have been brought on board inthe first place.

p) Inability of project proponents to comply with conditions: In a few instances, project authoritieshave reported to the MoEF regional office that they are unable to comply with certain kinds ofconditions due to lack of infrastructure or capabilities. For instance, several projects operating in anindustrial estate in the Southern region have reported that they cannot comply with the condition toset up a green belt around the plant as they are operating in an industrial estate and therefore do nothave adequate land to develop a green belt area. Since the green belt is a standard condition in thecase of industrial projects, it is imperative that ground level assessment is carried out before suchconditions are included to mitigate impacts. In the current scenario the project would continue tooperate, without complying with the condition, giving ‘valid’ reasons for the same.

The above are specific problem areas related directly to the monitoring functions of the MOEF. However, thecause of these problems lies in the deliberate, inherent flaws in the EIA notification and the process leadingup to the grant of clearance.

Analysis done by various groups for over a decade now, clearly point to critical inadequacies, such as, poordata in EIA reports, over-reliance of the decision-making process on expert knowledge that is disconnectedfrom local realities, granting clearance to projects despite complete or near complete opposition, ignoring orcondoning past violations by project developers, emphasis on speed of decision-making process over quality,and absence of retrospective EIAs. These problems have existed since the time the EIA notification waspromulgated in 1994 (with public hearings incorporated into the process in 1997). All of these concerns havenot only been left unaddressed but amendments made to the notification up to 2008 (an amendment is pendingas this report is being written) have resulted in exacerbating these problems. The only detailed review of theEIA notification that the MoEF undertook between 2000 and 2004 failed to address these issues, as the mainaim of the review was to resolve the complaints from project developers that the EIA process was a ‘bottleneck’and ‘ineffective’ in terms of the time it took away from project planning and implementation. As part of thereview, consultations were held with CII, ASSOCHAM and FICCI – all associations of investors and projectdevelopers (token consultations were held with NGOs and in these there was severe opposition to what theMinistry was proposing as a ‘newly engineered’ decision-making process). It is, therefore, not surprising thatthe problems of monitoring and compliance were left totally untouched in the review.

The latest amendment proposes to allow projects already granted clearance to expand on the basis of self-certification and commitment by project authorities to keep pollution loads in check. This is only one in theslew of proposed changes that are meant to take off the burgeoning load of project proposals pendingenvironment clearance at the centre and states. In relation to the dismal performance of projects on the issueof compliance, this move of the Ministry can only be concluded as injustice done twice over towards all thosewho have been affected by environmental damage due to projects and all those who will be affected in thefuture.


Having finished a two year exercise to assess the degree of compliance achieved by large projects grantedclearance by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), we are asked to include in this report,recommendations that might help resolve the problem of non-compliance of environment clearance conditions.This has been on our minds too during the period of this project. As we wrap up and put away the severalhundred pages of monitoring and compliance reports and the paperwork of over fifty Right to Informationqueries, we mull over the question of what to recommend and who to recommend to.

We feel convinced that the failure of the Ministry to ensure compliance of the conditions issued after the “due”procedure laid out in the Environment Impact Assessment (EIA), 2006 (earlier 1994) process is followed ,nota failure of implementation due to institutional or other limitations, but an intentional failure. The MoEFpresently has the task of monitoring over 6000 live projects that are at various stages of construction oroperation. All the six regional offices that are given the task of monitoring have been aware that they are ina position to cover only upto 20% projects in a single year. Despite this knowledge, the MoEF failed to addressits incapacity to achieve the mitigation end of the EIA process. What it has paid attention to is only the clearanceof projects under the EIA process. The limited attention paid to issues of monitoring starkly contrast with theexcessive action taken by the Ministry (in association with consultants, investor groups and other Ministries)to reduce time for grant of clearance, exclude more projects from requiring clearance and dilute conditionsof clearance. In the words of the Ministry itself, stated in several interviews, official correspondence and publicmeetings, these have been done in the name of facilitating development.

The Ministry, which has a monitoring cell, mentions the clauses on compliance and monitoring in eachenvironment clearance letter. However, the cell only ‘collects’ all the reports generated by this monitoringprocess. The Ministry seems to have found no reason so far in collating and analysing the data it receivesand therefore does not have any idea of the degree of compliance achieved by projects on the conditions ithad imposed on these at the time of clearance. Without such an analysis, how does the Ministry know if itssystem of monitoring is functioning as per its own objectives? The minutes of the meetings of the central officewith the regional offices indicate that there is little desire to know. This lack of desire to know if the mitigationmeasures are working as per what was envisaged at the time of clearance, is also corroborated by the absenceof any retrospective EIAs (study of impacts after the commissioning of a project)

A fallacious EIA process

The legal and technical framework for assessment of impacts makes the following assumptions:

● Nature has to be viewed and accessed as a resource if a certain model of development needs to berealised. These will inevitably impact the environment and people.

Locating the Problem:Can environmental impacts be mitigated under thepresent EIA process?


● The very same model of development has also made available, mechanisms by which the impacts ofsuch use of nature can be minimised.

● Through a mix of various technological options offered by experts on different subjects such as forestry,wildlife, geology, hydrology etc, a balance can be arrived at, which allows us both development andconservation.

Every EIA report generated to assess the environmental and social impacts is constructed to prove true thesebeliefs. If activists are accused of rhetoric, these EIA reports, upheld as scientific documents are worth a readfor the extent of development rhetoric they contain. Even before any possibility of assessment, economic, socialor environmental, hydel, mining or real estate projects are declared as harbingers of prosperity. All the datais prefixed by notions of altering a ‘backward’ area that is ‘development deficit’. Therefore, all constructionirrespective of its location, type or impact is seen as positive.

EIAs are used not only for the identification of impacts but their comparative evaluation too. The science inthe EIA framework allows the categorization of the foreseen impacts of a project such that they can bequantified. Those impacts that cannot be categorized and quantified are simply left out or only described. Foreg: In the cases involving land acquisition the insecurity or the misery of being displaced and uprooted , orthe feeling of loss of a sacred space is not what is identified as an impacts, but the material details of landacquisition. Such ignoring of the misery in the identification of land acquisition as an impact provides a wayof ‘compensating’ the impact through measures such as physical rehabilitation or monetary compensation orthe reassembling of the ‘sacred site’ elsewhere.

The evaluation of impacts is also determined by how they are defined in the EIAs. Negative impacts of projectsare made to appear local, specific and short term, whereas benefits are described as national or regional, generaland long term. For eg: a hydropower project will affect ‘x’ number of people in the vicinity for the projectfor the period of construction, but it will generate not just specific amounts of power but profits and manydevelopment benefits for the state and the nation for over several decades. When formulated in this manner,the benefits accruing from the project always outweigh the costs. This is a systematic manner by which impactsare underestimated often leading to them being called ‘collateral damage’. Together with the identification ofcompensation measures to reduce the impacts further, all projects are (or can be) declared ‘viable’.

In effect, the EIA process performs two functions:

● Helps to declare projects viable and gain acceptance by underestimating their impacts.

● Attempts to arrive at mitigation measures for those impacts as defined by the EIA.

By failing to differentiate high impact projects from others, the entire burden of environmental protection istransferred to the post clearance stage of the EIA process.

The EIA process for each project also includes a public hearing that is supposedly to obtain the views of thepublic regarding the project and its impacts. The public that is to be heard at these events are those who livein an area and who understand the landscape that they occupy simply by having been there, having observedand interacted with it. Their understanding of the effects of manipulating the environment is very differentfrom those of the expert scientist or technocrat. For eg: floods, that are viewed by experts as a problem thatneeds to be prevented by hydraulic structures on river courses are viewed as necessary by the communitiesthat depend of fish stocking of wetlands that occurs only during floods. Since floods have already been identified


as a problem, its prevention is to be undertaken at all costs. So flood mitigation projects are designed andimplemented, despite their social and environmental costs, irrespective of what the ‘public’ has to say. Thepotential benefits of a democratic practice such as public hearing are lost to the decision-making because theinputs and deliberations of the hearings are viewed within the assumptions and the preset framework of theEIA. The views that stand in opposition to these assumptions are left out of the decision-making process.

The objections to projects at public hearings resonate with the lived experience of what centralised governancehas done to them. Several past projects executed by Central and State Governments, ministries and departments,have not delivered what they promised – be it drinking water, education, public transport, etc. Instead, theimplementation of projects may have shrunk or made inaccessible the available common resource areas suchas forests and pastures, destroyed ground and surface water sources and rendered communities landless andwithout livelihoods. The impacts that play out after projects are granted clearance are not recorded by thegovernment, but by affected people. Their opposition to new projects is firmly located in their awareness thatthese projects are implicated in larger political processes. But experts who design and appraise these projectsview them as inert objects that can be located in any space to produce a set of desired outcomes. For eg; Ahydel project located in any place is assumed to produce ‘x’ megawatts of electricity in ‘y’ years irrespectiveof the location’s socio-political peculiarities. The deductions on the total power output of the project are madeusing formulae that consider only the physical parameters such as water flow, sedimentation etc. Mitigationmeasures are treated in the same way by experts that recommend them. Plans and schemes for afforestation,catchment area management, ground water recharging etc. are generic recommendations irrespective of thesocial, cultural, demographic and political peculiarities of the area where these are to be undertaken.

Non compliance - a symptom of theEIA failure

The problems that we have highlighted in this reporthave their origin in the view of projects as readymadeartefacts that can be placed in any location toproduce a foreseeable and desired set of results. Theimpacts of these ‘project-objects’ are evaluatedthrough an EIA process that favours a certainimagination of development – that is of beingindustrial and urban.

Over 6000 projects that have been granted clearanceby the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF),year after year, since 1986 using this EIA process1.The appraisal of these projects under the EIA processhas resulted in the grant of condition basedclearances2. The fifteen years of existence of thelegal framework for the EIA process has seen

1 The process of public hearing was formally incorporated into the legal framework for EIA only in 1997.2 A very small number of projects have been rejected clearance. These are also not rejected in toto. They may have been allowed to reapply for

clearance.


umpteen protests, thousands of critiques and several cases reaching courts. Contestation over the assessmentand evaluation of impacts has resulted in the EIA process being constantly negotiated and redesigned. It hasbeen amended thirteen times in twelve years. The fourteenth amendment, taken up in response to the needto reduce the ‘bottlenecks’ faced by potential investments, led to a massive re-engineering in favour of speedingup clearances took place September 2006. And as we write this report, the latest amendment of 19th January2009 is pending. One of the proposals in the amendment is to allow for projects to expand on the basis ofa self certification that such expansion will not increase or enhance pollution loads or environmental impacts.

The vexed problems of compliance and monitoring are symptomatic of the fallacies that are inherent in theassumptions and the design of the EIA process. To see the problems of compliance as independent of the EIAprocess and attempts to plug the problem of non- compliance without reviewing the entire EIA process wouldamount to treating the symptom rather than the illness.

Kalpavriksh is a 30-year old NGO that works on environmental awareness, campaigns, litigation, research, and other areas. Kalpavriksh believes that a country can develop meaningfully only when ecological sustainability and social equity are guaranteed, and when a sense of respect for nature and fellow humans is achieved. To this end, its activities are directed to ensuring conservation of biological diversity, livelihood security, empowerment of local communities (especially through community-based conservation and management of natural resources), challenging the current destructive path of 'development', and reviving a sense of oneness with nature.

Over the years, KV's work has included research and advocacy on the environmental and social impacts of development projects and activities (for example dams and mining), and the environment decision-making processes for these. KV has worked with people's movements, NGOs, activists and communities on these issues.

For information on other publications, please visit the Kalpavriksh website www.kalpavriksh.org

This study takes a close look at the level of compliance achieved by projects

that are granted environment clearance by the Ministry of Environment and

Forests under the EIA notification. The findings based on the data collected

from the Ministry of Environment's own documentation and our field

investigations point to many areas that need immediate attention. Non-

compliance of clearance conditions has severe impacts on people and the

environment. In most cases, these are poor labourers and contract workers

on projects and local communities living around project sites, community

water sources, forest areas and farm lands.

This document presents the overall findings of the study and our framing of

the problem of non-compliance. The Data CD along with the document

contains the region-wise analysis of the six regional offices as well as the

five projects for which we conducted on-site investigations.

Closing the enforCement gap

Closing the enforCement gapthis document is the culmination of a year-long exercise of a community-led process for ground truthing the violations of environmental conditions laid out in the Coastal regulation Zone approval for a large infrastructure, coal handling and port facility in the mundra region of Kutch district in the western indian state of gujarat. it presents compelling data on the nature of the violations, many of which were anticipated when local community members objected to the Waterfront Development project (WfDp) of the adani group in the region. these anticipated impacts were presented to the regulatory bodies prior to the approval as well as in the appellate court soon after where the permission granted to the project was challenged.

this document lays out the evidence of non-compliance by the project and its effects on the environment and the people. the process followed by the community members to document data on impacts and present it as legally permissible evidence is unique. it includes the setting up of the mundra hitrakshak manch (forum for the protection of rights in mundra), which will now work towards obtaining government action on non-compliance by the project as well as undertake other such studies to record evidence of violations by other projects in the region.

finDings of a Community-leD grounD truthing of environmental violations in munDra, KutCh

mundra hitrakshak manch (forum for the protection of rights in mundra) machimar adhikar sangharsh sangathan (mass) ujjas mahila sangathannamati-Centre for policy research environment Justice program

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Mundra Hit Rakshak Manch (Forum for Protection of Rights in Mundra) is an informal collective of villagers impacted by large-scale land use change due to extensive industrial expansion in the Mundra region. These persons and organisations have been regularly raising concerns about the social and environmental impacts of these projects through memorandums, direct confrontations, street actions as well as courts. The forum was organically formed in June 2012 during discussions related to the findings of the community-led ground-truthing exercise.

Citation: Mundra Hitrakshak Manch et al. 2013. “Closing the Enforcement Gap: Findings of a Community-led Ground Truthing of Environmental Violations in Mundra, Kutch.”

Design and Layout: Nia Murphy & Selvan ThandapaniEditing: Shweta VachaniPublished by: Namati-CPR Environment Justice Program, New DelhiPrinted at:

For further details please contact: Bharat Patel ([email protected]) Kanchi Kohli ([email protected])

Note: A draft of these community-led research findings was submitted with key evidence to a special committee set up by the Ministry of Environment and Forests on 14 September 2012 to look into the violations by M/s Adani in Mundra, Kutch, Gujarat. The document was signed by the core group members and sent twice to the MoEF and the committee – in October 2012 and February 2013.

executive summary

Background to the region and the issueenvironment and crZ clearance for the WFdP Project

aBout the community-Led research Judgement oF the nationaL environment aPPeLLate authority moeF rePort: site insPection and noting vioLations monitoring and compliance of clearance conditions initiation oF the ground-truthing Process

Findings oF the community-Led ground truthing

the organisations invoLved annexures

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specific condition no. (i)No existiNg maNgroves shall be destroyed duriNg coNstructioN/operatioN of the project.

specific condition no. (ii)there shall be No filliNg up of the creek aNd reclamatioN of the creeks.

specific condition no. (viii)it shall be eNsured that duriNg coNstructioN aNd post coNstructioN of the proposed jetty the movemeNt of the fishermeN’s vessels of the local commuNities, are Not iNterfered with.

general condition no. (v)the saNd-duNes, corals aNd maNgroves if aNy, oN the site shall Not be disturbed iN aNy way.

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executive summary

the mundra region of kutch district of gujarat has for the last decade and a half seen increased industrial expansion. a range of multi-utility ports, coal handling facilities and thermal power plants have been granted approval under various environment regulations, with allegedly inadequate and incomplete assessments. a prominent feature of the mundra coast is the vast intertidal zone comprising a network of creeks, estuaries and mudflats. this zone is unique and very important because fishermen use these natural creeks to land their boats to keep them safe from strong winds and currents. the creeks also form a natural drainage system which, if disturbed, can lead to flooding during monsoons.

one of the largest industrial and infrastructure projects in the mundra region is the waterfront development project (WFdP) by m/s mundra Port and seZ Limited (mPseZL) (now known as adani Port and seZ Ltd [aPseZL]). the ministry of environment and Forests (moeF) under the environmental impact assessment (eia) and the coastal regulation Zone (crZ) notifications issued clearance for the project on 12 January 2009. according to the eia notification, activities such as mining, power generation, construction of roads/highways and the setting up of various kinds of industrial projects need to be preceded by a process of assessing potential environmental impacts and conducting a public hearing before permission can be granted to begin construction. these permissions also need to be compliant with the crZ notification, which restricts the nature of activities in a specifically defined zone.

With every permission, the moeF and its thematic expert committee put forth a set of conditions that needs to be met during the construction and/or execution of the projects. the environmental clearance for the WFdP was issued alongside 17 specific and 14 general mandatory conditions as set forth by law.

Previous regional, national and international studies have highlighted that enforcement and compliance continue to be challenging aspects of regulation. With this background in mind, discussions among members of the affected community and others – Panchayat representatives from the area, local activists, researchers, representatives of machimar adhikar sangharsh sangthan (mass), ujjas mahila sangathan, setu and namati-centre for Policy research environment Justice Program – took place to explore the possibilities of carrying out a community-led assessment to ascertain the extent of non-compliance and its impacts, and especially to understand its relevance in coastal areas. the idea was to initiate a ground-truthing exercise to assess the implications of non-compliance towards achieving a few specific legal empowerment goals:

1. a greater understanding in the affected community about environment regulatory processes related to eia and crZ notifications.

2. initiating a community-led exercise to correlate social and environmental impacts and create legally permissible evidence related to non-compliance of conditions laid in the environment crZ clearance letters.

3. organising community responses and follow-ups to the findings with the help of local, state, national and global supporters. Planning subsequent steps—seeking governmental intervention, corporate accountability and media response.

4. drawing lessons from this exercise for its replicability at other sites and for possible preparation of tools for similar legal empowerment actions.

the four conditions that were identified as part of the community-led ground truthing of violations are:

• Specific Condition No. (i): No existing mangroves shall be destroyed during construction/operation of the project.

• Specific Condition No. (ii): There shall be no filling up of the creek and reclamation of the creeks.

• Specific Condition No. (viii): It shall be ensured that during construction and post construction of the proposed jetty the movement of the fishermen’s vessels of the local communities, are not interfered with.

• General Condition No. (v): The sand-dunes, corals and mangroves if any, on the site shall not be disturbed in any way.

as part of the research and discussions, and as a background to this exercise it was revealed that:

1. many of the concerns and compliance related issues being addressed as part of the community-led research were also along with the issue construction activity prior to receiving clearance; were challenged by multiple petitioners in a case filed before the national environment appellate authority (neaa) in new delhi. the petitioners included representatives of fishing communities affected by the WFdP project. the eia report underplayed the existence of the mangroves and the loss that would occur if the project were to go ahead.

2. Following complaints made by the affected people and the fisher-people’s union in the area, the moeF carried out a site inspection in the mundra region and specifically looked at the violations of the WFdP project. Based on this, the moeF issued a show-cause notice seeking explanation from mPseZL (aPseZL) as to why their approval should not be revoked with respect to the aforementioned violations. yet, the project carried on.

3. there was only one copy of the mandatory 6 monthly monitoring and compliance reports of the WFdP project, available when sought under right to information. this was for the January to June 2011. here mPseZL had stated that they were ‘complying’ with all four conditions related to the destruction of mangroves, the filling up of creeks, the destruction of sand dunes and the access of fishing vessels. no other monitoring or compliance reports were provided despite the rti application requesting for the same. this implies that either no monitoring or compliance reports existed before this period or the moeF’s regional office in Bhopal did not provided them through the rti.

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in the area has been severely undermined. as mentioned earlier, the eia report of the WFdP project concealed information about the impact on the fishing communities using the fishing habours in the area.

• In the course of several discussions among the affected villages it was revealed that before the construction of the West Port the area did not have any bunds and had, instead, sand dunes and creeks in the area between kotdi creek 1 and kotdi creek 2. the bunding activity undertaken in the region without permission led to the destruction of several sand dunes and creeks

• Due to the construction of the WFDP project the sand dunes in the area adjoining the Bharadi mata hill, which is in the project area, have been completely destroyed.

the organisations involved in this community-led research are:

1. mundra hit rakshak manch (Forum For Protection oF rights in mundra) is an informal collective of villagers impacted by large-scale land use change due to extensive industrial expansion in the mundra region. these persons and organisations have been regularly raising concerns about the social and environmental impacts of these projects through memorandums, direct confrontations, street actions as well as courts. the forum was organically formed in June 2012 during discussions related to the findings of the community-led ground-truthing exercise.

2. machimar adhikar sangharsh sangathan (mass) kutch is a trade union of the fishing community in kutch district, gujarat. mass is also associated with the national Fishworkers’ Forum (nFF), a national-level collective of fisherfolk and support organisations. kheti vikas seva trust is a grassroots group based in the mundra region which has been highlighting concerns related to the impacts of indiscriminate industrialisation on farming and fishing communities in kutch district. they are currently involved in several public interest litigations on these issues in the gujarat high court.

3. uJJas mahiLa sangathan is a women’s collective working on several advocacy issues with women at the core of their efforts and actions. in recent times they have also looked at issues of women and industrialisation in the kutch region.

4. setu in Bhadreshwar is an initiative of the kutch navnirman abhiyan that works especially to strengthen local governance in the rural and least-developed areas of the kutch district. the 18 setus help communities and local governments realise their development needs.

5. namati-cPr environmentaL Justice Program is the india chapter of namati-innovations for Legal empowerment. in partnership with the centre for Policy research (cPr), new delhi, namati’s india work concentrates on environment justice issues.

in February 2012, the community-led ground-truthing exercise was initiated with a meeting of villagers from Zarpara, shekhadia and Bhadreshwar villages and several of the fishing harbours accessed by them. respresentatives from the horitculture and grazing communities also participated as they had already been active in raising concerns regarding the running of the WFdP project and other operations of the adani group including through litigation in the gujarat high court. the purpose of this meeting was to:

1. understand the conditions listed in the crZ and environmental clearances granted to the WFdP project and the process by which this happened.

2. discuss the possibilities of a community-led evidence gathering process which would be carried out by representatives of the villages affected by the project along with members of mass, ujjas and setu who would act as resource people in understanding the law and the implications of the violations.

3. identify a list of conditions which could be verified and investigated through a community-driven process with technical assistance related to mapping and legal clauses provided by other organisations involved.

4. ascertain the extent of evidence already available among the community and the paralegal work that had already been done by organisations like mass, ujjas and setu.

in the meeting that took place on 17 June 2012, many other villages affected by the WFdP project gathered to discuss the impacts and violations. While many villages were fighting their solitary causes of grazing, fishing or farmlands, during this meeting they organically decided to come together to form the mundra hit rakshak manch (Forum for the Protection of rights in mundra). this was a congregation of village representatives and local ngo community organisers. members of this forum have contributed extensively to evidence gathering, discussions on coming up with subsequent steps to the ground-truthing exercise and larger conceptual debates around impacts of industrialisation in the region.

some of the findings of the process, which have also been submitted to a committee headed by sunita narain constituted by the moeF in september 2012 (which was set up midway during this exercise), reiterated:

• The impact of the WFDP has largely been on the creeks in two regions: Bharadi mata and kotdi. these areas also had an extensive growth of mangroves which too were destroyed alongside the creeks. it was highlighted that the overall the overall changes in this eco-fragile landscape and destruction of mangroves has also affected the main and supporting creek systems of the area.

• The construction of the different components of the Adani Group’s WFDP project has severely impacted the movement of fishermen to their existing fishing commons. While specific condition no. (viii) is limited to the movement of the fishermen’s vessels, it is important to link it to the fact that ever since the project was proposed, the existence of pagadiya fishing

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Background to the region and the issue

January 2009

environment and crZ clearance for the WFdP Project

the ministry of environment and Forests (moeF) had—under the environmental impact assessment (eia) and the coastal regulation Zone (crZ) notification—issued clearance for the proposed waterfront development project (WFdP) at mundra, district kutch, to m/s mundra Port and seZ Limited (mPseZL) vide letter no.10 –47/2008–1a–iii dated 12 January 2009. an addendum to this was issued vide letter no.10–47/2008–1a–iii, dated 19 January 2009. according to the moeF’s own documents, this clearance was issued based on the recommendations made by the gujarat state coastal Zone management authority/gujarat environment department vide letter no.env10/2008/843 – P, dated 13 april 2008, and was for foreshore facilities and other permissible activities on the northern, western, southern and eastern ports.

this approval was granted as per the mandatory requirements of the eia notification, 2006 (earlier 1994), issued under the environment Protection act, 1986, according to which activities such as mining, power generation, construction of roads/highways and the setting up of various kinds of industrial projects need to be preceded by a process of assessing potential environmental impacts and conducting a public hearing before permission can be granted to begin construction. it is only after this—and the appraisal of project documents by a thematic expert committee—that a project is granted environmental clearance. [note: the mPseZ is now known as adani Port and seZ Ltd]

With every permission, the moeF and its thematic expert committee put forth a set of conditions that needs to be met during the construction and/or execution of the projects. these conditions range from general ones of following standards and stipulations prescribed by environment laws, to more specific ones based on the nature of the project and the region where it is likely to be set up. For instance, clearance conditions for hydroelectric projects stipulate that extra care be taken while dumping debris generated during construction and controlled blasting. in the case of industrial projects, the conditions necessitate the establishment of effluent treatment plants and the continuous monitoring of various parameters such as air, noise and water pollution levels.

Companies don’t talk to people. They are not ready to listen to us...Many locals think they will get jobs in these companies, but they don’t. Companies make false promises.~ Husain Kara, Core group member, Fisherman, Bhadreshwar village

There is not enough grazing land for cattle. They used to drink water at the dam, but now the water is dirty... Rich are getting richer, poor are getting poorer and the rich are buying most of the available water... All the water in Kutch is going to companies, not villages.~ Javjiba Jadeja, Core group member, Founding member of Ujjas, Baraya village

Mangroves should be planted again. On paper, the number of mangroves that have been cut are about two crore. But in reality the number is much higher.~ Deval Gandhi, Core group member, Ujjas member, Shekhadia village

adani thermal power plant, mundra

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one of the general conditions states that ‘the ministry reserves the right to revoke this clearance, if any of the conditions stipulated are not complied with to the satisfaction of the ministry.’ [general condition no. (x)]

a prominent feature of the mundra coast, where the WFdP project is located, is the vast intertidal zone comprising a network of creeks, estuaries and mudflats. this zone is unique and very important because fishermen use these natural creeks to land their boats to keep them safe from strong winds and currents. the creeks also form a natural drainage system which, if disturbed, can lead to flooding during monsoons.

the marine fishing settlements are transient villages, which are inhabited by the fishing communities for 8–10 months in a year. these villages are set up on sand dunes or mudflats known as ‘bandars’. after the fishing season the communities return to their formal villages, often situated at a reasonable distance from the transient villages. typically, all the fishing households from a village migrate and stay together in a particular coastal settlement. more than 1,000 families in the coastal area in mundra are involved in fishing. they fish on small boats and on feet. Besides fishing in high seas, about 229 people are involved in direct vendoring, 73 in net making and repairing, and over 5,000 women in processing the fish (source: Fishmarc and kutch nav nirman abhiyan, 2010).1

the crZ cum environmental clearance for the WFdP was issued alongside 17 specific and 14 general mandatory conditions as set forth by law.

the four conditions that were identified as part of the community-led ground truthing of violations (more on this processs on page 12) are:

specific condition no. (i) No existiNg maNgroves shall be destroyed duriNg coNstructioN/operatioN of the project.

specific condition no. (ii) there shall be No filliNg up of the creek aNd reclamatioN of the creeks.

specific condition no. (viii) it shall be eNsured that duriNg coNstructioN aNd post coNstructioN of the proposed jetty the movemeNt of the fishermeN’s vessels of the local commuNities, are Not iNterfered with.

general condition no. (v) the saNd-duNes, corals aNd maNgroves if aNy, oN the site shall Not be disturbed iN aNy way.

Lots of changes have occurred. People earn money by selling farmland to the companies, as a result of which farmlands are being destroyed... Mangroves have been destroyed. Temperatures have been rising since the companies came here.~ Deval Gandhi, Core group member, Ujjas member, Shekhadia village

Photo courtesy: machimar adhikar sangharsh sangathan

1 Fishmarc and kutch nav nirman abhiyan. 2010. “kutch—People, environment & Livelihoods”. draft report for discussion during workshop held in kutch.

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Previous regional, national and international studies have highlighted that enforcement and compliance continue to be challenging aspects of regulation. during talks among members of the affected community, Panchayat representatives from the area, local activists, researchers, representatives of machimar adhikar sangharsh sangthan (mass), ujjas mahila sangathan, setu, and namati-centre for Policy research environment Justice Program, the possibilities of carrying out a community-led assessment to ascertain the extent of non-compliance and its impacts was discussed. the idea was to initiate a ground-truthing exercise to assess the implications of non-compliance towards achieving a few specific legal empowerment goals:

• a greater understanding in the community about environment regulatory processes of environmental clearance and crZ as well as the process of conditional clearances.

• a first step towards a community-led exercise to correlate real-time social and environmental impacts with the non-compliance of legal and mandatory conditions laid out during approvals. addressing the illegality of the act of pollution, degradation and other similar impacts.

• organising community responses and follow-ups to the findings with the help of local, state, national and global supporters. Planning subsequent steps—seeking governmental intervention, corporate accountability and media response.

• drawing lessons from this exercise for its replicability at other sites and for possible preparation of tools for similar legal empowerment actions.

The road connecting Tunda and Vandh that goes from between the Adani and Tata power plants has been shut and another road has been built. But that goes around both the factories and is too long. Only people with personal vehicles can use the original road. We want that road to be reopened to us.~ Romat Alimamad, Core group member, Tunda (Vandh)

discussions around impacts of the project: increase in salinity, reduction in fish production and increased vulnerabilities for women.

aBout the community-Led research

For the last decade and a half, there has been increased industrial expansion in the mundra region. a range of multi-utility ports, coal handling facilities and thermal power plants have been granted approval under various environment regulations and with allegedly inadequate and incomplete assessments. two of these regulations are related to the eia notification (environmental clearance) and the crZ notification (crZ clearance). as mentioned earlier, each clearance is accompanied by several conditions that the project authority must meet to minimise social and environmental damage that may occur before, during and after the construction of an industrial or infrastructure facility. the project authority is also supposed to take on board issues raised by the local community and concerned citizens during public consultations.

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fishermen—who had till now been earning crores of rupees per annum from fishing and who did not have any other occupation—would become jobless.

the audiovisual evidence that was submitted showed that 60 per cent of the construction had already been carried out before the project received environmental clearance, thereby impacting the Bharadi mata and kotdi creeks. affected people had also raised this issue as part of the mandatory public hearing on the project as per the eia notification, 2006.

on 20 July 2009, the neaa gave its judgement on the case. certain observations are crucial with respect to the compliance of the environmental clearance conditions set out for the project. the neaa judgement referred to several assurances made by the project authorities, that is, mPseZL, that they would not destroy mangroves or fill creeks and also not impact the livelihoods of the fisherfolk. it also reiterated the conditions of the environmental clearance letter and stated that the statutory requirement of the eia notification as a means of compliance to these conditons would ensure that impacts are contained and apprehensions responded to.

the judgement concluded:

In light of the apprehension raised by the Appellants over the possible hindrance by the project activities over fishing activities of local fisherman, Respondent–3 (MPSEZL) is directed to ensure that any proposed activities of WFDP do not hinder safe access of fisherman to the sea through the traditional access including their use of bandars. (annexure 2)

Further, if

Appellants are aggrieved that the Respondent – 6 has destroyed any part of mangroves and he is carrying out illegal construction activities prior to statutory clearances, they are at liberty to approach the concerned statutory authorities for necessary relief.

JuLy 2009

Judgement oF the nationaL environment aPPeLLate authority

the concerns related to the social and ecological impacts of the WFdP and the construction activity prior to receiving clearance were challenged by multiple petitioners in a case filed before the national environment appellate authority (neaa) soon after clearance was granted. the petitioners included representatives of fishing communities affected by the WFdP project—manjalia amad iliyas ishak of Luni village, gadh amina Ben harun of vandi village (tuna), manjalia amina Ben ibrahim of Bhadreshwar village, Jam Jennat Ben ramju and chamadiya talab osman ishak of shekhadia village—and manshi asher, a researcher and activist working in the region.

the application to the neaa questioned several discrepancies in the draft eia report submitted by the project proponents which were completely ignored by the expert committee of the moeF. it highlighted that the eia report had presented the land of the WFdP project as ‘non-agricultural, waste, barren or weed infested’, and the intertidal mudflats, mangroves and sand dune areas as wasteland or fallow land.

With respect to mangroves, the eia report underplayed both their existence and the loss that would occur if the project were to go ahead. in section 4.3.5 of the report, it was mentioned that ‘the core impact area although has mangroves in the neighbourhood, the activities of project domain do not disturb those areas or species in these areas.’ however, based on the project area mentioned in the eia report, the neaa appeal clearly outlined that the impact zone encompassed 4.42 km2 of dense mangroves and another 9.30 km2 of sparse mangroves. it stressed that the loss of nearly 14 km2 of mangroves would inevitably result in substantial and adverse environmental impacts even if this area is a small portion of the overall impact zone. satellite imagery was also submitted to support this claim.

the appeal also brought out the gross underestimation of the social impact of the project and the complete neglect of the associated r&r issues. it underlined that along the 27 km long coastline of the WFdP, fishing activities would be obstructed and gradually become nil. this meant that 10,000

Many people have gone to court, but the companies ignore court orders. The companies are fined, but they can afford to pay the fines.~ Kiritsinh Jadeja, Core group member, Bhadreshwar village

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Based on this, the moeF issued a show-cause notice seeking explanation from mPseZL as to why their approval should not be revoked with respect to the aforementioned violations. (see annexure 1)

monitoring and compliance of clearance conditions

it is important to reiterate that the conditions laid out in crZ and environmental clearances have manifold implications depending on whether or not they are complied with. in fact, they are considered to be the mechanism through which environment and social impacts of an activity or process are minimised or mitigated. the expert committees and the moeF might even add additional stipulations in response to the issues raised by the local community and concerned citizens about potential environmental damage. non-adherence to one or more of these conditions means nothing less than a violation of the legal commitment made by project proponents to reduce the impacts of their project. moreover, it leaves communities struggling with the effects of pollution and degradation.

the monitoring of these projects is supposed to be carried out by the regional offices of the moeF where scientific officers have to bring out monitoring reports every six months. the project authority—which in this case is the mPseZL (aPseZL)—also needs to submit compliance reports to the moeF’s regional office in Bhopal every six months.

in response to a right to information application, dated 11 september 2012, seeking copies of the monitoring and compliance reports of the WFdP project, one compliance report was received for the period January to June 2011. here mPseZL (aPseZL) had stated that they were ‘complying’ with all four conditions related to the destruction of mangroves, the filling up of creeks, the destruction of sand dunes and the access of fishing vessels. a copy of the aforementioned show-cause notice was also provided.

no other monitoring or compliance reports were provided despite the rti application requesting for the same. this implies that either no monitoring or compliance reports existed before this period or the moeF’s regional office in Bhopal did not provided them through the rti.

If we want any documents, we get them after a long time due to the RTI laws... We have filed RTIs, but there are people who take bribes and don’t release information.~ Kiritsinh Jadeja, Core group member, Bhadreshwar village

decemBer 2010

moeF rePort: site insPection and noting vioLations

Following complaints made by the affected people and the fisher-people’s union in the area, the moeF carried out a site inspection in the mundra region and specifically looked at the violations of the WFdP project. the site inspection report referred to two conditions (mentioned earlier in this report) regarding mangroves and creeks. Besides making other observations, it stated:

• Large scale reclamation using dredged material is being carried out on mangrove area behind the West and North port site.

• A dredging disposal pipeline has been laid in the inter tidal area carrying the dredged material to the landward side of the port to reclaim the land area on the West and North port side. This pipeline has been obstructing the tidal flow due to which the mangroves stretch on the western and northern port side have been affected and at several places they have dried up.

• At several places there has been large scale destruction of mangrove area specially at the northern port side abutting the dredging pipeline.

• The creeks systems and the natural flow of seawater is being obstructed by reclamation along the creeks. At some stretches destruction of mangroves has been observed.

• Hospital ‘Sterling’ has been constructed within 20 metres from the same creek which attracts the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991.

We have to make them understand the importance of what they have lost and what might be lost in the future. Also, why there is a need for a collective fight for the sake of the future generations. Otherwise they will curse the older generation that we did not stop the destruction when we could. That we did not even try.~ Mundra Hit Rakshak Manch, Meeting 17 June 2012

destruction of mangroves due to dredging activity in the West Port as part of the WFdP project

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meeting to discuss the ground-truthing process, February 2012

January 2012

initiation oF the ground-truthing Process

in February 2012, the community-led ground-truthing exercise was initiated with a meeting of villagers from Zarpara, shekhadia and Bhadreshwar villages and several of the fishing harbours accessed by them. respresentatives from the horitculture and grazing communities also participated as they had already been active in raising concerns regarding the running of the WFdP project and other operations of the adani group including through litigation in the high court. the purpose of this meeting was to:

• understand the conditions listed in the crZ and environmental clearances granted to the WFdP project and the process by which this happened.

• discuss the possibilities of a community-led evidence gathering process which would be carried out by representatives of the villages affected by the project along with members of mass, ujjas and setu who would act as resource people in understanding the law and the implications of the violations.

• identify a list of conditions which could be verified and investigated through a community-driven process with technical assistance related to mapping and legal clauses provided by other organisations involved.

• ascertain the extent of evidence already available among the community and the paralegal work that had already been done by organisations like mass, ujjas and setu.

in the first meeting on 27 February 2012, the clearance letter was translated into gujarati and shared with the participants. all the conditions were reviewed and four conditions were identified for the ground-truthing exercise, as one for which the community representatives could collect evidence. during this meeting a steering committee was chosen to manage the evidence gathering and coordination exercise. the members of the committee were: kiritsinh Jadeja, Bhadreshwar village; naranbhai ghadvi, Zarpara village; husain saleh muhd. usman Bhai kara, Bhadreshwar village; devalben malji ghadvi, shekhadia village; Javjiba rangoba Jadeja, Baraya village; and romatben kumbhar, tunda village. members of ujjas, mass and setu were chosen to act as technical assistants to this committee.

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Left: satellite image of the Bharadi mata creek. violation areas marked during the ground-truthing process

Below: Bharat Patel explains the changes in the landscape in the WFdP area using satellite imagery

Following this, other meetings took place on 11 march 2012, 4 april 2012, 17 June 2012 and 10 october 2012. during this time, gathering of evidence—photographs, right to information data, local testimonies, existing petitions, memorandums, letters, etc. —continued. in addition, efforts were made to represent land use changes through the google maps exercise. the idea was to corroborate the changes visible in and around the project site with imagery available through google earth. the final findings of this report reflect this interface.

in the meeting that took place on 17 June 2012, many other villages affected by the WFdP project gathered to discuss the impacts and violations. While many villages were fighting their solitary causes of grazing, fishing or farmlands, during this meeting they organically decided to come together to form the mundra hit rakshak manch (Forum for the Protection of rights in mundra). this was a congregation of village representatives and local ngo community organisers. members of this forum have contributed extensively to evidence gathering, to discussions on coming up with subsequent steps to the ground-truthing exercise and to larger conceptual debates around impacts of industrialisation in the region. there were indepth discussions around what the group would be looking to do with the information gathered and put together and what are the ultimate outcomes are being envisioned once violations are recorded. Would the group be looking at steps to restrain industrial expansion or work towards regulatory and restorative measures.

members of mass and namati helped with the writing and finalisation of this report which was subsequently shared with the members of the steering committee and the mundra hit rakshak manch in a meeting on 10 october 2012. Prior to this, the report was translated into gujarati and disseminated among the members in order to faciliate discussions during the meeting. the findings were collectively discussed, suitably modified and endorsed.

during the october 2012 meeting it was also discussed that the findings of this ground truthing exercise could be submitted to a committee set up by the ministry of environment and Forests on 14th september 2012 to look into the violations of the aPseZL in mundra. it was discussed that while this would be important to feed into an existing process, it would be important to continue to debate on what are the other next steps that the manch would like to take both with respect to the findings of this report as well as other issues in the mundra region.

Kiritsinh Jadeja highlighted that there are many fights against the companies in the region, but they are all spread out and not collective. This way energies are divided. He said: 'we have to draw lessons from our first historic fight for independence in 1857. If we want positive results, then we will have to come together on one platform and fight. We have to form a committee to look into all the activities and issues in the Mundra area.’ ~ Mundra Hit Rakshak Manch, Meeting 17 June 2012

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List of responsibilities, names of core group members and planning for the next meeting on ground truthing

... all present at the meeting would carry out a collective study by collecting data through various means and analysing it together. There was a discussion on what the current status of the project was and what were the kinds of conditions that could be monitored by the community representatives and organisers. What kind of documentation would be required to carry out such a ground-truthing process, which is led by community representatives with the help of other researchers and community organisers, was also discussed.~ Mundra Hit Rakshak Manch, Meeting 27 February 2012

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kiritsinh JadeJaBhadreshwar village

Bharat PateLBhadreshwar village

naran ghadviZarpara village

PaLu JivaraJBhai ghadvi shekhadia village

haJi ayuB osman maJaLia Bhadreshwar village

husain kara Bhadreshwar village

If there is no value today, then there will be value tomorrow... This is a small step we have taken. We hope Kutch and entire Gujarat wakes up.~ Kiritsinh Jadeja, Core group member, Bhadreshwar village

devaL gandvishekhadia village

JavJiBa JadeJa Baraya village

core members

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specific condition No. (i)No existiNg maNgroves shall be destroyed duriNg coNstructioN/operatioN of the project.

fiNdiNgs of the commuNity-led grouNd truthiNg

mangrove destruction in the project area

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destruction of mangroves by an excavator, 30 december 2006

according to the report of the integrated coastal and marine area management (icmam), department of ocean development, government of india, in may 2002:

The southern coast of Gulf of Kachchh is almost occupied with ecologically sensitive features like mangroves, corals and mudflats—some of which are potential for regeneration of mangroves. The ecology along southern coast is already under severe stress exerted through the major commercial projects already situated, hence the southern coast can not withstand any further stress from the future developments which are under proposal /sanctioning stage.

Looking at the mundra-kandla area within which the WFdP is located, the report said:

Another 38 km long stretch between Mundra and west of Kandla creek is occupied by rich intertidal mudflats of area around 115 km2. The eastern tip is characterised by a scattered mangrove area extending to 4.3 km2. Recently, Scientists discovered live corals near Mundra, the exact location and details of them are yet to be studied.

and, finally:

In order to protect the newly found coral beds of Mundra and also to minimise the effect of eddy off Mundra, it is suggested that controlled waste disposal activities be located atleast 10 km away from the coral beds. It is also suggested that the entrepreneurs who are permitted for this activity in this zone may be given the responsibility of afforestation of mudflats of this zone and innermost Gulf. This will help in reduction of sedimentation and safeguarding the newly discovered corals.

a gujarat Forest department report by h.s. singh, chief conservator of Forests, published in early 2007, talked

specific condition no. (i)no existing mangroves shaLL Be destroyed during construction/oPeration oF the ProJect.

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about ‘drastic losses of mangrove forest stem’ mainly from industrial activities, specifically in the gulf of kutch. ‘in certain areas like mundra and hazira, they disappeared overnight,’ singh stated. Quoted in this report, the mundra seZ area had 3,000 hectares of mangroves and much of these had already been cleared (kohli and samdariya, 2010).2

as mentioned earlier, activities under the WFdP project had been initiated even before the crZ cum environmental clearance was granted for this project. What this means, in effect, is that the mangrove destruction had already started much earlier and had continued even after approval was received along with specific condition no. (i). While the show-cause notice of the moeF already listed this as a violation, the evidence gathered through a community-led research and mapping exercise also pointed to the extent of the impact.

the Writ Petition (PiL) no. 12 of 2011 by the kheti vikas seva trust (through its office-bearers naran Bharu seda gadhvi, ram devdas kanani and Bharu ranshi sakhra, all residents of Zarpara village) pointed out that the adani group’s activity, as part of mPseZL’s WFdP, was severely destroying mangroves in and around Zarpara. on 12 July 2011, the gujarat high court also directed that:

6. During the pendency of the writ petitions, no developer or industry will cut any mangrove or any other forest, without prior permission of the Forest and Environment Department of the State….

successive submissions and rejoinders pertaining to this case highlighted that the destruction of mangroves had continued despite the warning by the high court. the mPseZL used ‘heavy machinery’ for the destruction of mangroves.

several newspapers, including the Hindu Business Line on 21 september 2011, reported that the gujarat high court had directed an enquiry into the alleged destruction of mangroves by the adani group in mundra. this was while hearing a petition moved by the kheti vikas seva trust of mundra seeking contempt of court proceedings against the adani group—mPseZL as well as adani Power Limited (aPL). the high court then ordered the constitution of a special team, which would visit the coastal areas near mundra in kutch district to find out whether the adani group was involved in the destruction of mangroves in violation of the directions by the court.

destruction of mangroves by an excavator, 16 september 2012

destruction of the mangroves due to the WFdP project

2 kohli, k. and samdariya, v. 2010. “ripping off the mundra coast! environment and Forest clearance violations in mundra Port and special economic Zone Ltd.’s Projects”. kalpavriksh, new delhi.

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north Port plan as per the eia (with the relevant area marked in yellow)

the red area in the years 2000 and 2005 represents a rich mangrove cover in the 250 ha area mapped.

in 2008 and 2011, this area started to be built over and then completely destroyed.

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2000

2008

2011

according to naran ghadvi, the petitioner in the case and a member of the community-led ground truthing of violations, the destruction of mangroves had been continuing since august 2012. this was also confirmed by the members of mass and the community representatives residing around the WFdP project area.

the construction of the north Port started in 2007 without environmental clearance in the area south-west of the indian oil corporation depot and near the proposed north Port. Before this construction started, a system of creeks branching out of the Bocha creek existed with an extensive mangrove cover. around 200 ha of mangroves were indiscriminately destroyed during the north Port construction.

an article in Tehelka magazine, ‘vibrant gujarat? your coast is not clear, mr adani’, dated 26 February 2011, stated that farmers from Zarpara village displayed photographs of the reserved mangrove forests which were indiscriminately cut by the adani group in January 2011. this area which is part of the WFdP project is located at 22°46’5.90’n 69°40’9.24’e.

Bharadi mata creek and the adjacent area, 15 november 2000

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specific condition No. (ii)

there shall be No filliNg up of the creek aNd reclamatioN of the creeks.

satellite image taken in 2008 showing the impact on the Bharadi mata creek and its adjacent area.

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the impact of the WFdP has largely been on the creeks in two regions: Bharadi mata and kotdi. these areas also had an extensive growth of mangroves which too were destroyed alongside the creeks. While area-wise description of the violations and impacts is detailed later in the section, presented here are the overall changes in this eco-fragile landscape that have affected the main and supporting creek systems.

impact on creeks in the Bharadi mata area (2000–2011)

there are no recent photographs of this area as entry into the area is prohibited by the project authorities. however, the satellite maps reveal the gradual change in land use in the area where the creeks have been bunded and mangroves cut down. a huge change is visible between 2008 and 2011, which is the crucial time period when the WFdP project was under construction.

the specific areas indicated with squares and circles in the maps have been further described in this section. the colour red represents mangroves, white represents salt pans, blue is for water (including the sea and the various creeks), and the shades of brown are for the landmass in the intertidal area.

specific condition no. (ii)there shaLL Be no FiLLing uP oF the creek and recLamation oF the creeks.

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impact on creeks in the kotdi area (2000–2011)

since entry into the area is prohibited by the project authorities, there are no recent photographs of this area either. creeks in the area have suffered the same fate as those in the Bharadi mata area. in both cases, the imagery in 2011 clearly indicates the disappearance of creeks and mangroves as well as the salt pans that were interspersed in this ecosystem.

the indicators used here are the same as for the maps on the previous page: red for mangroves, white for saltpans, blue for water and brown for the landmass in the intertidal area. the imagery also indicates the areas where massive dredging has taken place towards the seaward side for the construction of the West Port.

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Photo of area no. 2, 26 January 2009

kotdi creek emerging from land

original course of the kotdi creek

new course of the kotdi creek after blocking by road

area no. 2Mouth of the Kotdi Creek 1 220 46.374’ N 690 33.553’ E

vioLation: creek blocked by road. Before the West Port construction started, kotdi creek used to run eastwards for nearly 500m before entering the sea (the 2000 and 2005 images reveal this). Post 2008, the mouth of the creek was blocked by an approach road to the West Port. the surrounding area is being completely reclaimed by bunding and dredged material.

south Port plan as per the eia

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2000

2008

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area no. 1 Mouth of the Bharadi Mata Creek Area west of the existing Adani port 22°45’6.66’N; 69°40’11.05’E

vioLation: the course of the Bharadi mata creek was modified by bunding due to the construction on the south Port, which started without environmental clearance. Prior to the construction, Bharadi mata creek used to flow eastwards for a few kilometres before entering the sea. the construction work still continues in this ecologically sensitive zone.

Bharadi mata creek and the adjacent area, 15 november 2000 kotdi creek area, 15 november 2000

there are no recent photographs of this area as entry into the area is prohibited by the project authorities.


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area no. 3a Location: 22°48’19.95”N 69°33’55.33”E South of the Adani power plant vioLation: creek blocked by bund.

area no. 3BLocation: 22°48’44.42”N , 69°34’8.77”ESouth of the Adani power plantvioLation: creek blocked by bund.

Before the West Port construction started, a small branch of the kotdi creek existed in this area.


due to the construction of a bund for the West Port, the creek has been blocked.


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area no. 3South of the Adani power plantvioLation: Bunding without permission. Before West Port construction started, the area didn’t have any bunds. during the construction, a bund was built across the kotdi creek area leading to several creeks getting blocked. construction of this bund has not been permitted. a letter from the moeF states:

The area shall be demarcated on ground by erecting 4 feet high RCC pillars with forward and backward bearing and distance from pillar to pillar. (see annexure 4, paragraph 6)

the letter from the central empowered committee (cec) states:

...the diversion of forest land in a phased manner as a part of expansion of Mundra Port and Special Economic Zone Limited may be rejected. (see annexure 3, last paragraph)

kotdi creek area, 15 november 2000

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area no. 4aLocation: 22°47’49.16”N , 69°34’41.81”EArea between Kotdi Creek 1 and Kotdi Creek 2vioLation: creek blocked by bund.

area no. 4BLocation: 22°46’39.97”N, 69°35’19.88”EArea between Kotdi Creek 1 and Kotdi Creek 2vioLation: creek blocked by bund.





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area no. 4 Area between Kotdi Creek 1 and Kotdi Creek 2vioLation: Bunding without permission. Before the West Port construction started, the area didn’t have any bund. during the construction, a bund was built across the kotdi creek area leading to several creeks getting blocked.

Photos of the bund, 26 January 2009



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area no. 5a Location: 22°48’17.33”N , 69°37’33.06”ERoad and railway track leading from the Adani power plant to the Adani port near Mundra vioLation: creek blocked by road.



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approach road near the Bharadi mata hill over forest land, 2009

area no. 5Road from the Adani power plant to the Adani port near MundravioLation: the road constructed by the mPseZL, leading from the adani power plant to the West Port, has led to several creeks being blocked. Before the WFdP started contructing here, several branches of the Bharadi mata creek existed in this area.



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area no. 5dLocation: 22°47’47.60”N, 69°39’53.01”ERoad and railway track leading from the Adani power plant to the Adani port near Mundra vioLation: creek blocked by road.

area no. 5eLocation: 22°47’49.10”N, 69°40’10.96”ERoad and railway track leading from the Adani power plant to the Adani port near Mundra vioLation: creek blocked by road.

Before the WFdP construction started, a branch of the Bharadi mata creek existed in this area.


during the WFdP construction, a branch of the Bharadi mata creek was blocked due to the construction of the road.


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area no. 5BLocation: 22°48’14.70”N, 69°37’59.18”ERoad and railway track leading from the Adani power plant to the Adani port near Mundra vioLation: creek blocked by road.

area no. 5cLocation: Road and railway track leading from the Adani power plant to the Adani port near Mundra vioLation: creek blocked by road.





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2008

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approach road to the West Port blocking the mouth of the kotdi creek

area surrounding the West Port being reclaimed before environmental clearance

area no. 6Area adjacent to the West Port 22°46’28.02’N, 69°33’32.70’EvioLation: the mouth of the kotdi creek is being filled up with dredged material. Before the West Port construction started, the kotdi creek used to flow east for nearly 500m before entering the sea (see satellite images of 2000 and 2005). With the construction, the mouth of the kotdi creek was blocked by an approach road to the port. Further, the surrounding area is being completely filled up with dredged material. this construction, which is part of the West Port plan, was started without environmental clearance (see satellite images of 2008 and 2011 and photographs), and continued thereafter.

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2011

West Port plan (relevant area marked in yellow)


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2010

area no. 7Road and railway track leading from the Adani power plant to the Adani port near Mundra and the Kotdi Creek vioLation: several creeks in the kotdi area have been blocked by the construction of the road and the railway track.

2009 2012


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area no. 8cLocation: 22°48’45.61”N, 69°35’36.18”ERoad and railway track leading from the Adani power plant to the Adani port near Mundra vioLation: creek blocked by road.


due to the construction of a road leading to the West Port, the kotdi creek has been blocked.

area no. 8BLocation: 22°48’53.86”N, 69°35’16.81”ERoad and railway track leading from the Adani power plant to the Adani port near Mundra vioLation: creek blocked by road.

area no. 8aLocation: 22°48’52.50”N, 69°34’49.00”ERoad and railway track leading from the Adani power plant to the Adani port near Mundra vioLation: creek blocked by road.





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specific condition No. (viii) it shall be eNsured that duriNg coNstructioN aNd post coNstructioN of the proposed jetty the movemeNt of the fishermeN’s vessels of the local commuNities, are Not iNterfered with.

WFdP construction activity blocking regular route to the fishing harbour

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& repairing; where as about 1037 people are involved in processing of fish. The port and SEZ have been blocking their traditional fishing routes apart from completely destroying their traditional fishing creeks and harbours. There are 11 fishing harbours in almost 12 villages, which will be affected as a result of the waterfront development plan and construction of 55 berths along the coast.

The marine fishing settlements are transient fishing villages, which are rehabilitated by the fishing communities for 8 – 10 months in a year. The transient villages are on sand dunes or mudflats. After the fishing season the fishing communities return back to their formal villages, which are usually 40 to 50 kilometers away from these transient villages. Usually, all the fishing households from a village migrate to a particular coastal settlement and stay together. This has been a tradition for hundreds of years.

Tuna Vandhi is one of the affected villages in the WFDP is a part of the Rampar Panchayat. 15 families of the vaghers who fish on Takra Bandhar will also be affected by the expansion by the KPT (Kandla Port Trust). ‘We have written to the KPT that its new jetties will impact the fishing communities but we can’t do more than ask for alternative livelihoods.’ Say the locals from the area. Now the fishing communities of this village sandwiched between the Kandla Port and the Mundra SEZ are likely to be completely displaced.

The mangrove forests are also important for the local communities at different levels. At local or community level, it is used for fodder, fuelwood, timber, protection from strong winds and salinity ingress. With clearing of mangrove forest and setting up of SEZ, The destruction of mangrove cover is already leading to a decline in fish catch, as mangroves serve as an ideal place for fish breeding. As per estimation, just 100 cu m of mangrove area shelters 54,600 prawns. The total loss from the marine economy is estimated to be to the tune of several hundred crores a year if the SEZ and related projects come up in the area.

despite this and further contestations before the neaa (discussed in the section ‘Judgement of the national environment appellate authority’), the project was granted approval and went ahead with the construction. the impacts and violation of the aforementioned condition gets clearer when one draws evidence from photographs and also refers

the construction of the different components of the adani group’s WFdP project has severely impacted the movement of fishermen to their existing fishing commons. While specific condition no. (viii) is limited to the movement of the fishermen’s vessels, it is important to link it to the fact that ever since the project was proposed, the existence of pagadiya fishing in the area has been severely undermined. as mentioned in the section ‘Judgement of the national environment appellate authority’, the eia report of the WFdP project concealed information about the impact on the fishing communities using the fishing habours in the area.

in this regard the submission by setu—an organisation working with the Panchayat and local communities in the kutch region including mundra—in november 2008 highlighted that the construction of the WFdP project would have an irreplaceable impact on the access of fishing communities to the fishing habours and would also affect the movement of fishing vessels in the area covered by the project.

the letter dated 11 november 2008 pointed out to the moeF and its relevant expert appraisal committee that

Connected with the local mangrove ecosystem are more than 1000 fishing families of the area, who are suffering as a result of the loss of spawning grounds. These are fisherfolk who fish on small boats and on feet. Besides fishing in high seas, about 229 people are involved in direct vendoring; 73 people are involved in net making

specific condition no. (viii) it shaLL Be ensured that during construction and Post construction oF the ProPosed Jetty the movement oF the Fishermen’s vesseLs oF the LocaL communities, are not interFered With.

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source: mass-kutch

to the article by Tehelka that reported the impacts on the fishing communities. titled ‘vibrant gujarat? your coast is not clear, mr adani’ (26 February 2011), the article said:

KHAMISA ALI Mohammad squints against the glare of the sea, inspecting his fishing net. For the third time this season, ships sailing down the Kutch coast to India’s largest private port at Mundra have damaged his fishing net. His earnings are down by more than Rs. 45,000 per season…

khamisa ali mohammad is from vandi in Bhadreshwar taluka. earlier, in the 1990s, he used to fish at the mundra bandar and had then moved to the Juna bandar. the Juna bandar was impacted by the combined intake channel of the adani and the coastal gujarat Power Ltd’s (cgPL) power plants. this channel as well as the outfall channel of the adani power plant were approved as part of the WFdP project. the current access to the fishing harbours is through between the boundaries of the tata ultra mega Power Project (umPP) and the adani thermal power plant.

the Tehelka article also quoted others from the local communities as well as the officials. anwar Wagher, a fisherman from navinal village, was quoted saying:

Since Muharram they [the adani group] have been asking us to fill forms for their fishing nets. If creeks and our access to the sea are blocked, what use are the nets.

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general condition No. (v) the saNd-duNes, corals aNd maNgroves if aNy, oN the site shall Not be disturbed iN aNy way.

satellite image taken in 2000 showing the initial construction in the kotdi creek areas

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Photo of the bund near the kodki creek area, 26 January 2009

in the course of several discussions among the affected villages it was revealed that before the construction of the West Port the area did not have any bunds and had, instead, sand dunes and creeks in the area between kotdi creek 1 and kotdi creek 2. the bunding activity undertaken in the region without permission led to the destruction of several sand dunes and creeks.

a letter from the moeF (annexure 4) in 2006 states:

The area shall be demarcated on ground by erecting 4 feet high RCC pillars with forward and backward bearing and distance from pillar to pillar. (Paragraph 6)

the Writ Petition (PiL) no. 12 of 2011 by the kheti vikas seva trust, mentioned earlier in this report, pointed out that the adani group’s activity was destroying sand dunes which were the identity of the area. the PiL stated that these sand dunes were situated in the area that fell within the jurisdiction of the Forest department and were actually spread over nearly 3,000 acres of land, out of which—according to the best of the knowledge of the petitioners— nearly 1,800 acres had been handed over to respondent no. 4 for the development of the seZ. in its turn, respondent no. 4, with a view to level the ground, was in the process of destroying these sand dunes, which were in some places 40 to 50 feet high. the petition also pointed out that sites of religious importance for the hindu and muslim communities were also located in these sand dunes, namely the temple of khetar Pal dada, kakkarwado Peer, kadi Peer, gebi Peer, Bavdi Peer, dhajawalo Peer and the temple of Bal Bhramani maa.

general condition no. (v) the sand-dunes, coraLs and mangroves iF any, on the site shaLL not Be disturBed in any Way.

new construction in the kotdi creek area, 2011

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2000

sand dunes impacted in the Bharadi mata area (2000 – 2011)

due to the construction of the WFdP project the sand dunes in the area adjoining the Bharadi mata hill, which is in the project area, have been completely destroyed. evidence of this is available in the current satellite image provided here. it is also visible in the satellite imagery from 2000 onwards where one can see that the sand dunes have gradually flattened and been built over. the yellow squares indicate those areas where sand dunes have been destroyed due to the construction of the WFdP project.


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2005

2008

2011

2000

sand dunes impacted in the kotdi creek area (2000 – 2011)

Like the sand dunes in the Bharadi mata area, the sand dunes in the kotdi creek area have also been completely destroyed because of the WFdP project. the current satellite image given here provides evidence to this fact. the gradual flattening of the sand dunes and their being built over is also visible in the satellite imagery from 2000 onwards. the yellow squares again indicate the areas where sand dunes have been destroyed by the WFdP project.


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the organisations invoLved

mundra hit rakshak manch (Forum for Protection of rights in mundra) is an informal collective of villagers impacted by large-scale land use change due to extensive industrial expansion in the mundra region. these persons and organisations have been regularly raising concerns about the social and environmental impacts of these projects through memorandums, direct confrontations, street actions as well as courts. the forum was organically formed in June 2012 during discussions related to the findings of the community-led ground-truthing exercise.

machimar adhikar sangharsh sangathan (mass-kutch) is a trade union of the fishing community in kutch district, gujarat. mass is also associated with the national Fishworkers’ Forum (nFF), a national-level collective of fisherfolk and support organisations.

kheti vikas seva trust is a grassroots group based in the mundra region which has been highlighting concerns related to the impacts of indiscriminate industrialisation on farming and fishing communities in kutch district. they are currently involved in several public interest litigations on these issues in the gujarat high court.

ujjas mahila sangathan is a women’s collective working on several advocacy issues with women at the core of their efforts and actions. in recent times they have also looked at issues of women and indsutrialisation in the kutch region.

setu in Bhadreshwar is an initiative of the kutch navnirman abhiyan that works especially to strengthen local governance in the rural and least-developed areas of the kutch district. the 18 setus help communities and local governments realise their development needs.

Namati-cpr environmental justice program is the india chapter of namati-innovations for Legal empowerment. in partnership with the centre for Policy research (cPr), new delhi, namati’s india work concentrates on environment justice issues.

Roles of the Forum

1. It will be responsible for the assessment of development issues in the Mundra area and will attempt to coordinate efforts to solve the problems.

2. It will act as a local-level pressure group .

3. It will try and regularly update information related to upcoming projects in the area.

4. It will be directly responsible to the village community.

5. It will help the community fight for their rights and establish linkages to their ecosystem-based livelihoods.

6. It will take steps towards resolving the land issues in the Mundra area. (There are about 5,000 pending applications to get land. On the one hand, the government is not taking any action on these, and on the other it is gifting Shree Sarkar Land to the industries.)

7. It will take the assistance of subject area experts to carry out and strengthen their activities.

~ Mundra Hit Rakshak Manch, Meeting 17 June 2012

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aNNexures

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annexure 1: the moeF show-cause notice

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annexure 1: the moeF show-cause notice

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annexure 2: the neaa judgement

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annexure 3: recommendations of the cec report

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annexure 4: Letter from the moeF, 2004annexure 3: recommendations of the cec report

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annexure 5: crZ clearanceannexure 4: Letter from the moeF, 2004

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annexure 5: crZ clearance

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annexure 5: crZ clearance annexure 6: addendum to the crZ clearance

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