General Zoology Unit Five
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General Zoology General Zoology Unit FiveUnit Five
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Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, Eukaryotic, eumetazoans, deuterostomesdeuterostomesTriploblastic, eucoelomatesTriploblastic, eucoelomates
Worm like body divided into three Worm like body divided into three segmentssegments
Bilaterally symmetrical Bilaterally symmetrical (cephalization)(cephalization)
Closed circulatory system with Closed circulatory system with dorsal heartdorsal heartRespiration through gill slitsRespiration through gill slits
Complete digestive systemComplete digestive system
Sexual reproduction – dioecious, Sexual reproduction – dioecious, external fertilizers with external fertilizers with metamorphosismetamorphosis
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Chordate TaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ChordataPhylum - Chordata
Subphylum - Urochordata Subphylum - Urochordata (tunicates)(tunicates)
Subphylum - VertebrataSubphylum - Vertebrata
Superclass - AgnathaSuperclass - Agnatha
Class - Myxini (hagfish)Class - Myxini (hagfish)
Class - Cephalaspidomorphi Class - Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)(lampreys)
Subphylum - Cephalochordata Subphylum - Cephalochordata (lancelets)(lancelets)Ex. Ex. BranchiostomaBranchiostoma
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Chordate TaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - Chordata
Subphylum - Vertebrata
Class - Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)Class - Actinopterygii (ray finned bony fish)Class - Sarcopterygii (lobe finned bony fish)Class - Amphibia
Superclass - Gnathostomata
Class - ReptiliaClass - AvesClass - Mammalia
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Garstang’s Hypothesis of Garstang’s Hypothesis of Vertebrate EvolutionVertebrate Evolution
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Developmental Developmental DefinitionsDefinitions
Paedomorphosis - the Paedomorphosis - the retention of larval traits in retention of larval traits in the adult bodythe adult bodyNeotony - a process in which Neotony - a process in which the growth rate is slowed to the growth rate is slowed to the extent that sexual the extent that sexual maturity is reached before maturity is reached before the ancestral adult form is the ancestral adult form is obtainedobtained
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Developmental Developmental DefinitionsDefinitions
Progenesis - the precocious Progenesis - the precocious maturation of the gonads in a maturation of the gonads in a juvenile body that stops juvenile body that stops growing and never attains growing and never attains the adult body formthe adult body formPost-displacement - a delay of Post-displacement - a delay of the onset of a developmental the onset of a developmental process relative to sexual process relative to sexual maturity, so that the ancestral maturity, so that the ancestral adult form is not attained adult form is not attained before reproductive maturitybefore reproductive maturity
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Garstang’s Hypothesis of Garstang’s Hypothesis of Vertebrate EvolutionVertebrate Evolution
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Vertebrate AncestryVertebrate Ancestry
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Fish TaxonomyFish TaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ChordataPhylum - Chordata
Subphylum - VertebrataSubphylum - Vertebrata
Class - Myxini (hagfish)Class - Myxini (hagfish)
Superclass - AgnathaSuperclass - Agnatha
Ex. Ex. MyxineMyxine
Class - Cephalaspidomorphi Class - Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)(lampreys)Ex. Ex. PetromyzonPetromyzon
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Fish TaxonomyFish TaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ChordataPhylum - Chordata
Subphylum - VertebrataSubphylum - Vertebrata
Class - Chondrichthyes (sharks, Class - Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays)skates, rays)
Superclass - GnathostomataSuperclass - Gnathostomata
Subclass - Elasmobranchii Subclass - Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, rays)(sharks, skates, rays)Ex. Ex. Squalus, RajaSqualus, Raja
Subclass - Holocephali (chimeras Subclass - Holocephali (chimeras or ratfish)or ratfish)Ex. Ex. ChimeraChimera
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Fish TaxonomyFish TaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ChordataPhylum - Chordata
Subphylum - VertebrataSubphylum - Vertebrata
Class - Actinopterygii (ray finned Class - Actinopterygii (ray finned bony fish)bony fish)
Superclass - GnathostomataSuperclass - Gnathostomata
Ex. Ex. Perca, Amia, PolyodonPerca, Amia, Polyodon
Class - Sarcopterygii (lobe Class - Sarcopterygii (lobe finned bony fishfinned bony fishEx. Ex. LatimeriaLatimeria
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All five chordate hallmark All five chordate hallmark characteristicscharacteristicsEndoskeleton of cartilage or Endoskeleton of cartilage or bonebone
Closed circulatory system with a Closed circulatory system with a ventral heartventral heart
Complete digestive tractComplete digestive tract
Excretion carried out by paired Excretion carried out by paired kidneyskidneys
Complex nervous system with a Complex nervous system with a brain, dorsal nerve cord and brain, dorsal nerve cord and advanced sense organsadvanced sense organs
Most have two pairs of appendagesMost have two pairs of appendages
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All members have the vertebrate All members have the vertebrate characteristicscharacteristics
All are elongated and eel shapedAll are elongated and eel shapedAll are jawlessAll are jawless
Scales are absentScales are absent
Complete digestive system without a Complete digestive system without a stomachstomach
None have paired appendagesNone have paired appendages
The notochord is persistent into The notochord is persistent into adulthoodadulthood
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All members have the vertebrate All members have the vertebrate characteristicscharacteristics
All members have a jawAll members have a jaw
All have an endoskeleton of All have an endoskeleton of cartilage or bonecartilage or bone
All have or have had paired All have or have had paired appendagesappendages
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Osmoregulation in Osmoregulation in FishFish
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Respiration in FishRespiration in Fish
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Respiration in FishRespiration in Fish
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Respiration in FishRespiration in Fish
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Vertebrate Vertebrate ThermoregulationThermoregulation
Ectothermic – obtaining body heat from Ectothermic – obtaining body heat from the environment the environment
Poikilothermic – non-regulatory, the body Poikilothermic – non-regulatory, the body temperature is the same as the ambient temperature is the same as the ambient environmentenvironment
Regulatory ectotherms – maintain a Regulatory ectotherms – maintain a consistent body temperature through consistent body temperature through physiological and behavioral meansphysiological and behavioral means
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Vertebrate Vertebrate ThermoregulationThermoregulation
Endothermic – body heat is produced Endothermic – body heat is produced internally (homeothermic)internally (homeothermic)
Fish are poikilothermic because water is Fish are poikilothermic because water is a heat sinka heat sink
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Buoyancy in FishBuoyancy in Fish
Squalene (liver oil)Squalene (liver oil)
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Buoyancy in FishBuoyancy in Fish
PhysostomPhysostomous ous
bladderbladder
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Buoyancy in FishBuoyancy in Fish
Physoclistous Physoclistous bladderbladder
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Fish Feeding StrategiesFish Feeding Strategies
Most fish are carnivoresMost fish are carnivores
Most ocean species are suspension Most ocean species are suspension feedersfeeders
Some are scavengersSome are scavengers
A few species are parasitesA few species are parasites
A few species are herbivoresA few species are herbivores
A few species are omnivoresA few species are omnivores
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Fish Reproductive Fish Reproductive AdaptationsAdaptations
Oviparous - egg layingOviparous - egg laying
Ovoviviparous - retention of eggsOvoviviparous - retention of eggs
Viviparous – live birthViviparous – live birth
All three methods are found in All three methods are found in cartilaginous and bony fishescartilaginous and bony fishes
Cartilaginous fish are internal fertilizers Cartilaginous fish are internal fertilizers while most bony fish are external while most bony fish are external fertilizersfertilizers
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Diadromous - fish that make “two runs” Diadromous - fish that make “two runs” in their life to live and reproducein their life to live and reproduce
Anadromous - fish that “run up” - salmonAnadromous - fish that “run up” - salmon
Catadromous - fish that “run down” - eelsCatadromous - fish that “run down” - eels
Parthenogenesis - no males required, Parthenogenesis - no males required, females produce diploid eggs - Amazon females produce diploid eggs - Amazon mollymolly
Fish Reproductive Fish Reproductive AdaptationsAdaptations
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Amphibian Amphibian TaxonomyTaxonomyKingdom - AnimaliaKingdom - Animalia
Phylum - ChordataPhylum - Chordata
Subphylum - VertebrataSubphylum - Vertebrata
Class - AmphibiaClass - Amphibia
Superclass - GnathostomataSuperclass - Gnathostomata
Order - Gymnophiona Order - Gymnophiona (caecilians)(caecilians)Order - Caudata (salamanders)Order - Caudata (salamanders)Ex. Ex. Ambystoma, NecturusAmbystoma, Necturus
Order - Anura (frogs)Order - Anura (frogs)
Ex. Ex. Rana, BufoRana, Bufo
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All five chordate hallmark All five chordate hallmark characteristicscharacteristicsEndoskeleton of boneEndoskeleton of bone
Large mouth - all members Large mouth - all members carnivorescarnivores
Thin, gland rich skin with no scales Thin, gland rich skin with no scales or clawsor claws
Respiration - lungs, gills or Respiration - lungs, gills or cutaneous cutaneous
Closed double looped circulatory Closed double looped circulatory system with a ventral three system with a ventral three chambered heartchambered heart
Regulatory ectothermsRegulatory ectotherms
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Excretion through opisthonephric Excretion through opisthonephric kidneys and urea as the primary kidneys and urea as the primary nitrogenous wastenitrogenous wasteNervous system with a brain and Nervous system with a brain and dorsal nerve cord - well developed dorsal nerve cord - well developed sight and hearingsight and hearing
Most are tetrapodsMost are tetrapods
Reproduction – dioecious, some Reproduction – dioecious, some internal, others external fertilizers, internal, others external fertilizers, some metamorphosissome metamorphosis
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CaeciliansCaecilians
Fossorial, tropical & subtropical Fossorial, tropical & subtropical organismsorganisms
Legless, elongated worm-like Legless, elongated worm-like bodiesbodies
Eggs are laid in moist soilEggs are laid in moist soil
Most are blind, with smell and Most are blind, with smell and touch being the best sensestouch being the best senses
Some species are viviparousSome species are viviparous
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Salamanders, newts, amphiumas, Salamanders, newts, amphiumas, sirenssirens
Some aquatic, some terrestrialSome aquatic, some terrestrial
Most have four legs & all have a tailMost have four legs & all have a tail
Internal fertilizationInternal fertilization
Respiration by gills, skin and lungsRespiration by gills, skin and lungs
Metamorphosis and direct Metamorphosis and direct developmentdevelopmentPaedomorphosis commonPaedomorphosis common
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FrogsFrogs
Some aquatic, some terrestrialSome aquatic, some terrestrial
All have four legs and no tail (one All have four legs and no tail (one exception)exception)
External fertilizationExternal fertilization
Respiration by skin and lungsRespiration by skin and lungs
Metamorphosis and direct Metamorphosis and direct developmentdevelopment
Good vision and nictitating Good vision and nictitating membranesmembranes
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Amphibian Evolutionary Amphibian Evolutionary PressuresPressures
RespirationRespiration
SupportSupport
ThermoregulationThermoregulation
Ecological diversityEcological diversity
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Amphibian Respiratory Amphibian Respiratory StrategiesStrategies
CutaneousCutaneous PulmonaryPulmonary
BuccopharyngealBuccopharyngeal
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Amphibian Respiratory Amphibian Respiratory StrategiesStrategies
GillsGills
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Amphibian CirculationAmphibian Circulation
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AmphibiaAmphibian n
CirculatioCirculationn
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Amphibian Amphibian ThermoregulationThermoregulation
Many amphibians are regulatory Many amphibians are regulatory ectotherms, using physiological and ectotherms, using physiological and behavioral means behavioral means
Aquatic species and salamanders are Aquatic species and salamanders are poikilothermic, but other terrestrial poikilothermic, but other terrestrial species will drop to this level of species will drop to this level of thermoregulation during hibernation and thermoregulation during hibernation and estivation estivation
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Amphibian Amphibian MetamorphosMetamorphos
isis
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Caudatan Caudatan DevelopmentDevelopment
Remember!Remember!
Neotony - a process in which the Neotony - a process in which the growth rate is slowed to the growth rate is slowed to the
extent that sexual maturity is extent that sexual maturity is reached before the ancestral reached before the ancestral
adult form is obtainedadult form is obtained
In caudatans there are two forms In caudatans there are two forms of neotony - obligate and of neotony - obligate and
facultativefacultative
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Obligate Obligate neotonyneotony
FacultativFacultative neotonye neotony